The Far East is traditionally called the territory of Russia located off the coast of the Pacific and partly Arctic Oceans, as well as the Kuril, Commander, Shantar Islands and Sakhalin Island. The Far East is a huge territory, 36% of the total area of modern Russia.
Geography and climate
The length of the region from Chukotka to the southwest to the borders of Korea and Japan is 4,500 km. It covers the Arctic Circle, where snow lies all year round. The lands in the northern part of the Far East are bound by permafrost, on which tundra grows. In fact, almost the entire territory of the Far East, except for Primorye and the southern half of Kamchatka, is located in the permafrost zone.
To the south, the climate and nature change significantly. In the south of the Far East, taiga trees coexist with plants from the subtropics (which is not repeated almost anywhere in the world).
Far East. Nature
In the minds of the majority and in fact, the Far East is a vast taiga, mountains and other uneven areas that attract extreme tourists. The Amur, Penzhin, Anadyr and a number of less significant rivers flow here.
The relief of the Far East is highly rugged and is represented predominantly mountain forms. Several watershed ridges stand out: Kolyma, Dzhugdzhur, Yablonovoyo and Stanovoy. There are powerful mountain systems, for example: the Tukuringra and Dzhagdy ridges. The peaks of the mountain ranges of the Far East, as a rule, do not exceed 2500 m.
The landscapes of the Far East are very diverse. Plains stretch along its tributaries. In the north and west, these plains are covered with southern taiga forests of special Daurian larch. In the south, on the flat Khanka-Amur lowland, unique Manchurian broad-leaved forests grow. They contain many relict and southern plants: Mongolian oak, Amur linden, white-barked elm, Manchurian ash, hornbeam, cork tree.
The vast lowlands located between the mountain ranges: Zee-Bureinskaya, Nizhne-Amurskaya, Ussuriyskaya and Prikhankaiskaya are very interesting for their flora and fauna. But in general, plains occupy no more than 25% of the region's area.
Winters are harsh and have little snow, summers are relatively warm and have heavy rainfall. Winter is characterized by weak winds, a large number of sunny days, little snow and severe frosts. Residents of the most remote mainland parts, for example in Transbaikalia, especially suffer from frost. Here, on average, up to 10 mm of precipitation falls during the winter. It happens that you can’t even ride a sled.
The rains in the Far East, the closer to China and the sea, the more similar they are to rainfall in the tropics, but only in intensity, not in temperature. In the summer in the Far East you can easily come across a swamp; swampiness of the territories reaches 15-20%.
The most delicious piece of Russia for the damned imperialists. The richest region, a natural storehouse of diamonds (Yakutia has more than 80% of all Russian reserves), almost every subject of the region has gold deposits (50% of Russia's reserves), deposits of non-ferrous metals, minerals, coal, oil, and gas.
Cities of the Russian Far East
Large cities include Vladivostok and Khabarovsk. These cities are of great economic and geostrategic importance for the country. We should also mention Blagoveshchensk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Nakhodka, Ussuriysk, Magadan.
The city of Yakutsk has special meaning for the entire region. But in Chukotka there are endangered settlements. The places there are harsh and difficult to reach - people leave.
Population of the Far East
There are many nationalities in the Far East, but Russians predominate everywhere. Russians make up about 88%, the second group is Ukrainians - about 7%. There are, of course, Koreans, Chinese (which is not surprising), Belarusians, Jews.
The population of the Far East is 6.3 million people. (about 5% of the Russian population).
Indigenous peoples:
- Yakuts,
- Dolgans, Evenks and Evenyns in the north,
- the northeast is occupied by the Eskimos and Chukchi,
- on the islands - Aleuts,
- in Kamchatka - Itelmens and Koryaks,
- in the Amur basin and to the east of it - Nanai, Ulchi, Sroki, Orochi, Udege, Nivkh.
The number of Yakuts is about 380 thousand people, Evenks - 24 thousand. And the rest - no more than 10 thousand people. Difficult living conditions determined that urban population prevails over rural. On average, 76% of the population of the Far East lives in cities.
The Far Eastern District includes:
Mixed Eastern culture, amazing virgin nature and the special atmosphere of the “end of the world” - all this can be found by going on a Far Eastern expedition. Every corner of this part of the country is beautiful, but several lifetimes are not enough to explore everything. We decided to make your preparations easier and have selected 10 must-see places.
This canyon, mesmerizing with its beauty, is visited by thousands of tourists every year, despite its inaccessibility. The Valley of Geysers is the only place in all of Eurasia where you can see fountains of boiling water and steam. The most powerful geyser in the valley releases a stream of steam 300 meters high. In addition, there are a huge number of waterfalls, lakes, hot springs and other natural beauties. An ecological trail has been laid out for tourists, which offers beautiful views, and if you’re lucky, you can see bears in their natural habitat. The valley is open to visits only with excursion groups.
The Russian Far East is good not only for its amazing nature, but also interesting cities. The port city of Vladivostok boasts the world's largest cable-stayed bridge, impressive views of the Pacific Ocean, and nationally famous crabs. The longest railway in Russia, the Trans-Siberian Railway, also ends in this city. But we, of course, recommend taking a plane. It is better to go to Vladivostok in August; this month the weather is the most pleasant there. While exploring the city, don't forget to look at the Amur Tiger monument, walk to the Star Lighthouse at sunset, and stroll along the local embankment. If it seems that Vladivostok is too far away, and a route has not been invented for the May holidays, then there are options.
This harbor, which has gained fame as one of the most beautiful in the world, can be visited all year round thanks to its special feature - it does not freeze even in winter. In addition, it is so large that it can accommodate a vessel of any size. At the entrance to Avacha Bay there are the so-called “three brothers” - three rocks with an interesting history. They say that once a terrible endless storm broke out here, destroying the entire coast, and three brave brothers stood up to protect their people. The bad weather retreated, and the brothers turned into stones and still guard the harbor. The local rivers are famous for excellent fishing, and in the area you can find many marine animals, such as seals.
If you want to explore all Kamchatka Krai(so beautiful and so cheap you can buy it!), but there is no such opportunity, you can look at all its beauty in miniature. In Bystrinsky Park you can find all types of Kamchatka landscapes, forests and mountain ranges. Due to the unique nature, this park is included in the UNESCO natural heritage list. Tourists can explore this place as part of numerous excursions available all year round, or on their own. Here you can raft rivers, dog sled, climb a volcano, and hike through alpine meadows and deciduous forests.
This park is unique in that on its territory there is a training ground where the daily processes of mountain formation, the action of volcanoes and the development of animal and fish populations are recorded. There are many active volcanoes and they are also on the UNESCO list. The local nature is especially carefully protected from human encroachment, so getting into the park is not easy - you need a special permit, as well as mandatory adherence to all the rules of the reserve. A little more about.
The most anomalous place Far East - Death Valley - got its name not for the sake of a catchphrase; It’s really dangerous to be here because of the huge amount of poisonous gases. However, this disastrous place is located very close to the famous Valley of Geysers, and for a long time no one even suspected that such a danger was lurking literally nearby. Everything was discovered by chance, when local hunters were missing several dogs, and then found them dead and felt bad themselves. Fortunately, a few hours after a person leaves this area, the weakness passes, but the valley is still closed to visitors. However, there is a unique opportunity to look at it from above by booking a helicopter tour.
This volcano appeared more than forty thousand years ago, and as a result of the last eruption it formed a caldera - a bowl resulting from the collapse of the walls of the volcano’s crater. Now there are many rivers and streams, thermal springs and lakes with sulfurous water, the temperature of which reaches 40 degrees. Ancient microorganisms and even oil were found here. In the center of the caldera there is a helipad from which excursions to this amazing place begin. To get there, you need to get a special permit.
Nature sometimes creates unusual things, looking at which it is difficult to believe that there were no human intervention. One such object is the Steller Arch, located on Bering Island. It is 20.6 meters high and is made of solid stone; over many centuries, all soft rocks were washed away by water or destroyed by winds. The arch is named after the German scientist who devoted most of his life to studying the nature of the Far East. The best time to visit this place is, of course, summer, although in winter the snow-covered arch looks very mesmerizing.
On the huge plateau of the park there are 12 main volcanoes, among which is the highest active volcano in Eurasia, Klyuchevskoy. It reaches 4750 meters in height. The tops of the volcanoes are covered with ice, and almost all the rivers of the natural park originate from them. The park is home to rare animals such as bighorn sheep and wolverines and very rich vegetation. When going on a trip along the local trails, you need to be careful and be sure to have a satellite phone and a GPS navigation device with you. Some routes are designed specifically for professional climbers only. The best time to visit Klyuchevsky Park is from June to August.
The Far Eastern Federal District is the most remote region of the Russian Federation. It includes ten territorial units, including Sakhalin, Yakutia, Kamchatka Territory and Amur Region. The region borders Korea, Japan, the USA and China.
Active settlement of the land began in the 19th century, although it is known about many nationalities that have lived in the territory of the modern region since the Stone Age. Today, an impressive industrial complex has been created on the territory of the Far Eastern District. Demographic diversity is no less widespread.
