MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE
REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
KAZAKH HUMANITIES AND LAW UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISCIPLINES
GRADUATION WORK
TOPIC: “The role of non-governmental organizations in solving problems of drug addiction among youth”
Scientific adviser:
Senior Lecturer
Zhusupova M.T._________
Performed:
4th year student
groups SR-402
Dzhumagulova D.N.______
Internal reviewer:
Ph.D., professor
Izteleuova L.I.________
Standard controller:
Sembina J.J.__________
Accepted for defense
"___"________2009
Head department:___________
Candidate of Social Sciences, Professor Izteleuova L.I.
Astana - 2009
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………….. 3-6
CHAPTER 1. YOUTH DRUG ABUSE AS A PROBLEM OF MODERN SOCIETY…………………………………………………………….. 7
1.1 Organization of anti-drug work with youth in foreign countries…………………………………………………………………………………………7-18
1.2 Working with teenagers to prevent drug addiction in modern Kazakh society (using the example of the Corporate Foundation “Future without Drugs”)………………..…………………………………………………………………….. .19-29
CHAPTER 2. SPECIFICITY OF SOCIAL WORK WITH DRUG ADDICTED ADOLESCENTS................................................................... ......... 30
2.1 Activities of a social work specialist
with the specified target group……………………………………………………………..30-39
2.2 Modern methods and prevention programs
drug addiction among teenagers…………………………….……………40-50
CONCLUSION................................................. ............................................... 51-52
LIST OF REFERENCES……………………......53-57
ANNEX 1.
APPENDIX 2.
INTRODUCTION
Currently, drug addiction is one of the most pressing social problems not only in Kazakhstan, but throughout the world. The scientific literature explores the social, psychological and biological roots of drug addiction; law enforcement agencies and public organizations are making attempts to intensify preventive activities; the number of institutions and organizations where drug addicts are provided with the necessary medical and psychological-social assistance is increasing. However, the drug situation in Kazakhstan has changed qualitatively and quantitatively for the worse over the past ten years.
According to the Committee on Legal Statistics and Special Records of the General Prosecutor's Office, as of April 1, 2008, in the Republic of Kazakhstan, 55,781 drug users were officially registered with health authorities, including 4,165 minors and 4,769 women. Experts say that their real number is 10 times higher.
Associated social, criminal, economic and medical aspects have become one of the most intractable problems.
Today it is generally accepted that drug addiction is not so much a medical problem as a social problem, the so-called social disease.
Practice shows that most often specialists limit themselves to stating the situation without offering forms and technologies of social therapy. As a result, various myths regarding drugs dominate among adolescents and young people, drug consumption is growing, and preventive work is carried out insufficiently.
Of particular concern is the fact that the most rapid growth in the consumption of psychoactive substances is observed among young people and among adolescents - the transition from traditional consumption to a youth consumption culture. According to sociological research in recent years, every seventh schoolchild has tried drugs at least once. If we compare the indicators of 1992 and 2005, the number of minor drug users during this period increased by 4.7 times (from 859 to 4843).
In this situation, the relevance of conducting preventive work to prevent the use of psychoactive substances (PAS) by children and adolescents is undeniable.
The spread of drug addiction in modern society allows us to characterize this phenomenon as the drugization of the population. Its scale is critical and gives the right to talk about a threat to the safety of society. The growing severity of the drug addiction situation also indicates a lack of preventive work. Moreover, to date, the effectiveness of treatment and rehabilitation measures remains extremely low; only 5-7% of drug addicts do not return to drug addiction after undergoing traditional courses of treatment.
Research has shown that drug abuse prevention is especially necessary among adolescents and young adults. However, given the extreme prevalence and growing level of drug use among adolescents and young people, effective technologies for the prevention of teenage drug use suitable for practical purposes have not yet been developed.
Purpose of the study: consider the content and role of non-governmental organizations in solving problems of drug addiction among young people.
· study foreign and Kazakhstani experience on the problem of drug addiction prevention in adolescence;
· consider the activities of non-governmental organizations in the prevention of drug addiction using the example of the Corporate Foundation “Drug-Free Future”;
· justify the need to use modern techniques and programs for the prevention of drug addiction among adolescents by social work specialists.
Object of study: at-risk youth aged 14-29 years.
Subject of study: social and preventive work of non-governmental organizations with teenagers.
Research hypothesis: Involving teenagers in activities to prevent the use of psychoactive substances is an effective method of countering drug use.
Research methods:
· comparative method;
· method of group questioning, testing;
· quantitative, qualitative analysis results;
· advisory methods: observation, conversations with teenagers;
· method of individual and pedagogical documentation;
· interviews with narcologists, psychologists, social workers, non-governmental organizations, government officials.
Scientific novelty of the research The results of the work are as follows:
based on a comparative analysis of modern prevention programs and interactive anti-drug methods, it is justified that the involvement of adolescents in activities to prevent the use of psychoactive substances, as well as their active participation in the use of interactive methods, is a key factor in effectively combating drug use.
Empirical basis of the study: regulatory documents, instructions, teaching aids and developments of the youth organization of the Corporate Foundation “Future without Drugs”.
Theoretical and practical significance work. The data obtained about the characteristics of the drug situation in adolescents and young adults can become the basis for the development of social and preventive programs intended for both drug-prone and drug-addicted adolescents.
Interactive methods and programs for the prevention of teenage drug use can be used in secondary educational institutions as part of drug prevention activities. results final work expand the problem field of social worker practice and can be used in the development of effective programs and methods in preventive work with youth, as well as in the field of anti-drug education of the population.
Structure of the thesis The thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of used sources and literature, including 53 titles, and an appendix.
CHAPTER 1. YOUTH DRUG ABUSE AS A PROBLEM OF MODERN SOCIETY
1.1. Organization of anti-drug work with youth in foreign countries
Addiction - This is a disease characterized by drug abuse and addiction to them. The problem of drug addiction exists to a greater or lesser extent in almost all countries, and in this regard, Kazakhstan is rightfully included in global community. Drugs are now called the third threat to humanity after nuclear weapons and global environmental disaster.
According to statistics, the number of drug addicts in the world has exceeded 50 million people. Moreover, according to Interpol, 200 million people use drugs of various types with varying intensity (from single use to daily use) (95 percent of this number are users of cannabis, heroin, cocaine and synthetic drugs). The number of drug users is constantly increasing.
The problem of “drugs and drug addiction” throughout the world is perceived primarily as a youth problem. The main factor in the increase in drug addiction is age. Drug addiction is rapidly becoming “younger”; today we can note not only teenage, but also children’s drug addiction. This is a worldwide trend. According to the UN International Narcotics Control Board, in some countries the number of minors who have tried marijuana at least once exceeds 37 percent.
Due to the current socio-economic situation in Kazakhstan, children, adolescents and young people find themselves in a difficult situation. Values have been destroyed, the connection between generations is lost, and behavioral stereotypes have changed dramatically. Increasing tension, stressful situations, uncertainty of the situation, instability, unemployment, difficulties in finding employment for minors, conflicts with the law - cause asocial forms of behavior in the younger generation, self-destructive in nature. In minors, a disastrously rapid attitude toward further drug addiction is formed and, at the same time, personal growth stops, connections with the immediate environment are severed or deformed, and family relationships, the subsequent formation of one’s own family and the birth of offspring is often difficult. Abuse of psychoactive substances often leads to early disability and death of minors.
Today the group of teenagers and youth at “social risk” is extremely large. In conditions of social economic transformation children, adolescents, and young people turned out to be one of the least protected groups of the population, which led to an exacerbation of problems such as homelessness, neglect, the growth of alcoholism and drug addiction, and crime. The practice of drug use, which has grown into a form of leisure, has become a “new” model of behavior. Theme of drug addiction in funds mass media This is not the first year they have been rising. But there is another side to this problem, namely the propaganda of narcotic drugs.
The problem of drugs, as an element of the youth subculture, first manifested itself in the United States during the heyday of the “flower children” - the hippies. Similar situations have arisen and are arising in Europe: the promotion of drugs among youth and teenagers as an element of leisure or sociocultural youth systems.
In this regard, a wide variety of anti-drug programs are currently being developed and tested in each country, of which only the most effective ones are subsequently widely used, aimed at overcoming the interest of minors in drugs.
Let us consider the features of primary prevention of drug addiction and substance abuse using the example of programs operating in the USA, England, Holland, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden and Russia.
In the United States of America, Since the passage of the Juvenile Act in 1899, much discussion has been devoted to the problem of deviant behavior of youth, in particular the prevention of drug addiction, and a huge number of prevention programs have been developed.
Studying issues of drug use, US scientists came to the conclusion that the effectiveness of preventive programs depends on the chosen goal, therefore, the main stage of anti-drug education was programs where the goal was not to obtain information about drug addiction, but to develop in adolescents the ability to make decisions based on this information.
Along with the value choice program, drug alternative programs were also developed.
The best youth drug prevention programs in the United States have a broad range of efforts to address drug addiction among youth as a whole. Successful implementation of such programs requires the combined efforts of many people and organizations. Thus, American scientists put forward 7 main categories of prevention: through family, religion, school, leisure activities, police, judicial and legislative bodies.
Programs aimed at peers, parents, and communities in which young people live play an important role. Since the opinion of the youth environment has a great influence on the behavior of minors, programs aimed at “street youth” have been developed.
A methodological technique known as patronage has become widespread in the United States, when older students give junior information about drugs, health problems, as well as other issues, more general, but of interest to both. The experience of using this technique has shown that it has the main educational effect on young people acting as chefs. This technique has a much smaller impact on the sponsored ones.
There are also programs that focus on peer participation. The point of creating such groups is to develop the necessary work skills, achieve academic success, and form a positive opinion about young man, his peers and friends, school.
In addition to anonymous trust points in large American cities, drug prevention is carried out by various rehabilitation centers. A typical rehabilitation system abroad is specialized clinics in which drug addicts live from one to three years, acquire new profession, restore lost work skills. Enterprises, subsidiary farms, and artistic crafts are created at rehabilitation centers. All this allows the patient to rationally change previously established categories of values, break with the former criminal environment, and form an attitude towards a healthy lifestyle in the future. By the time the patient ends his stay at the rehabilitation center, a place of work and housing are found for him. According to National Drug Enforcement Administration Chief Barry McCaffrey, the United States has made great strides in reducing drug use and eradicating the consequences of drug addiction at the national level. The ongoing prevention and education programs have been successful. Over the past 15 years, they have managed to reduce the number of people using drugs by 50%. Drug-related homicides have dropped by 25%. More than 3.5 thousand have been formed in the cities of the country public organizations on drugs.
There is a strong social anti-drug movement in America. It covers over 3.5 thousand public associations. In an effort to reduce drug use, especially among youth, these groups collaborate with local groups and state and federal agencies. Such groups can mobilize community resources, organize collective action, combine prevention, treatment and law enforcement, and restore youth pride in living in this city or area.
Thus, prevention and education programs conducted in the United States have proven to be the most successful. This country has made great strides in reducing drug use and eradicating the consequences of drug addiction at the national level.
In England, preventive work is carried out with primary, high school and colleges. In the anti-drug education program great attention is given to teachers and parents, who find it easier to detect in time a child’s interest in drugs, and even more so their use. Along with advice on prevention, parents and teachers are taught first aid techniques in critical situations.
The main preventive work is carried out with the students themselves. In 1991, a massive educational campaign began in Great Britain with the aim of determining the level of knowledge among adolescents about drugs and, above all, about the consequences of their use, including legal aspect. As part of this program, teenagers are offered theoretical and practical assistance. They are introduced to local organizations where they can turn for help, and even to specialists who can solve a specific problem.
Local health and education committees provide assistance in organizing the anti-drug movement. For teachers and parents on certain days, special classes, giving an idea of the goals and objectives of this campaign, and also provides methodological assistance.
