Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney and Vancouver
It is quite difficult to determine which port is the most big port Pacific Ocean. The problem is that there are several criteria by which assessment can be made.
However, the largest existing ones are the Pacific ports of Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney and Vancouver. For example, Shanghai, since 2010, has been considered the world's largest port in terms of cargo turnover. The port is located near the metropolis of the same name and occupies an advantageous position, as it has open exit to sea. Thanks to the port, China communicates with 200 countries. About 99% of the country's foreign trade is carried out through these gates. The port operates around the clock, regardless of holidays and weekends. Oil, coal, metal ore, and construction materials are transported through Shanghai.
Another large port of the Pacific Ocean is Singapore. Since 1997, the port has been considered the largest in the world in terms of ship tonnage. Previously, this port was the largest in terms of cargo turnover, until it lost 1st place to Shanghai. Singapore is capable of receiving 150 ships every day and serves up to 250 lines. The mooring front of the naval base stretches for more than 3 kilometers. Total value The port's maritime traffic amounts to 112 million tons.
Sydney vs Vancouver
Sydney lags behind its competitors in terms of cargo throughput, with a throughput capacity of approximately 1.8 million tonnes. However, this port has a berth length of about 0.6 km. 100 berths with a depth of 3.5 meters are capable of accommodating aircraft carrier-class vessels. Today, wool, coal, dairy products, grains, fruits, hides, cocoa, oil, and industrial equipment are transported through Sydney.
Vancouver is Canada's largest port, located in the northeastern part of the Strait of Georgia. The harbor is perfectly protected from the wind and does not freeze in winter. The total length of Vancouver's berths is about 16 kilometers. The total turnover of cargo transportation is 45 million tons. Timber, grain, non-ferrous metals, paper, fish, plywood, and cellulose pass through Vancouver.
Russian ports
Since Russia also has access to the Pacific Ocean, it is not surprising that there are quite large Russian ports. One of them is Vladivostok, located in the south of the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula. The advantage of the port is that it is completely accessible to any class of ships existing today. However, between November and March, navigation in this area is carried out using icebreakers. Every year up to 7 million tons of cargo passes through the port. There are railway lines running through the port area, total length 21 kilometers. The length of the berths is 3.1 kilometers. The port specializes in cabotage transportation to Russian ports located in the Pacific Ocean and in the eastern Arctic.
Nakhodka – sea port Russia, having federal significance. Located in the northwestern part of the coast of the Sea of Japan. It includes oil and universal marine terminals. The port's cargo turnover reaches 15 million tons. Mainly oil, metal, coal, refrigerated cargo, and containers are transported through Nakhodka.
Of course, Vladivostok and Nakhodka are not competitors to foreign ports located on the Pacific Ocean, such as Shanghai, Vancouver or Singapore. However, these are some of the most major ports Russia.
(about 1/3 of the world's sea freight turnover), inferior to Atl-ka in terms of traffic volume, is ahead of it in terms of growth rates. A characteristic feature of the sea routes in the Pacific Ocean is their very large latitudinal extent (twice as long as the transatlantic routes). Transoceanic routes connecting the west. and east coasts are grouped in two directions: American-Asian and American-Australian. On the first of them, three heavy-duty routes were formed. Intensive shipping routes connect the Pacific ports of the USA and Canada (Los Angeles, San Francisco, Vancouver) with the ports of Japan, China, and the Philippines (Yokohama, Shanghai, Manila). Coal, timber, grain, ore, semi-finished and finished products are exported from North American ports to Japan. They go in the opposite direction different kinds industrial products (steel pipes, electrical and radio devices, fabrics, fish and fish products). Less intense shipping on the second route from Panama Canal and western ports of South America to the ports of Southeast (Singapore, Manila) and Eastern (Shanghai, Yokohama) Asia. Mostly mining and agricultural raw materials are exported from Latin American ports (to Japan), and industrial products in the opposite direction. The second US-Australian transoceanic route links ports North America and Australia, New Zealand. Lines from the ports of the USA and Canada to Sydney and other ports of south-eastern Australia (Newcastle, Melbourne) run here. From American ports, machinery and equipment, and in the opposite direction - industrial raw materials and agricultural goods. From the United States to Latin American ports, equipment for the mining industry, machinery and finished products are transported. The highest concentration of cargo turnover is observed in the ports of Eastern (Japan, Republic of Korea, China) and Southeast. Asia (more than 3/4 of the total cargo turnover of the Pacific Ocean). The largest oil terminals in the Pacific Ocean are concentrated in Japanese (Chiba, Yokohama, Kawasaki), American (Los Angeles, Long Beach, San Francisco, Valdez) and international transit ports (Singapore, Dumai).
