Pribaikalsky national park formed by Decree of the Government of the RSFSR dated February 3, 1986 No. 71 in order to preserve unique natural complexes Lake Baikal, their use for environmental, recreational, educational and scientific purposes.
Together with four other federal protected areas located in the Baikal Basin, the Natural National Park is part of the UNESCO World Natural Heritage site “Lake Baikal”, preserving the most significant section of the Baikal shores.
The national park is located on the territory of three administrative districts Irkutsk region: Slyudyansky, Irkutsk and Olkhonsky. The boundaries of the park cover the territory along the western coast of Lake Baikal from the village of Kultuk to the Heiren River, including the entire territory of Olkhon Island.
The total area of the park is 418 thousand hectares. The forest covers an area of 282.4 thousand hectares (92.3%).
Climate
The peculiarities of the climatic conditions of the Lake Baikal basin are determined by its location in the central part of the Asian continent, radiation and circulation processes and the uniqueness of the landscapes of this area. The huge water mass of the lake has a significant influence on the climate.
The territory of the park lies within the Northwestern subdistricts of the South and Middle Baikal districts, which are characterized by a softer continental regime and the highest amounts of precipitation and moisture in the region. The average temperature in January is −18°C and lower, in July and August from +11°C to + 14.1°C.
The average annual temperature is +1.9°C. Precipitation on the coast reaches up to 370 mm, in the mountains - 400 - 500 mm. Wherein climatic conditions lake basin area Baikal is extremely heterogeneous.
Geology and relief
The territory of the park, geomorphologically, is located within the dry-valley areas of the bottom of the Baikal depression, on its northwestern slopes, partially including the watershed areas of the surrounding ridges.
Home individual feature The relief of this territory is its connection with the processes of rifting. It is characterized by the predominance of negative forms, the subordination of the orographic plan not mountain ranges, and depressions. The park's boundaries include fully rift and largely subrift landscapes.
Rift structures include the Baikal and Tunka proper. A special and most important class of rift structures are faults. They form the framework to which the internal differentiation of morphostructures is subordinated. The largest Obruchevsky fault can be traced across the entire territory of the park.
Large fault ledges can be traced along the entire shore of Lake Baikal, plunging steeply into the depths of the lake. Sub-rift landscapes include massifs such as the Olkhon Plateau, with leveled relief and well-defined signs of physical weathering.
Negative relief forms of the subrift type are represented by relict formations - ancient depressions that have not stopped their tectonic development to this day (ancient valleys of the Goloustiya, Buguldeika, Liga rivers and a small Jurassic depression in the upper reaches of the P. Olkha river).
Territory national park It is distinguished by a large variety of forms and extremely dissected relief with relatively small (within 900 m) fluctuations in absolute heights.
Hydrography
Pribaikalsky National Park is mainly located within drainage basins Lake Baikal, and in the southern part - the Angara River (Irkutsk Reservoir). Lake Baikal is one of the largest in area and the deepest lake in the world, it contains 20% of the world's reserves fresh water. Coastline The lake within the boundaries of the park is 470 km (not counting the coast of Olkhon Island) and is relatively weakly indented and straight in some areas.
Currently, the average long-term lake level is 457 m. Waves are almost constant, wave heights in the northern part of the lake reach 6 m. summer time the water temperature in open Baikal rises to only +12°+14°C.
The Irkutsk reservoir was created in 1956. It is a section of the river valley filled with water. Hangars are flow-through and belong to river-type reservoirs. The territory of the national park is covered by a well-developed and relatively evenly distributed river network.
Its density is close to or exceeds 0.5 km/km². Only about. Olkhon and the Olkhon region are relatively poor in surface water. The park is dominated by small rivers less than 10 km long, most of them have a pronounced mountain character. TO large rivers include Goloustnaya (122 km), Buguldeika (80 km), Anga (90 km), Sarma (56 km), Bolshaya Polovinnaya (25 km).