Such programs give hope that young people, knowing all aspects of a given problem - medical, legal, social - will be able to make the right choice for themselves and will not succumb to the temptation to take a path from which it is very, very difficult to leave. And more often - it is impossible, due to the fleeting outcome.
The law on the legalization of soft drugs was adopted in Holland, and it was after its adoption that the number of crimes sharply increased, and the country became the drug center of Europe. In addition, the very word legalization leads to the erasure of the prohibition on drugs, and millions of people who were previously hesitant to try even soft drugs are now happy to do so.
Of course, there are arguments in favor of this law:
· drug addicts will be registered;
· the state will sell them only soft and refined drugs, and the proceeds from the sale will go to the budget.
However, it doesn't matter this program will cost the state much more in purely financial terms. After all, every registered drug addict should be monitored: such a person should not work in transport, in education and in many other places. In addition, the Ministry of Internal Affairs has extremely limited funds to combat drugs. Another interesting fact is that in Holland the drug mafia does not stand still: new varieties of anasha (originally an easy and therefore legalized drug) are constantly being developed, some of them are already stronger in their effect than heroin and cocaine.
There are special rooms in the country that only a drug addict can enter with an individual chip card in order to “inject” there, in relatively sterile conditions. This way there is less harm for them and for those around them.
In other countries, the Dutch model not only does not live up to expectations, but also leads to exactly the opposite results. Thus, in Spain, in the ten years following the introduction of the Dutch model, the number of drug addicts increased from 200 thousand to 1.69 million.
In countries Western Europe They are talking with increasing concern about the “Dutch trace” - that is, about the negative impact of the anti-drug system used there. In Holland itself, serious concern is caused by the pendulum migration of semi-criminal elements from all over Europe, who come to the country to have a pleasant “marijuana weekend”.
Having summarized the experience of many anti-drug education programs, experts from Holland came to the conclusion that programs focused only on information about the negative consequences of using psychoactive substances are ineffective, while programs teaching an adaptive lifestyle, communication skills, critical thinking, decision-making skills and resist in situations of supply of psychoactive substances - are effective.
When the question of which path to take in the fight against drugs was discussed in the Netherlands 25 years ago, there was a consensus that heroin and cocaine were dangerous drugs that needed to be fought. At the same time, no agreement could be reached regarding the negative impact of hemp products on humans and society. Based on these provisions, Dutch drug policy was formulated. The idea was that by selling the less dangerous drug separately, it would be possible to divide the drug market so that authorities could concentrate resources on the so-called “hard drugs.” The core of Dutch drug policy was the position that caniabis is not dangerous.
In the Netherlands, as an experiment, the consumption of drugs, in particular “weed,” which can be purchased in specialized “cafes” in Amsterdam, has been legally permitted for several years now.
When the country turned into a major drug producer, and large cities became transit points for drug smuggling, the authorities still did not want to admit their mistake. It didn't turn out at all as planned. A divided drug market has not resulted in fewer heroin, cocaine, amphetamine or ecstasy abusers compared to other countries.
It was in the Netherlands that the concept of “soft drugs” appeared. No international organization adheres to this terminology. The erroneous policy of the Dutch government led to the fact that the level of ecstasy consumption in the country increased so much that in 1997 it was necessary to create a special agency to combat its spread.
The UN and, in particular, the International Narcotics Control Board in its 1999 report indicated that the Dutch policy in this area has facilitated access to caniabis (marijuana) and increased the influx of drug addicts into the country from neighboring countries. The international organization Europe Against Drugs demands that legal marijuana distribution outlets existing in the Netherlands be banned. It is unlikely that any successes can be said in the fight against drugs in the Netherlands, since studies among children under 12 years of age showed that cocaine is used by 1.7 to 3%, i.e. the same as in Germany and the UK. Educational campaigns highlighting the dangers of drugs are worth considering. These programs are part school curriculum in primary school.
In Poland there is a youth movement to combat drug addiction - "Monar" with headquarters in Warsaw. The principle is “give yourself to others.” Monar does a lot of work against drug addiction. The active members of this movement are schoolchildren, students, and working youth. Monar is funded by the Ministry of Health and Social Security. Self-government operates in the center. A differentiated approach is being taken to prevent bad habits among schoolchildren and young people.
Also, in Poland, for many years, classes have been conducted with schoolchildren using the game program “Thanks, no!” The goal of the program is to help teenagers and young people painlessly give up temptation, to form in them a negative attitude towards the involvement of peers, and even adults, in drug use.
Sweden has accumulated extensive experience in drug addiction prevention. In this country in the 60s and 70s there was an increase in the number of drug addicts. In recent years, a reverse trend has been noticed. The set of measures used in Sweden is called the “Swedish way”. It includes three levels of prevention.
Primary prevention consists of activities aimed at the entire population: relevant legislation, general information about drugs, concern for filling the free time of young people, etc. Secondary prevention is focused on the risk group. And tertiary is help and treatment for drug addicts.
The activities of the national information service are based on the following premises:
a) it is human nature to succumb to the influence of those in his environment whom he trusts. Therefore, most an important part information is carried out at the local level through daily non-spectacular events;
b) the obligation of a centralized campaign through the media;
c) people must “recognize themselves” in the information that is given, so the information must be completely truthful;
d) the best way to change a person’s position is to push him to independent reflection, and then to action. Naked facts are needed, but they must be complemented by efforts that will help a person apply his own capabilities to solving the drug problem.
Primary prevention activities are carried out in Sweden starting with children preschool age. But the main focus is on teenagers. Thus, the created society “We are the youth” organizes viewings and discussions of video programs aimed at audiences aged 8 to 13 years.
A particularly important role is given to educating parents of teenagers, who, as a rule, know little about drugs. Books for parents about drug addiction have been published.
Primary prevention in Sweden is carried out at the central and regional levels. The Swedish Alcohol and Drug Information Council collects literature and factual materials on these issues and has its own library and collections.
In Russia, the issue of child drug addicts arose in the early years Soviet power, when the number of minors who took drugs reached 10% of the total number of adolescents, primarily street children. In 1921, the number of street children urgently in need of help was estimated at 7.5 million. In those years, the People's Commissariat of Health opened special medical and pedagogical institutions - psychoneurological schools and sanatoriums. In 1927, there were 11 such institutions in Leningrad, Voronezh, Saratov, Kazan and some other cities.
In the sanatorium schools, medical care was provided, special treatment was carried out, and adolescents were trained according to the programs of first-level schools. For physical labor there were carpentry and bookbinding workshops, vegetable gardens, and orchards. Cultural events were held regularly, an ideologically rich political work. Most children who suffered from a severe form of drug addiction returned to mainstream schools after treatment and became full members of society.
In 1925, a children's clinical department of a drug dispensary for homeless minor drug addicts was opened, whose work was mainly practical nature and consisted of an in-depth medical study of the patient population for the purpose of their further treatment and education in appropriate children's institutions.
To train qualified specialists in the field of addiction in the mid-20s. refresher and training courses for workers in this area were opened.
In December 1980, the USSR Ministry of Health issued an order “On further improvement of psychoneurological and drug addiction care to the population,” providing for the organization of adolescent drug treatment rooms as part of drug treatment clinics. And in accordance with the order in 1986, the total number of adolescent drug treatment rooms was 68 administrative territories The RSFSR reached 81. Accordingly, the rates of attracting adolescents who abuse alcohol and other intoxicants to outpatient and inpatient examination and treatment increased. At the same time, it became clear that the number of drug treatment service units to provide assistance to adolescents was extremely insufficient.
Numerous prevention programs designed for children and adolescents that have appeared in recent decades have not always undergone an examination of their effectiveness before or after their practical implementation. Despite this, public opinion considers the widespread implementation of programs in schools desirable.
Consequently, the problems of drug addiction in the USA, England, Holland, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden and Russia are in many ways similar, sometimes even similar, but the methods for solving them and the results achieved in decisive degree depend on economic, socio-political and cultural conditions, which is of scientific and practical interest. Of course, the organizational scientific and other characteristics of domestic and foreign systems for the prevention of youth drug addiction are difficult to compare, but the essence of the object on which they influence is the same.
1.2. Working with teenagers to prevent drug addiction in modern Kazakhstani society
The problem of involving children, adolescents, and youth in the abuse of drugs and other psychoactive substances continues to remain acute and relevant in Kazakh society. Various state and non-state structures are taking steps to overcome it. Over the past three years, the situation in the field of drug addiction prevention has changed significantly in a positive direction. The state and society are moving from a position of declarative recognition of the need for preventive activity to real constructive actions.
In order to ensure the implementation of a balanced state policy that allows for the establishment of effective state and social control over the development of the drug situation in the country, the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated November 29, 2005 No. 1678 approved the Strategy for Combating Drug Addiction and Drug Business in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2006-2014.
With the support of the Secretariat of the Security Council, together with the Akimat of Astana, at the beginning of 2006, the program “Astana - a drug-free city” was developed, designed for 2006-2008, which provides for a set of measures to reduce the level of drug use and strengthen the fight against drug crime in the capital.
Almost all regions of the Republic have developed territorial programs to prevent the abuse of psychoactive substances and combat their illicit trafficking. The problem is constantly in the field of view of executive and legislative branch. Regular monitoring of the implementation of anti-drug measures is carried out by the Committee for Combating Drug Trafficking and Control over Drug Trafficking of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
A legal basis has been created for the development and implementation of measures to combat drug addiction and combat drug trafficking. In particular, the laws “On narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, precursors and measures to combat their illicit trafficking and abuse”, “On medicines”, “On the media”, “On advertising” were adopted. A number of articles of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Code of Administrative Offenses provide for liability for offenses related to drugs, psychotropic and other intoxicating substances.
The solution to many prevention problems is within the competence of educational authorities and educational institutions, since almost the entire young generation of the country goes through the educational influence of this system. The drug addiction prevention carried out here is not limited to individual ineffective attempts to inform young people about drugs and the consequences of their use, but has clearly formulated goals, objectives and action strategies. The priority task of combating drug addiction among adolescents and young people is the organization of preventive work aimed at developing an orientation towards a healthy lifestyle in the younger generation. It is based on an integrated approach to the prevention of drug addiction in all spheres of life of children, adolescents and young people.
The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan continued work to improve the scientific and methodological base that ensures the preventive activities of educational authorities and educational institutions. Curricula, printed and video materials for anti-drug education and promotion of a healthy and safe lifestyle have been prepared for general education institutions, secondary specialized and higher educational institutions. Published teaching aids on the prevention of substance abuse in the educational environment.
The status of educational work in educational institutions has been increased. Preventive work is carried out at all levels of education (from preschool to higher professional), in educational institutions of all types and types. As part of general education programs, the study of drug addiction prevention issues is provided in courses on the basics of life safety, biology, physical education, and a number of other academic subjects. Courses on the prevention of drug addiction among minors and youth are being introduced into the programs of educational institutions of secondary, higher, postgraduate and additional professional education.
In activities to prevent drug addiction in the educational environment, the resources of the service are used practical psychology for children in need of psychological, pedagogical and medical and social assistance (primary health care centers). Drug addiction prevention rooms and drug posts are being created in educational institutions, and trust services are being formed for children, adolescents and young people. Measures are being taken to create a network of regional rehabilitation centers for minors who abuse drugs.
Significant positive experience in solving problems of combating drug addiction has been accumulated by bodies and institutions of health care, sports and tourism, culture, youth affairs committees, law enforcement agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
The role of non-governmental organizations in drug addiction prevention is widely recognized throughout the world due to their flexibility and ability to freely work with target groups. However, NGOs working in the field of drug addiction and HIV/AIDS prevention often lack modern knowledge and experience and experience financial difficulties. Moreover, available effective programs on the prevention of drug addiction and HIV/AIDS, their methods and approaches must be properly evaluated, documented and disseminated both within the region and beyond as best practices.