30. Economic and geographical provinces of the Pacific Ocean and their characteristics.
NW: In economy In relation, the province stands out for its high level of economic development and large scientific and technical potential, rich in mines. resources of its individual territories, huge fish stocks and the largest catches in the world, intensive maritime transport and developed economy. Huge human resources are concentrated here and the third world economic center has been formed, the core of which is Japan, and the “newly industrialized countries” (Republic of Korea, Taiwan) and the rapidly growing economy play a complementary role modern China. Oil and gas, solid minerals (iron ore, coal), TiMg placers, cassiterite deposits have been explored, table salt. Iron margs have been identified in the open part of the ocean. and phosphorite nodules. Z: Her characteristic feature are an advantageous location on the routes of intensive maritime traffic and the presence of large nodes of sea communications in the straits of the Malay Archipelago. Zap. the province has large reserves of mineral raw materials, biological resources, but inferior to the North-West. provinces in terms of the level of industrial, scientific and technical potential, as well as the level of development of marine sectors of the economy. The province's subsoil contains deposits of world significance. From this region of the world, up to 70% of tin, significant volumes of oil, Fe, Mn and Cu ores, Ni, chromites, tungsten, bauxite and phosphate raw materials are obtained. Ferromanganese nodules and phosphates occur in the northeast of the province; deposits of oil, cassiterite, iron ore, and glauconite have been discovered on the shelf. S-W: fishing has not received widespread industrial development. The province's position away from the main world markets predetermines the leading role of sea communications to ensure connections with the North. America, Eastern and Southeast. Asia and Europe. are Sydney and Melbourne and the outport of Geelong (specializing in grain and oil cargo). In the state of New South. Wales has 9 seaports (Newcastle, Port Kembla, Hunter, etc.) YU.: Natural resource potential The provinces have been poorly studied. Oil is being extracted on the Tongo Islands, and phosphorite deposits are being developed on the Society Islands. The waters of the province are characterized by a low content of zooplankton biomass and low fish productivity (less than 10 kg/km2. A characteristic feature of the Southern Province is the weak development of the economy, which does not allow for widespread study and development of marine resources. The basis of the economy of most island states is the plantation economy (coconut palm cultivation , citrus fruits, bananas, pineapples, sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, groundnuts, breadfruit), production of canned fish and copra. Fish catches of the island states and territories are small. Fiji's economy is the most diversified, its basis is the sugar industry, tourism, forestry and woodworking industry. N-E: oil and natural gas(Alaska, the Los Angeles area and coastal waters of California), phosphorites (California coast), ores of precious and non-ferrous metals (gold, platinum, mercury). The exploitation of marine placers of gold (off the coast of the Seward Peninsula) and platinum sands (Goodnews Bay) plays a significant role. The open waters of the province are characterized by extremely low fish productivity. The Northeast is a zone of very intense transport traffic. Routes from the Pacific ports of North America to the ports of the East pass here. Asia (Japan, China) and from the ports of the west coast of the USA and Canada to the ports of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. SE and E: Coastal countries (Peru, Chile, Bolivia) form a capacious regional raw materials market, exporting mining raw materials, agricultural and fishing products by sea. Developed in Peru large deposits iron ore (area of the port of San Juan), polymetals, phosphorites, oil and gas are extracted on the sea shelf. The province is an important global fishing area.
1.
Describe the geographic location of the ocean.
Determine how the Pacific Ocean is located relative to the equator, the tropics, the polar circles and the prime meridian.
___
2.
Determine in which direction the ocean has the greatest extent - from north to south or from west to east.
___
3.
Indicate between which continents the ocean is located. Which oceans does it border on?
___
4.
Which part of the ocean has the most rugged coastline.
a) Names of the seas and large bays ocean.
b) the name of the large islands.
Atlantic Ocean 5%
internal flow 10%
2) Sevenny - Arctic Ocean 50%
Pacific Ocean 10%
Atlantic Ocean 30%
internal flow 10%
3) North - Arctic Ocean 25%
Pacific Ocean 25%
Atlantic Ocean 25%
internal flow 25%
4) North - Arctic Ocean 40%
Pacific Ocean 40%
Atlantic Ocean 10%
internal flow 10%
Features of the Pacific 11-11 The Pacific Ocean washes the eastern shores of the continents: __
2 The Pacific Ocean washes the western shores of the continents: __
3 The Pacific Ocean is located in the hemispheres: __
4 In terms of area, this ocean is the largest on Earth. It makes up approximately _____% of the area of the world's oceans
5 The greatest depth of the ocean and the deepest point of the Earth is in the ______ trench and is ____ m
6 Deep-sea trenches surround the Pacific Ocean and, along with active volcanoes and earthquake areas form a zone called _______
7 Powerful sea currents along the equator from east to west are formed due to winds ______
8 In what climatic zones is the Pacific Ocean located? __
9 Name the cold currents of the Pacific Ocean __
10 In which part of the ocean are coral structures most common?
Name 3 port cities along the shores of the Pacific Ocean _____
numerical sea currents operates in the Pacific Ocean?
