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Contents: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Introduction……………………………………………………… ………………. 2 Arbuzov Anton Petrovich…………………………………… 5 Belyaev brothers Alexander Petrovich and Pyotr Petrovich………………………………………….. 8 Davydov Vasily Lvovich………… …………….... 11 Krasnokutsky Semyon Grigorievich…………….. 14 Kryukov Nikolay Aleksandrovich………………… 16 Lisovsky Nikolay Fedorovich…………………… 19 Mozalevsky Alexander Evtikhievich……… …… 21 Mitkov Mikhail Fotievich………………………….. 24 Shchepin-Rostovsky Dmitry Aleksandrovich 26 Tyutchev Alexey Ivanovich…………………………. 29 Falenberg Petr Ivanovich……………………………. 32 Fonvizin Mikhail Aleksandrovich……………… 34 Shakhovskoy Fedor Petrovich……………………….. 36 Yakubovich Alexander Ivanovich………………… 39 Conclusion…………………………… …………………. 41 1p. 3
Introduction The history of the events of December 14, 1825, and its participants, had a huge impact on the history of Russia. This is also true for the Krasnoyarsk Territory (the territory of the former Yenisei province). Many figures of the Decembrist movement were sent to the Yenisei province, where they carried out productive activities, the fruits of which became the then emerging culture of Russian Siberia. By studying the Yenisei Decembrists, we study our past, the past of our ancestors. Consideration of the past to prevent future mistakes will never lose relevance. In this regard, we, a team of students and teachers of the School of Distance Education, turn to the biographies and activities of the Yenisei Decembrists. With this we continue their work to transform Siberia into a center of culture, science and Enlightenment. The relevance of Decembrism for Siberia does not require detailed justification. The Decembrists - scientists, artists, thinkers and philosophers - all of them left a deep mark on the history of our land. The purpose of our collection is to provide compilers and readers with a holistic picture of the influence of the Decembrists on the development of the Yenisei province. Our tasks: - formation of a systematized catalog of Decembrists, whose activities affected the Yenisei province of the first half and mid-19th century. - a description of their life path, their role in the events of December 14, 1825 - an analysis of their activities in Siberia, its motives and meanings, and the most significant results for their contemporaries and descendants. Methodologically, our collection will be formed in accordance with the ideographic and historical-genetic method. The ideographic approach will be expressed in the description of facts, phenomena and events, without which no historical research is possible. 2p. 4
The historical-genetic approach will be associated with tracing the genesis - i.e. the origin and development of the phenomenon being studied. Despite difficult trials, small numbers, and all sorts of obstacles from the authorities, the Decembrists did not betray their ideals and continued to serve the people. Their activities were mainly educational in nature. The Decembrists believed that skilled labor, along with education, plays an important role in improving the well-being of the people, so they attached great importance to the labor education of students. By introducing new techniques and teaching methods, the Decembrists significantly expanded the level of general education training for students compared to government schools. In the programs and pedagogical practice of the Decembrist schools, much attention was paid to natural science subjects, the full introduction of clarity, and the use of local material. Much of what the Decembrists introduced in their educational work was reflected and further developed in Soviet and then Russian pedagogical practice. The Decembrists raised their students in the spirit of citizenship and patriotism, love for the Motherland and their native land, tolerance and respect for other peoples, seeing in them people who would transform society on a more equitable basis. They were the first to begin creating public libraries and libraries at primary schools, where they had not previously existed. The Decembrists forever changed the Siberian region, which in the first half of the 19th century was at an extremely low level of socio-economic development. The first shoots of the Enlightenment, planted by exiled revolutionaries, blossomed into fruits that modern Siberians have the opportunity to enjoy. 3p. 5
Without understanding this, without realizing the origins of the gradual transformation of the Yenisei province from a distant, desert outskirts into an industrial, cultural and scientific center, it is impossible to assess the future of our region. And those who are destined to create this future - today's schoolchildren - are obliged to understand what kind of heritage has fallen into their hands. Nowadays, when we receive an education and become familiar with art, we consciously or unwillingly turn to the path of development that the Decembrists laid down. Behind our universities, conservatories, research centers and theaters lie the shadows of those tragic figures. Reproducing, through upbringing and education, the culture of our ancestors, we are obliged to turn to its origins. And the Decembrists are the source that we, students and teachers, are considering now. The introductory speech was written by G.A. Illarionov, Candidate of Philosophy, history teacher. 4p. 6
Arbuzov Anton Petrovich (1797 or 1798 - January 1843) One of the central streets of the city of Nazarovo bears the name of the Decembrist A.P. Arbuzov, who was in a settlement in the village of Nazarovskoye from August 1839 to February 10, 1843. Memoir literature provides almost no information about this fearless and unusually modest man, since he did not, like other Decembrists, leave his diaries and notes. We learn about him only from the protocols of the investigative commission and the diaries and memoirs of some Decembrists (I.D. Yakushkin, D.I. Zavalishin, M.M. Spiridov and others). A.P. Arbuzov was a lieutenant in the Guards crew. From the nobles. Father - Pyotr Arbuzov (apparently died before 1826, there were 50 souls behind him in the Tikhvin district of the Novgorod province), mother - nee Zavyalova. He was educated in the Naval Cadet Corps, where he entered on 12.2.1810, midshipman - 7.6.1812, midshipman - 27 (or 21).7.1815, lieutenant 27.2.1820, assigned to the Guards crew - 20.11.1819, from 1812 he made voyages in the Baltic Sea, in 1823 on the frigate "Provorny" sailed to Iceland and to England, in 1824 on the sloop "Mirny" - to Rostock. One of the founders of the secret “Guards Crew Society” (1824), author of its “statutes”. In 1825, Zavalishin was accepted into the Order of Restoration, a member of the Northern Society (December 1825), an active participant in the uprising on Senate Square. Anton Petrovich was among the first to be arrested, on the night of December 14-15, and taken to the Winter Palace. Here the emperor himself and Adjutant General Levashov interrogated the arrested, after which Arbuzov was sent to the Peter and Paul Fortress; the shackles of the Alekseevsky ravelin, put on Arbuzov, weighed half a pound. During interrogations, and the investigation into the Decembrist case lasted five months, Arbuzov denied his belonging to the society; after, when his comrades revealed all the facts of involvement in the uprising, he still first of all thought about his comrades, claiming that they had succumbed to his agitation , offered to shoot himself. On July 10, 1826, the Supreme Criminal Court, established by decree of the Tsar, sentenced the Decembrists, dividing them into eleven categories according to degree of guilt. 5p. 7
A.P. Arbuzov was assigned to the first category and sentenced to death by beheading. The same sentence was passed on sailors D.I. Zavalishin and V.A. Divov, but soon the tsar, instead of the death penalty, sentenced those convicted in the first category to “hard labor forever.” On July 12, Arbuzov, among fourteen sailors, under heavy escort, was sent to Kronstadt on a prisoner schooner. On the flagship "Prince Vladimir" the convicts were demoted from officers to sailors. Before getting to Siberia, Arbuzov served imprisonment in the Rochensalm fortress in Finland for fifteen months, and only in the fall of 1827 the order was issued to “shackle him in iron and send him to Siberia.” The convicts were shackled on their feet, each was placed in a separate cart, and a gendarme sat in it with each. Thus began Arbuzov’s long journey to Siberia. On the outskirts of St. Petersburg, at one of the stations in front of Ladoga, he had a meeting with his brother. The Decembrists arrived in Irkutsk on November 22; on that day the frost reached 32 degrees. Here they were first told that they were being sent to Chita. The next day, the shackles were removed from Arbuzov, Tyutchev and Yakushkin and sent on horseback to Verkhneudinsk, and from there on a sleigh to Chita. The stay in Chita was temporary, since a prison was built specifically for the Decembrists at the Petrovsky Plant. In September 1830, the convicts were transferred here. Arbuzov was placed in prison cell No. 36, where he spent many years. His neighbors in prison were I.V. Kireev and I.V. Basargin. The Decembrists ground flour twice a day using hand millstones. Arbuzov mastered the skill of tailoring and became an excellent tailor-cutter. The notes of D.I. Zavalishin also mention that Arbuzov invented a new method of hardening steel, which was put into production. In November 1832, good news came: the convicts' sentence of hard labor was reduced to 15 years, and three years later the term was reduced by another three years. At the end of the thirteen-year term, by decree of July 10, 1839, the Decembrist Arbuzov was “sent to settle in the village of Nazarovskoye, Achinsk district, Yenisei province,” where he arrived in August 1839. There is very little information about Arbuzov’s stay in Nazarovsky, so the letter of the Decembrist M.M. Spiridov from the village of Drokino near Krasnoyarsk to the Decembrist I.I. Pushchin in Turinsk on April 1, 1841 is of particular interest: “Arbuzov lives moderately and abstinently in the Achinsky district. His brother He promises everything and to this day has done nothing... Meanwhile, Arbuzov started a small arable land and several hives and somehow gets by... One can’t help but be glad that he maintained his behavior - I saw many officials who stopped by to see him , and everyone unanimously speaks of him with great praise." From official reports it is known that Arbuzov at the settlement “was engaged in housekeeping and reading books.” According to a decree issued in 1835, the Decembrists were allowed to receive 15 acres of arable and hay land per capita. However, Arbuzov refused this, and had only “a small arable land and a few beehives” 6p. 8
We learn the details of the last days of the life and death of A.P. Arbuzov from the entry in the diary of the official V.D. Filosofov, a participant in the senatorial audit in Siberia: “The man is unusually smart, kind and has thorough information. He reached such poverty that he subsisted on fish, which caught himself. On which day there is no catch, on that day he is without food. Finally he fell ill. He lay for four days and during this time he begged twenty fish from the hostess. On the fifth day, the hostess refused to give him further supplies. In frosts up to 30 degrees, he was sick , went fishing. He began to clean out the old ice hole, but his weak strength failed him, he fell straight into the water, climbed out, but did not go home, but continued to fish, throwing a wade, and, fortunately, caught the required amount to pay off the hostess. Arriving home, he calmly paid her his debt and said that he would no longer need fish or anything. She thought that he was hinting that money had been sent to him, and she went to look after him. He was already lying down. dead in bed. So in the 45th year this man died in the wilderness and oblivion, and his feat - wasn’t this fishing a feat? is heard only in a remote area of Siberia." In the metric book of the Trinity Church in the village of Nazarovskoye for 1843, an entry was made under number three, which reads: "On February 10, the exile Anton Petrovich Arbuzov died of consumption. He was buried on February 12 in the parish cemetery." This is how the life of one of the prominent participants in the December uprising of 1825, Nikolai Bestuzhev’s closest friend, ended. At this time, his memory is immortalized by a memorial plaque in the city of Nazarovo, where he was in a settlement from 1839 to 1843. List of literature and sources: 1. Decembrists on the Yenisei land http://decembrists.krasu.ru/ 2. "The granary of Krasnoyarsk. Nazarovsky district", "Letter", 2004, pp. 15 - 19. The material was prepared by 5th grade student Angelina Soldatova under the guidance of history teacher Obukhova Y.S. 7p. 9