Currently in Kazakhstan there are more than 5,000 non-governmental organizations operating in more than 200 types of activities. The non-governmental sector employs more than 200 thousand people. About two million citizens are covered by the services of Kazakhstani NGOs. NGOs provide the population large complex educational and outreach services. Held big job to improve legal culture, electoral literacy, work with low-income and vulnerable segments of the population, charitable activities.
As noted in the report of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev at the First Civil Forum, Kazakh NGOs have come a certain way. Their formation is inextricably linked with the period of the country’s independence and the implementation of large-scale market and democratic reforms. The activities of NGOs have largely ensured the attraction of non-state investments in the humanitarian sphere.
There are 14 regions and 2 cities in the Republic of Kazakhstan regional significance(Astana and Almaty cities). There are non-governmental organizations throughout Kazakhstan whose mission is to solve the problems of drug addiction and HIV/AIDS, including prevention issues. However, given the magnitude of the problem, the number of NGOs working in this area is very limited.
The most active regions in this sense are Pavlodar, Kostanay, South Kazakhstan and Karaganda regions. This may be due to the fact that these regions are traditionally considered the most socially active and advanced in Kazakhstan in terms of the development of the NGO sector. The policies of international donor agencies may also have played a role.
Despite the fact that all organizations include issues of drug addiction and HIV/AIDS among their main goals and objectives, only 75% of them have this activity as a priority. According to the questionnaire survey, 60% of the surveyed NGOs have been working in the field of drug addiction prevention for more than 3 years, and 52% of organizations have been working in the field of HIV/AIDS prevention. Most of these organizations are engaged in the implementation of harm reduction programs. And no more than 25% of NGOs are professionally engaged in primary drug addiction prevention. These organizations have quite a long work history and, most importantly, valuable experience, developed methodological material and trained staff and volunteers. However, it should be noted that due to a lack of financial resources, they are extremely limited in their ability to expand this activity.
Today in Astana there are several non-governmental organizations that are directly involved in the primary prevention of drug addiction. One such organization is the Drug-Free Future Corporate Foundation, which was created in February 2003 by a group of youth leaders involved in drug addiction issues.
The mission of the organization is to create a healthy lifestyle for teenagers and young people in Astana without alcohol and drugs.
The goal of the organization is to create and support a youth anti-drug movement with the goal of creating a negative attitude towards drug use among peers. Achieving the goal occurs through the implementation of a number of tasks: · preparing youth leaders to work among peers; · ensuring support for the movement from teachers and parents; · reviving the idea of patronage as a means of spreading the ideology of the movement; · creating conditions that allow young people to carry out work on their own aimed at preventing drug use among teenagers; · organizing and conducting training courses for teenagers aimed at preventing psycho-emotional maladjustment and instilling healthy lifestyle skills; · working with at-risk teenagers, involving youth leaders in the activities of the movement; · creating conditions for self-realization of adolescents and increasing their social activity. Within the framework of the movement, there are the following programs: “Mentors” - based on the idea of patronage and aimed at preventing addictions among junior schoolchildren, instilling healthy lifestyle skills. “Peacemakers” is based on the idea of preventing conflicts and aggression in the school environment through the efforts of teenage leaders. “School News” is based on the idea of promoting a healthy lifestyle and the inadmissibility of addictive behavior among teenagers through the efforts of schoolchildren through the creation of a correspondent network of students from educational institutions in the city to collect and process positive information about the lives and achievements of their peers, thereby creating an example to follow for other schoolchildren. “One plus one” is a program aimed at uniting teenagers around a good cause and creating conditions for realizing the need to be needed and increasing the social activity of teenagers.
In addition, the organization’s program is aimed at protecting the health of young people - the most important mechanism for strengthening young Kazakhstanis and developing their competitiveness. Personal ability to work, active life and a decent existence depend on the presence of health, the first capital of every person. The main goal of implementing this direction is to involve young people themselves in finding solutions to problems, interest young people in creating a healthy lifestyle and creating a negative image of AIDS and drug addiction.
The Corporate Foundation “Drug-Free Future” carries out joint work with other youth NGOs on the prevention of drug addiction, alcoholism and smoking among young people, through conferences and seminars, the release of special booklets, and visual information; (See Appendix 1)
· organizes health and preventive activities for all categories of youth;
· promotes a healthy lifestyle directly among young people, as well as in the media through the release of social videos and thematic programs;
· creates an integral system of social work with youth, as a preventive measure in the fight against youth drug addiction by expanding the network of sports sections, interest clubs, introducing youth to mass sports and creative activities. (See Appendix 2)
Over the course of six years of work, the foundation has developed special programs and interactive methods for the prevention of teenage drug use, which are used in secondary schools, lyceums and colleges, contribute to the social rehabilitation of adolescents and are a key factor in effectively combating drug use.
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To ensure the effectiveness of prevention, the corporate foundation uses the most effective channel - the youth themselves, which is why preventive programs work most fruitfully according to the principle “Peer teaches peer.” The work is carried out based on the characteristics of the group and from a position “on equal terms”, which implies equality in communication - sincerity, openness; the ability to be yourself and speak in a language that people understand; respect for the lifestyle, opinions, feelings of other people. The essence of activities within the framework of equal education is that the information necessary for maintaining health is provided to adolescents by their peers.
The “Peer Teach Peer” technique, when trained representatives of vulnerable groups teach others from the same groups. It includes, as one of the main elements, interactive games, in-depth interviews that help a person understand why in a certain situation he acts one way or another and whether he can control his actions.
The construction of the program for preventing the use of psychoactive substances “Peer teaches peer” is based on a humanistic approach, on the ideas of A. Maslow and K. Rogers. One of the ideas embedded in this approach assumes that the “I” of an individual is formed in communication with other people. Human behavior is considered as the result of a restructuring of self-image.
The Peer Education Program (abbreviated as PEP) began its activities in 1988 in Los Angeles (USA), with the goal of educating young people about HIV prevention and training volunteer instructors from among them. The scheme of work was simple: first, volunteers learned reliable data about the infection and its routes of transmission, prevention methods, strategies for effective communication, conducting group classes with peers, etc. Then the trained teenagers developed their own prevention activities and carried them out with other teenagers in schools, youth organizations, shared the information received with their friends, or simply applied important skills in their own lives.
After completing the program, young people became able to critically evaluate their actions, choose a healthier lifestyle and say “No!” in situations where there is peer pressure to use drugs.
The use of the “Peer Teach Peer” method is not limited only to youth audiences and issues of HIV/AIDS and drug addiction. It is also effective and works among other social groups: medical workers, teachers, social workers. Any category of people would be more willing to entrust the expansion of their knowledge, especially on sensitive topics, to an equal - a friend, colleague, a person whom they respect and who professes the same principles and values in life.
Many years of experience in the Program have shown its high effectiveness in the field of HIV/AIDS/STD and drug addiction prevention. From a city social program, REP has expanded and turned into an international network of organizations providing HIV prevention using the “peer education” method.
In Kazakhstan, there are many non-profit, municipal, and government organizations that support and develop the idea of involving young people in solving social problems that are relevant to them.
The organization has developed a system for attracting, training and supporting the activities of volunteer volunteers. High school students (9th - 11th grade) and students of higher educational institutions can become volunteers. The scheme for attracting potential volunteers is simple. Preventive information seminars are held for high school students, and they are given the opportunity to learn how to conduct such seminars themselves. Students initially have a professional interest in this kind of event, so they can be attracted by the opportunity to try themselves in group work.
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Involving young people in preventive work brings together people who know the teenage subculture from the inside, which makes it much easier to establish trusting contact with the target group. Programs for the prevention of substance use have a huge impact on those who are involved in work as leaders - they gain group leadership skills, experience in helping another person, experience in communication, managing a group, and experience in responsibility for what is happening.
This is what gives a teenager the opportunity to satisfy his desire to be an adult, gain rights and functions that traditionally belong to adults, broaden his horizons and form a civic position in relation to social problems. As a result, we get an active member of society, capable of defending our interests and helping others.
It seems necessary to note the fact that the evolution of preventive programs used in the West goes from the simple dissemination of medical knowledge to the targeted formation of complex social and personal skills in the younger generation, as well as to the active regulation of the social environment in order to positively change the social environment of adolescents. However, significant adaptation of these social technologies in relation to Kazakh society is required. Modern social technologies are not always scientifically substantiated, labor-intensive to use, and require significant material, human and time resources. In addition, social technologies designed for the prevention of drug addiction among adolescents are practically absent. Therefore, the drug prevention system being created in Kazakhstan needs to be expanded and supplemented by developing new methods, programs, technologies, including both preventive measures and social diagnostics.
CHAPTER 2. SPECIFICITY OF SOCIAL WORK WITH DRUG ADDICTED TEENS
2.1. Activities of a social work specialist with the specified target group
The social aspect of drug addiction is to understand the complexity of the relationship between a person who uses psychoactive substances and different levels of his social environment.
Social work specialists in addiction treatment have a wide field of activity. At the conditional pre-medical stage, they participate in programs for primary prevention of addiction to psychoactive substances, both in organized and unorganized contingents; identify people at risk and work with them; assist in attracting persons in need of treatment to treatment, establish contact with the families of such persons, provide them with advisory assistance and other support. At the conditional medical stage, when clients find themselves in the sphere of activity of medical workers, social work specialists work closely with medical personnel. They take part in special trainings that promote early readaptation and rehabilitation of patients with addiction to substances, organize family groups and participate in family psychotherapy, together with clients they look for ways to solve accumulated social problems. At the conditional post-medical stage, social work specialists participate in differentiated programs for the rehabilitation and reintegration of patients, the prevention of temporary disability and disability.
World practice shows that a social work specialist seeking to provide professional assistance to his client must have theoretical and practical knowledge in the field of medicine and healthcare. Regardless of specialization and workplace, he participates in solving problems of individual and public health, and acts as a “health teacher”.
Comprehensive social assistance, including medical-psychological, socio-psychological and pedagogical aspects for people suffering from addiction and members of their families is the main goal of medical and social work with drug addicts.
Social work in narcology is not just the appearance of additional functions for the narcological service, it is a radical restructuring of the entire treatment and preventive process and preventive work. In the system of relations with the patient, as a full partner, along with medical personnel, a social work specialist is included, coordinating the activities of several social workers or consultants.
The goal of medical and social work is to achieve the optimal possible level of adaptation and functioning of persons with physical, mental and social pathologies. As a rule, such persons find themselves in difficult life situation. The object of medical and social work in narcology is various groups of people who have pronounced medical and social problems caused by abuse and dependence on psychoactive substances, which mutually potentiate each other and their solution is difficult in the scope of one-sided professional measures. Working with such populations is equally difficult and ineffective for both medical workers and social service specialists, since they inevitably face a range of problems that go beyond their professional competence and impede successful professional activity.
The peculiarity of social work with drug addicts is that, as a professional activity, it is formed at the intersection of two independent sectors - healthcare and social protection of the population. Domestic and foreign experience shows that, despite the ongoing coordination of efforts to help people with both medical and social problems, the actual coordination of departmental actions is not effective enough.
Another priority problem - development of medical and social work in narcology, taking into account the peculiarities of the organization of the healthcare and social protection system, as well as taking into account the specifics of the socio-economic situation in Kazakhstan. Currently, only the first steps are being taken in this direction.
Optimal interaction is developed only after long-term joint work in a related sector, after appropriate preparation and selection of special forms of work that make it possible to combine the actions of representatives of different specialties in the person of a new social work specialist who has received the appropriate medical (in our case, drug addiction) specialization.
In practice, medical workers are forced to perform a number of functions as social workers - domestic certified social work specialists have appeared only in recent years and their number is insignificant. In turn, social workers in their work very often work with clients who also suffer from physical pathology, i.e. They also act as healers.
To indicate the place of medical and social work among related activities, it is necessary to note the coordinating role of the social worker in resolving the entire complex of problems of a client who finds himself in a difficult life situation and requiring the participation of specialists in related professions - doctors, psychologists, teachers, and other specialists.