1) Gulf Stream 2) Brazilian 3) Guinean 4) Kuroshio.
3. Sable is an animal living in a natural area:
1) steppes 2) taiga 3) deserts 4) tundra
4.One of the main modern types economic activity human in the tundra is:
1) logging 2) mining 3) raising livestock 4) growing grain
5. Among the listed closed lakes are:
1) Baikal 2) Victoria 3) Chad 4) Onega.
6. Which island has the maximum average annual precipitation?
1) Iceland 2) Kalimantan 3) Madagascar 4) Tasmania.
7.What mineral deposits are confined to ancient platforms?
1) oil 2) iron ores 3) copper ores 4) polymetallic ores
8.Who from listed travelers made a great contribution to the discovery and study of Africa?
1) I. Moskvitin 2) D. Cook 3) D. Livingston 4) F. Magellan
9. Moderate maritime climate is typical for:
1) Sumatra Islands 2) Iberian Peninsula 3) Great Britain 4) Yucatan Peninsula
10. Which of the following mountain systems the longest?
1) Cordillera 2) Urals 3) Alps 4) Appalachians
11.Which peninsula has monsoons throughout the year?
1) Labrador 2) Alaska 3) Indochina 4) Somalia
12. Which of the following natural zones is characterized by greatest number rodents?
1) taiga 2) tundra and forest-tundra 3) steppes 4) semi-deserts and deserts
13. On which of the following rivers is it found? a large number of thresholds?
1) Volga 2) Amazon 3) Congo 4) Mississippi
14. A sign of a marine climate type is:
1) summer is dry and hot 2) winter is wet and warm 3) large amplitude of temperature fluctuations
15. Oak, myrtle, wild olive - representatives of the natural area:
1) equatorial forests2) hard-leaved forests3) tropical deserts 4) deciduous forests
1) Cordillera 2) Andes 3) Himalayas 4) Alps.
17.Which continent is the hottest:
1) Africa 2) Australia 3) South America 4) North America
18. Southernmost point of Africa:
1) Cape Agulhas 2) Cape of Good Hope 3) Cape Almadi 4) Cape Ras Hafun.
19. Climatic zone of Africa with pronounced seasonality: dry winter and wet summer:
1) equatorial 2) subequatorial 3) tropical 4) subtropical.
20.The saltiest sea belongs to the basin:
1) Pacific Ocean 2) Atlantic Ocean 3) Pacific Ocean 4) Arctic Ocean
Part B
1. Distribution of climate zones in Africa in order of decreasing density of the river network:
1) equatorial 2) tropical 3) subequatorial.
2. Match.
Natural area: Climatic zone:
1. Rainforests a) subtropical
2. Savannah b) tropical
3. Deserts c) subequatorial
d) equatorial.
3.Distribute southern continents as their area increases:
1) Antarctica 2) Africa 3) South America 4) Australia.
Part C
1. Why is the highest point in Africa - the Kilimanjaro volcano - located within the platform, and not
folded area, like on other continents?
2. Are there glaciers in Africa, and if so, in what part of the continent?
3. Why do platforms usually have plains?
Indian Ocean1)geographical location
2) a brief history of the discovery and study of the nature of the ocean
3) Bottom topography and minerals.
4) Climate and water properties (temperature, salinity, etc.)
5) Surface currents in the ocean.
6)Organic world.
7)Zonal natural complexes and non-zonal aquatic complexes.
8) Types of human economic activity in the ocean; largest ports.
Plzzzzz urgently needed About the Indian Ocean, please help
The territory of Russia is washed by the waters of 12 seas belonging to the basins of three oceans and the Caspian Sea, which belongs to the internal closed basin. Russia has a large commercial, fishing and naval fleet.
Water and Natural resources The seas washing the territory of the country are taken under state protection. Together with other countries, Russia is fighting pollution of the seas and oceans with oil and chemicals which negatively affect their organic world. Seas of the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Ocean basin includes six seas: Barents, White, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian and Chukchi.
They were formed due to flooding sea waters coastal parts of the mainland and therefore shallow. Their average depth is less than 200 m. The seas are separated from each other by islands and archipelagos: Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, New Siberian Islands and Wrangel Island.
All seas, except the White Sea, are marginal. They communicate with the ocean through wide open bodies of water. The White Sea is inland. The nature of the northern seas, lying in the Arctic zone mainly between 70° and 80° N, is very harsh. Surface water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are low throughout the year. The severity of the climate and the associated sea ice cover increase from west to east. All year round most of the ocean is covered in ice. Southwestern part only Barents Sea, where the branch of the warm North Atlantic Current enters, is ice-free in winter.
Here on the shore of the Kola Peninsula is the ice-free port of Murmansk. Other major pots here are Arkhangelsk and Severodvinsk. Ice cover and the long polar night are unfavorable for the development of plankton, therefore biological productivity Arctic seas are low! Only the Barents Sea is of significant commercial importance.