Alexander Petrovich Petr Petrovich Belyaev brothers Belyaev Alexander Petrovich (1803 - 12/28/1887) Belyaev Petr Petrovich (1805 - 1864) TRUE BENEFIERS OF SIBERIA. ABOUT THE EDUCATIONAL AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF THE A.P. BROTHERS And P.P. BELYAEVS IN MINUSINSK. In Minusinsk there is the first and only museum of the Decembrists in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (opened on August 13, 1997). The memory of the 12 Decembrists who lived in the settlement from 1827 to 1861 is preserved here. in Minusinsk. Unfortunately, students do not have enough knowledge on this topic, which was found out during the survey. Therefore, the topic I have chosen is timely and relevant. The purpose of my work is to identify the role and influence of the Decembrists brothers A.P.I. and P.P. Belyaev on the life and development of Minusinsk. Tasks that are solved during the work - a review of the literature and an introduction to the book by A.P. Belyaev “Memoirs of a Decembrist about what he experienced and felt”, an analysis of the economic and educational activities of the Decembrists in Minusinsk, identifying the contribution of the Decembrists to the development of Minusinsk. Decembrists Alexander Petrovich and Pyotr Petrovich Belyaev arrived to settle in Minusinsk - Pyotr in 1832, Alexander in 1833. They launched energetic activities in the cultural and economic life of the city, which we learn about from the book by A.P. Belyaev “Memoirs of the Decembrist about what he experienced and felt”, published in the magazine “Russian Antiquity” of St. Petersburg (1880 - vol. 29, 1888 - vol. 30). Midshipmen of the Guards Naval Crew, the Belyaev brothers, with the people entrusted to them, were participants in the uprising on December 14 on the square in front of the Senate. Accused under the 4th category of “knowing about the intent to commit regicide” and personally participating “with the agitation of lower ranks” in the uprising. Sentenced to 12 years of hard labor and eternal settlement in Siberia. Hard labor was served in Chita and the Petrovsky plant. Alexander Petrovich, in chapters 14 and 15 of his “Memoirs...”, described his life with his brother in a settlement in Minusinsk, which he called “the promised land for Siberians and settlers.” This is how Minusinsk was imprinted in the memory of the Decembrist: “The main center of the Minusinsk district was then a small town called Minusinsk, which had a dozen wide streets, one pretty stone church, warm in winter, and with it an almshouse where the old and crippled were kept, a guest courtyard of decent architecture with columns, public places, two squares, in a word, everything necessary and necessary for the city. It was very recently renamed into a city from the village of Minusy...” 8p. 10
Alexander and Peter decide to start farming. The farm of the Belyaev brothers was quite large and its methods were rational and advanced. They bought themselves a house, rented 60 or 70 acres of arable land, bought horses and sheep, hired workers and “became farmers in the full sense.” The Belyaevs' arable land was located 20 versts from the city. They made a threshing machine themselves, became suppliers to gold mines, and sold cereals, flour, and beef. The brothers first introduced the sowing of buckwheat and Himalayan multi-fruited barley in Minusinsk. For cattle breeding, they rented an island adjacent to the city and distant from it by the Yenisei channel. Here they set up a farmstead with yards for livestock and a hut for shepherds. They had 200 head of cattle, including 20 cows that were milked and sold for butter, and the bulls were sold to herders. All of the Belyaevs' employees were exiled settlers. The educational activities of the Belyaev brothers deserve special attention. The Decembrists taught children, establishing the first private school in the city, despite the prohibitions of the tsarist government. “When farming became our permanent occupation, my brother and I alternated every week. On Monday, one of us went to the arable land, and the other stayed at home and studied at the school, which we set up at the request of the townspeople, peasants near the villages and some officials. We had a small number of textbooks on grammar, geography, history and arithmetic with us... Of course, our teaching was limited to correct reading, good and somewhat correct writing, brief concepts about geography, sacred and Russian history. “The school had at different times twenty students... Among our students there was also a Tatar, the son of a local nomad, a rich man.” The school was closed a few years later due to denunciation, but the teaching system of the Belyaev brothers had already had a significant impact on the students, a positive impact on the life of the city. “Our main goal was,” wrote A.P. Belyaev, “with the development of the mind, to instill the rules of pure morality, reasonable religiosity, honesty and the destruction of bad habits, which, as it seems, we have managed to do with God’s help.” The Belyaev brothers lived in a settlement in Minusinsk for about seven years; by imperial command they were transferred to the Caucasus. In recent years, Pyotr Petrovich was an agent in Saratov; he died in 1865. Alexander Petrovich died in Moscow in 1887. Ivan Pyzhlev, a political exile of the 1880s, wrote: “The Decembrists, despite the most miserable living conditions, did so much good for Siberia that it itself would not have done in a whole hundred years or more. .. These people were the true benefactors of Siberia.” 2015 marks the 190th anniversary of the Decembrist uprising. In Minusinsk, the good memory of the “unfortunate knights of 1825” is preserved. Conclusion: Research work convinced me that the stay of the Decembrists in Minusinsk was one of the most striking events in my hometown. These people left a bright mark on the life of the Minusinsk people. With their moral character, way of life, and deeds, they won the respect of local residents. The Decembrists were pioneers of many useful endeavors both in cultural life and in the economy. All this is perfectly confirmed by the life and work of the Belyaev brothers. 9p. eleven
House Museum of the Decembrists Museum exhibits List of literature and sources: 1.Decembrists. Biographical reference book. Edited by M.V. Nechkina. M. Science 1988. Author: Belyaev Alexander Petrovich - “Memories of the Decembrist about what he experienced and felt.” Part 1 Chapter 14-15. The material was prepared by 9th grade student Sofia Kravchenko under the guidance of history teacher L.G. Kochutina. 10p. 12
Davydov Vasily Lvovich (28.3.1793 - 25.10.1855) Came from a noble noble family, famous not only for its wealth, but also for its bright, talented people. General I.N. Raevsky, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, was his maternal brother, the famous poet and legendary partisan Denis Davydov was his cousin, Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya, the wife of a Decembrist, was his niece. From 10 to 12 years old he was brought up in the boarding house of Abbot Nicolas, then received home education under the guidance of Abbot Froment. Military service. On October 11, 1807, at the age of 14, he enlisted as a cadet in the Life Guards Hussar Regiment. From March 24, 1808 - cadet harness, cornet from December 21, 1808, lieutenant with appointment as adjutant to the regiment commander, Major General I. E. Shevich from August 5, 1811. He took part in the Patriotic War of 1812 and was wounded twice. In 1812 he was the adjutant of Prince Bagration. For participation in the Battle of Borodino he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, IV degree with a bow. For his distinction in the battle of Maloyaroslavets he was awarded a golden sword for bravery. Participated in foreign campaigns. He took part in the battles of Lützen and Bautzen (awarded the Order of St. Anne, 2nd degree), was wounded at Kulm (awarded the Prussian Order of Merit) and Leipzig. He was captured near Leipzig. Released from captivity by Prussian troops. Staff captain from July 17, 1813, captain from March 7, 1816. On January 17, 1817, he was transferred to the Alexandria Hussar Regiment with the rank of lieutenant colonel. elevenp. 13
On May 11, 1819 he was dismissed for treatment. Appointed to serve with the cavalry on July 11, 1820. Since 1819, he lived permanently on his mother’s estate, in the village of Kamenka, Chigirinsky district, Kyiv province. Owned 2926 souls. On January 29, 1822, he was dismissed as a colonel. Mason, member of the Alexander Lodge of Triple Salvation, member of the Welfare Union (since 1820) and the Southern Society. Together with S.G. Volkonsky, he headed the Kamensk administration of the Southern Society. Participated in congresses of leaders of the Southern Society, liaised with the Southern Society and the Northern Society. Arrest and exile. Arrested in Kyiv on January 14, 1826 by order of December 30, 1825. Delivered to St. Petersburg on January 20, 1826. Placed in the Peter and Paul Fortress on January 21. Convicted of the first category, sentenced to life hard labor. Sent to Siberia on July 21, 1826. On August 22, 1826, the term of hard labor was reduced to 20 years. On August 27, 1826 he arrived in Irkutsk. From Irkutsk, Davydov was sent to work at the Aleksandrovsky Distillery, from where he returned to Irkutsk on October 6. From Irkutsk he was sent to work at the Blagodatsky mine on October 8, 1826. He worked at the mine from October 25, 1826 to September 20, 1827. From the Blagodatsky mine he was sent to the Chita prison, where he arrived on September 29, 1827. From the Chita prison in September 1830 he was sent to the Petrovsky plant. On November 8, 1832, the term of hard labor was reduced to 15 years. On December 14, 1835, the term of hard labor was reduced to 13 years. At the end of the 13-year term, by decree of July 10, 1839, he was ordered to settle in the city of Krasnoyarsk. In Krasnoyarsk. The Davydov family arrived in Krasnoyarsk in September 1839. In Krasnoyarsk, the family settled in the house of gold miner Myasnikov - now there is a city hospital on this site (the intersection of Mira Avenue and Weinbaum Street). Later, the Davydovs built their house on the corner of Voskresenskaya Street and Batalionny Lane (the intersection of Mira Avenue and Dekabristov Street). The first harpsichord in Krasnoyarsk appeared in the Davydovs’ house, and a literary circle was formed. Political exiles were prohibited from creating schools, so the Davydovs created a home class in their home for their seven children born in Siberia. The class had no official status and could be attended by anyone. From local residents, Davydov received the nicknames “Lord of Thoughts” and “Box of Enlightenment.” Davydov's home school program later became the basis for the educational program of the Krasnoyarsk men's gymnasium. The Davydov house was demolished in 1937. The house had five rooms, a hallway, five Dutch ovens, and a cold mezzanine. Vasily Lvovich in Krasnoyarsk had close relationships with P.I. Kuznetsov, architect Ledantu, medical inspector Popov and others. 12p. 14
At the request of Davydov, G. S. Batenkov designed the building of the Noble Assembly for Krasnoyarsk. The building was built in 1854 - 1856. Currently, his address is 67 Mira Ave. The Decembrists, exiled to Krasnoyarsk, gathered in the Davydovs’ house, and later, probably in the Noble Assembly. On September 27, 1842, the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia in his At the request of Davydov, G. S. Batenkov designed the building of the Noble Assembly for Krasnoyarsk. The building was built in 1854 - 1856. Currently, his address is 67 Mira Ave. The Decembrists, exiled to Krasnoyarsk, gathered in the Davydovs’ house, and later, probably in the Noble Assembly. On September 27, 1842, the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia, in his circular, demanded that the Yenisei governor prohibit public meetings of “state criminals.” Vasily Lvovich Davydov died on October 25, 1855 in Krasnoyarsk. He was buried at Trinity Cemetery. In 1883, nephew Alexander Petrovich Davydov, heading as an envoy to Japan through Krasnoyarsk, installed a marble monument made in Italy on the grave. The monument still stands at the grave. Marble monument to Vasily Lvovich Davydov at the Trinity Cemetery in Krasnoyarsk List of literature and sources: 1. Tamara Komarova. "Polar Star". Volume 25. Irkutsk. 2005 2. “V.L. Davydov. Essays. Letters." Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk local history museums. 2004 3. Sergeev M. “Misfortune’s faithful sister.” // Irkutsk, 1978 4. “Letters from V.L. Davydov.” Siberian letters of the Decembrists. // Krasnoyarsk, 1987. 5. Komint Popov, “Decembrists on the banks of the Yenisei” // Krasnoyarsk worker, December 20, 2002 The material was prepared by 8th grade students Maria Maslyukova, Victoria Perevalova and Tatyana Tabarintseva under the guidance of history teacher Mukhametdinov M.S. . 13p. 15
Krasnokutsky Semyon Grigorievich (1787 or 1788-3.2.1840) Actual state councilor, chief prosecutor in the 1st department of the 5th department. Senate. From the nobles of the Kyiv province. Father - Kiev governor, prosecutor, state councilor G.I. Krasnokutsky (d. 12/23/1813), mother - Sofya Stepanovna Tomara (in 1826 she lived on the Mitsalovka estate, Zolotonosha district, Poltava province, followed by 238 souls). He was educated in the 1st Cadet Corps, where he entered - September 1, 1798, non-commissioned officer - November 15, 1802, released as an ensign in the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment - September 7, 1805, participant in the 1807 campaign (Friedland - awarded a golden sword for bravery), second lieutenant - August 17 1807, lieutenant - January 26, 1809, staff captain - May 1, 1811, participant in the Patriotic War of 1812 (Borodino, Tarutino, Maloyaroslavets) and foreign campaigns (Lutzen, Bautzen, Kulm, Leipzig, Paris), captain - September 23, 1813, colonel - January 13, 1816, commander of the Olonets infantry regiment - March 2, 1816, dismissed from service as a major general with a uniform and pension - November 25, 1821, at the chief prosecutor's desk in the 4th department. Senate with renaming to actual state councilor - January 26, 1822, chief prosecutor in the 1st department of the 5th department. Senate - June 11, 1823. Mason, Senate member of the Elizabeth to Virtue lodge in St. Petersburg (1819). area. Member of the Welfare Union (1817) and the Southern Society, participant in the preparation of the uprising. The first half of the 19th century in the history of the Yenisei province was closely intertwined with the destinies of a fairly large group of Decembrists. At various times from 1826 to 1855, 33 Decembrists visited settlements in Achinsk, Kansk, Minusinsk districts, and the Turukhansk region of the Yenisei province. Ten of them, by the will of fate, ended up in Krasnoyarsk. NS brothers. and P.S. Bobrishchev-Pushkin, A.A and N.A. Kryukovs, V.L Davydov, M.M. Spiridov, M.F. Mitkov, S.G. Krasnokutsky, F.P. Shakhovsky, I.B. Avramov, A.P. Arbuzov Each of them leaves the educational dungeons. The recovery and settlement programs contributed to the formation of others in Siberia. implementation of casemates 14Tsaregorodtsev Ivan,
Kansk Technological College
The flower of everything that was educated and truly noble in Russia was sent in chains to hard labor in an almost uninhabited part of Siberia. As A.S. Pushkin wrote, “the hanged are hanged, but the hard labor of 120 friends, brothers, comrades is terrible.”