The model for organizing social work, including in the field of drug treatment, is the most progressive and effective; it needs to be taken into account and mastered in the process of training social workers in Kazakhstan. Thus, the areas of activity of a social work specialist in any field of social assistance stem from his main functions: diagnostic, prognostic, human rights, organizational, preventive, socio-medical.
An increasing number of programs for the rehabilitation of persons dependent on psychoactive substances are being developed and implemented in practice with the direct participation of social work specialists, therefore, the activities of a social work specialist in a drug treatment institution are acquiring an increasingly significant role.
The activities of a social work specialist at the medical and social stage of helping drug addicts are as follows:
· solving organizational and therapeutic problems in close cooperation with medical staff;
· organization and participation in special psychological trainings that promote early readaptation and rehabilitation of patients;
· organization of family psychotherapy and participation in it;
· organization and participation in various programs for rehabilitation and readaptation of patients.
Functions of social work specialists dealing with problems teenage drug addiction, and the amount of knowledge they need for effective work is determined by the job responsibilities of a social worker.
1. A social work specialist determines the system of socio-psychological and socio-legal relations in the field of prevention and treatment of drug addiction.
2. In the field of prevention: promotes extensive information and educational work to present drug addiction as a disease that has physiological, psychological and social causes, manifestations and consequences.
3. In the field of treatment: establishes primary contact with the teenager, his family and school, provides clients with the necessary information about the disease, ways to combat it, forms attitudes towards treatment; establishes the connection of the teenager with the treatment programs of the Center and self-help groups (“Anonymous Narcotics”), provides socio-psychological assistance to family members and relatives of the client, establishes their connection with treatment programs for relatives and self-help groups.
4. In the field of rehabilitation: coordinates the rehabilitation of a teenager in the family, at school, helps in solving social problems, collaborating with state, public and private organizations.
5. The specialist must know: regulations, instructions, orders of higher authorities, methodological and normative guidance materials on social work in general and drug treatment practice, modern methods of helping drug addicts and their loved ones, advanced domestic and foreign experience of social work specialists in the field of assistance drug addicts
For social workers who do not have a medical education in the field of working with adolescent drug addicts, special knowledge is required about the bio-psycho-social model of chemical dependence, about addiction and society in micro- and macro-manifestations, about models and principles of treatment for drug-dependent adolescents. A social worker must use in his work knowledge about family and codependency, about personal, ethnic, social and cultural factors in the formation and development of addiction, about AIDS and drug addiction, as well as about the prevention of addiction. A social worker must take into account the ethical features of professional counseling when working with the environment, society, and the media, analyze the results of work, have the skills of statistical processing and documentation.
In addition to the requirements for the professional skills of specialists, practical activity in the field of social work is associated with the fulfillment of certain conditions in terms of lifestyle and behavior, manner of communication, and image.
A specialist taking part in preventive work must not only have a good understanding and understanding of the psychological characteristics of the stages of development of children and adolescents, the real specifics and interests of the teenage environment, but also be proficient in psychocorrectional technologies, and also be able to patiently win the trust of adolescents. Let's consider several types of technologies used by a social work specialist in the prevention of drug addiction:
· "Extrusion" technologies drug addicts from a certain area. It leads to a temporary improvement in the situation, especially in schools, but is not radical, because in another area the number of drug addicts is increasing. Applicable for marginal and semi-marginal areas that have a ghetto character. The driving force behind this technology is the parents of drug addicts who have stopped using drugs and the parents of deceased drug addicts.
· Volunteer movement. Quite specific and “intelligent” technology. May take the form of community councils, street committees, school organizations. Its essence can be briefly described in two words: the work of community social workers on a voluntary basis. This technology has rather low efficiency due to the low potential for impact on distributors and consumers of surfactants. Applicable in areas where intellectuals live. The driving force is prosperous parents and teenagers who do not have problems with drugs and alcohol.
· “Baiting” technology. It is very effective, but often during its implementation actions occur that can hardly be recognized as legal. Its essence lies in the fact that an open information channel is created (pager, hotline telephone), where anyone can report a place where drugs are sold. Information about the addresses of distributors is verified by the public. The driving force behind this technology is the parents of drug addicts. Applicable in areas with different social composition of the population.
· Support groups, or codependent groups,- a traditional and effective form of work on tertiary and partly secondary drug addiction prevention throughout the world. The life experience of relatives of drug addicts in overcoming problems of addictive behavior makes a great contribution to the formation of public opinion, and when implementing a unified anti-drug policy, it is very important to direct public opinion in a constructive direction. Such groups are no longer a novelty, but many of them lack methodological and organizational support. Support groups are a grassroots movement. If at least 20% of relatives of drug addicts registered in drug treatment clinics take part in work on codependency, the region will receive 4-5 thousand citizens supporting anti-drug policy. In addition, psychological work with codependents (as well as supporting codependents with each other) leads to an improvement in the mental health of society.
One of the effective ways to fill the information vacuum is the widespread use of educational and awareness-raising programs on chemical dependency issues. The classification of these programs is based on the principle of target audiences.
· Training programs for parents of students in secondary schools, colleges, lyceums, vocational schools, technical schools. The main goal of training parents is to teach them how to build their relationships with their children. Avoiding conflicts. The program includes mastering the skills of early detection of chemical dependence and predisposition to it, and the formation of a volunteer workforce from among the parents of healthy children.
· Educational programs on the problem of chemical dependency for the entire population.
· Training programs for teachers, psychologists and social workers operating in educational institutions and centers. This type of educational programs is based on the “training of trainers” principle. Here you should adhere to special aspects of chemical dependence prevention.
· Educational programs for students of schools, vocational schools, lyceums, technical schools, and university students. These programs carry a fairly high risk of nonconformist behavioral reactions among adolescents. In response to information about chemical dependence, adolescents are becoming increasingly involved in the use of psychoactive substances; therefore, programs for the prevention of drug addiction and alcoholism among young people and adolescents should be carried out only by highly professional specialists.
Many researchers have concluded that the risk of drug use is greatest among young people aged 12-18 years. At this time, young people solve numerous developmental tasks, much more extensive than in any other period of their subsequent life: they must prepare their departure from home (symbolic, meaning complete personal independence), achieve recognition of their age group(and even better - not only in your own), establish friendships and partnerships in a microsocial environment, determine the prospects for your future profession and life in general, create a scale of values as the basis of your own behavior.
Therefore, psychological support for a child is necessary precisely during the school period of life. Data from foreign studies show that a teenager must be kept from using psychoactive substances until he is 20-21 years old. Upon reaching this age, interest and the likelihood of contacting them decreases significantly.
When building relationships with a teenager, it is important to take into account the need for opportunities for individual self-expression, the manifestation of his personal qualities and initiatives. In confidential personal communication, it is easier for a teenager to understand himself, critically reflect on his behavior, while maintaining an overall positive assessment of himself.
In addition, it is necessary to remember that among teenagers there are a huge number of myths, different kinds of interpretations and understandings of the problem of addiction and use of psychoactive substances. These are the so-called « street myths » , which are difficult to correct through conversation with adults and easily change in their group. Therefore, in our opinion, efforts aimed at really helping teenagers in solving their psychological problems of growing up and creating conditions for self-realization are more effective.
Taking into account the specifics of work in educational institution, the conditions dictating relationships with teenagers, it can be stated that the above falls into the category of what is desirable and not always easily achievable. But the peculiarity of preventive activities determines some mandatory conditions, the fulfillment of which directly determines the effectiveness of all work carried out.
When working with adolescents, one should not use “intimidation” tactics, false information, distortion of information about psychoactive substances, exaggeration of the negative consequences of drug abuse, descriptions of their effects, the effect of intoxication, mention of the cultural background of drug use, psychoactive substances, the “historical” aspect of the use of psychoactive substances, justification of consumption drugs, for whatever reason.
Thus, in a generalized form, the rules of social work with adolescent drug addicts can be presented as follows: recognition, non-judgment, targeting (individualization), empathy, partnership, trust. Manipulation of patients' behavior, deliberate deception, selective treatment of clients of different character, intelligence, age, gender, wealth, nationality, religion are prohibited, that is, a social worker must be a guarantor of respect for all human rights for adolescent drug addicts.
Social work in narcology is at the initial stage of its development. The formation of social rehabilitation programs for patients has not yet been completed; the role of social work specialists in the overall process of treatment and interaction with specialists of related specialties has not yet been fully formed. Given the obvious relevance of developing the practice of medical and social work in narcology, the development of its theoretical, organizational and methodological foundations is no less relevant.
The task of primary importance is the creation of a system of street social work, including mobile groups of specialists focused on identifying informal teenage associations at the neighborhood level, organizing channels of communication between social institutions and the youth subculture, developing social programs for correction and rehabilitation.
Such specialists are called upon to serve as intermediaries between children and adolescents at risk and the operational services of territorial administration and self-government.
2.2 Modern methods and prevention programs
drug addiction among teenagers
The use of various methods and techniques significantly expands the possibilities of active preventive influence and can significantly affect the result of anti-drug measures.
The development of programs for the prevention of adolescent drug use should be based, first of all, on scientific research data. Only those programs whose results have been subject to control can be recommended for implementation and distribution. Program evaluation should be carried out by government agencies within the framework of a unified anti-drug state policy.
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Methods of work: group work, behavior training, personal training, discussions, brainstorming, conversations, lectures, role-playing games, elements of individual and group psychotherapy, “ round tables", meetings.
The object of work of teachers, educators, social workers and healthy lifestyle promoters is primary and partially secondary prevention; With a well-thought-out methodology for their implementation, preventing early drug addiction in children and adolescents is quite possible. Tertiary prevention is the prerogative of doctors and people close to the patient.
The multifaceted nature and complexity of the causes and conditions that contribute to the drug use of children, adolescents and young people necessitate the need for comprehensive measures to prevent adolescent drug use.
The main objectives of the educational program are to conduct educational work with children, parents and teachers, identify risk groups, preventive work with such teenagers together with parents, law enforcement agencies and representatives of the social sphere . The goal of preventive work is to create a situation among young people that prevents the growth of demand and abuse of any intoxicants.
Prevention programs must provide students with accurate and sufficient information about drugs and their impact on a person's social and economic well-being. Information must be relevant and reliable, especially regarding the consequences of drug and psychotropic substance abuse, not only for the drug addict himself, but also for society. It is necessary to promote a healthy lifestyle, which allows, based on the formation of an optimal life attitude, to resist the desire to try drugs even in a stressful situation. Information must be directed, i.e. taking into account the gender, age, beliefs of the teenage group. The anti-drug education strategy provides for the participation of parents and other adults, whose opinion is very important for the child.
· children 10 - 12 years old. They are interested in everything related to drugs: their effects, methods of use; Children have already heard about the consequences of their abuse, but do not take them seriously. They themselves do not use drugs (substance abuse is possible), only a few people know those who use them. Knowledge about drugs and their effects is fragmentary, unreliable, obtained from hearsay;
· teenagers 12-14 years old. They know a lot about drugs, mainly from the experience of friends; many information is unreliable; Few people tried drugs - mostly out of curiosity; many are familiar with the potion's users. The danger of abuse is underestimated. The main interest is in the possibility of using “soft” drugs; they talk about the problem among themselves, few think about its global nature;
· teenagers 14-16 years old. In this age group, there are three subgroups in relation to drugs:
Users and sympathizers - they are interested in issues related to reducing the risk of use, the possibility and duration of use without developing addiction. Consumption is considered a sign of independence. There are many leaders among the group members;
Radical opponents - “I will never do it myself and I won’t let a friend die,” most members of this group consider drug use a sign of weakness and inferiority;
A group that has not defined its attitude towards drugs. A significant part of it may become involved in their use under the influence of friends.
· teenagers 16 – 18 years old. The groups remain, but the number of undecided drug addicts is significantly reduced.