Here with Atlantic waters a large amount of plankton arrives, followed by schools of fish. In second place is the White Sea, whose productivity is 4 times lower. In the seas of the Arctic Ocean, sea animals (seal, beluga whale) are caught.
The Northern Sea Route, 5,600 km long, passes through the seas of the Arctic Ocean. This is the shortest sea route from the western part of Russia to the Northeast and Far East.
The ships are completed in less than a month. The distance from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok through the North and Norwegian Seas and further along the Northern Sea Route is 14,280 km, and through the Suez Canal - 23,200 km. From Murmansk to Vladivostok - 10,400 km. The Northern Sea Route connects not only Western and eastern outskirts Russia, but also the mouths of navigable rivers in Siberia.
This made it possible to speed up economic development and use the rich natural resources of the northern regions of the country. Navigation along the Northern Sea Route lasts about four months. Seas of the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Ocean basin includes three seas: Bering, Okhotsk and Japan, washing the eastern coast of the country.
They are separated from the open ocean by the Aleutian, Komandorsky, Kuril and Japanese islands. These are the largest and deepest of the seas washing the territory of Russia. Through numerous straits between the islands, the water exchange of these seas with the Pacific Ocean occurs. They have clearly defined ebbs and flows.
The highest tide heights are observed in the Sea of Okhotsk; in Penzhinskaya Bay the tide reaches 14 m. The structure of the bottom and the depths of the seas of the Pacific Ocean differ sharply from the seas of the Arctic Ocean.
The relief of their bottom reveals the underwater margins of the continent, a shelf, a clearly defined continental slope and deep-sea basins. Maximum depths Each of the seas reaches 3.5 - 4 thousand m near the island arcs that limit them, on which there are numerous active volcanoes.
The seas of the Pacific Ocean are located mainly in temperate zone and are distinguished by warmer waters than the Arctic. However, in winter, strongly cooled air from the continent is carried into the sea areas, so almost the entire Sea of Okhotsk and the northern parts of the Bering and Sea of Japan freeze in winter. The organic world in the seas of the Pacific Ocean, especially in the Japanese Sea, is much richer and more diverse than in arctic seas. Only in the seas of the Far East do valuable sea animals live - the fur seal and the sea otter (sea otter).
Pacific herring, cod, flounder, salmon, as well as mollusks and crustaceans, crabs, mussels, oysters, and shrimp are important commercial fisheries. They are of economic importance seaweed, for example kelp (seaweed). The transport importance of the Pacific seas is also great. The largest ports of these seas are Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Magadan, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The seas of the Atlantic Ocean and the Caspian Sea.
Three seas belong to the Atlantic Ocean basin: the Baltic, Black and Azov. They are all internal. These seas extend deep into the land and have relatively weak connection with the ocean through narrow shallow straits. Sea tides are practically not observed here. The seas are highly desalinated due to the influx of large amounts of river water.
The Caspian Sea is part of the ancient single Caspian-Black Sea basin. Currently, it is a closed, endorheic lake that retains some marine features. The seas of the Atlantic Ocean and the Caspian Sea are quite warm. In winter, the Azov Sea, the shallow northern parts of the Black and Caspian Seas and the bays of the Baltic Sea are covered with ice for a short time. All seas are of great transport importance. Their ports serve international and domestic shipping lines.
The coasts of the Atlantic seas are of great importance for organizing recreation for the population. Due to the fact that the seas of the Atlantic Ocean have a different history of development and are distant from each other, their nature is very different. The Baltic Sea is the youngest. It was formed in the Quaternary period due to the flooding of a sagging section of the platform by sea waters.
The sea is shallow. His coastline characterized by significant ruggedness. Off the coast of Russia there are large sea bays: Finnish and Gdansk. Strong, long-lasting westerly winds raise the water level in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland.
This caused floods in St. Petersburg, located at the mouth of the Neva River. Animal world The Baltic Sea is not rich and diverse. The main commercial fish are herring, Baltic sprat, cod and eels. The deep-sea basins of the Black and Caspian Seas are large tectonic depressions in the region of Alpine folding. When they sank, the adjacent southern parts of the platform were also lowered, and when they were flooded by sea waters, the shallow northwestern regions of the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov and the northern part of the Caspian Sea emerged.
The southern position of these seas determines high temperatures surface waters and significant evaporation from their surface. Despite this, the seas are highly desalinated. Together with river waters they receive a large amount nutrients what creates favorable conditions for the habitat of living organisms. However, the waters of the Black Sea from a depth of 200 m are contaminated with hydrogen sulfide and are practically devoid of life, so its fishing value is small.