The history of Siberia in the first half of the 19th century is closely connected with the history of Decembrism. The Decembrists were the founders of an open revolutionary struggle against the feudal-serf system; Grigory Batenkov in his testimony called December 14 “the first experience of a political revolution in Russia, an experience venerable in everyday life and in the eyes of other enlightened peoples.” The experience was...: 5 were hanged, 120 were sentenced to exile to hard labor for a period of 2 to 20 years, followed by settlement in Siberia, or to indefinite exile to a settlement, to demotion to the ranks of soldiers.
Many thought that they were not taking them to Siberia, but to prison fortresses. Siberia is remote and scary, but still no more terrible than the stone casemates of Petropavlovsk or Shlisselburg.
On the night of July 21 and July 23, 1826, the first two parties (8 people) were sentenced to be sent to Siberia, they were taken from the Peter and Paul Fortress to Siberia. They made their way to Irkutsk in the “leg glands”. A gendarme was sitting in the cart. “We galloped day and night,” recalls Baron Andrei Rosen, “it was awkward to doze off in the sleigh; It was uneasy to spend the night in shackles and clothes. Therefore, we dozed at the stations for several minutes during re-harness: Kostroma, Vyatka, Perm, Yekaterinburg, Tyumen, Achinsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kansk, Irkutsk... 9 cities at a distance of 3000 miles.” The road to Siberia showed the Decembrists the deep sympathy of the population. And not only ordinary people, but even many Siberian governors and officials tried to show them signs of attention in any way; Nikolai Basargin for many years treasured a coin given to him on the road by a poor old woman.
“The further we moved into Siberia, the more she won in my eyes. The common people seemed to me much freer, smarter, and even more educated than our Russian peasants, especially the landowners. He understood human dignity more, we value our rights more..."
At first they wanted to scatter the Decembrists throughout Siberia, but then, in order to have complete control over everyone, place them nearby: Nerchinsk, Blagodatsky mine, Petrovsky plant... All the years they lived in a prison “dark and dirty, stinking hard labor, eaten by all types of insects” - This is what Princess Maria Volkonskaya wrote. They worked in the mines from 5 a.m. to 11 p.m. The norm is at least 3 pounds of ore, carried on a stretcher. The head of the Nerchinsky mine, Burnashev, was very sorry that the instructions for keeping convicts mentioned caring for the health of the Decembrists. “Without this squiggle, I would have put everyone out of business in 2 months.” They worked in leg and hand shackles. Convicts were paid 6 kopecks. per day and 2 pounds of flour per month. The most prominent participants in the uprising were sentenced to hard labor. The remaining convicts of categories 6-8 were sentenced to settlement in sparsely populated areas of Western and Eastern Siberia. There were 11 categories in total. They lived very poorly; not everyone had rich relatives. Later they were given a salary for the maintenance of a soldier - 4 rubles 35 kopecks. silver per month, and even later they allocated 15 acres of land. It was not for nothing that there were those who went crazy (that’s 5 people) and died in the prime of life at the age of 29-35 years (12 people).
While still in prison and the mines, they outlined a number of programmatic demands in the struggle for the rise of culture and education in Siberia:
creation of a wide network of primary schools through voluntary donations from the local population;
officially granting exiles the right to educate their children;
increasing the number of secondary educational institutions;
provision of government support in universities of the capital for graduates of Siberian gymnasiums;
the creation of a special class at the Irkutsk gymnasium to train people for service in Siberia;
opening of the Siberian University;
The Decembrists believed that agriculture was the main source of prosperity and national wealth and foreign trade. Therefore, we developed the following software requirements:
shift the burden of taxes from poor peasants to wealthy ones;
sell state-owned lands into private hands;
organize model farms;
open agricultural schools and generalize best practices in agricultural technology;
provide economic assistance to peasants in starting a farm through the opening of peasant banks in each volost.
Industry Development Program:
to acquaint Russian society and Siberians with the enormous natural wealth of the region, to attract capital from Russian and Siberian merchants to develop the wealth;
allow and encourage the formation of commercial and industrial companies;
prepare and attract educated people capable of applying and disseminating the achievements of science and technology to the development of the region’s wealth.
The proposals of the Decembrists to promote the development of trade in Siberia are interesting:
establish a merchant fleet in the Pacific Ocean, open new routes of communication along the system of Siberian and Russian rivers;
build a railway from Perm to Tyumen and country roads connecting the cities of Western and Eastern Siberia;
open commercial schools.
Political demands of the Decembrists:
the destruction of serfdom and colonial oppression in Siberia;
providing Siberia with freedom and self-government;
transformation of the administrative apparatus of management;
reorganization of the court.
Over the years, the life of the prisoners acquired a certain stability: the Decembrists, educated and extraordinary people, began to share knowledge with each other, began to study languages, created small instrumental ensembles, and took up gardening, which greatly diversified their meager table. “The real field of life began with our entry into Siberia, where we are called to serve by word and example the cause to which we have dedicated ourselves,” wrote Mikhail Lunin.
“In the prison, everything was common - things, books, but it was very crowded: there was no more than an arshin distance between the beds: the clanking of chains, the noise of conversations and songs... The prison was dark, with windows near the ceiling, like in a stable,” wrote Maria Volkonskaya. “In the summer we dig the ground, level the roads, fill up the ravines, in the winter we grind flour by hand on millstones. We live among ourselves like brothers. Everything is common, nothing is our own,” wrote Kornilovich. “We all wore our own clothes and underwear; the haves bought them and shared them with the have-nots. They did everything decisively among themselves: both grief and penny. We sewed everything ourselves: shoes, clothes, caps.” (A. Rosen.)
The Decembrists created an artel, where they contributed money for common food, and this equalized those who received financial assistance from relatives with those who had nothing. Those who completed their term of hard labor and began exile were given an allowance from the artel sums, which alleviated difficulties on the way and made it possible at first to settle down and acquire the most necessary things.
In 1832, the Decembrists, convicted of category 8, were given the opportunity to leave prison; they were now sent to a settlement. Then those who were convicted of categories 7, 6, and 5 set off. The prison casemates gradually emptied, the prisoners were resettled throughout the vast Siberia. They now faced lifelong exile in the remote outskirts of the country. In July 1839, the last Decembrists, those who were convicted under the first category, left prison. Three dozen carts, carts, wagons set off through forests, mountains, rivers - each had their own lot, their own destiny. A new stage in the life of the heroes of Russia began - settlement. It became quiet in the cells, the dust settled on the road. The Decembrists set off on a journey towards the unknown, towards new trials prepared for them.
Decembrist Nikolai Basargin wrote: “We can positively say that our long-term stay in different places in Siberia brought several new and useful ideas into the public eye regarding the moral education of Siberian residents.”
“The last act of our drama has already begun and is being torn apart…”, this is how the Decembrists wrote about the beginning of the move to the settlement. In the Yenisei province there were 31 people in exile. 5 Decembrists were assigned to the Kansky district of the Yenisei province:
In the village of Taseevskoye - Igelstrom Konstantinovich Gustavovich (Evstafievich) (1799-1851), captain, commander of the 1st company of the Lithuanian Pioneer Battalion stationed in the city of Bialystok. Born May 6, 1799 in Shumsk, Volyn province, on the Victorino estate, which belonged to father Gustav Gustavovich. The Decembrist graduated from the 2nd Cadet Corps. A very educated person: he knew German, French, and Polish. He was interested in history, geography, algebra, geometry. 10 days after the uprising in St. Petersburg, his soldiers refused to swear allegiance to the new Emperor Nicholas I, Captain Igelstrom led his company away shouting “Hurray,” breaking the whole ceremony. Nicholas I wrote on his deed: “To be hanged.” The death penalty was replaced by hard labor. He was not a member of the Decembrist society, but shared their views, therefore, when he was arrested, he was sentenced to hanging, then the sentence was replaced by hard labor and exile for 10 years, followed by settlement in Siberia. They were transported to Tobolsk on horseback and then on foot. He walked from Tobolsk to Irkutsk together with a party of convicts, and was in the Nerchinsk penal servitude (1827-1832) for exactly 5 years. While in hard labor he practiced practical medicine. He played the flute beautifully. Forgotten by his relatives, he was in great need of a settlement, so he wrote a request to be sent to the active army in the Caucasus and his request was finally granted: after spending 4 years in Taseevsky, in 1836 he became a private in the Caucasian separate corps. For his bravery he was even promoted to ensign, but due to injury he retired in 1843. He lives on a pension in Ukraine - in the city of Taganrog (military settlement Kamenskoye), works at customs. He was a wonderful musician. After hard labor and exile, he married in the Caucasus in 1842. in polka Bertha Borisovna Elzingek. In 1843 retired.
From Igelstrom’s letter to the Decembrist Kryukov:
“Now I’ll say something about my place of residence. Taseevskoye lies 179 versts directly north of Kansk on the Usolka River. It is surrounded on all sides by forest. It has 250 houses, a volost administration, a stone church, two shops, a salt exhibition, and two taverns. The main industry of the local residents is arable farming and squirrel hunting, which is bought locally by Yenisei merchants. Women weave linen and peasant cloth. Their main characteristic feature is drunkenness and laziness, this latter is so deeply rooted that some of the residents buy fathoms of firewood for a ruble, whereas no more than a mile from their houses they could chop several thousand fathoms of firewood. Think about the climate: yesterday everyone was riding sleighs here. In the summer there are so many midges that you can’t go outside without a net, but the location is incredibly beautiful. The prices of food supplies are incomparable. Imagine that while bread is sold at 25 kopecks per pound, for 100 potatoes they pay 60 kopecks, for a pound of beef they pay 3.5 and 4 rubles, and a calf, which contains more than 1 pound, can be bought for 2 rubles with skin. They demand from me that I plow the land. I spent 10 years in the cadet corps, 10 years in military service, 7 years in various prisons. The question is, where could I learn farming? Throughout Lent I was fed porridge with water, boiled potatoes, beets, and sometimes barley jelly, all of which was served with horseradish diluted in beer vinegar. And for such a “dainty table” they charged me only 15 rubles a month. And best of all, yesterday the landlady told me that if I don’t increase the rent, I can move to another apartment, so I decided to buy myself some kind of house and have already asked, but have not yet received permission.”
The father treated his criminal son unfriendly, wrote him little, did not help him during difficult years, as evidenced in the letters of M. N. Volkonsky. But my heart trembled when my son in 1834. returned home, he gathered his entire large family in Novogruduk. Igelstrom's brothers and sisters arrived with their wives, husbands, and children. The meeting was joyful and sad; they had not seen each other for 20 years. November 13, 1851 died visiting his sister (Lapteva) in Kremenskoye. Life has passed.
