West Siberian Railway.
– one of the leading transport arteries in Russia, connects railways Eastern Siberia with the railways of the Urals and the European part of Russia.
West Siberian Railway (branch of JSC Russian Railways) - runs mainly through the territory of Omsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Tomsk regions And Altai Territory Russian Federation, and also partially across the territory of Kazakhstan. The length of the road in 2009 is 6000 km. The road management is located in Novosibirsk.
The West Siberian Railway was built in the period 1892-1896 at the expense of the treasury. Main lines: Chelyabinsk - Kurgan (1893), Kurgan - Omsk (1894), Omsk - Ob River (1895). It passed through the territory of the Orenburg, Tobolsk, Tomsk, Irkutsk provinces, Akmola region. Length of the West Siberian Road for 1899 - 1408 km.
The road was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Railways, the road management was located in Chelyabinsk. In 1900, together with the Central Siberian Railway, it became part of the Siberian Railway.
In 1961, the Omsk and Tomsk roads were united into the West Siberian Railway. In 2003, the West Siberian Railway became a branch of Russian Railways OJSC. .
Expanded length of the West Siberian Railway is 8,985.6 km, operational length - 6,000 km. The West Siberian Railway includes part of the Trans-Siberian Railway and part of the Yuzhsib.
On West Siberian road Three tunnels were built. The first tunnel was built in the 1930s at 516 km of the Novokuznetsk - Tashtagol branch (length - 100 meters). The second tunnel was built in 1951 at 159 km of the Altayskaya - Artyshta branch (length - 990 meters). In 1967, the longest tunnel on the road was put into operation - Tomusinsky, its length is 1157 m, it is located at 106-107 km of the Artyshta - Tomusinskaya section.
The number of employees of the West Siberian Railway is 63,363 people. Freight transported - 246.9 million tons. Passengers transported to long distance communication- 10.1 million people, passengers transported in commuter service- 61.8 million people. In the structure of loading of the West Siberian Railway, the main share is occupied by coal - 70.8%, Construction Materials- 5.5%, petroleum products - 4.5%, ferrous metals - 3.8%.
West Siberian Railway
The West Siberian Railway was founded in 1961 as a result of the merger of the Tomsk and Omsk railways. Its management is located in the city of Novosibirsk. Stations of the West Siberian Railway are located on the territory of Omsk, Tomsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk regions, Altai Territory and, partially, Pavlodar and Kokchetav regions of Kazakhstan.The stations of the West Siberian Railway connect the regions of the Far East and Siberia with all regions of the country. The highway serves the largest industrial areas ore and coal mining, oil refining, processing and logging, enterprises in the chemical, metallurgical and energy industries, machine tool manufacturing and developed agricultural areas. The trains bring a variety of riches to the stations of the West Siberian Railway: ore, metals, some building materials, petroleum products, mechanical engineering products, timber cargo, food and light industry; and they export mainly coal, coke, metals, grain cargo, and forestry products. Mostly metals, oil products, timber and products are in transit through the stations of the West Siberian Railway. Agriculture.
The road's traffic density is the highest on the network - more than 35 million t/km. And it is constantly growing at the stations of the West Siberian Railway. Some areas have an indicator of 100 or more million tons/km/. Among the stations of the West Siberian Railway, the largest among the points of arrival and departure of cargo are: Novosibirsk, Novokuznetsk, Kombinatskaya, Belovo, Kemerovo, Prokopyevsk, Ostrovskaya, Mezhdurechensk, Tomsk, Leninsk-Kuznetsky. For 7 months of 2011, the volume of loading in the Novosibirsk region of the road amounted to more than 8.5 million tons of cargo. The road also serves intensive passenger traffic, both in local and transit traffic between the regions of the Far East and Siberia with the rest of the country.
The railway network of the Russian Federation is quite extensive. It consists of several sections of highways, which are owned by Russian Railways OJSC. At the same time, everything regional roads Formally, they are branches of JSC Russian Railways, while the company itself acts as a monopolist in Russia:
The road runs through the territory of Irkutsk and Chita region and the republics of Buryatia and Sakha-Yakutia. The length of the highway is 3848 km.
The road runs along two parallel latitudinal directions: Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod- Kirov and Moscow - Kazan - Yekaterinburg, which are connected by roads. The road connects Central, Northwestern and Northern regions Russia with the Volga region, the Urals and Siberia. Gorky road borders on the railways: Moscow (st. Petushki and Cherusti), Sverdlovsk (st. Cheptsa, Druzhinino), Northern (st. Novki, Susolovka, Svecha), Kuibyshevskaya (st. Krasny Uzel, Tsilna). The total developed length of the road is 12066 km. Length of main railway tracks- 7987 km.