IN coastal strip there are also a large number of streams and temporary watercourses. The main source of river nutrition is rainfall. Most rivers in the region have low water mineralization.
In the northern part of the national park there are small lakes of various origins (deltaic, lagoonal, sor, etc.), mostly fresh. Swamps have a limited distribution and are confined mainly to river floodplains. Almost all of them belong to the lowland type.
Soils
Acidic soils are most widely represented in the park. Fine-podzolic soils are developed on drained surfaces, while swampy depressions are occupied by peaty and peaty-gley soils with close permafrost. In the mountains there are mountain-tundra turf and peaty-humus soils.
However, the predominant ones here are mountain humus-podzolic soils; mountain humus-carbonate soils, mountain podzolic-swamp soils, mountain soddy-podzolic soils, pre-alpine deep-skeletal soils, mountain floodplain-alluvial soils, soddy forest soils are also common, and in the forest-steppe and piedmont steppe zone - soddy forest soils, chernozems , gray forest.
Flora and vegetation
The territory of the Pribaikalsky National Park is part of the mountains of Southern Siberia and is part of the Pribaikalsky forest region, entirely belonging to the Primorsky district of the Western Baikal province. The distribution of vegetation cover is subject to regularities altitudinal zone. The predominant vegetation is characteristic continental type zonality.
The spectrum of altitudinal-belt complexes (HBC) includes the steppe HBC (absolute height 500 - 700 m), mainly represented by communities with a predominance of certain types of grasses; MIC of forest-steppe pine and larch forests (Pinus sylvestris, Larix sibirica), confined to the coastal part and lower mountain belt; The military-industrial complex of subtaiga pine forests, forming bottom part forest belt; occupying quite significant areas of the military-industrial complex of mountain taiga pine (concentrated in the southern part of the park) and larch forests; MIC of mountain taiga pine forests (Pinus sibirica); The military-industrial complex of sub-alpine pine forests and elfin pine (Pinns pumila), the sub-alpine-tundra military-industrial complex.
The territory of the park belongs mainly to the group of areas with a predominance of moderately humid mountain-taiga-forest-steppe light-coniferous and mixed forests. Coniferous species predominate in forest plantations - 73%, among which pine (Pinus sylvestris, 51.4%) dominates; larch (Larix sibirica, 11.7%) and cedar (Pinus sibirica, 7.9%) also make up a significant proportion.
Deciduous trees make up 26% of the plantings, including birch (Betula sp.) - 18.1%, aspen (Populus tremula) - 8.2%. 1% of the plantings are occupied by shrubs, mainly dwarf pine (Pinus pumila).
The list of rare and protected plant species of the national park includes 76 plant species. In the Red Books of the USSR and Russian Federation 20 species are listed, among them representatives of fungi, lichens and mosses; endemic to the shores of Lake Baikal - Olkhon astragalus (Astragalus olchonensis), Zunduk pennyweed (Liedysarum zundukii), Turchaninov's meadow grass (Deschampsia turczaninowii), brilliant cotoneaster (Cotoneaster lucidus); six representatives of the orchid family (Orchidaceae), etc.
Among the endemics and relicts of Lake Baikal growing in the park are: three-leaved oxytropis triphylla, Hedysarum cisbaicalense, impatiens (Corydalis impatiens), etc., and some types of mushrooms.
Plants with declining populations: various lilies (Lilium spp.), Asian lilies (Trollius asiaticus), bird cherry (Padus avium), Daurian rhododendron (Rhododendron dauricum), apple tree (Malus baccata), etc.
Fauna
The fauna and animal population of the southwestern and western Baikal region are distinguished by their exceptional originality, largely due to the fact that a significant part of the species live near the boundaries of their ranges.
In the area where the national park is located, 380 species of vertebrate animals have been recorded: 59 species of mammals, 272 species of birds, 6 species of reptiles, 3 species of amphibians and 40 species of fish. Common bear (Ursus arctos), elk (Alces alces), red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus).