Coming from an old princely family, staff captain of the Life Guards of the Moscow Regiment. Father - captain Alexander Ivanovich, mother - Olga Mironova (nee Varentsova). He was educated in the Naval Cadet Corps and went from midshipman to lieutenant commander. He sailed from Kronstadt to Spain on the ship Neptunus. When he left the navy, he was assigned to serve in the Moscow Life Guards Regiment, guarding the Winter Palace. The investigation later established that he was not a member of the secret societies of the Decembrists, but he was present at the last meeting of the secret society (on the eve of the uprising); it was the Moscow regiment that arrived first on Senate Square on December 14, 1825. by 11 o'clock in the morning. The regiment lined up in a combat quadrangle (square) near the monument to Peter I, i.e. Dmitry Alexandrovich was an active participant in the uprising on December 14. He was arrested on the same day and on July 10, 1826 he was sentenced to category I - “sentenced to hard labor forever.” Then the period was reduced to 20 years. In his arrest file, his characteristics were preserved: “height 2 arshins 6 vershoks, white complexion, thin, brown eyes, long, straight nose, dark brown hair on the head and eyebrows.” He was in the Chita prison and the Petropavlovsk Plant, his sentence was reduced twice more: to 15 years, to 13 years. After serving hard labor (from 1827 to 1839), i.e. 12 years, he was sent to settle in the village of Taseevskoye, Yenisei province, Kansk district and stayed here for 3 years. At the request of his mother, he was transferred to the city of Kurgan, but the Kurgan mayor Tarasovich disliked Prince Shchepin-Rostovsky, constantly denounced him that “the prince was conducting propaganda, his speeches breathed the republican spirit,” there was even an investigation into this conflict by specially sent officials. After the amnesty of 1856, having lived in Siberia for 33 years, he left for Russia, but with a ban on living in the capitals, he lived in the Yaroslavl province (the village of Ivankovo) in the Rostov district. He was in great need financially, and therefore he was ordered by the highest order to pay an allowance of 114 rubles annually. 28kop. silver According to one version, he died in the city of Shuya, Vladimir province, according to another - in Rostov-Yaroslavl. He was 60 years old.
Bibliography:
1. Memoirs of the Bestuzhevs. M.-L., 1951.
2. Memoirs and stories of secret society figures. 1820s. M. 1974, vol. 1-3.
3. The Decembrist uprising. Documentation. M.-L., 1980, vol. 1-17.
4. Gorbachevsky I. I. Notes, letters. M., 163.
5. Notes, articles, letters of the Decembrist I. D. Yakushkin. M., 1951.
6. Decembrist movement. Bibliography, 1959/ Comp. R. G. Eymontova. Under general Ed. M. V. Nechkina. M., 1960.
7. Druzhinin N. M. Decembrist Nikita Muravyov. M., 1980.
8. Landa S. M. The spirit of revolutionary transformations., 1816-1825. M., 1975.
9. Nechkina M. V. Decembrist Movement. M., 1955, vol. 1-2.
11. Semevsky V.I. political and social ideas of the Decembrists. St. Petersburg, 1990.
12. Shatrova G.P. Essays on the history of Decembrism. Krasnoyarsk, 1982.
13. Newspaper: “Taseevo - Sibirskoe village”, No. 5,6. TO THE 65TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE TASEEVSKAYA GARTISA REPUBLIC.
December 14, 1975 is a significant date in the history of the revolutionary movement in Russia - the 150th anniversary of the very day when “the best people from the nobility,” in the words of V.I. Lenin, spoke out against Russian autocracy and serfdom.
Speaking in 1917, shortly before the October Revolution, at a meeting of working youth with the “Report on the Revolution of 1905,” V. I. Lenin said:
"In 1825, Russia saw for the first time a revolutionary movement against tsarism, and this movement was represented exclusively by the nobles." Even earlier, analyzing the revolutionary movement, its mistakes and continuity, Lenin emphasized:
“The circle of these revolutionaries is narrow. They are terribly far from the people. But their cause was not lost. The Decembrist was awakened by Herzen...
Herzen launched revolutionary agitation. It was picked up, expanded, strengthened, and strengthened by commoner revolutionaries, starting with Chernyshevsky and ending with the heroes of Narodnaya Volya. The circle of fighters has become wider, their connection with the people is closer" (V.I. Lenin. Complete Works and Letters, vol. 21, p. 261).
Yes, we know that “... an insignificant minority of nobles, powerless without the support of the people, spoke out against tsarism, but the best people among the nobles helped awaken the people” (V.I. Lenin. Complete Works and Letters, vol. 23, p. 398).
Five days after that tragic moment when the imperial artillery shot scattered the rebel troops across Senate Square, when the corpses of killed and even wounded soldiers and townspeople were lowered under the ice of the Neva, the first and only official message about this event appeared in the newspaper "Northern Bee" from December 19th. The section “Internal News” reported that on December 14, 1825, with “jubilant crowds of people, loyal troops took the oath to the new Emperor Nicholas I.” Without any embarrassment, the newspaper reported that “this day will undoubtedly be an epoch in the history of Russia.” Unable to keep silent about what had happened, the newspaper dully added about “a handful of rebel soldiers and officers” and about “several vile-looking people in tailcoats” - troublemakers.
The day of December 14th truly became an era, and the first Russian revolutionaries, who set the goal of destroying the autocracy in Russia, entered the history of the revolutionary movement under the name DECEMBRISTS.
The interrogations of the revolutionary nobles were conducted personally by Emperor Nicholas I. The first to appear before him was the “man in a tailcoat,” a retired lieutenant, one of the leaders of the uprising, “a fiery admirer of goodness” - Kondraty Ryleev.
The newly-crowned tsar tried in vain to explain the Decembrist movement as “a conspiracy of a bunch of villains.”
This “handful” was too large to announce the names of the “conspirators” in the newspaper. People united by the common idea of revolution appeared before the tsar. Russian reality was the soil on which revolutionary ideas grew. The Decembrists spoke openly about this during interrogations.
And yet, the Investigative Committee, appointed by the emperor and led by him, posing the question “from when and from where did they borrow the first free-thinking thoughts,” wanted not only to find the culprits of anti-government sentiments in society, but also to show the random nature of the Decembrists’ speech, which is not characteristic of historical development Russia, which allegedly arose under the influence of borrowed ideas.
The Decembrists actually named the names of the great French educators, English economists, German philosophers, and gave examples from the works of the greatest thinkers of the ancient world, but the overwhelming majority of them named, first of all, the name of the first Russian revolutionary Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev. The investigative commission, and with it the Tsar, became convinced of how deeply Radishchev’s freedom-loving, anti-serfdom ideas had penetrated into the consciousness of advanced Russian society.
G.V. Plekhanov very accurately noted that under the influence of Radishchev’s ideas “the most significant social movements of the late 18th - first third of the 19th centuries were accomplished.”
Radishchev was the true “master of thoughts” of the revolutionary youth. Soviet researcher of the Decembrist movement, Academician M.V. Nechkina, claims that most Decembrists were familiar with both the ode “Liberty” and “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow.”
Like all great humanists, Radishchev firmly believed in man. His words found a warm response in the hearts of progressive people:
“It is known that man is a free being because he is gifted with mind, reason and free will, that his freedom consists in choosing the best, that he knows this best... and always strives for the beautiful, the majestic, the lofty.”
But before the attentive gaze of the revolutionary nobles, a different, Russian reality was opening up; they were not free, thinking people, but downtrodden slaves, deprived of all human rights.
This cruel, disgusting discrepancy between ideal and reality served as food for thought, shaped consciousness, and encouraged revolutionary action.
To the stereotypical question of the Investigative Commission, “since when and under whose influence did impermissible opinions appear,” almost all the Decembrists answered in the same way: “Since I learned to see real life and think independently.”
Decembrists Y. Andrievich, I. Avramov, M. Spiridov, N. Lisovsky, for example, directly stated that their “unacceptable opinions” arose as a result of “observations in the lower parts of the government, in legal proceedings, the condition of peasants and soldiers.” They said that they were prompted to take the path of struggle by: “the groans of wives; the cries of children; the cries of widows; military men. Forgotten orphans, constantly falling into poverty; the blind and mutilated; devastation in peasant villages; isn’t there proof that the fatherland is forgotten and that some secret enemy is hiding, who is sending all the mentioned misfortunes to destroy his compatriots..."
The Patriotic War of 1812, when the Russian people overthrew and drove away the Napoleonic hordes, showed the strength of the Russian people and at the same time exposed the ulcers of the monarchy even more sharply. Europe had already thrown off the yoke of absolutism, but in Russia despotism, lawlessness and the arbitrariness of serfdom still reigned.
“Did we buy primacy between nations with blood so that we could be humiliated at home?” asked yesterday’s war hero Alexander Bestuzhev.
Emperor Alexander I shed the mask of a liberal, an “enlightened monarch” and introduced into law exhausting parade drills, military settlements, and became the founder of the Holy Alliance - an international military-police organization aimed at suppressing the revolutionary movement in Europe.
In contrast to this, advanced Russian officers created the “Union of Salvation”, having already developed a plan to kill the Tsar in 1816. This plan was proposed and undertaken to be carried out by Mikhail Lunin, whom Herzen called “one of the subtlest and most delicate minds.” An aristocrat, heir to a huge fortune, Lunin said: “Only one career is open to me - the career of freedom.” Pushkin dedicated the lines to him: “Friend of Mars, Bacchus and Venus, here Lunin boldly proposed his decisive measures.”
Sergei Muravyov, who at first warmly approved of Lunin’s plan, later came to a different conclusion: a small group of people, even if they managed to put an end to the tsar, were unable to change the state and social system of Russia. A new organization, the Union of Welfare, was created (1818-1821).
The tasks of the new “Union” were broader: “Involving advanced people of Russia in it, expanding society, influencing the minds of the people, so that after the revolution the people support the planned transformations.”
However, a significant group of members of the "Union" still had hope of obtaining a number of concessions and reforms from the tsar. Alexander I actually received a number of very useful projects from them. But they only annoyed him. Once, having lost patience, he pulled back at another reformer.
Who ultimately rules Russia - you or me?
And the king decided to “prove” his strength. Brutally suppressing the uprising of the Novgorod peasants, drowning in blood the uprising of the Chuguev military settlers and peasants on the Don.
And in Europe the revolutionary situation was growing more and more: the glow of revolutionary fires began to blaze in Spain, Piedmont, Naples, an acute political struggle of parties unfolded in France, the struggle of the Italian Carbonari broke out, and the national liberation movement began in Greece.
The massacre of soldiers of the Semenovsky Guards Regiment in St. Petersburg in 1820 alerted members of the Union of Welfare. The reason for the reprisal was the collective protest of the soldiers against the abuse of them by the regiment commander. In reality, Emperor Alexander was only looking for a reason to disband the regiment, mass punishment of the soldiers, demoting a large group of officers who too openly launched educational conversations and “harmfully influenced the mentality and discipline of the lower ranks.” In order not to fail the work that had been started, a decision was made in 1821 on the imaginary dissolution of the widely spread, essentially semi-legal “Union”. It was necessary to clear ourselves of random people. New secret societies arose, independently of each other: “Northern”, “Southern”, “United Slavs”. The “Slavs”, having familiarized themselves with the program documents of the “southerners” - the “State Testament”, extracts from “Russian Truth” written by Pestel - unconditionally accepted their program and tactics. The “northerners” were slow to unite, although they agreed with the timing of the uprising: January 1826, or more precisely, the time when Pestel’s regiment would go on guard, which would allow them to immediately capture the army headquarters. At the same time, an uprising will rise in St. Petersburg and Moscow. The sudden death of Alexander I and the subsequent period of “interregnum” pushed events: the “northerners,” without informing other societies, decided to act independently - on the day of the oath to the new tsar, Nicholas I, December 14, 1825, not knowing that the day before Pestel and almost the entire Tulchinsky administration of the Society of “Southerners” were arrested.
Despite the defeat of the "northerners", one of the leaders of the Southern society, a man of iron will - Sergei Muravyov-Apostol, decides to raise the Chernigov regiment, hoping for the support of other "southern" regiments, as well as the "Slavs".