The Azov and Caspian Seas are the most important fishing areas. Up to 80% of the world's reserves of the most valuable sturgeon fish are concentrated in the Caspian Sea. The Black and Caspian Seas are of great transport importance. The major ports of these seas are St. Petersburg, Sevastopol, Taganrog, Novorossiysk.
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Home > Tropical Articles > Pacific Island States
Pacific Island States
Here I will try to analyze all the island states of the tropical and equatorial climate through the eyes not of a tourist, but of a potential Robinson, but I will not choose any specific ones. I will not include island countries like Australia on the list, New Zealand, Japan, o.
Taiwan, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Caribbean countries, as well as states consisting of one inhabited island - due to my skepticism about Robinsonade on them. Why is it important to know the form of government in a state? Because some island states are overseas territories of others large countries such as Great Britain, France, New Zealand, USA, India. It follows that control in such countries is much more serious than in independent island states.
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Vanuatu
83 islands (mostly volcanic).
Parliamentary republic. Languages: Bislama, English, French. Population 215 thousand people. For Russian citizens, visa-free entry for up to 30 days.
Standard rules for entry. To import seeds, plants, fish, seafood, meat and dairy products (including frozen and canned) a permit from the Vanuatu Ministry of Agriculture is required. The climate is tropical, close to equatorial. Precipitation ranges from 2000 to 5000 mm per year, depending on the area. High humidity: from 70% in the dry season and up to 100% in the rainy season. The soils are favorable for planting and there is a variety of vegetation.
A flight from Moscow to Port Vila costs about 38,000 rubles. Lack of large mammals. Presence of malaria.
The hut of one of the New Guinea tribes at an altitude of about 50 m.
Papua New Guinea
Consists of a large number of islands, many of which are uninhabited. A constitutional monarchy. Local languages and English.
Population 6 million people. Russian citizens require a visa. The climate is tropical, humid. The area is covered in damp tropical forests. Presence of malaria and other diseases. Presence of large mammals.
Solomon islands
Island state.
Consists of 992 volcanic (mostly) islands. A constitutional monarchy. English language. They are located in a seismically dangerous region where earthquakes often occur. Population 478 thousand people. A visa is required to enter. The climate is tropical, humid. The soil is favorable for vegetation.
Monoriki Island, the movie "Cast Away" was filmed here
Fiji
Consists of 332 islands of volcanic and coral origin.
Republic. Languages English and local. Population 849 thousand people. For Russian citizens, visa-free entry for up to 4 months. The importation of vegetables, seeds, meat and dairy products requires special permission from the Fiji Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forests.
The climate is tropical. The amount of precipitation is from 2000 to 5000 mm. Many islands have soil favorable for planting. Transit routes to other Oceanian countries pass through Fiji. The most visited island country of all. Air travel from Moscow to Nadi (Fiji) usually passes through Hong Kong or Seoul; a ticket costs approximately 32,000 rubles.
Desert Flint Island
Kiribati
Consists of 33 atolls, 20 of which are uninhabited.
Presidential republic. Language English, Kiribati. Population 98 thousand people. Russian citizens require a visa to enter. The climate is equatorial, oceanic. The hottest months are September-November, the coldest are January-March. The amount of precipitation varies from 800 to 4000 mm. The soil is not favorable for planting. Vegetation is sparse. A flight from Moscow will cost approximately 57,000 rubles.
Classic atoll landscape
Marshall Islands
Consists of 29 atolls and 5 islands.
Republic. Languages Marshallese and English. Population 56 thousand people. Russian citizens require a visa. The climate is predominantly tropical, arid in the north and equatorial in the south. The amount of precipitation is from 300 to 4300 mm. The soil is not suitable for farming.
Famous islets in Palau
Palau
Consists of 328 islands (mostly small coral). Presidential republic.
Language English, Paluan. Population 20 thousand people. For Russian citizens, a visa is issued upon arrival (stamped into the passport) for a period of 30 days.
Identify the largest ports: a) Pacific Ocean _________ b) Atlantic Ocean__________
Import of seeds, plants, meat and dairy products requires permission from the Palauan Ministry of Agriculture. The climate is tropical, with a rainy season from May to November. The flight will cost about 30,000 rubles.
Northern Mariana Islands
Consists of 14 volcanic islands.
They are US territory. Languages English and local. Population 86 thousand people. Russian citizens require a US visa. The climate is tropical, trade wind-monsoon type.
Dry season from December to June, rainy season from July to October. Typhoons occur from August to November. The soil is suitable for farming.
Pohnpei Island
Federated States of Micronesia
Consists of 607 small islands and atolls, of which 65 are inhabited. Republic, free association with the United States. English language. Population 107 thousand
Human. For citizens of the Russian Federation, visa-free entry for up to 30 days. The climate is equatorial. Precipitation ranges from 2250 mm to 3000-6000 mm. Typhoon season is from August to December. The soil is suitable for farming, but not everywhere.
Cook Islands
Consists of 15 islands and atolls, 3 of which are uninhabited.