Knowledge about drugs is changing qualitatively, it is becoming more detailed and objective. In the group of users and sympathizers, the first bitter fruits are reaped; in this regard, the greatest interest is caused by the criminal consequences of drug use and the speed of processes that negatively affect health. Few people consider drug addiction a global problem. Among radical opponents, there is a growing number of people who realize the need for active action to overcome child, adolescent and youth drug addiction.
When working in drug education, intimidation tactics should be avoided because they are ineffective. One-time anti-drug measures are inappropriate, since this approach does not allow adolescents to develop skills to resist drugs. Every specialist involved in prevention needs to take a strong anti-drug position, allowing them to suppress any attempts by the audience to justify the non-medical use of drugs.
Group forms of work are actively used as the most fulfilling mandatory conditions for the prevention of substance abuse: to structure work in such a way as to non-directively, without causing harm, to interact with adolescents and thereby cause a certain beneficial, activating effect on the individual.
A necessary condition for the success of preventive methods is the use of group classes different approaches to work: these can be developmental and diagnostic programs, group discussions, role-playing games and other psychotherapeutic techniques.
Let's look at several modern approaches to preventing drug use.
The first approach is informational - it is the most common type of preventive strategies based on providing partial information about drugs, their harm and the negative consequences of use. The second approach is based on affective (emotional) learning. This approach focuses on a person’s sensations, experiences, and his skills to recognize and manage them. Affective learning is based on the fact that addiction to psychoactive substances most often develops in individuals who have difficulties in determining the expression of emotions, with low self-esteem and poorly developed decision-making skills. Third Role Based Approach social factors comes from the fact that the influence of peers and family plays an important role in the life of a teenager, facilitating or preventing the onset of drug addiction. An individual’s behavior is formed as a result of the positive and negative consequences of his own behavior and the influence of examples of the behavior of others and its consequences, i.e. the environment is a source of feedback - rewards and punishments. The fourth approach, based on the development of life skills - skills of personal behavior and interpersonal communication - allows people to control and direct their life activities, develop the ability to live with others and make changes in the environment. The fifth approach is based on alternative activities to drugs. Proponents of this approach suggest that meaningful activity is an alternative to alcohol and drug addiction to psychoactive substances. The forms of work to prevent drug addiction among teenagers can be very diverse. To work with a group, it is more effective to use group methods. There are a sufficient number of ways to provide necessary information: lecture, reading, audio-visual aids, use of visual aids, group discussion, learning by practice, acting as a teacher, training.
A person learns information faster if learning takes place interactively, when he has the opportunity, while receiving information, to discuss unclear points, ask questions and immediately consolidate the acquired knowledge and develop behavioral skills.
Preventive training develops communication skills. In the process of conducting it, issues of responsible behavior are addressed. But the main function of such training is still information and the formation of life skills.
The goal of group preventive training is to help a teenager understand the problem of drug addiction and develop protective behavior skills.
Collective group tasks such as discussion, brainstorming, and role-playing games deserve special attention.
The following criteria for assessing the effectiveness of group work methods can be distinguished: increasing the level of awareness of the audience on the issues and topics discussed; formation of attitudes towards behavior change; assessment of the lesson as a process.
Based on the results of assessing the effectiveness of group methods, it turned out that young people almost unanimously consider the most effective means of preventing drug addiction to be showing films about the consequences of drug use.
Students named the creation of various “helplines,” centers for psychological support for youth (which every educational institution needs), and the opening of yard clubs for hobby classes, sections, and gyms as effective means of preventing the consumption of psychoactive substances.
Thus, simply lecture presentation of material, even by specialists, or training in itself does not have the desired effect on the individual in terms of behavior change. To improve information programs, the introduction of psychological and psychotherapeutic technologies is required. We must not forget that the ability to present information is a certain kind of art and requires from the trainer not only sufficient knowledge on the problem, but also personal, natural data. When many points come together, the effectiveness of informational and cognitive-behavioral programs increases.
One of the main means of influencing drug-addicted adolescents is social rehabilitation.
Social rehabilitation of your main goal considers the restoration or formation of the patient’s normative, personal and social status based on the disclosure and development of his intellectual, moral, emotional and creative potential.
For a more effective impact on the patient, treatment and social rehabilitation of drug addicts should be carried out in closed institutions, and within long period time (up to two years). At the same time, they must be based on strict adherence to the following principles:
· maximum individualization;
· integrated approach to treatment and rehabilitation;
· the principle of voluntariness.
The principle of voluntariness should be mentioned separately: in relation to patients with drug addiction, this principle can be applied conditionally, depending on the severity of the disease and the socio-psychological characteristics of the individual.
Let's consider the problem of technologies for rehabilitation work with drug addicts according to the following scheme:
· level of impact;
· main targets of influence;
· type of therapy;
· basic methods and means of influence.
Type of therapy at the biological level - biologically oriented influence, the main method and means of which is drug treatment, that is, the use of drugs that regulate neuromediation: neuroleptics, antidepressants, neuropetides, anticonvulsants, receptor system blockers, tranquilizers, as well as non-drug methods - reflexology, electrical stimulation.
On mental level effects, the main target is pathological craving for a narcotic substance. The type of therapy used is “psychotherapeutically oriented influence”.
The main methods and means can generally be divided into two main groups, differing in the nature of the psychotherapeutic effect:
· methods that use predominantly manipulative strategies that are addressed mainly to pathological processes; (suggestive methods (suggestion), hypnotherapy, game methods (situational psychological training), group discussion methods);
methods using personality development strategies (gestalt therapy, existential therapy, “problem solving therapy”, systemic intervention technique).
Psychotherapeutic work with drug addicts is labor-intensive and serious work. The most important thing, an indispensable condition for success, is that the more active the patient’s role in this process, the more significant the result will be. In many ways, the success of treatment and social rehabilitation will depend on the coordination of efforts of both the narcologist, the social work specialist, and the client himself, as well as on the correct choice of technologies for treatment and rehabilitation work in each specific case, and on the ability to rationally combine these technologies.
On social level impact, the main target is codependency (codependency is understood as deformation of relationships and individual behavior, role shifts and distortion of the psycho-emotional state of members of the social environment of a drug addict - spouses, children, parents and others), type of therapy - socially oriented influence. The main methods and means of therapy of the group are self- and mutual assistance, the “12 steps” program developed within their framework, a patented method of rehabilitation of drug addicts. Of course, not everything in these steps to a normal life can be immediately understood, so a coach works with newcomers to the group - a person who himself has gone through these steps and got rid of drug addiction.
It should be noted that, despite the treatment of drug addicts with the above methods, their effectiveness remains low, and the integration of patients into these programs is minimal. From all this it follows that it is necessary to develop and implement new innovation programs social rehabilitation or “reanimate” programs that were successfully used in the past, but their use, unfortunately, ceased during the “heyday of democracy” in our state.
As an example, we can cite a developed network of medical and labor workshops at medical and preventive institutions. Occupational therapy, as a form of social rehabilitation and readaptation of drug addicts, is undoubtedly effective, but it should be applied to them depending on the severity of the disease and the socio-psychological characteristics of the patient.
Occupational therapy is the treatment of various physical and mental illness by involving patients in certain types of activities. This allows patients to be constantly busy with work and achieve maximum independence in all aspects of their daily lives. The types of work activities in which the patient is involved are specially selected in such a way as to make maximum use of the abilities of each person. At the same time, it is always necessary to take into account his individual needs and inclinations. This technique plays a big role in the system of social and labor rehabilitation of patients. The technique was brought from Poland, where the experience of “Therapeutic Communes” has been practiced since 1978 by the non-governmental organization “Monar”. It's called the program of Polish monarchs. People at the center do physical labor, participate in labor cleanup days, help improve and clean the center’s territory, restore damaged equipment, and care for animals. The department has drawn up a daily routine, a weekly routine and a hospital routine. Upon admission, each patient and his/her caregivers receive information about these rules. As practice shows, the Polish occupational therapy system is effective. Out of five patients, as a rule, three drug addicts gain victory over themselves.
Rehabilitation centers for drug addicts all over the world work on different programs. There are purely medical ones, there are Christian ones, some rely on occupational therapy (for example, Polish Monar), the “12 steps” program is also known for Narcotics Anonymous. There are also proprietary programs. And in some centers they prefer to use several methods at once. For example, such as: art therapy (psychotherapeutic influence through artistic images); music therapy; meditation; body-oriented therapy (psychotherapeutic influence through awareness of the processes occurring inside the body); rational - behavioral therapy (psychotherapy through awareness of the cause-and-effect mechanisms of human behavior); communication trainings; fairy tale therapy (psychotherapeutic influence through special psychotherapeutic fairy tales through identification with fairy-tale characters); family psychotherapy.
It should be noted that employment and stimulation of creative and business activity among young people and adolescents are recognized throughout the world as the most effective way to combat drug addiction. This work is based on the following areas.
1. Club work. The organization of various clubs and professional methodological support for their activities can not only structure free time teenager, develop creative and business activity, but also significantly increases the child’s communicative and cognitive resources.
2. Additional education. Sunday schools (including religious ones) and electives reduce the amount of free time and increase the store of knowledge; they require not only time, but also the attention of the teenager. Organizing such events within one school or one territory allows one to raise the positive potential of children and their parents.
3. Temporary or part-time employment of teenagers. The measure is most effective in those segments of society that have low adaptive potential. Suitable for implementation in small villages and areas where many unskilled workers live. Where marginal and semi-marginal individuals are concentrated. The problem of creating additional jobs for teenagers is being solved through municipal funding.
Thus, the hypothesis that the involvement of adolescents in activities to prevent the use of psychoactive substances is an effective method of countering drug use was confirmed.
CONCLUSION
The results of this thesis study indicate the achievement of its main goals and their intended tasks, in accordance with which a number of significant and interrelated conclusions were made:
1. An analysis of foreign and Kazakhstani experience has revealed the importance of preventing drug addiction in adolescence, both for adolescents themselves and for society as a whole. It is noted that it is in the United States that great success has been achieved in reducing drug use and eradicating the consequences of drug addiction at the national level, while in Kazakhstan there is insufficiently effective control and monitoring of anti-drug work. Consequently, the mechanism for coordinating anti-drug activities currently requires strengthening.
2. The role of NGOs in drug addiction prevention is widely recognized throughout the world due to their flexibility and ability to freely work with target groups. However, NGOs working in the field of drug addiction prevention often lack modern knowledge and experience and experience financial difficulties. Moreover, it is necessary to constantly improve the professional level of organizations working in the field of drug addiction prevention. To this end, conduct various training activities on a regular basis to obtain new information and skills to work using modern and progressive methods and social technologies.
3. The activities of a social work specialist in a drug treatment facility play a significant coordinating role in resolving the entire complex of problems of a client who finds himself in a difficult life situation and requiring the participation of specialists in related professions - doctors, psychologists, teachers, and other specialists. The key to the effectiveness of social work in solving drug addiction problems is the use of existing effective techniques, approaches and programs for drug addiction prevention.
4. According to the statements of psychologists and social educators, the program for the prevention of teenage drug use “Peer Educates Peer” gives a positive preventive effect of 90%. These methods are currently recognized by anti-drug service employees as not only the best, but also the most promising and are planned for active dissemination among organizations involved in the prevention of drug addiction.
Thus, the results of the study give reason to believe that the active involvement of adolescents in activities to prevent the use of psychoactive substances, as well as the use of interactive methods, contributes to the most effective counteraction to drug use.
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Content:
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..3
ChapterI. Theoretical foundations of the activities of public associations….5
……………………………………………………………………………………..6
ChapterII. Activities of the public association “Common Cause” for the prevention of addictions……………………………………………………..8
2.1.What is “Common Cause”? …………………………………………….8
2.2. Goals and directions of the organization's activities. Rights and obligations of the organization……………………………………………………….10
2.3. The role of the organization “Common Cause” in the prevention of drug addiction on the basis of the Savasley school MBOU……………………………………………………13
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….15
Literature……………………………………………………………………………….17
Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………18
Introduction.