The heroic performance of the Chernigovites was brutally suppressed.
Our Decembrists... passionately loved Russia... - said Alexander Herzen in “Letter to a Future Friend”. - Eh, I still remember a brilliant line of young heroes, fearlessly, selflessly moving forward... Among them were poets and warriors, talents of all kinds, people crowned with laurels. And this entire advanced phalanx, rushing forward, fell into the “abyss and disappeared behind a dull roar” one December day.
On July 13, 1826, five heroes - Pestel, Ryleev, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Muravyov-Apostol, Kakhovsky - were executed.
Pushkin wrote to his friend, the poet Vyazemsky. "The hanged are hanged, but the hard labor of 120 friends, brothers, comrades is terrible..."
Pushkin, and not only him - no one knew for many years about 380 demoted officers, two and a half thousand soldiers, beaten to death by spitzrutens. And although both the Investigative Commission and the Supreme Criminal Court were created by a special decree, Emperor Nicholas actually decided everything.
The official press spoke only of "a pitiful bunch of conspirators, adventurers, opera villains." It was forbidden to mention the real names of the “best people from the nobility” even with abusive epithets.
The investigation into the Decembrist case was conducted secretly, through two channels: the Investigative Commission of the Senate and the Military Collegium, where thousands of “lower ranks” and hundreds of officers were involved. Apart from brief reports in the official press about “a handful of conspiratorial officers and several vile-looking people in tailcoats,” the public in Russia, and in Europe in particular, knew nothing significant.
With great haste, in complete secrecy, the Decembrists went to hard labor and exile. Nicholas I decided to erase the names of heroes from the memory of the Russian people. Endless Siberia seemed to swallow them up forever.
That is why the poet Fyodor Tyutchev, brother of the Decembrist, burst out in bitter words that their blood “... sparkled on the centuries-old mass of ice, the cold winter died - not a trace remained”...
The carefully controlled ban on mentioning anything about the life of the Decembrists in Siberia, the ban on publishing their works not only under a pseudonym, but also anonymously, led to the fact that even liberal-populist historians had the wrong idea about their role in the social life of Siberia.
Due to the liberal-idyllic interpretation of the essence of the movement, they focused attention on describing conditions and life, and their practical activities were considered as broad charity, carried out by enlightened people out of a sense of philanthropy and humanism.
“This interpretation of Decembrism after the defeat of the uprising is explained by the fact that liberal historians sought to create a consistent concept of the Decembrist movement as a socio-political movement, devoid of any revolutionary spirit, and its leaders as people who were mistaken and who “redeemed” their lives in the Siberian period.” their mistakes through the ordeal of hard labor and exile.” G. P. Shatrova, “Decembrist I. I. Gorbachevsky. Krasnoyarsk, 1973).
Being captive of the concept they themselves created, they passed by the “Notes” of M. A. Fonvizin, published already in 1859, then the memoirs and letters of the Bestuzhevs, Muravyovs, Yakushkin, and especially the highly political “Letters from Siberia” of M. S. Lunin.
But it was the unbending Mikhail Luin, again imprisoned in the casemate and killed there, who said:
Our real life's journey began with our entry into Siberia, where we are called to serve by word and example the cause to which we have dedicated ourselves...
Truly scientific historiography of Decembrism began after the October Revolution. Soviet scientists, and first of all M.V. Nechkina, in their major two-volume work “The Decembrist Movement”, revealed in detail both the essence of the Decembrist movement and the evolution of their views during the period of Siberian exile. Of great interest are the works of the Krasnoyarsk scientist G. L. Shatrova “Decembrists and Siberia” (Tomsk, 1562), “Decembrist I. I. Gorbachevsky” (Krasnoyarsk, 1973), the Yenisei scientist A. I. Malyutina, great-granddaughter of the Decembrist N. O. Mozgalevsky - M. Ya. Bogdanova, L. K. Chukovskaya “Decembrists in Siberia” (Moscow, 1958), articles by Krasnoyarsk local historians M. V. Krasnozhenova, S. V. Smirnov, A. V. Gurevich , E. I. Vladimirova, G. S. Chesmochakova. But, unfortunately, there is not a single special monograph not only about the Decembrists as a whole, but at different times there were 29 of them living in the Yenisei province! - there are no biographical stories about individual revolutionaries who served exile in the Yenisei province.
It is impossible to tell about everyone in one book, because the life of each of them is a fascinating tragic and heroic story, an example of service to the cause to which they devoted themselves.
They did a great job under the most severe conditions. Shakhovskoy conducts biological research, opens a school in Turukhansk, works on “Grammar” and “Notes on the Turukhansk Territory”. Avramov and Lisovsky continue their teaching activities in Turukhansk, are engaged in ethnography, and carry out the unspoken assignment of Academician K. Baer to prepare the expedition of A. F. Middendorf. Yakubovich, being in Nazimovo, after their death continues the same work. Mitkov has been conducting meteorological and hydrological observations in Krasnoyarsk for 10 years, making scientific weather forecasts for peasants, and Spiridov is creating a demonstration farm and growing a new variety of potatoes. Davydov and Bobrishchev-Pushkin write fables and conduct pedagogical work. While in Yeniseisk and Krasnoyarsk, Fonvizin writes articles on agriculture, makes a historical overview of the political movement in Russia, and translates articles on issues of the socialist and communist movement!
Celebrating the 150th anniversary of the Decembrists' speech on Senate Square, as the first political and armed uprising against tsarism, we must properly note the fact that the overwhelming majority of them did not change their ideals during the period of hard labor and long exile. The Decembrists made a significant contribution to the development of social life in Siberia.
We join the fair words of the Decembrist Nikolai Basargin, who did not forge to leave Siberia after the amnesty:
“I am sure that the good rumor about us will remain forever throughout Siberia, that many will say heartfelt thanks for the benefit that our stay brought them.”
Decembrists in the Yenisei province 1Your path lay into the depths of Siberia...
“The casemate gradually emptied; the prisoners were taken away, at the end of each term, and resettled throughout the vast Siberia. This life without family, without friends, without any society was harder than their initial imprisonment.”
M.N.Volkonskaya
“The Decembrists, despite the most miserable living conditions, often completely terrible, vile, did so much good for Siberia that it itself would not have done in a whole hundred years or more... they explored Siberia in the anthropological, natural, economic, social and ethnographic position, in a word, they did incomparably more than everything done during this time for people from another Russian region. These people were the true benefactors of Siberia both in moral, social, and material terms."
I.G. Pryzhov.
The life path of these people was connected with the Yenisei province (let us recall that in 1822 the West Siberian (center of Tobolsk) and East Siberian (center of Irkutsk) general governorships were created. At the same time, at the suggestion of M. M. Speransky, who carried out audit of Siberian possessions, Emperor Alexander I signed a decree on the formation Yenisei province consisting of five districts: Krasnoyarsk, Yenisei (with the Turukhansk Territory), Achinsk, Minusinsk and Kansk. The city of Krasnoyarsk was approved as the administrative center of the newly formed province).
Baryatinsky A.P. (7.1.1799 - 19.8.1844). He died in the Tobolsk hospital and was buried in the Zavalnoye cemetery.
Belyaev A.P. (1803 - 12/28/1887). He spent the last years of his life in Moscow (he lost his sight) and was buried at the Vagankovskoye cemetery. Memoirist.
Belyaev P.P. (1805 - 1864). In 1856 he was released from supervision; subsequently he was the manager of the office of the Caucasus and Mercury shipping company in Saratov, where he died.
Bobrishchev - Pushkin N.S. (21.8.1800 - 13.5.1871). Buried in the village. Pokrovsky-Korostin, Aleksinsky district, Tula province, the grave has not survived.
Bobrishchev - Pushkin P.S. (15.7.1802 - 13.2.1865). He died in Moscow in the house of N.D. Fonvizina - Pushchina. He was buried at the Vagankovskoye cemetery.
Igelstrom K.G. (8.5.1799 - 13.11.1851). He died in the military settlement of Kremensky near Taganrog.
Kireev I.V. (31.1.1803 - 20.6.1866). He died in Tula and was buried in the village of Dementeevo.
Krasnokutsky S.G. (1787 or 1788-3.2.1840). He died in Tobolsk and was buried in the Zavalnoye cemetery.
Krivtsov S.I. (1802 - 5.5.1864). He died on his estate. Timofeevsky, Bolkhov district, Oryol province.
Kryukov A.A. (14.1.1793 - 3.8.1866). He spent the last years of his life in Brussels, where he died of cholera.
Mozgan (Mazgana (Mazgan) P.D. (1802 - 11/8/1843). Killed during the capture of the Gergebil fort near Tiflis by the mountaineers.
Petin V.N. (approx. 1801 - 29.6.1852). He died in the village of Petrovka, Kozlovsky district, Tambov province. Soloviev V.N. baron (c. 1798 - 1866 or 1871). Died in Ryazan.
Falenberg P.I. (29.5.1791 - 13.2.1873). He died in Belgorod and was buried in Kharkov. Memoirist.
Fonvizin M.A. (20.8.1787-30.4.1854). Arrived in Moscow - May 11, 1853, sent with the gendarme to Maryino. He died in Maryino and was buried in Bronnitsy near the city cathedral. Memoirist and publicist. Scientific works of M.A. Fonvizin: “On the serfdom of farmers in Russia”, “Review on the history of philosophical systems”, etc.
Frolov A.F. (24.8.1804-6.5.1885). In 1879 he moved to Moscow, where he died, three years before his death, struck by a nervous attack. He was buried at the Vagankovskoye cemetery. Memoirist.
Shakhovskoy Fedor Petrovich (12.3.1796-22.5.1829). He died in a monastery in Suzdal. Author of notes about the Turukhansk region.
Shchepin-Rostovsky D.A. (1798-22.10.1858) / Died in the city of Shuya, Vladimir province.
They remained forever in the Yenisei province.
Avramov Ivan Borisovich(1802 - 17.9.1840) - in 1828 it was turned into a settlement in the city of Turukhansk, Yenisei province. According to a petition submitted together with N.F. Lisovsky on October 24, 1831, they were given the highest permission to engage in trade in the Turukhansk region and travel to buy bread and other supplies to Yeniseisk. He died in the village of Osinovo, Antsyferova volost, while traveling from Turukhansk to Yeniseisk on a ship with fish and various goods.
Arbuzov Anton Petrovich(1797 or 1798 - January 1843) - At the end of his term of hard labor, he was in a settlement in the remote village of Nazarovskoye, formerly. Achinsk district of the Yenisei province. Trained in the casemate by N. A. Bestuzhev in metalworking skills, he could not apply it to anything. Settled far from his comrades, he did not have the opportunity to receive from them the help that was usual in prison. Forgotten by his brother, the Tikhvin landowner E.P. Arbuzov, he was forced to support his existence by catching and selling fish. His plight was the cause of his death.
Davydov Vasily Lvovich(28.3.1793 - 25.10.1855) - At the end of his term, by decree of 10.7.1839 he was sent to settle in Krasnoyarsk, where he died.
Kryukov Nikolay Alexandrovich(1800 - 30.5.1854) - Died in Minusinsk, the grave has not survived. Wife (civilian since 1842, married 11/9/1853) - Marfa Dmitrievna Sailotova (née Chotushkina, ca. 1811 - 2/15/1868), daughter of a Khakass and a Russian peasant woman (before that she was a cook for the Decembrists Belyaev brothers). Sons (carried the surname Sailotov and were assigned to the Sagai Steppe Duma): Ivan (1843 - 1865), a student at Moscow University, and Timofey (4.5.1845 - 31.3.1918), teacher, honorary citizen of Minusinsk, at the end of the 19th century. unsuccessfully petitioned to restore his father's surname. N.A. Kryukov was also raising two sons of his wife from his first marriage - Mikhail (b. 1831) and Vasily Alekseevich Sailotov.