Population of the Far East
The Far East is sparsely populated. On an area of 6169.3 thousand square meters. km (39% of the country's area) is home to about 7.6 million people (a little more than 5% of the Russian population). That is, the average population density is 1.2 people per square kilometer. For comparison, the population density in Central Russia is 46 people per square meter. km. However, the population is distributed extremely unevenly across regions. For example, Primorsky Krai and southern Sakhalin have a density of 12 people. per sq. km, the same figure in the Kamchatka or Magadan regions fluctuates between 0.2 and 0.3.
The demographic situation in the region is characterized by negative dynamics, however, the rapid development of the agro-industrial complex provokes mechanical population growth, and with it natural population growth. The bulk of the population of the Far East consists of Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars and Jews.
But special attention The galaxy of indigenous peoples is worthy: Nanais, Aleuts, Evenks, Chukchi, Eskimos and many others. The previously mentioned rapid industrial development has a negative impact on the number of indigenous peoples. The habitat and traditions are gradually collapsing under the influence of industry and culture of the Russians.
Industry of the Far East
The lands of the Far East are a rich storehouse of natural and fossil resources. The leading positions in the region's agro-industrial complex are occupied by three sectors: mining, forestry and fishing. The mining industry is focused on the extraction, enrichment and, partly, processing of non-ferrous metal ores. Tin, mercury, lead, zinc, and tungsten are supplied from the Far East to European Russia and for export. Particularly noteworthy are the volumes of gold, silver and diamonds produced. There are currently 827 mineral deposits under active development throughout the region. In the Magadan region and Yakutia, mineral extraction accounts for 60% of the total industry.
The vast expanses of the region are where about a quarter of all Russian timber reserves, or 20 billion cubic meters, are stored. Many industry enterprises producing paper, furniture, and plywood use these materials. The main export of timber occurs in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories, the Amur Region, Sakhalin and Yakutia.
The Far East leads among other regions of the country in fishing and seafood production. Canned Far Eastern products are well known in Russia and far beyond its borders. Among the main types of commercial fish, herring, pollock, tuna, and salmon are especially actively caught. In addition, there is active fishing for crabs, scallops, mussels, squid, and processing of caviar and seaweed.
Agriculture of the Far East
The climate of the Far Eastern region is diverse, but neither the Arctic, nor the subarctic, nor the maritime climate is suitable for the full development of agriculture. However, in the south of the region, in Primorsky Krai and Amur region about 2% of Russian arable land is located. Grain crops (rice, wheat, oats), fruit and vegetable crops are actively grown here. Of particular note is the cultivation of soybeans.
The livestock sector of agriculture is represented by meat and dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding. In the northern regions of the region, reindeer husbandry and fur farming are actively developing.
– a region where it is advisable to go for swimming in the sea in August, when the water warms up to +24˚C; for fishing, hunting, hiking, mountain climbing - in the summer months, and for active winter pastime - from November to March.
Far East: where is this land of contrasts located?
The Far East is a region that covers the territory of Asia (east, southeast and northeast of this part of the world). It includes territories of and other countries.
The Russian Far East occupies 36% of the country's territory. This region includes the Amur, Sakhalin, Magadan, Jewish Autonomous Regions, Yakutia, Khabarovsk, Primorsky, Kamchatka Territories. WITH south side The DPRK borders with the Russian Far East, , with the North-East - in the Bering Strait, with the South-East - .
The Far East includes island (Sakhalin, Commanders, Kuriles), continental (Dzhugdzhur ridge, Koryak Highlands) and peninsular (Chukotka, Kamchatka) parts. The largest settlements are Belogorsk, Amursk, Elizovo and others.
How to get to the Far East?
To get from Vladivostok, passengers will have to spend 8.5 hours in flight (a transfer at will extend the air trip to 13 hours, at - up to 14.5 hours, at - up to 15 hours), up to - 7 hours (flight through and the capital China will take 17 hours, through Novosibirsk - 9.5 hours, through Khabarovsk - 19 hours, through Mirny - 13 hours 45 minutes, through Irkutsk - 16.5 hours), to Khabarovsk - 7.5 hours (if you stop for rest at the airport Novosibirsk, the duration of the air trip will be 10.5 hours, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk - 12 hours, - 13.5 hours, - 13 hours, - 14 hours).
Holidays in the Far East
Tourists should pay attention to the Kamchatka Territory (famous for more than 270 mineral springs, the largest of which is Paratunka; here you can raft on the Opala, Pymta, Bystraya rivers in May-October or take a boat ride along Avacha Bay; Mount Moroznaya, Pokrovskaya and Red Sopki), Sakhalin (tourists are invited to explore the Vaidinskaya cave with stalactites and stalagmites; watch birds on Lake Tunaicha; enjoy the unique underwater life on Moneron Island; go on a 2-3-day hike, during which they will be able to get acquainted with the picturesque mountain range Zhdanko), Primorsky Territory (the Baranovsky volcano, Lake Khanka, more than 2000 historical and archaeological sites, Anuchinsky, Lazovsky and Chuguevsky districts, where everyone goes to hunt wild boar, Olginsky and Kavalerovsky districts, where you can catch grayling, pike, crucian carp, carp), (active travelers can climb the spurs of Miao-Chan, Mount Ko and Tardoki , sport fishing for salmon at the mouths of rivers on the Okhotsk coast, rafting on the rivers Khora, Turugu, Uchuru).
Far Eastern beaches
- Glass Beach: In the summer you can sunbathe and swim here, and in the colder months you can take great photos and admire the colorful “glass pebbles” (broken glass polished by stormy waves).
- Chituvay beach: the water on this beach warms up well thanks to the hills that surround it on three sides. There is sand in the center of the beach, and its sides are represented by a rocky shore (the rocks near which you can snorkel are used by many as springboards for diving into the water).
Souvenirs from the Far East
Far Eastern souvenirs - gifts in the form of wooden and mammoth ivory items, beaded jewelry, bear teeth and ornamental stones, suede and leather handbags, red caviar, smoked fish, pine nuts, Bird's Milk candies, canned seafood, Aralia honey , Nanai slippers, cosmetics based on mineral mud and algae.
- Okhotsk - the first Russian city in the Far East
- Cities of Khabarovsk Territory
- Cities of the Amur region
- Cities of Primorsky Krai
- The cities of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
- Cities of North-East Russia
Okhotsk - the first Russian city in the Far East
The first Far Eastern city was Okhotsk, located on the northern shore of the Sea of Okhotsk near the mouth of the Kukhtuya and Okhota rivers. Its history begins in 1647, when the Cossack Semyon Shelkovnikov, who descended into the Sea of Okhotsk along the Amur, sailed along the seashore to the Okhota River, conquered the local Tungus and set up a winter hut 3 miles from the mouth. In 1649, after the death of Shelkovnikov, his comrades set up Kosoy Ostrozhsk on the site of their winter quarters. Bering's first Kamchatka expedition built a room for the team and shops in 1837 at the very mouth of the Okhota. At the suggestion of the same Bering, it was decided to establish a port and a separate administration on this site, independent of the Yakut office. Okhotsk administration was opened in 1732, and the port and city were finally ready in 1741. In 1812, Okhotsk was moved to the opposite side of the common mouth of the Okhota and Kukhtui rivers, 200 fathoms from the original location. In 1849, the Okhotsk Territory, in the form of a special district, was annexed to the Yakutsk region, and 9 years later Okhotsk with its district became part of the Primorsky region.
In the middle of the 19th century. arrived for Okhotsk Hard times. The Russian-American company moved its port to Ayan, as a result of which the importance of Okhotsk as a port began to decline sharply. All the company employees and merchants left for Ayan. The population was decreasing. In 1850, the main Pacific port was transferred from Okhotsk to Kamchatka. People, all services, vehicles, ships move there. The former major port and city has turned into a remote outskirts.
The decline and desolation of the Okhotsk district lasted 60 years, after which an upturn began in the economic life of the district. Gold deposits were discovered in Okhotsk. Its frantic mining began. Americans and British, French and Germans, Japanese and Swedes and, of course, Russian gold miners rushed to Okhotsk in droves. The Okhotsk “gold rush” began, turning everyone’s heads: merchants, hunters - everyone became gold diggers. So, in Okhotsk, having a meager capital, an American, engineer V.A. Fogelman. Soon he becomes a gold miner and the owner of many mines. By 1914, there were five large and up to ten small mines in the Okhotsk tundra.
Okhotsk gold, furs, and fish were exported overseas. In exchange, they supplied steam boilers from America, telegraph apparatus from Germany, furniture from Japan, and wine from France. In 1912, a powerful radiotelegraph station was built, which had connections with many cities of the Far East.
By mid-1918, Soviet power was established in the Okhotsk district, and in 1919, with the beginning of navigation, the Okhotsk residents were drawn into a civil war. In the summer of 1923, power in Okhotsk passed into the hands of the district revolutionary committee chaired by E.S. Nagorny. In the villages, volost revolutionary committees were created, which had to deal with the violation of the boundaries of territorial waters by foreign ships, and suppress the actions of smugglers who were buying gold and furs. Delivery of basic goods for the newly opened store was organized.
Only towards the end of the twenties did things begin to improve in the district. peaceful life. Elections to local councils were held. Previously existing schools were reopened and new ones were opened. A hospital with 15 beds was built. However, in general, Okhotsk continued to remain poorly settled.
The basis of industry in the Okhotsk region was still traditional industries: fishing, gold mining, hunting. Since 1935, with the organization of the state fishing industry, a new economic period began for the village of Okhotsk. Over the 20 post-war years, the Okhotsk coast was covered with a dense network of fish processing plants (32 enterprises and 13 collective farms), equipped with machinery and equipment; a construction trust was organized; a sea fishing port and a ship repair plant were built.