A constitutional monarchy. Free association with New Zealand. Languages local and English. Population 19 thousand people. For Russian citizens, visa-free entry for up to 31 days. The islands have a tropical maritime climate with a distinct rainy season from November to April and a dry season from May to October.
The average annual precipitation is about 2000 mm. A flight from Moscow will cost approximately 40,000 rubles.
Samoa
Consists of several islands.
Parliamentary republic. Languages Samoan and English. Population 188 thousand people. For citizens of the Russian Federation, visa-free entry for up to 60 days.
The climate is humid, tropical. The amount of precipitation on the plains is from 2000 mm and in the mountains up to 7000 mm per year. Relative humidity is 80%. A flight from Moscow will cost approximately 45,000 rubles.
The extinct volcano Kao, as seen from Tofua Island
Tonga
Consists of 172 islands and atolls.
A constitutional monarchy. Languages Tongan, English. Population 120 thousand people. For citizens of the Russian Federation, a visa is issued upon arrival (stamp) for up to 31 days. The climate is tropical. The amount of precipitation is about 2500 mm. The soils on many islands are suitable for farming. The flight costs approximately 42,000 rubles.
Tuvalu
Consists of 5 atolls and 4 islands. Monarchy. Languages Tuvalu, English. Population 12 thousand
Human. For citizens of the Russian Federation, a visa is issued upon arrival for 1 month. The climate is tropical. The amount of precipitation is about 3000 mm per year. The wet season is from November to April, the dry season is from May to October. A flight from Moscow will cost approximately 44,000 rubles.
Bora Bora Island
French polynesia
Consists of a large number of islands and atolls.
Overseas Society of France. Language French. Population 287 thousand people. Russian citizens A French visa is required to enter. The climate is tropical. A flight from Moscow will cost about 50,000 rubles.
Philippines
Large island state. Consists of 7100 islands.
Unitary presidential constitutional republic. Languages Pilipino, English. Population 101 million people. For Russian citizens, visa-free entry for a period of 21 days. The climate is tropical, monsoon. The northern regions of the country are often hit by typhoons and tsunamis are possible.
The amount of precipitation per year ranges from 1000 to 4000 mm. The soil is suitable for farming. A flight from Moscow will cost approximately 16,000 rubles.
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The most interesting
World maritime shipping
Shipping is the oldest branch of transport, originating in the distant past. And now sea transport- a very important component of the global transport system, without which the normal functioning of the world economy would be impossible. In the second half of the 20th century. The development of maritime transport was facilitated by the formation of a very large territorial gap between the areas of production and consumption, the increasing dependence of most economically developed countries on overseas supplies of fuel and raw materials, as well as on the sale of their products.
Suffice it to say that in the UK and Japan, sea transport services 98% of all foreign trade transport, in the USA - 90%. It is not surprising that in the world as a whole, shipping provides transport services for approximately 80% of international economic relations.
Through maritime trade channels, goods worth more than $1.5 billion are transported annually. And in the total global cargo turnover, the share of maritime transport is 62% (Fig. 104).
For its part, the development of the world economy in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution and globalization constantly and strongly affects maritime transport. This is expressed in the formation of new sea routes and the formation of their special condensations in some directions, in the strengthening of the monopolization of shipping, in the intensification of the struggle for cargo, reaching the “war of flags”, in the containerization of sea transport, in changes in the forms of organization of transportation.
Until recently, there were two forms of transportation organization in maritime shipping: tramp and linear.
In tramp (from the English tramp - tramp) shipping, ships operate on various directions depending on cargo availability; the price of transportation appears in the form of a freight rate. In liner shipping, ships operate according to schedules of arrivals and departures at loading and unloading ports on strictly defined regular lines; in this case, the price of transportation is determined by tariffs. Tram vessels transport mainly bulk cargo, while regular cargo ships carry general cargo. However, in recent decades, the third, mixed, form, which is sometimes called regular tramp shipping, has received the greatest development.
It is characterized by the organization of transportation and operation of the fleet on regular routes on successive flights according to the “pendulum” or “shuttle” scheme. Already by the beginning of the 1990s.
It was under this scheme that about 3/5 of all cargo was transported by sea.
Table 448
DYNAMICS OF CARGO TURNOVER AND VOLUME OF FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION BY MARINE TRANSPORT IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XX CENTURY.
Transport in general is called a barometer of the world economy, but maritime transport in this regard has a special “sensitivity”.
To prove this point, it is enough to analyze Table 147, which reflects the dynamics of world maritime trade.
The data in Table 147 indicate very rapid growth maritime transport in 1950–1980 The global cargo turnover of maritime transport increased by 9 times during that period of time, and the volume of transported cargo increased by more than 6.5 times.