The railway passes through the territory of five constituent entities of the Russian Federation - Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territory, Amur and Jewish Autonomous Regions, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Its service area also includes the Magadan, Sakhalin, Kamchatka regions and Chukotka - over 40% of the territory of Russia. Operating length - 5986 km.
The Trans-Baikal Railway runs in the south-east of Russia, across the territory Trans-Baikal Territory And Amur region, is located near the border of the People's Republic of China and has the only direct land border railway crossing in Russia through the Zabaikalsk station. Operating length - 3370 km.
The West Siberian Railway passes through the territory of Omsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Tomsk regions, Altai Territory and partly the Republic of Kazakhstan. The developed length of the main tracks of the highway is 8986 km, the operational length is 5602 km.
The road operates in special geopolitical conditions. The shortest route from the center of Russia to the countries of Western Europe runs through Kaliningrad. The road has no common borders with Russian Railways. The total length of the highway is 1,100 km, the length of the main routes is over 900 kilometers.
The highway passes through four large regions - Kemerovo region, Khakassia, Irkutsk region And Krasnoyarsk region, connecting the Trans-Siberian and South Siberian railways. Figuratively speaking, it is a bridge between European part Russia, its Far East and Asia. The operational length of the Krasnoyarsk road is 3160 km. The total length is 4544 kilometers.
The railway stretches from the Moscow region to the Ural foothills, connecting the center and west of the Russian Federation with large socio-economic regions of the Urals, Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia. The road consists of two almost parallel lines, running from West to East: Kustarevka - Inza - Ulyanovsk and Ryazhsk - Samara, which are connected at the Chishmy station, forming a double-track line ending at the spurs Ural mountains. Two other lines of the road Ruzaevka - Penza - Rtishchevo and Ulyanovsk - Syzran - Saratov run from North to South.
Within its current boundaries, the Moscow Railway was organized in 1959 as a result of the full and partial unification of six roads: Moscow-Ryazan, Moscow-Kursk-Donbass, Moscow-Okruzhnaya, Moscow-Kiev, Kalinin and Northern. The deployed length is 13,000 km, the operational length is 8,800 km.
The Oktyabrskaya Mainline passes through the territory of eleven constituent entities of the Russian Federation - Leningrad, Pskov, Novgorod, Vologda, Murmansk, Tver, Moscow, Yaroslavl regions, the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg and the Republic of Karelia. Operating length - 10143 km.
The Volga (Ryazan-Ural) railway is located in the southeast of the European part of Russia in the region of the Lower Volga and the middle reaches of the Don and covers the territories of Saratov, Volgograd and Astrakhan regions, as well as several stations located within Rostovskaya, Samara regions and Kazakhstan. The length of the road is 4191 km.
The highway connects the European and Asian parts of Russia, stretches for one and a half thousand kilometers from west to east and crosses in the northern direction Arctic Circle. Passes through Nizhny Tagil, Perm, Yekaterinburg, Surgut, Tyumen. Also serves Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous okrugs. Operating length - 7154 km. The deployed length is 13,853 km.
The highway originates in the center of Russia and extends far to the north of the country. Most of The Northern Mainline operates in harsh conditions Far North and the Arctic. The unfolded length is 8500 kilometers.
In the service area of the road there are 11 constituent entities of the Russian Federation Southern federal district, it directly borders Ukraine, Georgia and Azerbaijan. The operational length of the highway is 6358 km.
South Eastern Railway occupies central position through the railway network and connects eastern regions and the Urals with the Center, as well as regions of the North, North-West and Center with Northern Caucasus, Ukraine and the states of Transcaucasia. South East Road borders on the Moscow, Kuibyshev, North Caucasus, Southern Railways of Ukraine. Operating length - 4189 km.
The South Ural Railway is located in two parts of the world - at the junction of Europe and Asia. It includes Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Orenburg and Kartalinsk branches. Several mainline railway lines pass through the territory of Kazakhstan. The South-Eastern Road borders on the Moscow, Kuibyshev, North Caucasus, and Southern Railways of Ukraine. Operating length - 4189 km. The developed length is over 8000 km.
The coasts of Eurasia are highly dissected. Length coastline Eurasia is more than 2.5 times longer than the earth's equator.
Off the coast of the mainland there are large seas. In the Atlantic Ocean - North, Norwegian, Baltic, Mediterranean, Black, Sea of Azov. In the Arctic - Barents. Kara, East Siberian. In the Quiet - Beringovo. Sea of Okhotsk, Sea of Japan, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, South China Sea. In the Indian Ocean is the Arabian Sea.
The largest bays off the coast of Eurasia are the Bays of Bengal, Persian and Aden in the Indian Ocean, Biscay and Bothnia in the Atlantic, and Siam in the Pacific Ocean.
The largest peninsulas in the world by area protrude far into the ocean expanses: in the west - Scandinavian, Iberian, Apennine, Balkan, Crimean, Asia Minor: in the south - Arabian, Hindustan, Malacca, Indochina; in the east - Korea, Kamchatka; in the north – Chukotka, Taimyr.