The development of industry contributed to the growth of Okhotsk. By the end of the 30s, 13 schools, a hospital, first aid stations, canteens, and red corners were opened here. In 1947, a training center was created to train qualified personnel for the fleet.
Present-day Okhotsk is a large urban-type settlement, the center of the northernmost region of the Khabarovsk Territory. Two- and three-story houses are in the center of the village, and “private sector” houses are located almost throughout the entire Tunguska Spit.
Cities of Khabarovsk Territory
Khabarovsk Territory is located in the Far East. In addition to the mainland, it includes the Shantar and other islands Most of the territory is occupied by mountain ranges: Sikhote-Alin, Pribrezhny, Dzhugdzhur - in the east; Turana, Bureinsky, Badzhalsky, Yam-Alin - in the southwest; Yudomsky, Suntar-Khayata (height up to 2933 m) - in the north. In the north-west there is the Yudomo-May Highlands. The most extensive lowlands are the Lower and Middle Amur, Evoron-Tugur - in the south and central part, Okhotsk - in the north. The region is developing gold, tin, aluminum, iron, hard and brown coal, graphite, and building materials.
It is washed by the Seas of Okhotsk and Japan. The main river arteries of the region are the Amur River and its tributaries, the largest of which are Bureya, Tunguska, Goryun, Amgun, Ussuri, Anyui. The rivers of the northwestern part of the region are Maya, Uchur (Lena basin). The rivers of the Sea of Japan basin are Koppi and Tumnin, and the rivers of the Sea of Okhotsk basin are Tugur, Uda, Ulya, Urak, Okhota, Inya. There are many shallow lakes: Bolon, Chukchagirskoe, Bolshoye Kizi and others
The climate is moderate monsoon, with cold winters with little snow and warm, humid summers.
The mountainous regions of the Khabarovsk Territory are located in the taiga zone (mountain larch and spruce-fir forests). In the Amur Lowland there are larch and oak-larch forests of the subtaiga type.
Soddy-podzolic soils predominate; meadow-marsh and swamp soils are widespread in river valleys. Brown-taiga soils are formed in the southern regions.
Half of the territory of the region is occupied by forests, dominated by Dahurian larch, Ayan spruce, Mongolian oak, white, yellow, stone birch and other types of trees. Significant areas of the Amur and Evoron-Tugur lowlands are occupied by pigweeds and swamps. The fauna of the Khabarovsk Territory is also diverse. In the taiga there are musk deer, elk, reindeer, brown bear, lynx, wolf, otter, sable, fox, ermine, weasel, weasel, wolverine, and squirrel. The mixed forests are inhabited by wapiti, roe deer, East Asian wild boar, Manchurian hare and other animals. In lakes and rivers there are over 100 species of fish, including Amur pike, cupid, sturgeon, chebak, silver crucian carp, grayling, catfish, taimen, lenok, bream, carp, burbot, etc. In coastal sea waters - Pacific herring, flounder , smelt, halibut, cod, pollock, navaga, mackerel; migratory salmon - chum salmon, pink salmon; of marine animals - seal, sea lion, beluga.
The economy of the region is formed by enterprises of mechanical engineering, metalworking, mining, chemical-pharmaceutical and fishing industries. The Trans-Siberian railway runs in the southern part of the region, and the Baikal-Amur railway runs in the central part. Maritime transport is developed. The main ports are Vanino (there is a ferry service Vanino - Kholmsk), Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, Okhotsk.
The largest city is the capital of the Far Eastern region - the city of Khabarovsk, located on the Middle Amur Lowland on the right bank of the river. Amur, 8533 km east of Moscow.
The history of Khabarovsk began on May 31, 1858, when soldiers of the 13th linear Siberian battalion under the command of Captain Yakov Vasilyevich Dyachenko founded the Khabarovka military post. 6 years later, land surveyor Mikhail Lyubensky developed the first plan for the development of the village. First of all, the streets along the tops of the mountains were populated along it - Khabarovskaya, Ussuriyskaya and Amurskaya (now Muravyov-Amursky, Lenin and Seryshev streets). Beregovaya (now Shevchenko Street) was considered the central street. In 1865, the military post of Khabarovka had 1 church, 59 state-owned houses and 140 private ones, not counting barns and other non-residential buildings, 14 trading shops, and 1,294 people lived. The further development of the city was predetermined by the construction of a river port here in 1872.
In 1893, Khabarovka, on the recommendation of Governor General S.M. Dukhovsky, was renamed Khabarovsk. By this time, the city already had 3 churches, among which the Grado-Assumption Cathedral stood out, 120 state houses and 672 private buildings, the population reached 10 thousand people.
On August 31, 1897, a railway connection between Khabarovsk and Vladivostok was opened. In 1902, the Arsenal military plant (now Daldiesel) was founded. In 1908 a base was created Amur flotilla. In 1916, a railway bridge was built across the Amur, connecting Khabarovsk by rail with Eastern Siberia. In 1929, the first Farman-13 aircraft appeared in Khabarovsk, the pilot of which was Mikhail Vodopyanov, the flight mechanic was Boris Anikin. One of the first flight organizations in the Far East, Dobrolet, was created in the city. On January 9, 1930, M. Vodopyanov paved the Khabarovsk-Sakhalin air route, which meant the creation of the Far Eastern civil air fleet.
In the same year, the Dalkraik party committee decided to strengthen Khabarovsk as a regional center, obliging it to begin developing a new city development plan, as a result of which its borders expanded significantly. The city limits included the base of the Amur flotilla (the current territory of the Krsnoflotsky district), the village of Osipovka, the Amur crossing and the Telegino farm. At the same time, by decision of the City Executive Committee it was forbidden to build non-permanent houses and houses below four floors in the center. Subsequently, it was built up and reconstructed in strict accordance with the approved plan.
In 1940, through the Volochaevka station, Khabarovsk was connected by railway to the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
Gradually, Khabarovsk became not only the administrative, but also the cultural center of the Far East. In 1926, the Khabarovsk Theater of Musical Comedy was opened. A year later, the first issue of the Far Eastern newsreel “Sovkino” was published, from which the history of the Far Eastern newsreel studio began. In 1931, the Far Eastern Art Museum was created in the city. By resolution of the Far Eastern Regional Executive Committee, the library of the local history museum was reorganized into the Far Eastern Regional Scientific Library. In 1933, the first issue of the almanac “At the Boundary” (now the Far East magazine) was published. In August 1930, the Khabarovsk State Medical Institute was opened, in September 1938, classes began at the Khabarovsk Pedagogical Institute, and in 1939, the Institute of Railway Transport Engineers began work. In October 1935, the Dynamo stadium was opened - the first sports complex in Khabarovsk.
After the Great Patriotic War, which temporarily stopped the vigorous development of the city, the Khabarovsk Regional Drama Theater was founded, and the Amur branch of the Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography was organized. In 1947, through train service was opened between Khabarovsk - Komsomolsk-on-Amur - Sovetskaya Gavan.
In May 1948, regular high-speed flights began along the Moscow-Vladivostok air route with a landing in Khabarovsk. In 1956, the first city tram drove through the streets of Khabarovsk. In September 1957, the largest stadium in the Far East named after V.I. Lenin was opened in the city (the author of the project was the architect M. Sorokin). This year the population of Khabarovsk numbered 300 thousand people.
In 1958, Khabarovsk solemnly celebrated the 100th anniversary of its founding. On the station square, the now well-known monument to E.P. was unveiled. Khabarov (author - sculptor A. Milchin). At the same time, classes began at the Automobile and Highway Institute (now the Khabarovsk State Technical University, renamed the Pacific State University in 2005, has grown on its basis). In the late 1960s - early 1970s, the list of Khabarovsk universities was again significantly replenished: in 1967 classes began at the Khabarovsk Institute of Physical Culture, and in September of the following year at the Khabarovsk State Institute of Culture. Three years later, the Khabarovsk Institute of National Economy was opened.
In 1960, the Khabarovsk television studio began operating. Five years later, she began to carry out regular television broadcasts Moscow - Far East. In March 1961, the Far Eastern Symphony Orchestra was created (since 1945, it existed as the State Symphony Orchestra of the Khabarovsk Radio Committee).
In 1971, a plane of the Japanese airline Nippon Koku (Jal) landed at Khabarovsk airport. This flight marked the beginning of regular flights passenger airliners on the international airline Khabarovsk-Tokyo (current Khabarovsk-Niigata line).
In May 1975, on the eve of the 30th anniversary of the victory over Nazi Germany, Glory Square was opened (architects A.N. Matveev, N.T. Rudenko).
In 1990, Khabarovsk already had 600.7 thousand inhabitants, and general territory of the city was 365.91 sq. km.
Modern Khabarovsk is a large industrial, scientific and cultural center, which has been the capital of the Far Eastern Federal District since May 2000. The city is divided into 5 districts - Central, Industrial, Kirov, Krasnoflotsky and Zheleznodorozhny. According to the 2002 census, the population of Khabarovsk is about 700 thousand people.