But in the first half of the 1980s. both absolute and relative indicators decreased quite sharply as a result of the energy and raw materials crises of the mid-1970s. and the cyclical crisis of the world capitalist economy in the early 1980s. Started in the late 1980s. The new recovery in the world economy again led to an increase in demand for maritime transport, and it began to grow again.
It is interesting that this growth manifested itself primarily in the volume of cargo transportation and, to a much lesser extent, in cargo turnover. This is explained by a decrease in the transportation distance of many goods (for example, oil - from 13 thousand km to 8 thousand). In the second half of the 1990s. shipping continued to grow, but intermittently and generally not as quickly as expected.
So the forecasts for beginning of XXI V. had to be adjusted downwards.
At the same time, major changes were taking place in the structure of global maritime transport. Before the energy crisis began main feature These changes were an increase in the share of liquid cargo (in 1950 - 41%, in 1960 - 49, in 1970 - 55%). But due to the crisis, their share began to decrease, while the share of bulk, bulk and general cargo began to increase.
By the end of the 1980s. the share of liquid cargo decreased to 37%, the share of bulk and bulk cargo increased to 24, and piece (so-called general) cargo – to 25%. In the 1990s. This trend continued: transportation of coal, iron ore, bauxite, grain, food, and especially general cargo grew faster than transportation of oil and petroleum products.
Moving on to consideration geographical distribution world maritime transport, it is necessary first of all to note the ratio in this transport of the three groups of countries.
At the end of the 1990s. on the developed countries The West accounted for 45% of maritime export shipments, developing countries accounted for 51%, and countries with economies in transition accounted for 4%. What is noteworthy here is the very large proportion of developing countries. This is due both to their general role in the international geographical division of labor and to the active maritime policies that many of them pursue; This primarily applies to newly industrialized countries.
And import unloading, as one might expect, continues to be dominated by Western countries. On developing countries accounts for approximately 25%, and countries with economies in transition 3% of unloading work.
From a geographical point of view, the most important part of the analysis of maritime transport is perhaps the question of the geography of the world's shipping routes. L.
I. Vasilevsky correctly wrote that the sea route is a conditional concept. Unlike ground transport The geography of the sea is determined not by the network of communication routes, but by the network of ports, sea channels and straits accessible to sea vessels estuaries and currents large rivers. The geographical division of labor has led to the fact that most sea routes remain stable for many decades.
For a geographer, the question is also very interesting on the role of individual oceans in global maritime shipping.
For five centuries now - since the beginning of the Great geographical discoveries– the first place (3/5) in global liner and tramp shipping is occupied by the Atlantic Ocean, which is explained by many natural, historical, and economic reasons.
Among them are morphology sea shores, their ruggedness, especially in Europe and northeastern North America. One can mention the high level of population and urbanization of most coastal areas, reflecting the level of socio-economic development of dozens of countries.
Finally, across the expanses of the Atlantic there are the shortest sea connections between the Old and New Worlds. It is not surprising that most of the world's seaports arose on the shores of this ocean.
Several important areas of maritime shipping have developed in the Atlantic Ocean. The main one is the North Atlantic, which runs between 35–40° and 55–60° N. sh., incorporating many transatlantic shipping routes between the United States and Western Europe. They transport both raw materials (coal, ores, cotton, timber) and general cargo.
This direction is also adjacent to routes along the Mediterranean, North, and Norwegian seas. Until the middle of the 20th century. it was also the world's largest cluster of sea passenger lines, but beat the competition with by air maritime transport never did.
In 1958, they were quantitatively equal in passenger traffic for the first time, and today almost all passenger traffic between Europe and North America is served by aviation.
From the beginning of the 19th century. A competition between shipping companies began for the "Blue Ribbon of the Atlantic" prize, awarded to the ship that would cross this ocean in the shortest time.
The first such transatlantic voyage was made in 1819 by the American sailing-steam frigate Savannah, which, however, sailed almost the entire way to Liverpool; this voyage lasted about 28 days. In 1838, a giant steamship at that time, the English Great Western, covered the distance between Europe and America in 14.5 days. In the second half of the 19th century. The struggle for the Blue Riband of the Atlantic was fought between Great Britain, Germany, France and the USA.
Already at the beginning of the 20th century. The English Lusitania reduced travel time to 4 days and 20 hours. In 1938 the famous French passenger airliner"Normandy" crossed the ocean in 4 days and 3 hours. In 1948, the even more famous English steamship Queen Mary covered it in 3 days and 12 hours, and finally, in 1952, the American United States set an absolute record - 3 days, 10 hours and 40 minutes.
Other important directions maritime shipping in the Atlantic Ocean - South Atlantic (Europe - South America), Western Atlantic (Africa - Europe).
Freight flows of oil and some other bulk cargo from Asia to Europe and the USA also pass through the Atlantic. However, in general, the importance of the Atlantic Ocean in global shipping has decreased in recent decades.
The Pacific Ocean, ranking second in terms of maritime traffic (1/4), still lags far behind the Atlantic.