Numerous islands of continental and volcanic origin have formed near the coast of Eurasia. Along its western shores there are large islands of mainland origin - Great Britain and Ireland, separated from the mainland by the English Channel. U northern shores Eurasia, the last era of glaciation left “traces” - numerous islands of continental origin, in particular Spitsbergen and New Earth. In the east on the border lithospheric plates arcs of islands of volcanic origin arose: for example, Japanese, Philippine. The mainland origin here is the island of Sakhalin, separated from the continent by the La Perouse Strait. To the southeast of Eurasia is the world's largest archipelago, the Greater Sunda Islands of mainland origin. It is separated from the mainland by the Strait of Malacca. In the Mediterranean Sea the most big island is Sicily.
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Size of territory and geographical location
This is the largest continent on Earth. She is almost 7 times more australia, 2 times - Africa and more than Antarctica, North and South America combined. Eurasia is 1/3 of the planet's land area - about 53.4 million km2.
The continent is located in the Northern Hemisphere and stretches from north to south for 8 thousand km through all zones - from the Arctic to the equatorial. Its length along the parallel is 16 thousand km. This is more than a hemisphere (almost 200°): the mainland occupies everything Eastern Hemisphere, and its extreme western and eastern point are located in Western.
The enormous size of Eurasia determine the diversity and uniqueness of its nature. No other continent has such a quantity natural complexes, changing from north to south and as they move away from the coasts.
Outline of the coast of Eurasia
The continental mass is so large that it separates all the oceans of the Earth. Its shores are washed by the waters of all four oceans of the planet. Coastline Atlantic Ocean, washing West Coast, heavily indented by peninsulas and bays. There are many islands and seas near the mainland. Seas protruding deeply into the land separate parts of the world (Europe and Asia) and continents (Eurasia and Africa).
TO northern edge of Eurasia adjacent to the wide shelf of the Northern Arctic Ocean. Its coastline is smoother.
It is divided into peninsulas by narrow bays and the White Sea. The marginal seas of the Norwegian, Barents, Kara, Laptev, and East Siberian seas separate the large islands and archipelagos.
Coastline Pacific Ocean poorly dissected. marginal seas cut into the eastern coast of the mainland with wide contours. They are separated from the ocean by arcs and chains of volcanic islands and peninsulas. South coast Eurasia, washed by Indian Ocean, stretches out in a broken line: they protrude into the ocean large peninsulas- Arabian (the largest on the planet), Hindustan and Malacca. Seas near southern outskirts There are only two continents - Red and Arabian.
The configuration of the coastline determines the possibilities and degree of participation of oceanic air in the formation of the continent's climate.
On nature of Eurasia influenced by the surrounding continents. Eurasia has two close neighbors. In the southwest is Africa, separated by the Suez Canal, and in the east is North America, separated by the Bering Strait. The “bridge” with a length of more than 3 thousand km - the largest island region of the planet - the Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands (Malay Archipelago), the Philippine Islands - connects Eurasia with Australia. Farthest away from Eurasia by oceans are South America and Antarctica.
Composition of the territory of Eurasia
Mainland Eurasia includes two parts of the world - Europe And Asia. The border between them is conditional. It is carried out along the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains, down the Ural River to the Caspian Sea, along the northern foot of the Caucasus, the Black Sea, the Bosphorus Strait, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles Strait. The division of Eurasia into two parts of the world developed historically - as a consequence of the settlement and development of its territory ( different peoples With different sides). But it also has a natural scientific basis. The continent was formed as a result of the combination of lithospheric blocks that had previously developed in different conditions. After unification over millions of years, it develops as one natural-territorial complex. Therefore the mainland - this is unique geographical system: large, complex, but at the same time holistic.
Regions of Europe and Asia
The territory of Eurasia is very vast. In this huge territory Not only nature has significant differences, but also the population, as well as its economic activity. In order to better study this diversity, understand its causes and patterns, regionalization is carried out: in the composition big continent allocate smaller territories - regions. Countries that have common features geographical location, as well as the similarity of historical and modern socio-economic development. The European part of the continent is divided into Northern, Southern, Eastern and Western Europe. Countries of Eastern Europe, occupying a neighboring position in relation to our Motherland - Belarus - are united into an independent region, the Belarusian Borderlands. Russia is also included in the same region - largest state continent, located in both Eurasian parts of the world. The Asian part of the mainland is divided into Central, Eastern, Southeast, Southern and Southwest Asia. The boundaries between regions are drawn according to state borders countries included in them.
Geographical discoveries and exploration of Eurasia. The territory of Eurasia has been inhabited since ancient times different peoples. Each of them carried out the development and study of the continent, guided by their own goals and needs, gradually expanding the range of territories known to them.