The city's economy consists of such industries as mechanical engineering and metalworking (JSC Dalenergomash, Daldizel, Machine Tool Plant), oil refining (JSC Khabarovsk Oil Refinery), fuel (Khabarovskkraigaz, NK Alliance), woodworking, light and food industries, production of building materials and agricultural products. In addition, we can highlight such large enterprises as “Amurkabel”, “Artel of Prospectors “Amur”, Khabarovsk Shipbuilding Plant, “Dalkhimfarm”.
The city has more than 15 universities, 3 theaters, a philharmonic society, a circus, museums, and libraries.
The city has a lot of attractions. Lots of interesting historical places attract tourists and ordinary citizens. Such places, of course, include city squares. The main square is the square named after. IN AND. Lenin. It is impressive in size and original in design. Today the square is a place where holidays, fairs and festivals are held annually. In summer, the square looks like a huge flowering carpet. The traditional decoration of the square is fountains. Although more than a hundred years ago the taiga rustled in this place. Then they cleared the vacant lot and adapted it as a parade ground for parades, calling it Nikolaevskaya Square. In 1917, the square received a new name - Freedom Square. On the anniversary of the death of V.I. Lenin, a monument to the founder of the Soviet state was laid on it, and since 1957 it was given his name. In 1998, the square was reconstructed and appeared updated, formal and beautiful.
A wide straight highway - Muravyov-Amursky Street - is connected to the square named after V.I. Lenin is the second central square of the city - Komsomolskaya. It extends over the Amur embankment. At first this square was called Cathedral Square - there was a large cathedral on it. Ceremonies on the occasion of the arrival of distinguished guests and all religious festivals were held here. In the thirties of the last century, the cathedral was demolished and landscaping was carried out, and the square was renamed from Sobornaya to Krasnaya. On October 25, 1956, a twenty-two-meter granite monument “To the Heroes of the Civil War in the Far East 1918-1922” was unveiled on the square. In 2002, on the site of the cathedral destroyed in the 30s, a memorial temple, the City-Khabarovsk Cathedral of the Assumption of the Mother of God, was built, now two squares - Komsomolskaya and Sobornaya form a single architectural complex.
On the high bank of the Amur is located the youngest square of the city - Glory Square, opened on the 30th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945. In the center of the square stood a 30-meter obelisk of three pylons, on which were located the names of Khabarovsk residents - Heroes Soviet Union, Heroes of Socialist Labor and full gentlemen Order of Glory. However, the reconstruction of the square and the construction of the cathedral required its removal.
By the 40th anniversary of the Great Victory, construction of the second stage of the square was completed. The central structure of the memorial complex is the Memorial Wall, which encircles the site in a semicircle - a podium, in the center of which the Eternal Flame was lit. Over time, pylons appeared here, on which the names of 32 thousand 662 residents of the region who did not return from the war were carved. During the reconstruction of the square, a monument to internationalist soldiers was added - residents of the city who died in hostilities.
In Khabarovsk, railway tracks stretching from the west and east, from the north and south, converge. The largest train station in the Far East is located here. Vokzalnaya Square is the railway gate of Khabarovsk. In the center of Station Square there is a monument to Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov, whose expedition played a big role in the annexation of the Far East to Russia.
The red line of the city is Muravyov-Amursky Street, where most of the well-preserved, ancient stone buildings built in the late 19th - early 20th centuries are located; many regional and municipal organizations, shops, central restaurants, cafes, theaters, the Far Eastern State Scientific Library. Here you can also buy Far Eastern souvenirs: jewelry, paintings, and items made by masters of decorative and applied arts.
Khabarovsk also has many architectural attractions - ancient houses, churches, and other buildings.
In 1868, the first wooden church was built in Khabarovsk, and two years later it was consecrated, named Innokentyevskaya in honor of St. Innocent, the first bishop of Irkutsk - the patron saint of Siberia and the Far East, canonized after his death. After 30 years, a new stone one was built to replace it, which has survived to this day, having undergone significant changes.
The stone temple was erected with funds donated by merchants Plyusnin and Slugin, as well as with modest contributions from parishioners. The authors of the temple project were engineer-colonel V.G. Mooro and engineer-captain N.G. Bykov.
One of the most beautiful architectural sights of Khabarovsk is rightfully considered the house of city government, well known to all of us as the Palace of Pioneers. For 90 years now, this house has been decorating the main street of the city.
The idea of building your own City House arose in 1897, but it took more than ten years for it to be put into stone. After lengthy discussions, consideration of many projects in 1907, from the three most successful projects under the chairmanship of General D. A. Yazykov, the most experienced architects B. A. Malinovsky, Yu. Z. Kolmachevsky, V. G. Mooro, M. E. Redko , A. N. Aristov, N. V. Zuev and others (11 people in total) determined the best project by closed voting using a 10-point system. This was a project by civil engineer P. V. Bartoshevich. It was he who received the most points in all three indicators.
The reconstruction of the building's facades carried out several years ago allowed the decorative details to be presented in their full glory. The former City House has now been restored new life and is rightfully considered one of the most beautiful buildings in Khabarovsk.
Another favorite vacation spot for townspeople and tourists is the embankment of the Amur River. The central place of the embankment and the park is the Amur cliff. From the observation deck of the cliff you can admire the beauty of the Amur. Near the cliff there is a monument to N.N. Muravyov-Amursky. Opening of the monument by sculptor A.M. Opekushin in May 1891 was timed to coincide with the visit of the city by the heir to the throne, the future Emperor Nicholas II. In 1925, the monument was destroyed and restored for the one hundred and first anniversary according to the surviving model by the Leningrad sculptor L. Aristov.
There is a park on the terraces of the steep bank. In 1951, a monument to G.I. was erected on the upper terrace of the park. Nevelsky - the famous navigator and explorer of the Russian Far East, associate of N.N. Muravyov-Amursky. The author of the sculpture is L.M. Bobrovnikov. Until recently, the park housed attractions, but they were removed during reconstruction.
At the foot of the cliff, upstream of the Amur, there is a city beach, piers and landing stages of the river station. From here along the Amur there is communication with settlements located down the river and suburban connections. You can also take a short walk along the Amur River. A majestic panorama of the city, stretching along the right bank of the Amur for more than 50 km, opens from board the ship.
On the embankment there is a stadium named after. IN AND. Lenin is the only large sports complex in the Far East, which includes a large sports arena, a sports palace with artificial ice, an athletics arena, a shooting sports palace, and an outdoor swimming pool.
Except central park culture and recreation in Khabarovsk there is Dynamo Park with the stadium of the same name, a children's park named after Gaidar, Gagarin Park, on the territory of which the regional circus is located.
Among the archaeological sites that captured the imagination of the first explorers of the Far East were ancient drawings near the national Nanai village of Sikachi-Alyan, which is located 75 km from Khabarovsk downstream of the Amur.
The first information about Sikachi-Alyan rock paintings appeared in the 70s years XIX century. Many famous scientists studied petroglyphs, but they gained world fame in 1935 after the research of A.P. Okladnikova. Drawings of masks, animals, anthropomorphic images, birds (about 300 images in total) were made on basalt blocks using deep groove cutting using stone tools. The most ancient drawings date back to the early Neolithic era (7-6 millennia BC). These boulders, piled up along the rocky shore of the Amur - witnesses of the childhood of our planet - bear the stamp of creative design and open up the world of ancient art. Millennia have smoothed out the sharp edges of the basalt blocks, polished their surface, but could not erase the deep stripes carved by the hand of an unknown artist of ancient times. The ancient images on the boulders and rocks of Sikachi-Alyan reflect the long and difficult history of the region. The study of these mysterious drawings on the banks of the Amur is still ongoing, and will continue to be carried out by generations of archaeologists, art critics, and historians.
And of course, one cannot ignore the natural attractions that are so popular in the tourist routes of Khabarovsk travel agencies. These include karst caves, the Welkom eco-tourist complex, a wild animal rehabilitation center and a zoo.
To the northeast of the city of Khabarovsk, in the middle reaches of the Kur River, there are a number of karst caves that are interesting to visit: “Chipmunk”, “Guarding Spear”, “Giprolestrans”, “Truba”, “Kvadrat”. All of them are specially protected natural areas of local importance.
When visiting these caves, tourists will be able to admire the valley of the Kur River, the vast expanses of mires on the left bank of this river, valley and mountain taiga vegetation, almost untouched by man.
The second largest city in the Khabarovsk Territory is Komsomolsk-on-Amur, located in the lowlands in the lower reaches of the Amur, on its left bank, 356 km north of Khabarovsk. The city arose on the site of the village of Perm, founded in 1860 by peasant settlers from the Perm province. In February 1932, a decision was made to build heavy industrial enterprises here; in December 1932, the village of Perm was transformed into the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur. This name was supposed to indicate the construction of the city by Komsomol members, although in reality the main workforce (about 70% of the builders) were prisoners.
Today's Komsomolsk is 500 avenues and streets. It stretches along the Amur for 20 km. The city is dominated by 4-9 storey buildings. The population at the time of the All-Russian Population Census was 290 thousand people.
The basis of the city's economy is primarily shipbuilding, aircraft manufacturing, ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, oil refining, woodworking, furniture, clothing and food industries, and production of building materials. The largest enterprises are PA “Plant named after. Lenin Komsomol", KNAAPO im. Gagarin, plant "Amurstal", "Amurlitmash", "Amurmetal", "Komsomolsk Oil Refinery - Rosneft", "Amur Shipyard".