Today the world is going through one of the most difficult stages of its development. Social and economic instability, the destruction of an adequate system of values and moral guidelines - all this gives rise to a feeling of helplessness and despair not only among the younger generation, but also among adults. The younger generation has it more difficult than adults in such an unstable and incomprehensible world, whose outlook on life is still being formed. Often there is a desire to “hide” from life, to forget, to feel safe. Addictions may contribute to this various types: alcohol, nicotine addiction, drug addiction. All this creates an illusion of safety for many young men and women and temporarily gives them the opportunity to experience the feeling of psychological comfort, peace of mind. Therefore, efforts to prevent addictions should be focused on carrying out preventive measures and educating the younger generation of personal resistance to any of the addictions.
One of the central tasks of modernizing Russian society is raising a healthy generation. This problem cannot be solved if subjects educational process will not have a clear understanding of the components of health, and most importantly, will not have a conscious attitude towards their health.
Each of us knows that an attitude towards health and, accordingly, a healthy lifestyle does not appear in a person on its own, but is formed as a result of a certain pedagogical influence. Therefore, at the MBOU Savasley school, much attention is paid to preventive work aimed at the development conscious attitude to one’s own health, the ability to resist other people’s influence and make one’s choice consciously, realistically assessing its consequences, the NGO “Common Cause” helps us in this work, thanks to their interactive classes, teaching aids, etc.
Object of study: drug addiction prevention.
Subject of research: Prevention of drug addiction among adolescents by public organizations.
Purpose of the study: to analyze the problem of drug addiction prevention, to study the content of its process, to describe the forms and methods of preventive work in public organizations.
Research objectives:
1.Study the psychological and pedagogical problem of drug addiction prevention.
2.Identify the features of preventing drug addiction among adolescents in the context of public associations.
3.Describe the experience of the public association “Common Cause” in the prevention of drug addiction.
4.Describe the forms and methods of work of the public association “Common Cause” for the prevention of drug addiction.
Chapter I . Theoretical foundations of the activities of public associations.
Public associations, like government bodies, are part of the institutional “subsystem” political system society. These are voluntary associations of citizens (“interest groups”) created in established by law ok. They express with authority significant interests social, national, regional and other communities and influence state institutions for the purpose of their implementation.
A public association is understood as a set of equal citizens who have voluntarily united on the basis of common interests for the joint implementation of their rights. Public associations include political parties, organizations, unions, societies, movements, associations, foundations, etc.
Since ancient times, unions of citizens have been known that united people with common views to various phenomena public life: philosophical, artistic and literary schools, Masonic lodges, knightly orders, music salons, etc. The emergence of social movements in more or less modern form dates back to the beginning of the 19th century.
Their existence was determined by certain social needs, first of all: in solving a particular problem; in joint activities; in communication with like-minded people.
At the present stage, two main forms of associations can be distinguished:
Public organizations and social movements.
The social movement is a clearly organized structure, has a rather diverse composition of participants with different political views, there is no fixed membership, etc.
Most often, the basis for emerging experience is school and institutions of additional education - the main centers for raising modern children, as well as public structures non-political nature, legally existing, having legal status in the state and society.
1.1.Functions and areas of activity of public associations.
The main directions of work carried out by youth organizations:
general preventive activities aimed at organizing leisure and employment for young people, promoting a healthy lifestyle and anti-drug education, individual preventive work with adolescents and youth at risk, young people who find themselves in difficult life situations.
By implementing programs aimed at promoting a healthy lifestyle, youth organizations have a number of advantages, which allows us to talk about high efficiency their work: an informal and proactive approach to conducting general preventive and educational events makes it possible to make them relevant and attractive to modern youth. Youth organizations have new forms of work in their arsenal: health marathons, flash mobs, photo exhibitions, social theater, trainings on the “peer-to-peer” principle, the opportunity to attract and accumulate all types of resources, active participation in grant programs, the carriers of the anti-drug culture are healthy, positive and energetic young people - leaders of public opinion.
The main role of all public associations is to express the position of a particular group of people on social or political issues.
For example, public youth associations reflect the interests of the younger generation of citizens. Recently, such movements have received serious support from government authorities, which has pushed their development. The realization has come that the education of the nation should begin with the youth. Many of the existing public youth associations implement programs to create social youth groups, labor exchanges, develop sports, identify and support young talents, summer vacation and others.
Main functions of public associations:
Identifying the interests and needs of group members with their further satisfaction. The principles of activity of public associations are based precisely on the performance of this function;
Social inclusion and mobilization.
Socialization. This function of public associations involves identifying the civic position of the association’s participants;
Lobbying the interests of its participants when communicating with various political and social institutions;
A New Look on the socio-political structure.
At the present stage, public associations in Russian Federation can be described as variable in the direction of activity (creative, professional, sports, realization of interests, environmental, charitable, civil-patriotic, etc.), in the variety of forms and mechanisms of implemented projects and programs.
The function of an organization's data is to empower various types socialization, legal education, social protection through inclusion additional sources social control, etc.
Chapter II . Activities of the public association “Common Cause” for the prevention of addictions.
2.1.What is Common Cause?
In 2011, an initiative group of citizens from different cities of Russia created the Public Organization Common Cause. They were united by the desire and need to convey to Russians the severity of the current situation in the country due to the use of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs. This idea turned out to be close to many people, and by the end of 2012 the organization was represented in 47 regions of Russia.The phrase Common Cause was chosen as the name of the organization.
Since before its creation, many volunteers had already carried out preventive work, in which they used video materials from a television project called “Common Cause,” which aired on Channel One from February to June 2009.
But the main thing was the meaning contained in these words, the revival and strengthening of Russia is our Common Cause!
The priority area of work of the organization “Common Cause” is broad educational activities:
- conducting interactive lectures in educational institutions;
- creation of video and printed educational materials;
- wide dissemination of these materials in the media and on the Internet.
The organization carries out its activities in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation, and adheres to the principles of political, national and religious neutrality
Political neutrality. Participants of the organization, within the framework of its activities, do not conduct political or propaganda work, do not participate in political events.
Confessional neutrality. Members of the organization respect the right of every person to freedom of religion, and do not conduct preaching or religious programs.
National neutrality. Russia has been and remains for many centuries multinational country uniting various cultural and ethnic groups of people, and the activities of the organization equally apply to all groups of citizens without exception.
The Common Cause organization creates educational videos and documentaries approved by the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia.
The Common Cause organization creates projects aimed at strengthening the moral moral values in our society.
The projects of the organization “Common Cause” are also aimed at preserving the health of our children. This includes conducting game educational programs in schools and camps, creating cartoons that help develop in children the value of a healthy lifestyle and a conscious citizenship.
COMMON CAUSE is a public organization that unites caring people throughout Russia. The purpose of the Organization is to strengthen moral values and promote a healthy lifestyle in Russian society.
Most Russians would like to see their country prosper. Everyone, of course, would like to be healthy and wishes health to their family, loved ones and friends. After all, a person’s health is the basis both for his personal success in all areas of life, and for the well-being of the people around him and the entire country.
What can we do for ourselves, our family and friends, for everyone?
Secondly, we can contribute to the emergence of a socially healthy atmosphere where our children and all of us will live comfortably and safely, an atmosphere where a healthy lifestyle in all respects will be interesting and attractive.
Thirdly, we will be able to realize our inner potential in taking responsibility for our own lives, the lives of our children, our country.
2.2. Goals and directions of the organization's activities. Rights and obligations of the organization.
The organization was created for the purposes of:
- support, development and implementation of presidential initiatives in the field of protecting the health of the nation;
- popularizing a healthy lifestyle and creating a fashion for a healthy lifestyle in a wider public environment;
- increasing social responsibility among those responsible for raising children and youth (teachers, social workers, parents);
- overcoming critical situation caused by the use of alcohol, drugs and tobacco by the population and, in particular, by children and youth;
- increasing the level of awareness of the dangers of alcohol, drug and tobacco consumption among the population;
- development of universal, moral and spiritual values in society;
- changing the stereotype of thinking in relation to alcohol and tobacco in society, and primarily among young people, in favor of understanding that the use of alcohol and tobacco is incompatible with a full, healthy and happy life both at the level of the individual, family and society in in general;
- changing the stereotype of thinking in relation to artificial termination of pregnancy in society, in favor of the understanding that artificial termination of pregnancy causes irreparable physical and moral harm to both the woman herself and society as a whole.
To achieve these goals, the Organization carries out the following activities in accordance with the procedure established by law:
- implementation of programs and scientific research in the field of public health;
- conducting and organizing interactive programs, lectures and seminars aimed at changing the stereotype of thinking in relation to alcohol and tobacco in society, and primarily among young people, in favor of understanding that the use of alcohol and tobacco is incompatible with a full, healthy and happy life at the level of an individual , family and society as a whole;
- conducting and organizing interactive programs, lectures and seminars on the development of universal, moral and spiritual values in society;
- placement of educational materials in the media;
- attracting, organizing and coordinating the activities of groups of volunteer activists, primarily from the youth environment;
- conducting monitoring, surveys and sociological research;
- implementation of programs aimed at legal education of the population in the field of health protection;
- creation of video, audio, as well as electronic and printed materials;
- holding and organizing cultural events in support of a healthy lifestyle, including with the involvement of famous musicians, singers, film and television stars;
- widespread distribution of educational materials (boards, posters, printed publications, films, videos, lectures, seminars, trainings, etc.) among the population;
- creation of information data banks on the development of educational work among the country's population;
organizational, methodological and advisory information support for the activities of enterprises, institutions, creative organizations, unions, foundations, charitable organizations on issues of promoting a healthy lifestyle;
- organizing trips and excursions (including on a paid basis) for members of the Organization and other persons in order to promote a healthy lifestyle, as well as for tourism and other socially useful purposes;
- other areas of activity that help reduce alcohol consumption and smoking among the population, not prohibited by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
In the interests of achieving its statutory goals, the Organization has the right:
- make various transactions on your own behalf;
- acquire property and personal non-property rights;
- freely disseminate information about its activities;
- in the manner prescribed by law, represent and defend their rights and legitimate interests of their members, as well as other persons;
- take initiatives on various issues of public life, make proposals to government bodies;
- carry out charitable activities;
- conduct charity events (including lotteries, auctions, concerts, tours, etc.);
- create business partnerships, society, as well as acquire property intended for the management economic activity;
- independently determine the procedure, forms of organization and remuneration of full-time employees and attracted specialists;
- carry out any other activities not prohibited by current legislation and aimed at achieving the statutory goals of the Organization.
The organization is obliged:
- comply with the legislation of the Russian Federation, generally recognized principles and norms of international law;
- ensure transparency in its activities;
- annually inform the body making the decision on state registration of public associations about the continuation of its activities, indicating the actual location of the permanent governing body, its name and information about the leaders of the Organization in the amount of information included in the unified state register of legal entities;
- allow representatives of the body making decisions on state registration of public associations to events held by the Organization;
- provide assistance to representatives of the body making decisions on state registration of public associations in familiarizing themselves with the activities of the Organization related to the achievement of statutory goals and compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;
- annually publish a report on the use of your property or ensure accessibility of the said report;
- submit, at the request of the body making the decision on state registration of public associations, any documents of the Organization, including annual and quarterly reports on its activities and the amount of information provided to the tax authorities.
2.3. The role of the organization “Common Cause” in the prevention of drug addiction on the basis of the Savasley school.