Typical types Siberian faunal complex - flying squirrel (Pteromys volans), chipmunk (Tamias sibiricus), red-gray vole (Clethrionomys rufocanus), sable (Martes zibellina), musk deer (Moschus moschiferus), nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes), jay (Perisoreus iniaustus), three-toed woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus) - prefer mountain taiga larch-cedar forests.
Typical inhabitants of the light-coniferous forests of the national park are red-backed voles (Clethrionomys rutilus) and red-gray voles, common shrew (Sorex caecutiens), East Asian wood mouse (Apodemus penmsulae), wood grouse (Tetrao urogallus), great owl (Strix uralensis), blackbirds ( Turdus spp.). The complex of species historically associated with coniferous-deciduous and forest-steppe formations is well represented: Siberian mole (Talpa altaica), wood mouse (Sicista betulina), badger (Meles meles), wild boar (Susscrofa), black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix), jay (Garrulus glandarius ) etc. At the non-freezing source of the river. The hangars were formed unique in the conditions Eastern Siberia wintering of waterfowl - goldeneye (Bucephala clangula), tufted duck (Aythya fuligula) and sea duck (A. marila), long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis), mergus (Mergus albellus), long-nosed (M. serrator) and great (M. merganser) mergansers , mallards (Anas platyrhynchos).
The total number of wintering waterfowl in some years reaches 10 thousand individuals or more. The list of rare animals living in the national park includes 75 species: 15 insects, 2 fish, 1 amphibian, 2 reptiles, 45 birds, 10 mammals. Among them are species listed in the Red Books of the IUCN and the Russian Federation, endemic to the Baikal region.
Monuments of nature, history and culture
On the territory of the national park, 54 natural monuments have been identified: geological - 22, water-hydrological - 8, botanical - 2, zoological - 10, complex - 12. Geological natural monuments include various shapes weathering rocks, rock stations, caves, karst sinkholes, sand dunes, dunes and other forms. Two of them - Cape Ulan-Hyp and Shaman-Kamen - have a protected regime.
Cape Ulan-Hyp is an object of the International Geological Year, a massif with a rare accumulation of rare and unique minerals. Over the past decade, 120 different minerals have been diagnosed here. Shaman-Kamen, the most popular and legendary place on Lake Baikal, is a tiny island at the source of the river. Hangars, the only surface projection of the Angara threshold.
The list of water-hydrological monuments includes springs, hydrolaccoliths, Tazheran lakes and a mineral spring. The botanical monuments included two objects - the “Courage of Life” cedar and a relict spruce forest on Olkhon Island.
These objects are a botanical mystery and represent educational and scientific interest, have a reserved regime. Nine out of ten zoological natural monuments are located in Maloye More.
These are tower-type rocky islands typical of Baikal with steep banks: Shokhoy, Borgodagon, Oltrek, Shargodegan, Zumugoy, Urungoy, Khubin, Khunuk, Big Cache.
All islands are places of mass nesting of herring gulls. The tenth zoological natural monument - the Bird Bazaar cliff - is the only place on Lake Baikal where herring gull nests are located on steep walls.
The most interesting and most popular of the complex natural monuments are Peschanaya Bay and the Sagan-Zaba cliff. Among the historical attractions of the national park is the famous Circum-Baikal Railway - a monument of history and engineering art.
Functional zoning
In 1989, the Rosgiproles Institute (Moscow) together with the Lengiprogor Institute (St. Petersburg) developed a National Park Project (“Scheme master plan organization of the Pribaikalsky State Natural National Park"). According to design solutions, the territory of the national park is divided into functional zones with different regimes of protection and use. The following functional zoning is currently accepted:
Reserved area - 86.5 thousand hectares (20.7% total area park), including the area of reference plots - 8.3 thousand hectares. The zone of regulated recreational use is 171.1 thousand hectares (40.9%).