Komsomolsk plays an important role in training personnel for the industrial development of the Khabarovsk Territory. There are two higher educational institutions in the city - state technical and pedagogical universities; six medium educational institutions; polytechnic, construction and mining and metallurgical technical schools, medical and pedagogical schools, evening technical school of light industry; eleven vocational schools. For the children of Komsomol members there are 49 secondary schools and lyceums, a palace and a house of creativity, and a biological and environmental center.
The city has a drama theatre, local history and art museums.
Among the city's attractions one can highlight the zoological center "Python". It was founded in 1990 and for the first year the exhibition belonged to a private individual, and then was transferred to municipal ownership. Currently, the center contains 166 specimens of 61 species of animals. Among them: mammals (bear, raccoons, foxes, reindeer, sable, weasel, monkeys and many others); birds (carellas, parrots, chickens, white-tailed eagle, golden eagle, etc.); reptiles (iguanas, pythons, king snakes, crocodile caimans, monitor lizards, etc.); amphibians, fish, insects.
Komsomolsk is one of the most important transport hubs in the Far East, it is the intersection of roads, waterways, railways and air routes. The connection with the BAM and the commissioning of the Amur Bridge significantly increased the city’s transport capabilities.
Currently, foreign economic activity is successfully developing in the city. Main export items: mechanical engineering products, fuel and energy complex, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, wood and wood products.
The territorial proximity of China and the possibility of organizing trips on a visa-free basis determine the nature of international outbound tourism. Import tourist services exceeds exports by 8.8 times - in value terms, and almost 20 times - in terms of numbers.
Despite the youth of the city, there are many places in it connected with the history of the city, with the life of its glorious fellow countrymen and famous guests. Their names are preserved in street names and are commemorated on monuments and memorial plaques.
The city of Amursk, located in the central part of the Khabarovsk Territory in the valley of the river. Amur is the center of the Amur region. The permanent population of the city in 2004 was 47.3 thousand people.
Construction of the city began in the spring of 1958 near the Nanai village of Padali-Vostochnye. In 1962, the urban-type settlement of Amursk became a regional center, an industrial satellite of Komsomolsk-on-Amur. In 1973, by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, Amursk was transformed into a city of regional subordination.
The city's economy consists of the pulp, paper and wood processing industries. The largest enterprises are the production associations Amurmash, Vympel, the Polymer plant and others.
Some of the attractions of Amursk include the Botanical Garden, the Amur City Museum of Local Lore, the State nature reserve Bolognese.
The botanical garden was founded in 1989. It includes a stock greenhouse with an area of 470.6 m2, which contains 100 species of tropical plants and 30 species of cacti, and a tree nursery with an area of 106 hectares. The garden is a center of culture and leisure, aesthetic and environmental education of the population, scientific work on the acclimatization of plants from other regions of the country.
The Amur City Museum of Local Lore was founded in 1972. The museum's exhibitions are located in the halls of Nanai and Slavic ethnography, the hall of pioneers and the exhibition hall.
Bologna State Nature Reserve is a reserve of international importance. It has an ornithological focus. The reserve is home to more than 150 species of birds, of which 33 rare species are included in the Red Book of various ranks. The wetland complex of the reserve is unique.
The development of national folklore culture is of priority importance small peoples North and traditional Slavic creativity.
The southernmost city of the Khabarovsk Territory is Bikin, located at 231 km of the Khabarovsk-Vladivostok highway on the right bank of the river of the same name.
The settlement of Bikin arose in 1895 during the construction of the northern section of the railway as a Cossack village of the Bikin stanitsa district. Construction was carried out under the leadership of railway engineer N.N. Bocharova. Ten years after the founding of the village, in 1905, Vladivostok industrialist and entrepreneur L.Sh. Skidelsky, with the help of the Chinese and Russian Cossack settlers, began the construction of a small timber mill, which two years later produced its first products. At the plant there was a carpentry department, where a variety of products were produced: doors, frames, cabinets, chests of drawers, tables, etc.
By 1915, 1,126 people lived in the city of Bikin, there was a church, a parish school, a paramedic station, and a tavern. In 1933, hundreds of lumberjacks, masons, carpenters, and craftsmen arrived in Bikin. In the northern part of the city, on the site of the taiga and swamps, they begin construction of a railway junction. A military camp, a hospital, a canteen, cultural centers, a secondary school, and a kindergarten are being built.
The city's economy is represented by enterprises in the forestry, woodworking, textile and food industries. In the Bikinsky district, potatoes, vegetables, oats, soybeans, and corn are grown, and meat and dairy cattle breeding and beekeeping are developing.
36 km from the city, on the river bank, there is the only customs automobile crossing in the Khabarovsk Territory “Pokrovka - Zhaohe”.
City attractions: memorial « Military glory» Bikin residents - participants of the Great Patriotic War; local history museum; district house of culture.
The regional center of the Vyazemsky district of the Khabarovsk Territory is the city of Vyazemsky, formed in 1951. It is located 130 kilometers south of Khabarovsk and spreads out on the terraces of two small rivers - the First and Second Seventh near their confluence with the Ussuri. The city received its name in honor of the Russian engineer O.P. Vyazemsky - head of the construction of the Ussuri Railway.
The city's economy consists of railway transport enterprises, a wood processing plant, a timber industry enterprise, a vegetable canning plant, a mechanical repair plant, a brick plant, etc.
There are no special attractions in the city itself, but 50 km from the city there is a wonderful place - Flower Lake. The area of the lake is about five hectares. At the end of July - beginning of August, the lake is almost completely covered with blooming lotus. Komarova's lotus is a relict representative of the most ancient flowering plants. Listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation.
In the northeast of the Khabarovsk Territory is the Nikolaevsky district, the center of which is the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur. The city stands on a flat, calm plateau with a slight slope towards the Amur River.
The city was founded on August 1, 1850 by G.I. Nevelsky as a military post Nikolaevsky. The number of its first inhabitants was 6 people, and the first building was the Yakut hut-urasa. In 1852, the post was renamed a trading post, and by 1854 it was a small village consisting of 5 residential buildings, a warehouse, barnyard, chapels. A pier was built for arriving ships.
On November 14, 1856, the Nikolaev post was transformed into the city of Nikolaevsk. The Primorsky region of the East Siberian General Government was formed with its center in Nikolaevsk. Nikolaevsk also became the main port of the Russian Far East, remaining in this capacity until 1870, when the main port of the Russian Far East was moved to Vladivostok.
On February 24, 1858, Nikolaevsk was raised to the level regional city. The number of buildings in the city increased to 200, the population - to 1757 people. A mechanical plant for the assembly and repair of ships was built. A maritime school, a local history museum, and a library were opened. The first commercial voyages on the Amur River of private and state-owned ships began. Foreign merchant ships began to arrive in the city. However, on April 28, 1880, it again became a district city after the center of the Primorsky region was moved to Khabarovka.
In the 1980s XIX century the discovery and development of gold placers began. Nikolaevsk becomes the center of the gold mining industry of the Russian Far East. Here were the offices of the Amur-Orel and Okhotsk gold mining companies and a gold-alloying laboratory.
1896-1899 the fishing industry in Nikolaevsk was formed as a branch of the economy. A huge number of fishing and fish-salting areas were created in a short time. Shipbuilding has been revived in the city, enterprises have been created for ship repair, mechanical processing, timber processing, and production of barrel containers.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the City of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur became the second river and sea port of the Russian Far East after Vladivostok, and on February 26, 1914 Nikolaevsk was elevated to the status of a regional city - the center of the Sakhalin region. Since that time, the reconstruction of the seaport began.
On March 15, 1926, the name of the city was approved according to the new territorial directory of the USSR - “Nikolaevsk-on-Amur”, and it was declared the center of the Nikolaevsky district of the Primorsky province of the Far Eastern Territory.
1934 Nikolaevsk becomes the center of the newly created Lower Amur region, and after its abolition in 1956 it becomes the regional center of the Khabarovsk Territory. The city became the center of the Nikolaevsky district in 1965.
Today's Nikolaevsk is the industrial and cultural center of the Northern Amur region with a population of 31 thousand people at the time of the census. The leading sectors of the economy are services to the fishing industry, non-ferrous metallurgy and ship repair.
Nikolaevsk-on-Amur is rich in historical and architectural attractions. Among them we can highlight the obelisk of G.I. Nevelsky, monument-bust to O.K. Kanter, the first chairman of the Nizhneamur Regional Executive Committee, Memorial complex “In memory of the fighters who died for the victory of Soviet power on the Lower Amur in 1918-1922”, Military engineering and historical-revolutionary monument “Chnyrrakh Fortress” (Nicholas Fortress), monument to G.I. Nevelsky, the founder of the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, opened on August 13, 1950.
Nikolaevsky-on-Amur Municipal Museum of Local Lore named after. Rozova, thanks to its unique collections and research work, has become a center of international research. The museum has established scientific connections with the University of Tsukuba (Tokyo, Japan) and the National Ethnographic Museum (Osaka, Japan), preliminary invitations were received to join the Association of Museums of the Northern Territories (Hokkaido Island) and participation in the international ethnographic exhibition in 2001 (Osaka).
Last but not least, the city in the Khabarovsk Territory is Sovetskaya Gavan, located on the shore of Sovetskaya Gavan Bay (Tatar Strait), 866 km east of Khabarovsk.