The social teacher of our school, at a seminar at NIRO in April of this year, met the coordinator of the NGO “Common Cause” Sergei Tikhomirov, he gave a report on the dangers of addictions, on the methods of manipulation used to attract young people to use various psychoactive substances. He taught methods of conducting conversations and classroom hours with watching films made thanks to the “Common Cause”. After an active and meaningful discussion with teachers about the importance of preventive work among students, about the importance of a teacher’s personal example in communicating with students, all those present were offered teaching aids and CDs for conducting these programs as a gift. Marina Aleksandrovna wished to become an activist and help in promoting a healthy lifestyle, especially since her work is directly related tonurturing in the younger generation personal resistance to drug temptation.Today, the MBOU Savasley school hosts interactive classes according to the program developed by the NGO “Common Cause”This program is a convenient algorithm for conducting classes on the primary prevention of the use of psychoactive substances (PAS). With its help you can conduct interactive lessons with high degree the effectiveness of informing about the harmful effects of alcohol, tobacco and other substances on the physical and mental health person.This program has been approvedMinistry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Federal Service of the Russian Federation for Drug Control, Moscow Department of Health, Moscow City Psychological and Pedagogical University, Moscow Scientific and Practical Center for Narcology; The “Common Cause” website is recommended to work colleagues and parents at parent-teacher meetings, where detailed information about the organization and all materials for prevention work are available. At the methodological association in the educational institution of the Kulebak region, they talked about this organization, watched fragments of educational films so that teachers in the Kulebak region could use these materials for their work and to promote a healthy lifestyle. So that our efforts are truly common! Such classes are a serious investment in the development of a harmonious person, and therefore can be recommended for educational work with students. Children were informed about the group in the “Common Cause” contact, where there is also all the information about NGOs, events held by activists, films, expert opinions on watching video material, brochures, healthy advertising. In our opinion, thanks to the actions of this organization, its active life position, energetic people who root with all their hearts for youth, Russia andthe realization comes that the education of the nation should begin with the youth.
Conclusion
According to the results research work we can conclude that everything higher value In the last decade, drug addiction has become a problem. It is global because Further social progress and the fate of civilization depend on its solution. People are trying to understand its seriousness and therefore effective measures are being taken to combat drug addiction, such as the creation of:
bills - at the state level;
various projects - at the level of public organizations;
programs – at the level of educational institutions.
It is very important that everyone realizes that this disaster can befall every family. Then we will be able to mobilize not only public organizations and government agencies, but also every person to fight drug addiction. Only in this case, when we all unite, can we reduce this terrible and dangerous phenomenon to society to a minimum.
But, as we know, it’s better not to start taking drugs at all because it can be almost impossible to give them up, and it’s easier to say “no” right away than to regret it later.
The goal of our work was to find out whether there are ways to combat drug addiction. And, as a result, we can say that methods of struggle exist, and methods of primary prevention are the most effective, thanks to public organizations created by caring people, united by an understanding of the need to convey to broad layers of Russian society the truth about the social and medical consequences of using alcohol, tobacco and other drugs ; thanks to educational organizations that see children every day and for many years, actively promoting a healthy lifestyle; and, of course, such work should be carried out within the family. After all, the most important thing, in our opinion, in the Common Cause is people! People united by one common idea - to make our country healthy and prosperous! Join us!
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< https://общее-дело.рф/about/reviews/school/>
Kinzibaeva Kamilya Arturovna, Dudina Regina Sergeevna
COMPETITION ENTRY
Purpose
To achieve this goal, the following were put forward: tasks:
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OLYMPICS OF SCIENTIFIC AND STUDENT WORKS IN THE FIELD
PREVENTION OF DRUG ADDICTION AND DRUG CRIME
COMPETITION ENTRY
“The role of public youth associations in drug addiction prevention”
Municipal budgetary educational institution "Lyceum No. 14"
Scientific director: Adiatova Olga Nikolaevna, teacher of history and social studies.
Nizhnekamsk - 2017
Introduction
As Francois Mauriac believed, drug addiction is a long-term enjoyment of death. Teenagers chasing fleeting pleasure are becoming a problem in modern society. Thereby,The spread of drugs among teenagers and young people is becoming one of the most pressing problems of our society.Every day everything more people falls into the terrible networks of vice, trying to use it to hide from everyday problems. Payment for such experiments on own life is infinitely great, and the results are sometimes irreversible.
Of all the diseases that destroy the body, psyche and social life of a person, drug addiction is the most severe. Over the past 100 years, drug addiction has become a problem, former subject narrow field of medicine - psychiatry. It has become a global social problem.
Therefore, the modern approach to solving this problem, drug abuse, assumes the priority of preventive work with children and adolescents. The main task of educational prevention is not so much to prevent real acquaintance with psychoactive substances, but to help students master certain behavioral skills that will help them follow a healthy lifestyle. Each of us knows that an attitude towards health and, accordingly, a healthy lifestyle does not appear in a person on its own, but is formed as a result of a certain pedagogical influence.
In our opinion, one of the effective options for preventive activities is the public school movement, which is a new direction in the prevention of drug addiction among minors in our country. After all, it is easier for teenagers to understand their peers, and then, in turn, to entrust their problems and experiences and treat the information received from peers with great confidence.
Purpose Research work is to study the public school movement as one of the ways to prevent drug addiction among young people.
To achieve this goal, the following were put forward: tasks :
Reveal the harmful effects of drugs on the body of the younger generation;
Inform teenagers about offenses related to the distribution and use of drugs;
Promote a healthy lifestyle through the social movements “Forpost” and “Yunarmiya”;
Relevance of the topic. Happened in Russia in the early 90s. XX century significant social, economic, political changes accompanied by the aggravation and emergence of a large number of social problems. Among the most dangerous social phenomena, the widespread spread of drug addiction in the country, especially among young people, stands out. At the same time, since the future of any society is connected with a given socio-demographic group of the population, solving the problem of successful social adaptation of young people is important.
Research methods: method of cause-and-effect relationships, concrete historical, sociological (questioning) and other methods of cognition.
Chapter 1. Organization of the Youth Army movement at school.
"Yunarmiya" is an all-Russian military-patriotic social movement created on October 29, 2015.
The main stated goal of the movement: to arouse interest among the younger generation in the geography, history of Russia and its peoples, heroes, outstanding scientists and commanders. Any schoolchild, military-patriotic organization, club or search party can join the movement. It is expected that members of the movement, in their free time from school, will engage in volunteer activities, take part in cultural and sports events, receive additional education, and first aid skills.
The head of the General Staff of the All-Russian military-patriotic movement is Dmitry Trunenkov.
Regional headquarters are open in all 85 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as in some other countries.
At the initiative of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation S.K. Shoigu, on October 29, 2015, the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin signed a decree on the creation of the All-Russian public-state children's and youth organization "Russian Schoolchildren Movement". In order to improve state policy in the field of educating the younger generation, creating favorable conditions for the harmonious development of the personality of children, the formation of moral values and guidelines, as well as military-patriotic education. The movement is designed to unite all organizations and bodies involved in pre-conscription training of citizens. The structure of the movement will be tied to the locations of military units, military educational institutions, the infrastructure of the Voluntary Society for Assistance to the Army, Aviation and Navy (DOSAAF) and the Central Sports Club of the Army. From the Russian Ministry of Defense, the movement is supervised by the Secretary of State - Deputy Minister of Defense of Russia Nikolai Pankov.
On July 29, 2016, the Yunarmiya movement received state registration, and from that moment on, the organization received its flag, emblem, and was registered as a legal entity.
On September 1, 2016, the movement began its official work. To carry out events under the auspices of the movement, the infrastructure of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, CSKA and DOSAAF is used. By 2020, it is planned to create more than 100 centers of military-patriotic education in Russia, some of them will become specialized, where they will train detachments of young paratroopers, pilots and tank crews.
Large-scale events take place in the military-patriotic park of culture and recreation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation “Patriot”, where the “Youth Army” sector is open. There, at the 1st rally of the movement in June 2016, the Russian Minister of Defense, Army General Sergei Shoigu, presented the Yunarmiya with a banner.
The number of participants in the military-patriotic movement “Yunarmiya” at the end of October 2016 is more than 26,000 thousand people aged 11 to 18 years. Membership in the organization is voluntary and open. Any schoolchild, public organization, club or search party can join the ranks of the military-patriotic movement “Youth Army”.
On May 22, 2016, at the Yaroslavl DOSAAF military-patriotic education center named after Valentina Tereshkova, the first 104 schoolchildren joined the ranks of the military-patriotic movement “Yunarmiya” as part of a pilot project. Also presented to the public was the Youth Army soldier’s room and elements of the training base, with the help of which it is planned to conduct military-patriotic classes. Similar classes will open in every educational institution and public organization where Youth Army detachments will be formed.
As of April 2017, the movement had 70,000 members, with headquarters open in all 85 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. As of June 2017, the movement has more than 117 thousand people, in September 2017 - more than 160 thousand members
The Youth Army movement originated back in 1990 on the basis of the children's and youth voluntary public organization "Movements of Young Patriots" (YUP), which was formed by merging military sports games“Zarnitsa”, “Eaglet”, “Gaidarovets”, posts at the Eternal Flame of Glory, military-patriotic clubs and others. The organization's motto was: “For the glory of the Fatherland!” The areas of work of the DUP were built around programs to prepare for military service, patriotic education, introducing the younger generation to Russian history. Under the banner of the “Movement of Young Patriots” various competitions, gatherings and rallies for children and teenagers were held. The creation of the military-patriotic movement “Youth Army” is a revival of the traditions of military-patriotic education of youth.
Young Army soldiers will be trained to shoot, provide medical assistance, and navigate using a map. In their free time, Youth Army members will keep a memorial watch at the Eternal Flame, engage in volunteer activities, work to preserve memorials, and also take part in other events. In addition, it is planned to involve movement participants in the liquidation emergency situations, search work in the battlefields of the Great Patriotic War and assistance to veterans.
In every educational institution and public organization where Youth Army units will be formed, Youth Army Members' Rooms will be opened. The Yunarmeets room is a place of leisure and relaxation, intended for study and creative activities of schoolchildren. It contains: a banner, a detachment book, as well as educational fiction, reference and other literature.
Teachers, military personnel, and reserve officers are involved as teachers. Military and sports areas will become fundamental in the training program for movement participants. In addition, the basic course will include Russian history and the basics Orthodox culture, additional programs will remain at the discretion of regional authorities.
The heads of regional branches are elected at meetings of Yunarmiya participants. In October 2016, ex-commander of the Airborne Forces Vladimir Shamanov was elected head of the movement’s capital branch. The regional headquarters of the Moscow region is headed by Olympic champion Alexander Legkov. The Main Headquarters of the military-patriotic movement “Yunarmiya” includes famous athletes, cosmonauts and actors, such as cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev, commentator Dmitry Guberniev, actor Mikhail Galustyan and others.
2.Goals and objectives of the Youth Army at school.
2.1. The goals of the Movement are:
1) participation in the implementation of the state youth policy of the Russian Federation;
2) comprehensive development and improvement of the personality of children and adolescents, satisfaction of their individual needs for intellectual, moral and physical improvement;
4) preservation and enhancement of patriotic traditions;
5) formation in young people of readiness and practical ability to fulfill civic duty and constitutional responsibilities to protect the Fatherland.
6) promoting a healthy lifestyle, strengthening physical training and endurance;
7) introduction to military-technical knowledge and technical creativity;
8)improving value-oriented personality traits, providing conditions for self-expression of students, their creative activity;
9) promoting the development of active citizenship among adolescents.
This movement is growing and developing in our school. We are its active participants. After taking a solemn oath, we take part in all events of the school, city and republic. Promoting a healthy lifestyle is one of the directions of this movement. This is also a traditional autumn cross-country race, a festival for passing GTO standards, in which all students of our lyceum from grades 1 to 11 took part, and we were its organizers and curators. Environmental, song, dance, patriotic, and the “Good Poems” marathon are only a small part of the events that are held within the walls of our lyceum. Giving children the opportunity to show their talent, occupy their free time, develop and not look for false pleasures. Formation review and songs, Youth Army games “Instinct of Self-Preservation” develop us physically, foster patriotism and pride in our country.
Chapter 2. Organization of the law enforcement movement “Outpost” at the Lyceum
Along with the Youth Army movement, the youth law enforcement movement “Forpost” traditionally operates in the lyceum. The whole school knows these athletic, smart, serious guys. They are the main assistants in maintaining order and suppressing crime.