Zone of intensive recreational use - 13.8 thousand hectares (3.3%). The area of traditional farming is 33.9 thousand hectares (8.1%). Agricultural park zone - 112 thousand hectares (27%) - lands of agricultural enterprises included within the boundaries of the park without withdrawal from economic activity.
There is a dedicated area around the park secured territory with a total area of 1203.7 thousand hectares, including a three-kilometer coastal zone Lake Baikal (246 thousand hectares of water area).
Scientific research
A large complex is being held on the territory of the national park scientific research. In the field of scientific research, his partners are the institutes of the Academy of Sciences (Institute of Geography, SIFIBR, Institute earth's crust, Limnological Institute, etc.), design and survey institute "Rosgiproles" (Moscow). The “Program environmental monitoring Pribaikalsky National Park and Baikal region».
The collection, synthesis and automated processing of data is carried out according to the program “ Complete system bioeconomic monitoring and automated management system natural resources Pribaikalsky National Park".
In 1994, a unique system that has no analogues was developed and implemented automated system“Forest Park”, which allows you to create a data bank of forest resources.
IN international programs Scientific research involves foreign partners - University of Wisconsin (USA), Uniwersytet Śląski (Poland), Raleigh International (England). Pribaikalsky National Park took part in international, federal and regional meetings, congresses and symposiums, international fairs, including “Baikal - natural laboratory environment", "Davis Program", regional meeting "Sibecology", Russian-German seminar on ecotourism.
Pribaikalsky National Park is a member of the association of specially protected areas of the Baikal region "Baikal Nature", as well as international organizations- Sierra Club, Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA).
The national park cooperates with Russian and foreign organizations in various fields of activity: SoES, Ecoyu Ris, environmental information agency Krug, national parks in the USA - Yosemite, Rocky Mountain, Germany - Berchtesgaden, environmental center Environmental Education Center of Virginia.
Tourism
About 400 thousand people visit the Pribaikalsky National Park every year. The maximum influx of visitors is in July-August. The most visited area of the park is the Small Sea area (Olkhonsky district).
There is a network of tourist service facilities in the park. The national park operates three camp sites and tourist shelters: “Taiga” (accommodating 15-20 people), “Kadilnaya” (30 people), “Akademicheskaya” (25 people), “Pad Chernaya” (15-18 people). ), "Semenikha" (15-18 people), tourist shelter on the Circum-Baikal railway(15-18 people).
In addition, on the territory of the Pribaikalsky Park there are more than 20 boarding houses and tourist centers belonging to various departments. In Listvyanka there is the Intourist hotel with a capacity of 112 people, and the Baikal sanatorium with 210 beds.
The largest and most visited tourist centers are “Malomorskaya” and “Peschanaya” (with a capacity of 300 people). Currently, from May to September, the park operates several tourist routes for groups of up to 15 people: weekend route (duration - 2 days); sports walking route along the Primorsky Ridge system (length - 100 km); walking route through the Pribaikalsky National Park (duration - 5 days, length - 40-50 km); cruise on a motor ship with rest at the camp site "Kadilnaya" (duration - 4 days); cruise on the lake Baikal (duration - 10 days).
These routes offer visits to Listvyanka village, the Baikal Ecological Museum, the Museum of Wooden Architecture, Kadilnaya, Peschanaya and Khargino bays, Kadilsky Caves, Dry Lake, and relaxation at the Kadilnaya and Peschanaya tourist centers.
In the future, it is planned to develop both summer and winter views tourism: fishing, water on rubber rafts, horseback riding, hunting, winter on snowmobiles. In the field of ecotourism and ecology, the national park cooperates with foreign organizations: Baikal Watch (USA), Korean Government Land Development Corporation, etc.
Attractions:
The main attraction of the Pribaikalsky National Park is the largest wintering ground for waterfowl in Eastern Siberia. In the place where the Angara flows from Lake Baikal, a huge polynya is formed, where up to 10-15 thousand ducks survive the winter.
The southwestern coast of Baikal is a kind of mass autumn migration route birds of prey. Up to 2 thousand of them fly here every day; for Siberia this is an exceptional phenomenon.