The history of the founding of this city is as follows. May 23, 1853. N.K. Boshniak discovered Hadji Bay on the coast of the Tartary Strait, which turned out to be one of the best natural harbors in the world. On one of the capes of the bay a cross was erected with the inscription: “The harbor of Emperor Nicholas, discovered and meticulously described by Lieutenant Boshnyak on May 23, 1853, on a native boat, with Cossack companions Semyon Parfentyev, Kir Belokhvostov, Amga peasant Tvan Mseev.”
August 4, 1853. G.I. Nevelskoy founded the "military post of His Imperial Highness General Admiral Grand Duke Konstantin." This was the first Russian settlement in the Imperial Harbor Bay.
In 1922, the bay was renamed Sovetskaya Gavan, and in 1941 the same name was given to the settlement, which was given the status of a city. For a long time, the port of Sovetskaya Gavan was one of the bases of the Pacific Navy, and since the 90s of the 20th century, due to the military conversion that began, the port became accessible to foreign ships.
Currently, Sovetskaya Gavan is a sea fishing and commercial port with a population of about 32 thousand inhabitants. The city has high potential for the repair and re-equipment of sea vessels (JSC Yakor and Severny Shipyard). Also important is the fish industry (JSC Marine Resources), food industry (Gavankhleb, dairy plant, sausage factory, food processing plant) and wood processing industry.
Access to the Pacific Ocean allows us to develop and maintain economic ties with Asia-Pacific countries. Sovetskaya Gavan - quite developed transport node: the railway line has access to the BAM, the highway connects the city with the regional center, the airport has the ability to receive aircraft of any class.
About 132 people from among the indigenous peoples of the North live on the territory of the city of Sovetskaya Gavan, but there are no places of compact residence of small peoples in the area. There are 4 national enterprises registered in the city in the form of National Communities and Family and Clan Communities; also in 2001, the Soviet-Havana branch of the regional Association of Indigenous Minorities of the North was registered. Only one enterprise, NO LLC Oroch, is engaged in production activities, the main activities of which are fishing, hunting and collecting wild plants. Total number There are 11 people employed in the national economy from among the indigenous peoples of the North.
The main attraction of the city is its lighthouse. One of the oldest lighthouses on the coast of the Tatar Strait is Red Partisan. Relic. A historical monument that is over 110 years old. On it is an ancient bell, weighing 42 pounds 14 pounds, with the inscription: “God’s glory, bring joy to the earth, I command the heavens to keep,” which was cast in 1895 at the factory of the partnership of P. I. Olovyannikov and sons in Yaroslavl. About five meters from the bell, a special booth was installed, from the window of which a rope stretched to the tongue of the bell. In bad weather, day and night, the watchman rang the bell - 3 strokes every 2 minutes. In addition to this, they fired from a signal cannon, which was later removed as unnecessary. In the 80s they wanted to take away the bell, but the lighthouse workers defended their relic. The name also changed - until 1931 the lighthouse was called Nikolaevsky. The era of the Soviets left here another imprint of its vigorous activity. There is a monument on the Red Partisan to the lighthouse workers who died in 1919 from the White Guard punitive forces.
Cities of the Amur region
In 1948, the Amur Region was removed from the Khabarovsk Territory. Since that time, it has become an independent subject of the Russian Federation. The surface of the Amur region is predominantly mountainous, located between the Stanovoy Range (height up to 2313 m) in the north and the river. Amur in the south. A chain of ridges runs parallel to the Stanovoy Range: Yankan, Tukuringra, Soktakhan, Dzhagdy. Along eastern border Ranges stretch out: Selemdzhinsky, Yam-Alin, Turana. In the north - the Verkhnezeya Plain, in the south of the central part - the Amur-Zeya Plain, in the south - the Zeya-Bureya Plain. Deposits of gold, brown and coal, iron ore, quartz sands, kaolins, limestones, refractory clays, tuffs, quartzites. Mineral springs.
Most of the territory of the Amur region is drained by the left tributaries of the river. Amur, the largest are Zeya (with Selemdzha), Bureya. In the north-west - the rivers of the Lena basin (Olyokma with the tributary Nyukzha), in the north-east - the Uda basin (Maya river).
The climate is monsoonal, characterized by cold, dry, little snow, cloudless winters and hot, rainy summers.
The Amur region is located in zones of taiga, mixed and deciduous forests. Brown forest soils, incl. podzolized and eluvial-gley, mountain brown-taiga and mountain-taiga permafrost. In the south, the areas are meadow-chernozem-like, rich in humus. About 60% of the territory is occupied by forests, the main species of which is larch. Significant areas of the Amur-Zeyskaya and Verkhnezeiskaya plains are occupied by pigweeds. Brown and black bears, elk, wild boar, wapiti, roe deer, musk deer, hares (hare and Far Eastern), sable, fox, and squirrel are still preserved in the forests. Birds include ptarmigan, capercaillie, woodpeckers, black grouse, cuckoo, blue magpie, etc. The rivers are rich in fish: Amur sturgeon, kaluga, lenok, taimen, grayling, grass carp, silver carp, burbot.
The region's economy consists of the mining industry, mechanical engineering and metalworking, and the production of building materials. Agriculture is widely developed, which is why the Amur Region is the main agricultural region of the Far East. Soybeans, potatoes, fodder and vegetable crops are grown here, meat and dairy farming, poultry farming, beekeeping are developed, and in the north – reindeer husbandry and fur farming.
The Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur railways pass through the territory of the Amur Region. Navigation is carried out along the Amur, Zeya, Bureya and other rivers.
The center of the Amur region is the city of Blagoveshchensk, located in the southwest of the Zeya-Bureya Plain, on the banks of the Amur, at the confluence of the Zeya, 7985 km east of Moscow. This is one of the oldest cities in the Far East. In 2002, at the time of the All-Russian Census, the number of city residents was 222 thousand people.
Its birth is connected with the emergence of the Ust-Zeysky military post in 1856, and already in 1858, in connection with the foundation of the Church in the name of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, it was renamed the Blagoveshchenskaya village, becoming in the same year the city of Blagoveshchensk - the center of the Amur region.
At the beginning of the 20th century. Blagoveshchensk became a center of metalworking and trade. The economy of the modern city is made up of mechanical engineering - shipbuilding and ship repair, equipment for the mining and gold mining industries (Amur Metalist JSC, Sudoverf LLP, Amurelectropribor, Elevatormelmash); woodworking and pulp and paper industry - the oldest (since 1899) and only match factory in the Far East "Iskra", JSC "Amurmebel", "Furniture Plant"; light industry, represented by a clothing and cotton spinning factory, Production Association "Progress", "Amurchanka", "Belka"; The main food industry enterprises are the Amurskaya poultry farm, JSC Meat Processing Plant, Confectioner, Kristall, etc. There are also enterprises producing construction materials in the city.
There are many scientific, educational and educational institutions in Blagoveshchensk. Among them are the Amur Integrated Research Institute of the Far East, the All-Russian Soybean Institute, the Far Eastern Zonal Veterinary Research Institute, the Far Eastern Research Institute of Design and Technological Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture, Physiology and Pathology of Respiration of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, etc. Amur Regional Hydrometeorological Center. The city's higher education is represented medical academy, pedagogical, Far Eastern State Agrarian and Amur State Universities. Secondary specialized educational institutions: polytechnic school, municipal construction technical school, agricultural technical school, Amur Construction College, technological technical school, physical education (technical school), trade and economic college, 3 pedagogical colleges, Amur Medical College, the oldest river school in the Far East (1899).
There is also a Drama Theater and a Museum of Local Lore in the city. In 2002, the first film festival “Echo of Kinoshock on the Amur” was held.
Among the architectural attractions, one can highlight the building of the former Catholic church. Preserved wooden houses late 19th century, brick buildings early 20th century.
On the Amur embankment, from which you can admire the Chinese coast, there are various monuments: a military boat on a pedestal, looking menacingly to the side neighboring state(erected here in 1989); bronze monument to N.N. Muravyov-Amursky (1998); an old concrete bunker with a real tree on the roof; stone - memorial sign in honor of the formation of Blagoveshchensk (1984; next to it, on the square, numerous ice figures appear in winter); There is also a monument in honor of the landing of the first explorers and the conclusion of the Aigun Treaty (restored in 1973); attracts attention to the large brick triumphal arch, built at the beginning of the 20th century, then demolished and now rebuilt; on a long one-story pseudo-Gothic building, next to the Arch, there hangs a plaque in memory of A.P.’s stay here. Chekhov. A memorial complex was built on Victory Square in 1967. In 1998, a monument to St. Innocent appeared in the city, after whom one of the lanes was named (there is also Memorial plaque on a house associated with this saint).
Among the attractions of Blagoveshchensk it is worth mentioning the Amur Zoo.
The Cathedral of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, which is on Ryolochny, built in 1997 - 2003, is the main church of the Annunciation diocese. Its rector is the ruling bishop himself, Archbishop of Annunciation and Tynda Gabriel. The temple was erected on a historical, sacred place for Amur residents, where until 1980 the first building of Blagoveshchensk stood - St. Nicholas Church.
There is a 3.5 meter wide concrete path around the cathedral for religious processions. In the church fence, next to the St. Nicholas Altar, the burial places of the first priest of Blagoveshchensk, Archpriest Alexander Sizoy, the first settler doctor Mikhail Davydov and two unknown persons, whose remains were found in 1998 during archaeological work at a construction site, have been restored.