Youth law enforcement movement in MBOU "Lyceum No. 14":
This is a multi-age group of 30 students in grades 8-10, which is created for a period of 1 academic year;
This is a multi-age squad that, over the course of 1 academic year, will try to be a unified team at 4 one-day community training camps;
This is a competition for groups of different ages, everyone wins, as he was with us always and everywhere!
This is a form of working with difficult teenagers who are not attracted to educational process and who were attracted by the street with its uncertainty. Let's try to create worthy competition for her and win against her!
This is a form of working with teenagers in general and you shouldn’t divide teenagers into difficult and easy! They can all work together and solve common problems!
This is a form of interaction between adults and children! Teachers and teenagers will go through this competitive path! Let them also try to feel like a teenager again!
This is a set of social roles for everyone! If you want to be a leader, be it! If you just want to be an active participant, please!
This is a world where everyone feels good and comfortable, because the Outpost is the vanguard of something, somewhere, someday!
2.Goals and objectives of the “Outpost” detachment at school.
1) crime prevention in the Municipal Budgetary Institution “Lyceum No. 14”;
2) development of voluntary participation of young citizens in school security during school events;
3) providing assistance to adolescents and young people affected by crime;
4) promotion of legal knowledge and healthy lifestyle among students;
5) assistance to state organizations and institutions of the prevention system, public organizations in reducing the level of crime among youth;
6) promoting the development of voluntary participation of students in activities
7) a general educational institution to ensure internal regulations;
8) early professional guidance for students.
And our guys can handle it. This is confirmed by prizes in competitions different levels. Reducing violations within the walls of an educational institution. Order and discipline, compliance with the rules of the lyceum charter.
Chapter 3. Organization of drug addiction prevention activities by school social movements.
Drug addiction has reached epidemic proportions in our time.Its distributionis progressing much faster than measures are being taken to combat this terrible phenomenon. Therefore, the prevention of drug addiction is of no small importance in modern society. It implies a set of measures to prevent the onset of drug addiction.
Drug addiction is a state of a person when he constantly thinks about drugs, strives to get them for certain pleasant sensations or to get rid of mental discomfort. In order to get a feeling of euphoria, a drug addict will do anything. He easily crosses the boundaries of morality, destroys his family, becomes a criminal and even a murderer. The personality of a drug addict becomes self-centered, and the body is depleted, as a result of which the addict “rolls” to his death with incredible speed.
Since the interests of a drug addict are focused only on obtaining and using drugs, his social circle includes mainly antisocial individuals. An experienced drug addict has no job, no friends, no family. He is completely useless to society and only causes problems. Therefore, society not only for its own comfort, but also humanitarian purposes strives to reduce the growth of drug addiction and return people addicted to drugs to a full life.
And the most accessible and modern way for this is the prevention of drug addiction and substance abuse in schools. After all, it is teenagers who most often become victims of these addictions. Children, with the right approach and available information, are able to form their own opinions about such a phenomenon as drug addiction. They are able to clearly understand what drugs are, how they affect the body, and what the consequences of their use are.
The lives of potential drug addicts, their family members and society in general depend on the quality of preventive work. Therefore, prevention of drug addiction in adolescents should not be carried out carelessly and “for show.” Drug addiction prevention should become an integral part of education. For this purpose, schools hold lectures and classes on drug addiction prevention, and show documentaries and feature films. Good prevention work among adolescents produces tangible results and should be carried out continuously and on a large scale. Properly carried out preventive measures among adolescents will certainly become a deterrent and reduce the number of young people who become addicted to drugs.
Teachers, psychologists and social workers in their work to prevent drug addiction among adolescents and children can use methods developed in Russia. The main principle of this technique is based on filling the information vacuum and involves the creation of an active and constantly funded stream of advertising and publications in the media about measures to prevent drug addiction and alcoholism. Here their main assistants are peers of children who have become addicted. Social movements are actively involved in crime prevention and promoting a healthy lifestyle. They hold conversations, flash mobs, actions, distribute educational literature, publish wall newspapers, and perform with propaganda teams.
Information on drug addiction prevention must meet the following requirements:
- be positive and not have a hint of hopelessness;
- negative information should highlight the tragic consequences of alcohol and drug use;
- the media should not show scenes of drug and alcohol use;
- any publication must have a conclusion in the form of understandable information and recommendations for the prevention of alcohol and drug use;
- each publication must have a motivational impact on the target audience;
- preparation of materials should be carried out only by specialists - narcologists, psychologists, law enforcement officers, social workers;
- Any information on the prevention of drug addiction and alcoholism must be approved by a special expert council.
This is very important work. Drug addiction at school reached the age category of children 10-12 years old. Prevention of drug addiction in school should begin from the first grades, otherwise it will be too late. In modern culture, there is a lot of information in films, songs, and literature that hints or directly states the positive properties of drugs.
Information about the destructive power of drugs should be constantly placed on the back of the scale in the child’s mind. Drug addiction at school and drug addiction prevention at school is the opposite proportional quantities. A teenager is a self-determining individual. Imposing ideas won't work. It is necessary to give him the truth about drugs in an accessible form, and he will make the right choice. Effective drug addiction prevention should be implemented in every school.
Drug abuse prevention in schools should be carried out in a standardized manner by a specially trained specialist. It is important to convey to every child information that in the future can save his life. Drug addiction cannot develop in school if children consciously make a firm decision not to take drugs. For those schoolchildren who have already tried drugs, to reinforce the information, you can conduct excursions to the morgue to view the emaciated dead bodies of drug addicts.
Drug abuse prevention at school is not only the responsibility of government agencies, but also of you and me. Together we can stop the growth of this infection.
Prevention of drug addiction in our school consists of the use of educational and pedagogical methods with the help of the law enforcement movement “Forpost” and the military-patriotic “Yunarmiya”:
Formation of adolescents' ideas about universal human values and a healthy lifestyle that prevents involvement in a drug addiction situation;
Transferring to students knowledge about social and psychological consequences drug addiction with the goal of sustainable cessation of taking psychoactive substances;
Instilling in students who have embarked on the path of their first attempts at psychoactive substances the skills and abilities of active psychological protection from involvement in the process of drug use and anti-social activities.
Anti-drug work in our school is carried out in three areas:
- Working with students;
- Working with parents;
- Working with class teachers.
Work with students includes the following activities:
Conducting individual preventive work with minors prone to substance use, preventive educational program: “Being healthy is easy! Being healthy is great!”, “14 steps towards increasing self-esteem and self-confidence”, “Love your child”, “Healthy lifestyle”, “How to get out of a conflict situation”; class hours on the following topics: “About the dangers of smoking”, “About a healthy lifestyle”; School-wide class hour “On the dangers of drug addiction and taking psychoactive substances”, “Take care of your health from a young age”.
Meetings with the guys from the outpost and the Youth Army;
Sports competitions as part of the events: “Sports as an alternative to bad habits”, “School all-around” competitions in all sports: volleyball for grades 8-11, basketball for grades 5-9, football for grades 8-11, “Fun Starts” for grades 1-4 , “Health Day” for grades 1-11, participation in the All-Russian Health Month, participation in skiing competitions (grades 5-11).
Questioning of students in grades 5-11 “Your choice”, “15 answers to difficult questions”.
Drawing competition on the topic “Healthy lifestyle”, “About addiction” for grades 1-11.
Thematic conversations with viewing of video clips: “Alcohol intoxication”, “Children’s alcoholism”, “Drug addiction, substance abuse among minors” (grades 6-11); “Join the Youth Army!”; “Outpost - we are for a healthy lifestyle!”
Viewing and discussion of Eduard Palmov’s film “Voices of Escaping Truths” (grades 8-9).
The main forms of preventive work with parents:
– group consultations, parent meetings;
– comprehensive education of parents according to the “School of Responsible Parenting” program (lectures, workshops, group discussions, exchange of experiences in family education);
– organizing joint leisure activities with children;
– organizing joint events and classroom hours with children.
The success of prevention largely depends on the ability of teachers to establish contact with parents, especially of problematic, difficult children. Educational work is carried out with parents, which includes: parent meetings at which the following topics and lectures are discussed with the involvement of specialists: “The role of the family in the prevention of drug addiction, smoking, substance abuse”, “The importance of physical activity and physical education for health”, etiquette lessons for adults and children “How to learn to be responsible for your actions”, “Parental responsibility”. Help school psychologist and information on the school website for parents “What you need to know about your children?”; “Where to turn for help in different situations”, “The effect of drugs and surfactants on the body of children and adolescents”, sports festival with the involvement of parents “Mom, Dad, I am a sports family”, recommendations for parents on how to conduct summer holidays for children.
Methodological recommendations have been developed to help teaching staff educational institutions, psychologists, social educators, parents and reveal the main points related to the organization of testing of students in general education institutions, primary and secondary education.
The Lyceum actively interacts with various services working in this direction. Prevention of drug addiction among minors is a special section in narcology, the work of which is aimed at reducing risk factors for drug addiction among adolescents. Basically, the struggle of drug treatment and social services is against such risk factors as: raising children in families with drug addiction;
communication of minors with peers who use drugs;
child's personality traits - lack of self-confidence, lack of perception of social norms and values, low self-esteem; family instability, low income; communication problems at school and in the family, frequent absenteeism.
Developing resistance to environmental drug pressure in the younger generation requires close attention, since society urgently needs work to protect children and adolescents from the harmful effects of drugs. At the same time, preventing the use of psychoactive substances among schoolchildren should be an integral part of the entire educational system. Prevention is not only and not so much a prevention of something, but an active process of creating conditions and developing personal qualities that support well-being. The most important things in preventive work are:
teaching schoolchildren the ability to withstand life’s difficulties and conflict situations; formation in schoolchildren of a negative attitude towards psychoactive substances and the consequences of their use.
Conclusion
There is an increase in the number of students using cigarettes and alcohol. In addition, the number of students prone to drug use increases every year. Our country is facing a dangerous and ruthless enemy, whose name is drug addiction, has become a colossal consumer of the drug. There are about 4 million drug users in Russia, mostly young people who are just taking their first steps in independent life. The “average age” of those who try drugs for the first time does not exceed 14 years.
Educational institutions carry out preventive work among adolescents on drug addiction. Currently, they are increasingly resorting to recruiting volunteers.
« Yunarmiya" and "Forpost"These are people who work for free.
We - Youth Army members and members of "Forpost" believe that the greatest value is in helping others overcome themselves by breaking free from bad habits, in disseminating information about the consequences of drinking alcohol, drug addiction and other psychotropic substances, in acquiring behavioral and communication skills aimed at establishing fruitful contacts with those around you.
The development of the movement among teenagers is, in our opinion, very important. Not only because our work is significant support and strength in solving important social problems, but it is also a real primary prevention drug addiction, since our activities contribute to the formation of such important qualities, as mercy, responsibility for oneself and the assigned work.
From the above, the following conclusions can be drawn:
Active school activities can help get children off the “street”;
To cultivate in them a sense of compassion and mercy;
Volunteers will help anyone find something they like in an educational institution; all you need is desire and will;
Young Army members and members of “Outpost” are carriers of the beliefs and values of life without drugs, they will help prove their importance.
Thus, the stated goal of the research work has been achieved. ABOUT Public school movements are one of the ways to prevent drug addiction among young people.
Literature
- D.D. Rechnov, G.V. Latyshev “Step by step from drugs: A book for parents”, St. Petersburg, 1999
- J. Solomzes, V. Cheurson, G. Sokolovsky “Drugs and Society”, M. 1998
- S.B. Belogurov “Popular about drugs and drug addiction”, M., St. Petersburg, 2000
- I.N. Pyatnitskaya “Drug addiction” M., 1994
- B.M. Levshin, M.B. Levin “Drug addiction and drug addicts: a book for teachers” M., 1991
- N.V. Garansky “Drug addiction in Russia: state, trends, ways to overcome” M., 2003
- Danilin A.G., Danilina I.V. “How to save children from drug addiction” M., 2000
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