Pribaikalsky National Park was created on February 13, 1986 by Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR No. 71 (as amended on October 9, 1995). Area - 418,000 hectares according to Resolution No. 71 of 02/13/1986, as amended on 10/9/1995 (of which: 170,000 hectares - within the boundaries of the forestry and hunting sector, 136,000 hectares - state forest fund lands, 112,000 hectares - agricultural lands without withdrawal ).
The territory of the national park is included in the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site "Lake Baikal". There are more than 50 different routes throughout the park. There are caves, rocky headlands, as well as numerous archaeological sites (about 1000 objects): ancient settlements; stone "tent" graves, etc. Children's ecological camps are practiced, and special ornithological, botanical and ethnographic tours are possible. In the summer there are horse riding routes, and in the winter there are trips on snowmobiles and dog sleds.
Pribaikalsky National Park is located within three administrative districts -, and. The total area of the park is 417,219 hectares. Park in the form narrow strip stretched along west coast lakes, from the village to Cape Kocherikovsky, covered southern part, eastern slopes, Priolkhon plateau () and island.
Functional areas of the park
The territory of the Pribaikalsky National Park is divided into 5 functional zones:
- protected area (86,514 hectares);
- zone of recreation and educational tourism (171108 hectares)
- visitor service area (13,791 hectares);
- zone of traditional extensive nature management (33884 hectares);
- economic zone, including agricultural lands included in the national park without withdrawal from economic use(112,000 hectares).
Forestry
The park territory is divided into 10 forest districts:
- Marituyskoe
- Polovinskoe
- Baikal
- Listvyanskoe
- Bolsherechenskoye
- Pribaikalsky
- Beregovoe
- Elantsinskoe
- Ostrovnoye
- Ongurenskoe
Flora and fauna of the Pribaikalsky National Park
More than 300,000 hectares of the total area of the Pribaikalsky National Park are forests. Pine forests predominate, often with an admixture of larch. There are cedar and cedar-fir forests, spruce forests.
The park's flora includes more than 1,000 species of vascular plants (this is more than half of the flora of Central Siberia), about 250 species of lichens and 200 species of mosses. Animal world the park is also rich and varied. There are 9 species of amphibians and reptiles, 55 species of mammals, and about 340 species of birds.
Pribaikalsky National Park published data on the dynamics of changes in the total number of game animals and birds for 2006-2014. Over seven years, the wapiti population increased from 602 to 665 animals, and there were more moose - from 21 to 44. The number of roe deer in the national park also increased - from 518 animals in 2006 to 846 this year, and musk deer - from 54 to 60 animals. In addition, the population of hazel grouse has increased - from 3264 in 2006 to 4874 in 2014.
Over a seven-year period, some species of animals and birds have decreased. For example, the number of wild boars decreased - from 47 to 19 and wood grouse - from 1821 to 1526. And the total number of the main species of game animals and birds has increased by more than 20% over the past seven years.
Attractions
The main attraction of the Pribaikalsky National Park is the largest wintering ground for waterfowl in Eastern Siberia. In the place where it flows out, a huge polynya is formed, on which up to 10-15 thousand ducks survive the winter. The southwestern coast of Lake Baikal is a kind of route for the mass autumn migration of birds of prey. Up to 2 thousand of them fly here every day; for Siberia this is an exceptional phenomenon.
Climate
The peculiarities of the climatic conditions of the Lake Baikal basin are determined by its location in the central part of the Asian continent, radiation and circulation processes and the uniqueness of the landscapes of this area. The huge water mass of the lake has a significant influence on the climate. The territory of the park lies within the Northwestern subdistricts of the South and Middle Baikal districts, which are characterized by a softer continental regime and the highest amounts of precipitation and moisture in the region. The average temperature in January is -18°C and lower, in July and August from +11°C to + 14.1°C. The average annual temperature is +1.9°C. Precipitation on the coast reaches up to 370 mm, in the mountains - 400-500 mm. At the same time, the climatic conditions of the lake basin. Baikal is extremely heterogeneous.