In 1999, events in the life of the city of Blagoveshchensk began with the transportation, first, of tent tops by barge along the Amur River, the main of which, 11.5 meters high, weighed 9 tons, and with a police escort, the transportation of domes through the streets of the city. On June 21, experienced master V.I. arrived from Khotkovo, Moscow Region. Markov began gilding the domes. In total, he had to cover with gold leaf a total area of no less than 266.2 square meters. It took 318 hundred-page books of the finest gold and 2 years of work.
In the same year, 1999, the first two bells cast in Voronezh arrived. Weight big bell weighing 1280 kg with a diameter of 1.2 meters required special conditions for lifting it to the bell tower. Due to its size, the bell was raised even before the tent was installed on the bell tower, lowered through a hole in the ceiling. The second bell weighs 250 kg.
The temple has long been a landmark of the city.
Another city in the Amur region, Zeya, is located 532 km from Blagoveshchensk. The history of the city’s emergence is inextricably linked with Russia’s advancement to the east. The first Russian people appeared on Zeya land back in the 17th century, during the times of Vasily Poyarkov and Erofei Khabarov. They came from the north, from Yakutia. Academician A. Middendorf, who visited the Upper Zeya basin in 1844, mentioned his findings at the mouth of the Bryanta River and on Gilyuy of traces of yasak huts built at that time. At the end of the 17th century, the Manchus began to attack Russian Cossack posts along the Amur and Zeya. Soon, as a result of the Treaty of Nerchinsk, the left bank of the Amur went to China, ruled by the Manchu Qing dynasty. It was possible to return the Amur lands only in the middle of the 19th century thanks to the works of Adjutant General Count Muravyov-Amursky and his associates. The village of Zeya Warehouse was founded in 1879 in connection with the discovery of gold deposits in the Zeya basin as the base of the Upper Amur Gold Mining Company. In 1906 it was transformed into the city of Zeya-Pristan, and in 1913 - into the city of Zeya. Beginning in 1909, part of the population began to engage in agriculture, which quickly took one of the leading places in the economy, despite the fact that every piece of land had to be conquered from the harsh taiga with great difficulty. For many residents, handicrafts became the main source of livelihood. If earlier they were engaged in it only in their free time from driving, then later blacksmiths, carpenters, shoemakers and other workshops gradually began to appear.
Currently, the population is about 30 thousand people.
The city's economy consists of the Zeya hydroelectric power station, a timber transshipment plant, a timber industry enterprise, a bakery, a dairy plant, etc. Potatoes, vegetables, and fodder crops are grown in the Zeya district. They raise cattle, and in the Evenk village of Bomnak they raise deer. Deposits of gold, iron and polymetallic ores, apatite, zeolite, copper ore, brown coal, building stone, brick and refractory clays are being developed.
The old part of the city has a colorful architecture; along with modern buildings, wooden houses from the beginning of the century have been preserved. More than 70% of the city’s population lives in the Svetly microdistrict, located on the southern foothills of the Tukuringra ridge, which is well landscaped and fits harmoniously into the natural landscape.
On the territory of the Zeya district, at the eastern end of the Tukuringra ridge on the shore of the Zeya reservoir, the Zeya State Nature Reserve is located, the purpose of which is to protect and study the reference area of the mountain landscapes of the northwestern Amur region, as well as to study the impact of the Zeya reservoir on natural complexes.
In 1917, another city in the Amur region was mentioned for the first time, located on permafrost, in the valley of the Tynda and Getkan rivers (Zea basin), 839 km northwest of Blagoveshchensk - Tynda. Since 1928, residents of the village of Tyndsky served the Amur-Yakutsk highway, and during the construction of the BAM it became administrative center construction and operation of the road. Since 1975 it became a city.
The city's economy still depends on the operation of the BAM, because The activities of most enterprises are aimed specifically at servicing the highway. In addition, the city has a bakery, a meat and dairy plant, and a timber processing complex “Tyndales”.
The main attraction of the city is the main gate of the city - a very beautiful red and white station with a high control tower.
The main city of the Jewish Autonomous Region is Birobidzhan
Not far from the Amur region is the only autonomous region in the country - the Jewish one. Its center is the city of Birobidzhan, which arose as a settlement at the Tikhonkaya station (opened in 1915) and was transformed in 1928 into the working village of Tikhonkaya Station. In 1932, after the name of the space between the Bira and Bidzhan rivers, the village was renamed Birobidzhan, and in 1934 it became the center of the Jewish Autonomous Region. Three years later, in 1937, the village received city status.
The economy of Birobidzhan is composed of: light industry, established in the pre-war years (knitting factories “Victoria”, “Dynamite”, shoe factories, textile factories, a hosiery and knitting factory was put into operation at the end of 1960); mechanical engineering, which began with the construction of a wagon factory in 1960, on the basis of which the Dalselkhozmash plant was subsequently created; JSC "Birobidzhan Power Transformers Plant", an automobile repair plant, a woodworking plant, a furniture factory and food industry enterprises.
The cultural life of the city is represented by the Jewish Musical Theater, the Regional Philharmonic, since 1991 the traditional annual festival of Jewish song and music has been held, the Kochelet theater-studio, local history and art museums and the Museum of Contemporary Art operate. Among educational institutions Birobidzhan State Pedagogical Institute stands out in the city.
The population by 2002 was almost 80 thousand people.
Cities of Primorsky Krai
On October 20, 1938, in the extreme southeast of Russia, the Primorsky Territory was formed, numbering 7 cities - Arsenyev, Artem, Bolshoi Kamen, Vladivostok, Lesozavodsk, Nakhodka, Partizansk.
The territory of Primorsky Krai is washed by the Sea of Japan; a large bay - Peter the Great, divided into a number of small bays - Posieta, Slavyansky, Amursky, Ussuriysky, Vostok, Nakhodka. The central and eastern parts of the region are occupied by the Sikhote-Alin mountains (height up to 1855 m), in the west - the Ussuri and Prikhankai lowlands. Deposits of brown and hard coal, polymetallic ores, gold, tin, graphite, and building materials have been explored on the territory of the region.
The climate is moderate monsoon. Typhoons are common in late summer and autumn.
90% of the territory of the region is occupied by broad-leaved forests - fir-spruce and larch in the north, and Manchurian-type forests with lianas (Amur grape, lemongrass, actinidia) in the south. Main species: Ayan spruce, Korean cedar, Mongolian oak, Manchurian walnut. Swamps are widely developed in the Khanka lowland.
There are goral, sika deer, wapiti, roe deer, musk deer, elk, raccoon dog, Ussuri cat, wolverine, sable, weasel, fox, otter, etc. Over 100 species of fish: salmon, herring, sea bass, flounder, halibut, greenling, pollock, tuna, saury, mackerel, sardine, etc. In coastal waters, sea cucumbers, mollusks, mussels, scallops, sea urchins, and algae are fished.
The region's economy consists of the fishing, forestry and woodworking industries, mechanical engineering and metalworking, non-ferrous metallurgy, and the building materials industry.
The largest city in Primorsky Krai is its capital - Vladivostok. It is located in an amphitheater on the hills of the southern tip of the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula, around the Zolotoy Rog Bay, along the eastern coast of the Amur Bay of the Sea of Japan, 9302 km east of Moscow.
The Vladivostok area has been explored Russian sailors in the 1850s In 1860, on the shore of the Zolotoy Rog Bay, the crew of the Russian sailing ship "Manchu" founded a military post, called "Vladivostok". In 1871, the main base of the Siberian military flotilla was transferred to Vladivostok from Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, which gave a powerful incentive to the development of shipbuilding.
Since 1879, a permanent steamship line was established between Vladivostok and Odessa, and in the 80s the port was allocated as a special “military governorate” and recognized as a city, becoming the center of the Primorsky region in 1888.
In 1903, after the construction of the Khabarovsk-Vladivostok railway (1897), direct railway communication with Moscow was opened.
Gradually, Vladivostok turned into a place of concentration of Russian culture in the Far East, the organizational center of expeditions of Russian travelers and scientists N.M. Przhevalsky, S.O. Makarova, V.K. Arsenyeva, V.L. Komarova and others.
In 1920-22 Vladivostok was the center of the Far Eastern Republic, and since 1938 it again became the center of the Primorsky Territory.
Today's Vladivostok is an important industrial center. Its economy is formed by enterprises of the machine-building, shipbuilding industries, production of building materials (Varyag, Izumrud, Dalzavod, Dalpribor, Radiopribor, Metalist, Vladivostok Shipyard); Coal mining is underway (JSC Primorskugol). The clothing and furniture industry is also developed (JSC Vladmebel, Zarya, Vladi Expo). Due to the geographical location of Vladivostok (a seaside city), there is active fishing for fish and other seafood, and therefore the city has a developed food industry based on their extraction and processing (Intraros CJSC, Vladivostok Fish Factory OJSC, Dalryba, Primorrybprom ", RK "Russian East", etc.). In addition, the coastal location also explains the development of ports and enterprises servicing them - OJSC Vladivostok Sea Commercial Port, Far Eastern Shipping Company.