Lisovsky Nikolai Fedorovich(May 1802 - January 6, 1844) - At the end of his term in April 1828 he was sent to settle in the city of Turukhansk. He and I.B. Avramov were given the highest permission to engage in trade in the Turukhansk region and travel to Yeniseisk to buy bread and other supplies - 10/24/1831. In the 1840s, he was in Turukhansk the attorney for drinking taxes of the tax farmer N. Myasoedov. He died suddenly for an unknown reason, while on trade business on Tolstoy Nos on the Yenisei (downstream about 1 thousand versts from Turukhansk). To his property to compensate for the alleged shortage of government wine in the amount of 10 thousand rubles. sequestration was imposed. Wife (from March 1833) - daughter of Turukhansk archpriest Platonida Alekseevna Petrova; children: Nadezhda (in 1847 enrolled in a syrup institution in Irkutsk), Vladimir and Alexey (in 1847 placed in a boarding school at the Irkutsk provincial gymnasium).
Mitkov Mikhail Fotievich(1791 - 10/23/1849) - 1835 appointed to settle in the village. Olkhinskoye, Irkutsk district, but due to consumption he was temporarily left in Irkutsk; on the proposal of the Governor General of Eastern Siberia S.B. Bronevsky, he was allowed to be sent to Krasnoyarsk - 11/17/1836, where he died. He was buried in the former Trinity Cemetery, the grave was lost, and in 1980 a monument was erected at the supposed burial site.
Siberian letters of the Decembrist M.F. Mitkov
There is not yet a single serious work about Mikhail Fotievich Mitkov; memoirs and epistolary literature are not replete with mentions of him. Meanwhile, Mitkov’s conviction under the second category, almost a year and a half of detention in the fortresses of Sveaborg, Svardgol, Kexgolm indicate that he was not an ordinary Decembrist. Only recently have new materials about him begun to appear in the literature. All the more valuable for a future researcher of the thoughts, views, and life of this man - a man of great culture, deep honesty, strict rules and immense courage - are his letters from Siberia.
Mikhail Fotievich Mitkov, colonel of the Life Guards of the Finnish Regiment, a prominent member of the Northern Society of Decembrists, was born in 1791 in the family of a major and court councilor.
In 1806, Mitkov was released as an ensign from the second cadet corps and assigned to the Finnish regiment, in which he served until the day of his arrest in December 1825. Mitkov was a brave officer, a participant in many battles, had three military orders and medals, and for the Battle of Borodino - a golden weapon with the inscription “For Bravery.” With the regiment he reached Paris. At the age of 27 he is promoted to colonel. The regiment returned from a foreign campaign in June 1814. Mitkov was one of the leading, highly educated and well-read officers, he knew languages, and during his stay abroad he studied advanced social teachings and political systems of a number of countries. His judgments were consistent and bold. He is a supporter of the establishment of a republic, the abolition of serfdom and the reduction of the length of military service. And it was quite natural that Mitkov took the path of the liberation movement. He joined the secret Society in 1821: “It was during Lent. As far as I can remember as follows. He (N. Turgenev) came to me (Mitkov lived on Vasilievsky Island) and made me an offer to join the society, saying that I I will find good people. When I gave him my consent, he demanded that I first give him a receipt..."
Mitkov was not only prepared for the Society with a “free way of thinking,” but also became an active member of it, being a participant in many meetings of the Society in 1821, 1823, 1824. In 1824, in Ryleev’s apartment, he met Postel, who had arrived from the south. Mitkov belonged to the most radical wing of the Northern Society. In October 1823, he was introduced to the Supreme Duma of the Society and called for agitation among the peasants, citing his experience of conversations with them in the village. In the same year, the Charter of the Society, “rules for all members of the Society,” was adopted at Mitkov’s apartment, which became a big event in the history of the Northern Society. Mitkov took an active part in the discussion of the Charter.
In the summer of 1824 he went abroad for treatment and stayed there for almost a year. He spent the second half of 1825 in Moscow, actively working in the Moscow Council of the Society and in developing a plan to help his St. Petersburg comrades, when news arrived about the failure of the uprising on Senate Square.
By the Supreme Criminal Court, Mitkov, among 31 Decembrists, was sentenced to death by “cutting off the head,” which was replaced by Nicholas I with twenty-five years of hard labor, later reduced to 10 years. After a long period of detention in the northern fortresses, he was taken to Chita in 1828, and in 1835 he was taken out to settlement.
Mitkov's letters are kept in the State Historical Museum named after V.I. Lenin in Moscow. For the first time, the senior researcher of this museum, candidate of historical sciences M. Yu. Baranovskaya, worked with them. She wrote a short article dedicated to Mitkov's letters, but, unfortunately, the death of the author prevented its publication. The article came to me from a close friend of Baranovskaya, a famous Decembrist scholar, great-granddaughter of the Decembrist N. O. Mozgalevsky - Maria Mikhailovna Bogdanova, who now lives in Moscow.
There are few letters, and the more valuable they are to the modern reader.
The first was received from Petrovsk on September 10, 1831, written in French by Trubetskoy’s hand and signed: “E. Trubetskaya, devoted to you.” It was addressed to A. N. Soimonov in Moscow, sent to the addressee through the III department with the accompanying letter:
“The III Department of His Imperial Majesty’s Own Chancellery has the honor to forward to His Highness Alexander Nikolaevich a letter from Ekaterina Ivanovna Trubetskoy.
Branch manager A. Mordvinov.
№5638
November 11, 1831
His Highness A.N. Soimonov."
This letter dates back to that period. when the Decembrists imprisoned in Siberian prisons were not allowed to correspond with their relatives, close and friends, therefore E. I. Trubetskaya, having assumed the role of a correspondent for many Decembrists, including M. F. Mitkov, resorted to some veiling of his text, avoids calling specific individuals by name. Here is the text of the letter:
“I have received, dear sir, your letter dated July 11 and the money that you sent me for your nephew, who in turn received letters from you and his cousins.
I cannot tell you how happy he is that you remember him and for the friendship you show him. He is very sincerely attached to you and is imbued with great interest in your whole family and sees great consolation in the fact that he can receive news about you: and he asked me to convey to you his great joy and gratitude.
He thanks his cousins a thousand times for their sincere letters and for the details they describe. He values these letters very much and asks them to continue writing about everything whenever they have a free moment. Your nephew asks you to convey his gratitude for the money you sent him. He asks you to write all the news about his cousin Sergei and convey his deep regards to his aunt. My husband spoke of you very often as a friend of his brother, and he was touched by your attitude towards him. Convey my respects to Mlle Soymanova and your young ladies’ daughters and believe me that I will be happy to give you news about your nephew every time you want.
Please accept, I ask you, dear sir, the assurance of a very sincere feeling of reverence and respect."
In this letter, Trubetskoy writes about Soimonov’s nephew. Who is he? M.Yu. Baranovskaya, examining letters from M.F. Mitkov to his brother Platon and the Soymonovs in Moscow, came to the conclusion that the “nephew” was the Decembrist himself, Mikhail Fotievich Mitkov. The Decembrist’s mother, whom he lost early, was born Soymonova, apparently the sister of Alexander Nikolaevich, whom Mitkov in his letters calls “his most respected uncle.”
The Decembrist's father remarried. It is known that his wife’s name was Praskovya Lukinichna. She was a good, noble person and replaced the Decembrist’s mother, trying in every possible way to alleviate his situation during his imprisonment in the Peter and Paul fortresses and other fortresses.
The ten-year hard labor sentence ended in 1835, and Mitkov was first taken to settle in the village of Olkhinskoye, Irkutsk District, but due to his painful condition (tuberculosis) he was temporarily left for treatment in Irkutsk. And then, on the recommendation of the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia S.B. Bronevsky, he was allowed permanent settlement in Krasnoyarsk. From that time on, all of Mitkov’s correspondence was connected with Krasnoyarsk.
Mitkov built himself a house, about which he wrote to his brother Platon Fotievich: “... I love my home shelter.” “... my house is warm, it is not afraid of any frost, it has the necessary amenities for the patient.” Mitkov liked Krasnoyarsk: “It’s good for me to live here,” “just the climate is very harsh, but with all that, it is considered the best of all the provincial cities of Siberia.”
In another letter, he wrote: “...We have an extraordinary winter: at the beginning of November, there were 12 (days) of decent frosts in a row, from 20 to 28 degrees, and since then the weather has been moderate, which has never happened to me: it rarely happens during the day up to 10 degrees, and there is also a slight thaw.
This is good for me, I can use the air, otherwise I would have to sit locked in a room: shortness of breath in the extreme cold does not allow me to go out into the air. It’s a pity that there is still no snow, we have to ride on wheels... I was very sick when I received your letter..."
On July 12, 1845, Mitkov wrote to his brother: “We have a wonderful summer this year, the weather the other month is always wonderful, it rains as much as is needed to freshen the air. The harvest, they say, is quite extraordinary. It is my pleasure to spend most of the day in my flower garden... If it weren’t for the painful illness, I could call myself happy and satisfied with the situation in which I find myself.”
From the very first days of his settlement in the provincial town, Mitkov gained the respect of the residents, who could not help but appreciate his nobility and integrity.
Decembrist A.E. Rosen mentions in his “notes”: when Mitkov in the Peter and Paul Fortress received a bundle of linen and an English flannel blanket from his house, he asked if all his comrades received books, things, and tobacco from their relatives. “Having heard a negative answer, he tied the knot again and asked to return it, said that he could do without these things. His health was generally upset. This act of him within the fortress walls was consistent with his character, with his rules. I remember when and Previously, at parades and maneuvers, he commanded our battalion, and during a rest or halt they brought large baskets of breakfast to Baron Sarger, then Mitkov refused the treat each time, asking him to excuse him due to ill health, but in reality the reason was that he was not I could share this snack with the whole battalion."
Other contemporaries say about Mitkov that he shared the latter with the poor. All these qualities of the Decembrist earned him universal respect in the settlement.
In Krasnoyarsk, Mitkov laid out a garden at his house and started greenhouses and a vegetable garden, about which he wrote to his brother: “It is my pleasure to spend most of the day in my flower garden, which occupies a space of up to 5 square fathoms.”
In one of the letters, he asked his brother to send flower seeds: “a package of double poppies, double asters.” In another: “Do me a favor, send me some garden seeds: including watermelons, melons, pumpkins, cucumbers, rutabaga, carrots.. beans, sugar snap peas, parsley, celery, extragone, zori, dill.”
Mitkov's garden, as well as a sundial in the same garden, built by the Decembrist P. S. Bobrishev-Pushkin, who lived in a settlement (in 1832-1839) in Krasnoyarsk, delighted the residents of nearby streets.
Platon Fotievich Mimov, the Decembrist’s brother on his father’s side, loved his older brother very much and sent the exile everything he needed at home for a comfortable existence, as well as clothes and books. At the request of the Decembrist, who treated the entire district. P.F. Mitkov sent medicines and medical supplies from Moscow requested by the settler.
“Do me a favor,” M. F. Mitkov wrote to his brother, “send me the following books. Complete information on the treatment of all diseases of Dr. Lomovsky, second edition. Rural clinic, or “Medical instructions for state peasants.”
The Decembrists passing through Krasnoyarsk visited Mitkov, as A. L. Belyaev mentions in his “Notes”:
“Mikhail Fotievich Mitkov, a most wonderful and at the same time very original person, lived as a perfect philosopher. He had a nice small apartment, which was kept in the most pedantic cleanliness... It was literally impossible to find a speck of dust here. He had a large library. Reading was his passion..."
Mitkov read a lot. In his letters to his brother, he kept asking for books to be sent to him. From him M.F. Mitkov received all Moscow newspapers and magazines. Mitkov followed the cultural life of Moscow, the new trend in literature, which bookstores sold this or that book. My brother always sent the books he asked for.
“Do me a favor,” writes Mitkov, “subscribe for me to the History of the Russian State (attack) N. M. Karamzin.”
“Pushkin’s stories have come out,” Mitkov asks his brother, “you won’t find a superfluous word in them, conciseness, simplicity in everything, elegance. There was a time when our critics reproached Pushkin for his simplicity of style, and G. Thiers, the famous historian, boasts of this.” .