Geology and relief The territory of the park, geomorphologically, is located within the dry-valley areas of the bottom of the Baikal depression, on its northwestern slopes, partially including the watershed areas of the surrounding ridges. The main individual feature of the relief of this territory is its connection with the processes of rifting. It is characterized by the predominance of negative forms, the subordination of the orographic plan not to mountain ranges, but to depressions. The park's boundaries include fully rift and largely subrift landscapes. The rift structures include the Baikal and Tunkinskaya proper. A special and most important class of rift structures are faults. They form the framework to which the internal differentiation of morphostructures is subordinated. The largest Obruchevsky fault can be traced across the entire territory of the park. Large fault ledges can be traced along the entire shore of Lake Baikal, plunging steeply into the depths of the lake. Sub-rift landscapes include massifs such as the Olkhon Plateau, with leveled relief and well-defined signs of physical weathering. Negative relief forms of the subrift type are represented by relict formations - ancient depressions that have not stopped their tectonic development to this day (ancient valleys of the Goloustiya, Buguldeika, Liga rivers and a small Jurassic depression in the upper reaches of the P. Olkha river). The territory of the national park is distinguished by a large variety of forms and extremely dissected relief with relatively small (within 900 m) fluctuations in absolute heights.
Hydrography Pribaikalsky National Park is mainly located within the drainage basins of Lake Baikal, and in the southern part - the Angara River (Irkutsk Reservoir). Lake Baikal is one of the largest lakes in terms of area and the deepest lake in the world; it contains 20% of the world's fresh water reserves. The coastline of the lake within the boundaries of the park is 470 km (not counting the coast of Olkhon Island) and is relatively slightly indented, in some areas it is straight. Currently, the average long-term level of the lake is 457 m. The waves are almost constant, the wave height in the northern part of the lake reaches 6 m. In summer, the water temperature in the open water rises to only +12°+14°C.
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Pribaikalsky National Park was created on February 13, 1986 by Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR No. 71 (as amended on October 9, 1995). Area - 418,000 hectares according to Resolution No. 71 of 02/13/1986, as amended on 10/9/1995 (of which: 170,000 hectares - within the boundaries of the forestry and hunting sector, 136,000 hectares - state forest fund lands, 112,000 hectares - agricultural lands without withdrawal ).
The territory of the national park is included in the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site "Lake Baikal". There are more than 50 different routes throughout the park. There are caves, rocky headlands, as well as numerous archaeological sites (about 1000 objects): ancient settlements; stone "tent" graves, etc. Children's ecological camps are practiced, and special ornithological, botanical and ethnographic tours are possible. In the summer there are horse riding routes, and in the winter there are trips on snowmobiles and dog sleds.
Pribaikalsky National Park is located within three administrative districts -, and. The total area of the park is 417,219 hectares. The park in the form of a narrow strip stretches along the western coast of the lake, from the village to Cape Kocherikovsky, covering the southern part, eastern slopes, the Olkhon plateau () and the island.
Functional areas of the park
The territory of the Pribaikalsky National Park is divided into 5 functional zones:
- protected area (86,514 hectares);
- zone of recreation and educational tourism (171108 hectares)
- visitor service area (13,791 hectares);
- zone of traditional extensive nature management (33884 hectares);
- economic zone, including agricultural lands included in the national park without withdrawal from economic use (112,000 hectares).
Forestry
The park territory is divided into 10 forest districts:
- Marituyskoe
- Polovinskoe
- Baikal
- Listvyanskoe
- Bolsherechenskoye
- Pribaikalsky
- Beregovoe
- Elantsinskoe
- Ostrovnoye
- Ongurenskoe
Flora and fauna of the Pribaikalsky National Park
More than 300,000 hectares of the total area of the Pribaikalsky National Park are forests. Pine forests predominate, often with an admixture of larch. There are cedar and cedar-fir forests, spruce forests.