But the potential of this ocean, which is bordered by 30 states with a population of about 3 billion people, is very great. Many of the world's largest ports are located here, many mass flows originate here, and Lately and general cargo.
Usually these flows are also combined into several main directions.
The first, northern transpacific, direction connects the USA and Canada with the countries of Eastern and South-East Asia. From North America, this flow transports coal, ores, timber cargo, grain, machinery and semi-finished products, from Asia - cars, steel products, various equipment, tropical wood, fish and fish products. The second group of sea lines connects Atlantic coast USA with Hawaii and Japan via the Panama Canal.
Transoceanic bridges also include relatively new “transport bridges” (coal, iron ore, bauxite) that connect Australia with Japan and other East Asian countries. In addition, two more groups of shipping lines run along the coasts of continents - Asia and the Americas.
The third place in terms of maritime traffic volume (1/6) belongs to the Indian Ocean, whose shores are bordered by 30 states with a population approaching 1.5 billion people. Highest value in this ocean there are maritime transport from Europe to Asia and Australia through the Suez Canal, less - those transoceanic directions that connect Australia with South Africa and Europe.
Although in general the Indian Ocean is inferior to the Atlantic and Pacific in terms of transportation intensity, it surpasses them in oil transportation (from the Persian Gulf).
The Arctic Ocean plays a much smaller role in global maritime shipping. Along the North-Western Canadian route, through navigation is not supported, and along northern shores Russia passes through the Northern Sea Route, which is about 6,000 km long.
Paradoxical as it may seem at first glance, recently the maritime piracy.
It is known from history that even in the Roman era, piracy flourished in the Mediterranean Sea, and Gnaeus Pompey was allocated 500 ships to fight it.
Name the largest ports of the Pacific and Indian oceans. On the banks of which
In the Middle Ages and in modern times, piracy again flourished in the Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic coasts Africa, then its epicenter shifted to the Caribbean Sea, even nicknamed the Filibuster Sea.
Modern maritime piracy poses a threat to ships on many seas. But the Caribbean, South China Sea, Indian Ocean. Well-armed pirate crews on fast ships attack and rob merchant ships. In 2000 alone, 470 pirate attacks on civilian ships were recorded.
For Russia, sea transport also has great importance, primarily in ensuring foreign economic relations. In terms of cargo turnover, it is now tens of times inferior to pipeline and rail transport.
After the collapse of the USSR, due to large losses in the navy, coastal infrastructure and general heavy economic situation this cargo turnover in 1992–2006. decreased eightfold.
The Indian Ocean washes Asia, Africa, Australia and borders the waters of the Southern Ocean (Antarctica). It is the world's third largest ocean with an area of 28,350,000 square miles.
- The Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean in the world (after the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans) and occupies 20% of the Earth's surface.
- The Indian Ocean is 5.5 times larger than the United States.
- Greatest ocean width between western Australia and the east coast of Africa: 1000 km or 620miles.
It is believed that the volume Indian Ocean- 292,131,000 cubic miles. The most low point The Java Trench is about 7,258 meters (23,812ft.) deep. Average depth is about 3,890 meters (12,762 ft)
Ancient Sanskrit literature called the Indian Ocean Ratnakar, meaning "maker of jewels." The Indian Ocean covers 1/5 of it earth's surface, connecting 18 countries in Asia, 16 countries in Africa and 57 island groups. The Indian Ocean is the warmest ocean on our planet. Due to its temperature, the ocean has limited opportunities to support marine life.
- Beneath the surface of the Indian Ocean lies the Kerguelen Plateau, which is a continent of volcanic origin.
- The water of the Indian Ocean evaporates at a high rate due to its high temperature.
- The Indian Ocean receives inflow from approximately 6,000 rivers, including the Brahmaputra and Ganges rivers.
- Monsoons usually originate in the Indian Ocean; The monsoons produce large amounts of rainfall in the summer and a lot of wind in the winter.
- Approximately 5000 km length mountain range, which is called the East Indian Ridge, divides the Indian Ocean into east and west.
- The fact that the Indian Ocean is landlocked north of Asia makes it considered a closed ocean compared to other oceans in the world.
- The Indian Ocean has the most high levels salinities recorded from the surface.
- Every year, it is estimated that the Indian Ocean is becoming about 20cm wider.
Did you know that the northern part of the Indian Ocean is the most important oil transportation route, connecting the oil-rich countries of the Middle East and Asia. Every day, tankers carrying 17 million barrels of crude oil leave the Persian Gulf. 40% offshore mining The world's oil comes from the Indian Ocean, mainly from fields in Indonesia and the Persian Gulf.
Most famous islands in the Indian Ocean:
- Mauritius
- Reunion
- Seychelles
- Madagascar
- Comoros (Spain)
- Maldives (Portugal)
- Sri Lanka, formerly known as Ceylon