Expressing gratitude to his brother for the books and glasses he sent, Mitkov asks to send him newly published works by Lermontov.
Having learned from Moscow newspapers about the publication of new poems by V. A. Zhukovsky, Myatkov asks his brother to send them to him and indicates; "On sale at the Moskvityanina bookstore, 10, on Tverskaya."
In one of his letters to Platon Fotievich, Mitkov asks him to send Gogol’s “Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends.”
It is known that all of advanced reading Russia greeted this book by Gogol with anger and reproach towards the great writer.
Did Mitkov familiarize himself with the statements of the great democrat V. G. Belinsky regarding “Correspondence with Friends” in his famous letter to Gogol? No answer has yet been found to these questions.
A person like the Decembrist M. F. Mitkov could not have approved of Gogol’s “Correspondence,” but it is very likely that, out of caution, he did not trust his thoughts to letters.
“I live here peacefully,” Mitkov writes in another letter to his brother, “and despite my painful attacks that force me to do housework, I don’t get bored. Reading and housekeeping classes are interrupted by a pleasant conversation with my comrades (Decembrists V.L. Davydov and M ". M. Spiridonov. - M. B.) and other educated people who are here."
In the first time after his settlement, Mitkov wrote to his brother about worthy people of Krasnoyarsk who became close to him and visited his house.
In another letter he wrote: “The gold mining has attracted several people to this region, educated and scientific people with whom one can have a pleasant conversation, so that in the winter, when health allows, one can have pleasant entertainment...”
However, soon the predatory gold miners from local residents and those visiting the Yenisei province arouse Mitkov’s indignation, about which he writes to his brother: “Gold mines have changed life here a lot. Five years ago, not only was there not a single rich person in Krasnoyarsk, but even moderate fortune, and now several millionaires who have several hundred thousand, up to a million or more annual income, and all the people themselves are mostly meaningless, rude, without any education, waste money, drink champagne like water - in This is all the luxury, they don’t know the conveniences of life, and nothing has been done for the good of the public so far: a hospital, an almshouse, a mental hospital, everything is in the most pitiful state. Some of these rich people were unknown to anyone when they had almost no wealth. the increasing demand of workers for gold mines, which is disproportionate to the population of the region, is becoming more expensive every year.”
He was outraged by this rude, predatory company of gold miners, who indulged in revelry and debauchery, and did nothing for the public and the improvement of the city. Undoubtedly, some of those whom Mitkov used to host became involved in revelry with unworthy people, lost their moral character and were chasing only profit. Of course, such a principled person as Mitkov could no longer have anything in common with them. He wrote to his brother: “Before, it used to be that once a week in the evening my friends (whom you can imagine, the number is very limited), I can’t receive now?”
The disease gradually did its destructive work. Mitkov often wrote to his brother about this: “I was already thin, and now I’ve lost even more weight and become so weak that when I sit for a while doing something and suddenly get up, I feel dizzy... My health is almost in the same situation, as it was. I received a lot of treatment, patiently, did not allow myself the slightest deviation from the doctor’s instructions, but there was little benefit. There is not a single good doctor here. The severity of the climate also has an effect on me, but there is nothing to do - you won’t find a better one in Siberia.. "
In the last years of his life, complaints about his suffering are increasingly found in Mitkov’s letters to his brother. Mitkov was treated by Krasnoyarsk doctor Egor Ivanovich Betiger. Mitkov wrote to his brother: “It seems to me that I have become even more sensitive to the participation, affection and love that is shown to me. It has now been more than a year that I have been constantly ill and have no rest.”
At the same time as Mitkov, the Decembrist Vasily Lvovich Davydov lived in a settlement in Krasnoyarsk. Mitkov was very close to him and his family, about which he wrote to his brother: ... it is known from my letters what friendly relations I have with the family of Vasily Lvovich Davydov... I am like family to them... except for sincere affection, We became spiritually related, one of his daughters is my goddaughter, a dear child. I love her very much, and she loves me, as soon as she sees that I have arrived, she shouts: “Dad, my godfather has arrived,” and runs to meet me.”
This girl, the daughter of V.L. Davydov, was called Sophia, and Mitkov took care of her, which was a joy in his lonely life.
“I’ll tell you about my life, my dear friend,” Mitkov wrote in one of his last letters to his brother, “that, despite my painful condition, my reclusive life is not a burden to me. With the exception of my good comrade Vasily Lvovich Davydov , who visits me almost every day, when there are no sick people in his family, my acquaintances rarely visit me, and besides, painful attacks often prevent me from receiving even people who you know are really taking part in. Being always busy, I don’t know about boredom , and when the pain subsides, I don’t see how time passes. If sometimes I feel sad, it’s due to a serious illness..."
During the nine years of graying in Krasnoyarsk, from January 1, 1838, Mitkov regularly, day after day, kept careful meteorological observations and records.
“Observations included measurements of temperature and air pressure (in inches), air temperature in the room where the barometer was installed, characteristics of the state of the sky, for which 35 symbols were used. First of all, it was marked with signs: clear, cloudy, cloudy. Particular attention was paid to the records about the nature of the clouds (scattered clouds, clouds on the horizon, thin clouds thin clouds near the horizon, local clouds, cirrus, cumulus, cirrocumulus, stratus, stratocumulus, cirrostratus, rain). Fog and dense fog, rain were noted , heavy rain, torrential rain, drizzling rain and hail, snow, snow, small and large, blizzard, lightning and lightning, thunder, thunder and lightning, blizzard (quiet) and wind..
The notes for each month provided additional visual characteristics of the weather for individual days, which included data on the opening and freezing of the Yenisei, as well as details on precipitation and frost.
His observations became the property of world geophysics. Apparently, they were started by Mitkov at the request of Academician Kupfer (director of the Main Physical Observatory), who did a lot for their publication and use by science. Mitkov was equipped with the best meteorological instruments, verified with the exemplary instruments of the Normal Observatory.
Two years before his death, Mitkov abandoned his observations, since illness did not give him the opportunity to continue these studies.
In 1843, Ernest Karlovich Hoffman (1801-1871), a professor at St. Petersburg University, visited Krasnoyarsk, as Mitkov wrote to his brother, for geological observations. “And he, leaving here, was so kind that he undertook to personally deliver my letter to you. You can ask him about me, he, in his good nature and straightforwardness, will tell you what he knows. Science did not suppress his love for humanity, but developed and strengthened It's a sublime feeling."
Undoubtedly, E.K. Hoffman, upon returning to St. Petersburg, handed over Mitkov’s meteorological records to the scientists of the Main Physical Observatory, and they were included, like the works of other Decembrists, in the climatological atlas published by the director of the Main Physical Observatory, Wild, in 1881.
While settling in Krasnoyarsk, Mitkov lived with memories of Moscow. “We believe,” writes M.Yu. Baranovskaya, “that the Soymonovs’ house was his home, as well as his uncle’s estate near Moscow - the village of Teploye, Serpukhov district - now a district. Soymonov’s daughter, Susanna Alexandrovna, in her marriage to Mertvago, left sketches of this a beautiful area where artists and musicians visited in the summer and where the future Decembrist lived."
Mitkov's letters to his brother are permeated with thoughts about Moscow. He writes about his brothers, Soimonov and his family: “All my relatives are in Moscow and its environs... I would really like to have your portraits. On my bureau, where I always sit, there are 4 portraits of the family of my venerable uncle Al (exander) N (ikolaevich). Yours are missing for my heartfelt memories."
Having received daguerreotype portraits from his brother - his brother, his wife and children - and adding them to Soimonov’s, Mitkov writes: “They gave me inexplicable pleasure.
The last two years of Mitkov's life were painfully difficult. The remarkable Moscow doctor F.I. Inozemtsev, shortly before the Decembrist’s death, began treating him in absentia. “The instruction you sent from Dr. Inozemtsev,” Mitkov wrote to his brother about my illness, pleased me with the hope that perhaps the proposed treatment would ease my painful attacks.” But it was already too late. Warmed the whole being of his dying brother's letters from his dear Moscow.
Letters from Platon Fotievich to his brother, correspondence between Mitkov and Soimonov and his family are unknown. Their letters could contain interesting information about Moscow and Siberia at that time. In Krasnoyarsk, Mitkov lived with memories of Moscow, which he loved so much. Platon Fotievich, when his wife, Maria Klavdievna, died, sent his brother the “Panorama of Moscow” that belonged to her, which evoked grateful lines from the exiles: “Thank you, dear brother, Platon Fotievich, for the “Panorama of Moscow” that belonged to your unforgettable friend.”
On October 23, 1849, Mitkov died. He was buried in the city cemetery. A monument was erected at the grave - a column on a stylobate, crossed with rustication, topped with an urn with a cross. Exactly 6 years later, his former prisoner and comrade V.L. Davydov was buried next to Mitkov. The monument at the latter’s grave has been preserved, but Mitkov’s monument was stolen. In 1937, a photograph was sent from Siberia to the Literary Museum (Moscow) depicting monuments on the graves of M. F. Mitkov and V. L. Davydov in Krasnoyarsk.
A committee consisting of I. I. Pushchin, V. L. Davydov and M. I. Spiridonov, having received permission from the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia N. N. Muravyov-Amursky, sold the house of M. F. Mitkov and other property, compiled a statement of the proceeds and distributed them to poor Decembrists living in various places in Siberia. The appearance of Mitkov's house in Krasnoyarsk is unknown.
Georgy Chernov
Research activities of M.F. Mitkov in Krasnoyarsk.
An important contribution to meteorology was ten years of observations carried out by a prominent member of the Northern Society, Mikhail Fotievich Mitkov, who was in a settlement in Krasnoyarsk.
He was one of the most educated Decembrists. His interests were varied: he was interested in languages, mathematics, history, geography, and drawing. Arriving in Krasnoyarsk in 1836 after serving hard labor, the Decembrist took up floriculture and read a lot. His distinctive qualities were discipline, precision, and strict adherence to principles. According to I. I. Pushchin, who visited Mitkov in Krasnoyarsk, he had “everything on time and everything was in order.” He did not deviate from his rules even then, when a serious illness - a consequence of ten years in prison and hard labor - confined him to bed.
Despite his progressive consumption, he found the strength and determination to once again serve his fatherland, now in the field of science. For ten years, continuously, with exceptional accuracy, he conducted meteorological observations. According to experts, during this period Mitkov completed the same amount of measurements as a station consisting of four people carries out today.
It is difficult to say with certainty what prompted the sick Decembrist to take up this painstaking and difficult work, but many facts indicate that it was started by Mitkov at the request of Academician Kupfer. At least, the measurements were carried out according to Kupffer’s “Guide to Making Meteorological Observations.” It is also known that the scientist received Mitkov’s notes, processed them and prepared them for publication.
The records of M. F. Mntkov were transferred from the archives of the Main Geophysical Observatory of the country to the Krasnoyarsk Koshevo Department of the Hydrometeorological Service, and in 1986 they became the property of our local history museum.
The Decembrist's entries were made in a lined journal measuring 22x36.5 cm and containing 150 sheets. Each sheet is divided into vertical columns corresponding to the time and type of observation, from January 1, 1838 to December 31, 1847.
Observations included measurements of air temperature, atmospheric pressure (in inches), temperature in the room where the barometer was installed, and characteristics of the sky. At the beginning (until February 6, 1838). observations were carried out 3 times a day: at 9 o'clock in the morning, 4 o'clock in the afternoon and at 9 o'clock in the evening, then another period was added - 7 o'clock in the morning. In certain periods, the dates were shifted by 1 hour forward or backward: 6 o'clock and 10 o'clock in the morning and 10 o'clock in the evening. Dates were given in the new style, column headings were given in German, and individual verbal entries were in two languages: Russian and French, which corresponded to the norms of scientific records of that time.