The park's flora includes more than 1,000 species of vascular plants (this is more than half of the flora of Central Siberia), about 250 species of lichens and 200 species of mosses. The fauna in the park is also rich and diverse. There are 9 species of amphibians and reptiles, 55 species of mammals, and about 340 species of birds.
Pribaikalsky National Park published data on the dynamics of changes in the total number of game animals and birds for 2006-2014. Over seven years, the wapiti population increased from 602 to 665 animals, and there were more moose - from 21 to 44. The number of roe deer in the national park also increased - from 518 animals in 2006 to 846 this year, and musk deer - from 54 to 60 animals. In addition, the population of hazel grouse has increased - from 3264 in 2006 to 4874 in 2014.
Over a seven-year period, some species of animals and birds have decreased. For example, the number of wild boars decreased - from 47 to 19 and wood grouse - from 1821 to 1526. And the total number of the main species of game animals and birds has increased by more than 20% over the past seven years.
Attractions
The main attraction of the Pribaikalsky National Park is the largest wintering ground for waterfowl in Eastern Siberia. In the place where it flows out, a huge polynya is formed, on which up to 10-15 thousand ducks survive the winter. The southwestern coast of Lake Baikal is a kind of route for the mass autumn migration of birds of prey. Up to 2 thousand of them fly here every day; for Siberia this is an exceptional phenomenon.
Climate
The peculiarities of the climatic conditions of the Lake Baikal basin are determined by its location in the central part of the Asian continent, radiation and circulation processes and the uniqueness of the landscapes of this area. The huge water mass of the lake has a significant influence on the climate. The territory of the park lies within the Northwestern subdistricts of the South and Middle Baikal districts, which are characterized by a softer continental regime and the highest amounts of precipitation and moisture in the region. The average temperature in January is -18°C and lower, in July and August from +11°C to + 14.1°C. The average annual temperature is +1.9°C. Precipitation on the coast reaches up to 370 mm, in the mountains - 400-500 mm. At the same time, the climatic conditions of the lake basin. Baikal is extremely heterogeneous.
Geology and relief The territory of the park, geomorphologically, is located within the dry-valley areas of the bottom of the Baikal depression, on its northwestern slopes, partially including the watershed areas of the surrounding ridges. The main individual feature of the relief of this territory is its connection with the processes of rifting. It is characterized by the predominance of negative forms, the subordination of the orographic plan not to mountain ranges, but to depressions. The park's boundaries include fully rift and largely subrift landscapes. The rift structures include the Baikal and Tunkinskaya proper. A special and most important class of rift structures are faults. They form the framework to which the internal differentiation of morphostructures is subordinated. The largest Obruchevsky fault can be traced across the entire territory of the park. Large fault ledges can be traced along the entire shore of Lake Baikal, plunging steeply into the depths of the lake. Sub-rift landscapes include massifs such as the Olkhon Plateau, with leveled relief and well-defined signs of physical weathering. Negative relief forms of the subrift type are represented by relict formations - ancient depressions that have not stopped their tectonic development to this day (ancient valleys of the Goloustiya, Buguldeika, Liga rivers and a small Jurassic depression in the upper reaches of the P. Olkha river). The territory of the national park is distinguished by a large variety of forms and extremely dissected relief with relatively small (within 900 m) fluctuations in absolute heights.
Hydrography Pribaikalsky National Park is mainly located within the drainage basins of Lake Baikal, and in the southern part - the Angara River (Irkutsk Reservoir). Lake Baikal is one of the largest lakes in terms of area and the deepest lake in the world; it contains 20% of the world's fresh water reserves. The coastline of the lake within the boundaries of the park is 470 km (not counting the coast of Olkhon Island) and is relatively slightly indented, in some areas it is straight. Currently, the average long-term level of the lake is 457 m. The waves are almost constant, the wave height in the northern part of the lake reaches 6 m. In summer, the water temperature in the open water rises to only +12°+14°C.