Analysis of observations made it possible to establish that the air temperature outside was measured using a Reaumur thermometer, that the thermometer was alcohol (Kupfer in his “Manual” recommended using alcohol thermometers at temperatures below 30 degrees, when mercury freezes). The tables also show that Mitkov measured atmospheric pressure and temperature in the room with a mercury barometer equipped with a thermometer (observatories of that time used Kupffer siphon mercury barometers). Mitkov's records also indicate that he used precision instruments, verified with the standard instruments of the main Russian (normal) observatory.
The state of the sky was marked with the letters: I, P, O, S, D, etc. (clear, cloudy, cloudy, snow, rain...). After 1842, forms of cloudiness are sometimes given: scattered clouds, clouds on the horizon, thin clouds, porous clouds, stratocumulus, etc. Mitkov sometimes pointed out the intensity of the phenomenon: thick fog, heavy rain, light snow. A combination of phenomena was also recorded: thunder with lightning, thunder without rain, storm with rain.
It can be stated that Mitkov noted basically all the phenomena that are observed according to modern manuals. Some of these phenomena were not indicated even in Kupfer’s “Manual”: lightning, frost, hail, blizzard, blizzard.
In addition to the columns in which these observations were recorded, the journal has one more, last, column for notes. In it, Mitkov placed data on observations between the main periods, most often at night. For example: “It rained at night.”
The notes for each month provided additional visual characteristics of the weather for individual days. There is, for example, data on the opening and freezing of the Yenisei. This was also provided for by the “Guide”: “In cities washed by large rivers, the day the river breaks up and freezes is noticed.”
The observations of M.F. Mitkov were of great value for the science of the last century. At a time when the vast expanses of Russia, especially its eastern regions, were blank spots, when a network of geophysical observatories had not yet been created, each long-term series of observations had the price of discovery.
That is why the works of three Siberian Decembrist meteorologists (L.I. Borisov, M.F. Mntkov and A.I. Yakubovich) were transferred to the Main Physical Observatory and preserved for posterity.
Mntkov's observations were given special honor. In 1866, they saw the light of day in the appendix (“addendum”) to the “Code of observations made at the Main Physical Observatories and its subordinate observatories for 1861.” On the title page of the applications there is an inscription in Russian and French:
Additions
Meteorological observations,
produced in
Krasnoyarsk
from 1838 to 1847 inclusive according to the new style
(Latitude 56°1", longitude 90°34" from Paris)
The observations were made by Mr. MITKOV.
It should be noted that only particularly valuable meteorological observational data, subjected to careful selection, were published in the “Appendices” to the “Code”. Thus, out of 263 stations that existed in Russia, only 47 stations made observations suitable for publication; in 1864, the number of such stations was reduced to 24. Mitkov’s observations were also placed next to the data from these stations.
The Decembrist's measurements were used in the works of outstanding climate scientists and meteorologists. The founder of Russian climatology A.I. Voeikov, more than any other Russian scientist, used the observations of the Decembrists, including Mitkov. These observations were included in his most famous works. For example, in the famous study “Climates of the Globe and especially Russia.” Thus, the conclusion that there is usually no snow in Krasnoyarsk and its environs in winter was made mainly based on Mntkov’s observations.
The data from the Decembrist's observations were analyzed in the major work of Academician G.I. Wild "On Air Temperature in the Russian Empire", and they were ranked among the best meteorological measurements in Russia in terms of quality and completeness.
Mitkov’s measurements were also included in the work of academician M. A. Rykachev “The opening and freezing of waters in the Russian Empire”; they were used in the “Climatological Atlas of the Russian Empire”, published in 1899, and in the multi-volume work “Climate of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics” ( Leningrad, 1931), which, in particular, shows the average monthly temperatures in Krasnoyarsk for the years when Mitkov lived here.
Thus, the observations of the Decembrist were included in the works that make up the golden fund of meteorological science.
The meteorological journal of M. F. Mitkov will provide the staff of the local history museum with significant assistance in creating a museum of the Decembrists. Firstly, he himself will be among the most significant exhibits of the museum, and secondly, with his help it will be possible to find and purchase meteorological instruments for the museum’s collection, similar to those used by the Decembrist researcher Mikhail Fotievich Mitkov.
V. S. PLEKHOV
The first half of the 19th century in the history of the Yenisei province was closely intertwined with the fate of a fairly large group of Decembrists. Their diverse activities left a bright mark on the social, cultural, and economic life of the Yenisei region.
A friendly colony of exiled Decembrists was formed in Krasnoyarsk after the end of their term of hard labor. F.P. lived here. Shakhovskoy, N.S. and P.S. Bobrishchev-Pushkin, S.G. Krasnokutsky, M.A. Fonvizin, M.F. Mitkov, M.M. Spiridov, V.L. Davydov. The first Yenisei governor, the energetic, educated and liberal-minded A.P., patronized the Decembrists and, as far as possible, sought to alleviate their lot. Stepanov.
The first Decembrist to arrive in Krasnoyarsk in 1826 was M.I. Pushchin, brother of a lyceum friend A.S. Pushkin. He was sentenced to the 10th category, with transfer to the rank and file with deportation to the Krasnoyarsk garrison. His stay in our city turned out to be short - only 4 months, from here he was transferred to the Caucasus, later served in the military and civil departments, after the amnesty he participated in the preparation of the abolition of serfdom in the Moscow province, became an active state councilor, and in 1865 - Major General. The Decembrist V.N., demoted by the verdict of a military court, also served in the Krasnoyarsk garrison for a short time. Petin.
Somewhat later, Prince F.P. arrived in Krasnoyarsk. Shakhovskaya. A participant in foreign campaigns, a member of the Union of Salvation and the Union of Welfare, he was convicted of the 8th category, deprived of ranks and nobility and exiled to eternal settlement in Siberia. He was assigned to Turukhansk, then transferred to Yeniseisk, and later to Krasnoyarsk. Fyodor Petrovich led an active life in the settlement: he took up setting up a school and providing medical care to the local population, acclimatizing vegetables, potatoes, and cereal crops, and organizing an experimental farm. Fyodor Petrovich studied the history and nature of the region, wrote an essay on the historical development of the indigenous population of the Yenisei North.
Brothers N.S. and P.S. The Bobrishchev-Pushkins, members of the Southern Society, shared the republican views of P.I. Pestel. In Krasnoyarsk they led an active life, providing assistance to those in need to the best of their ability and ability. Pavel Sergeevich, an excellent mathematician, built a sundial in the Krasnoyarsk garrison and taught officers how to use it.
In 1831, S.G. arrived in Krasnoyarsk. Krasnokutsky, participant in the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns, member of the Southern Society. From Yakutia he was transferred to a settlement in Minusinsk, and in 1831, due to paralysis of his legs, to Krasnoyarsk. Bedridden, he did not lose interest in social and political life, was an authoritative adviser on legal issues, and worked on economic statistics.
M.A. Fonvizin, a participant in the Patriotic War and foreign campaigns, a retired major general, was a member of the Northern Society. His wife Natalya Dmitrievna, one of the first wives of the Decembrists, followed her husband to Siberia. The family lived in settlements in Yeniseisk and Krasnoyarsk. Mikhail Alexandrovich translated foreign classics, studied philosophy and history, and was a recognized authority on issues of current politics. In Krasnoyarsk, he began a remarkable work, “Review of the Manifestations of Political Life in Russia,” and wrote a number of articles in which he raised the question of the need to abolish serfdom.
M.F. Mitkov, who was a member of the Moscow Council of the Northern Society, colonel of the Life Guards of the Finnish Regiment, also a participant in the Patriotic War, after ten years of hard labor was settled in Krasnoyarsk, where he lived from 1836 until his death. Mitkov's range of interests was wide - medicine, mechanics, meteorology. For the first time in the history of the city, he conducted constant meteorological and hydrological observations and made weather forecasts for 10 years.
V.L. lived in Krasnoyarsk for 16 years with his family. Davydov, retired colonel, hero of the Patriotic War, one of the leaders of the Southern Society. The Davydov House in Krasnoyarsk became the center of the city’s cultural life for a long time; it had a magnificent library and the only harpsichord in the province. Vasily Lvovich was engaged in literary creativity. Vasily Lvovich and Alexandra Ivanovna created an informal home class for their seven children, which anyone could attend.
MM. Spiridov, a participant in the Patriotic War, awarded gold weapons and orders for his exploits, created an exemplary experimental farm in the village of Drokino, which served as a school for local peasants. He improved land cultivation techniques and tools, and contributed to the spread of potatoes in the province.
The archival agency has preserved many documents relating to the Decembrists. The fund of the Turukhansk Separate Administration contains information about the Turukhansk group of Decembrists: F.P. Shakhovsky, N.S. Bobrishchev-Pushkin, I.B. Avramov, N.F. Lisovsky, S.I. Krivtsov. We can learn about the teaching activities of F.P. Shakhovsky, who “took upon himself the teaching of literacy to the local residents, for which their fathers treated him with great gratitude and respect.”
I.B. Avramov and N.F. Lisovsky, after a year of hard labor, settled in Turukhansk and since 1831 were engaged in trading fish, bread and other products. Their fate turned out to be very tragic: Ivan Borisovich in 1840 died on the road from Turukhansk to Yeniseisk near the Osinovsky winter hut in the Antsiferovsky volost, and Nikolai Fedorovich, 4 years after that, also died suddenly for unknown reasons on Tolstoy Cape on the Yenisei.
The documents tell about the friendship of the Decembrists, about their mutual assistance. March 9, 1830 N.F. Lisovsky received 75 rubles and parcels in two boxes from Naryshkin’s wife; August 16, 1830 I.B. Avramov received 200 rubles from Volkonsky’s wife, and N.F. Lisovsky 75 rubles and a letter.
The collections of the volost boards, the Minusinsk District Court and a number of others widely contain records of the Decembrists’ arrangement in the settlement: the rental of apartments, the purchase of houses. For example, about the stay in the apartment of the Minusinsk peasant K.M. Brivina of the Belyaev brothers. A.P. and P.P. The Belyaevs, midshipmen of the Guards crew, participants in the uprising on Senate Square, were in a settlement in Minusinsk, where they were actively engaged in agriculture. They had a dairy farm of 200 heads of cattle, introduced new tools, and cultivated productive varieties of buckwheat, barley, and sunflower. A few years later they were able to buy a house in Minusinsk. Like other Decembrists, the Belyaev brothers were engaged in educational activities: they opened a small school in Minusinsk, compiled textbooks and taught the children of local residents. After 10 years of hard labor, members of the Southern Society, brothers A.A., were also transferred to settle in Minusinsk. and N.A. Kryukovs. Like the Belyaevs, they were engaged in agriculture: they had an exemplary farm on 35 acres, were engaged in selection, and were the first in Minusinsk to grow watermelons and melons.
The Decembrists were believers, and upon arriving at the settlement, they became parishioners of churches in their place of residence. From the confessional paintings of the Resurrection Cathedral in Krasnoyarsk and the Minusinsk Spassky Church, one can determine when the Decembrist arrived at the settlement, the composition of the family, and establish the address. Information about marriages, births of children, and deaths of the Decembrists is found in the parish registers of the Yenisei province. February 10, 1840 P.I. Falenberg married the daughter of a Cossack, Anna Solovyova. On September 17, 1852, the marriage of I.V. took place in Minusinsk. Kireeva with the daughter of a peasant from the village. Abakansky F.I. Solovyova. The children of V.L. were born at the settlement. Davydova Sofya, Alexey, Vera; daughter N.O. Mozgalevsky Varvara and Elena, son Victor.
Not all Decembrists lived to see pardon. N.O. died in Siberia. Mozgalevsky, A.I. Tyutchev, N.A. Kryukov, V.L. Davydov, M.F. Mitkov, M.M. Spiridov, I.B. Avramov, N.F. Lisovsky, A.I. Yakubovich. But, as V.I. once said. Lenin, their work was not in vain. With their lives, they seem to show us an example of how to behave in difficult, critical situations. These people, finding themselves in incredibly difficult conditions, not only did not break down and managed to find the strength within themselves to start living again; they helped each other and the local residents and left a humanly good memory of themselves.
I.V. Konyakhina,
Leading Specialist
archival agency