The city also has many scientific and educational institutions. Thus, in Vladivostok there is the Primorsky branch of the Russian Geographical Society, Far Eastern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries (TINRO) and Oceanography, Pacific Institute of Geography. The most significant higher educational institutions are the Far Eastern State Technical University, Vladivostok State Medical University, institutes of technological consumer services, technical fishing industry, commercial, arts, medical, etc. Marine specialists are trained at the Pacific Higher Naval School named after S.O. Makarov and the Maritime Academy named after G.I. Nevelsky.
Among the cultural institutions one can highlight a drama theater, a puppet theater, a theater for young spectators, a philharmonic society, and an art gallery; museums of the Far Eastern Shipping Company, Pacific Fleet, TINRO, local history, mineralogical, United Museum named after Arsenyev (including house museums of Arsenyev, K.A. Sukhanov, etc.).
The city is simply replete with attractions. Among them one can highlight a unique monument of military-defensive architecture, the Vladivostok fortress, the station building (which can be considered as the end point of the world's longest Trans-Siberian railway), a memorial column with a model of the sailing ship "Manchurian", from which the team of soldiers and sailors who founded the post landed Vladivostok and much, much more.
The Vladivostok Fortress Museum is a unique feature of the capital of the Primorsky Territory. The exhibitions tell not only about the history of fortification and artillery, but also the history of the city of Vladivostok itself and the Primorsky Territory. It is located in the city center, next to the Sports Embankment, on the Bezymyannaya Sopka. The museum grounds offer a wonderful view of the Amur Bay and the central part of the city of Vladivostok.
On the territory of the museum, city-wide and regional events are held with elements of military rituals: the ceremonial raising of the Kaiser flag, the changing of the guard of honor, the daily noon shot, and twice a year the museum hosts the solemn oath-taking ceremony of Pacific warriors.
Being an educational center on the history of fortification in Vladivostok, the museum pays great attention to popularization work in organizing exhibitions and exhibitions and sales of amateur artists of Vladivostok and the Primorsky Territory.
It is impossible not to mention another unique place in Vladivostok - the oceanarium. It is located in the city center and is part of the oldest fisheries organization in the Far East - the Pacific Fisheries Research Center (TINRO Center).
The oceanarium was built in 1990 according to the project of the Primorgrazhdanproekt Institute. It received its first visitors on July 12, 1991.
The Oceanarium is a maritime museum, in two exhibition halls with a total area of 1500 m2 there are dry and live exhibitions dedicated to the nature of the Pacific Ocean.
The central place in the museum exhibition is occupied by the diorama “Seal Rookery and Bird Market”. Another part of it consists of biogroups with penguins, albatrosses, coelacanths and sea otters, in which marine animals are shown in natural conditions. The display cases display collections of sea shells, corals, sponges, fish and other marine animals. Unique exhibits include: dummies of Steller's cow and coelacanth, an albino sea otter embryo, fish and birds of the tropics and much more. The museum collection includes more than 1 thousand exhibits. In a large round hall, 13 aquariums house inhabitants of freshwater reservoirs of the Far East, Peter the Great Bay, and tropical seas. In the central hall, 4 cold-water aquariums house the inhabitants of the Seas of Japan and Okhotsk. Part of the exhibition is dedicated to decorative aquarium fish, which are housed in self-contained aquariums. In total, the Oceanarium contains about 120 species (more than 2 thousand specimens).
The second interesting building is the Dolphinarium, which also belongs to the TINRO Center and is located next to the Oceanarium. The Dolphinarium was built in 1987 as an experimental base for the institute. In 1988, a demonstration program was prepared and the Dolphinarium opened to visitors. By its design, the Dolphinarium is a floating pontoon installed at the pier on Batareinaya Embankment. Inside the pontoon there are three cages suspended in which the animals are kept. The Dolphinarium, despite the existence of permanent or temporary exhibitions and other spectacular events in the city, enjoys the constant attention of residents and guests of the city.
On the Korabelnaya embankment in Vladivostok there is an amazing monument - the S-56 submarine. There are no such memorials in the world - the S-56 is the only submarine on Earth that is brought ashore and stands on a pedestal as a museum and a monument at the same time.
Not far from the city there is one of the first state reserves in Russia (founded in 1916) - Kedrovaya Pad. Here, in the upper reaches of the river. Kedrovaya has the best preserved subtropical forests, where the legendary ginseng grows. The fauna is also richly represented: including the Himalayan bear, Bengal cat, wild boar, roe deer, and mandarin duck.
169 km east of Vladivostok on the shore of Nakhodka Bay in the Nakhodka Bay of the Sea of Japan is located the city of the same name - Nakhodka. This is one of the largest transport and fishing centers in the Far East.
The history of this city dates back to 1931, when expeditions from Leningrad and Vladivostok arrived on the coast of Nakhodka Bay to conduct research and survey work. In 1939, Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks Andrei Zhdanov, having examined Nakhodka Bay, summed up: “There will be a wonderful port at this place. But a port without a city is impossible.” Resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 1646-399 “On the transfer of the Vladivostok trade and fishing ports to Nakhodka Bay” was signed.
In 1940, by Decree of July 16, the settlement of Nakhodka was classified as a workers' settlement, and seven years later, the Nakhodka port point was transformed into a second-class sea trade port.
On May 18, 1950, the workers' village of Nakhodka received the status of a city of regional subordination. This date is considered the birthday of modern Nakhodka.
Since December 6, 2004, the municipal formation of the city of Nakhodka has been granted the status of an urban district.
There is a free economic zone in Nakhodka. The geopolitical location of the city also determines the specifics of the economy. Coastal trade is widely developed here; timber, coal, fluorspar, honey, fish and seafood are exported. Among the most significant and large enterprises, we can highlight such as OJSC Primorsky Shipping Company, Primorsky Ship Repair Production Association, Marine Fisheries Base, Gaidamak Ship Repair Plant, Nakhodka Active Marine Fisheries Base, DV Fishing Company, Nakhodka Oil Loading Commercial Port. . There is also a tin and can factory in the city; separate enterprises are involved in the production of reinforced concrete products and large-panel housing construction.
There are six universities in the city of Nakhodka. Secondary vocational education is represented by the Far Eastern Naval School and the Industrial Pedagogical College.
300 km north of Vladivostok in the foothills of the Sikhote-Alin on the right bank of the river. Arsenyevka (a tributary of the Ussuri) is the 5th most populous city in the Primorsky Territory - Arsenyev (according to the results of the last census, the number of inhabitants was 65.5 thousand people).
Arsenyev was founded in 1902 as the village of Semenovka. After 50 years, the Russian settler village was transformed into the city of Arsenyev, named after the Far East explorer, ethnographer and writer V.K. Arsenyev, whose routes along the region included the territory where Semenovka was located.
Currently, the largest aircraft manufacturing company in the region, Progress, is located in Arsenyev. N.I. Sazykin, where MI-34S helicopters and Yak-55M aircraft are produced, agricultural machinery, equipment for oil workers, small boats and yachts, walk-behind tractors, and rocketry are manufactured. Another large enterprise in the city is the OJSC Askold machine-building plant, which produces ship and pipeline fittings, line-coupling equipment for aircraft. There are also woodworking and furniture factories, food industry enterprises and construction materials production enterprises.
Arsenyev is rightfully considered a city of students: here every fifth person studies at a higher educational institution or receives a secondary specialized education. Prestigious are the Arsenyev Institute of Technology, a branch of the Far Eastern Academy of Economics and Management, Primorsky aviation technical school, technical schools.
Attention is also paid to the aesthetic education of young Arseniev residents; the city has a children's music and art school and a circus arts school. Sports facilities are in great demand: the sports complex “Yunost”, “Vostok”, “Polet” with an indoor swimming pool, and the tourist center “Bodrost”.
The surroundings of Arsenyev are full of attractions. There are about 40 different archaeological sites: fortifications, settlements, sites, as well as caves, which are enthusiastically explored by speleologists. Tourists are fascinated by the unique beauty of the Far Eastern land with yew groves, junipers, and lotuses that grow on lakes Orekhovoye and Kazennye.
In the southeastern part of the Razdolno-Khankai lowland, at the confluence of the Razdolnaya, Rakovka, and Komarovka rivers, 112 km north of Vladivostok, the city of Ussuriysk is located.
It was founded in 1866 by settlers from the Astrakhan and Voronezh provinces as the village of Nikolskoye. The village got its name from the name of the church consecrated in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. In 1898, when the village of Nikolskoye merged with the village of Ketritsevo, the city of Nikolsk was formed, which in 1926 was renamed Nikolsk-Ussuriysky. The definition of Ussuriysk was given to distinguish it from the city of Nikolsk in the Vologda region, although it is only indirectly related to the name of the river. Ussuri (the right tributary of the Amur), since the city is located about 150 km from it. Immediate cause Its appearance was inspired by the unofficial name of the area adjacent to this river, the Ussuri region.
From 1935 to 1957 the city was called Voroshilov after the name of the Soviet party and military leader K.E. Voroshilov (1881-1969), and in 1957 it was renamed Ussuriysk.
The economy of the region consists of an oil and fat plant, which combines oil extraction, margarine and soap factories; JSC "Primorsky Sugar", which includes granulated sugar, sugar refinery and yeast factories. Production of alcoholic beverages with extracts from herbs of the Ussuri taiga (OJSC Ussuri Balsam). Also operating are the Far Eastern "Rodina" plant, which produces woodworking machines, household refrigerators "Ocean"), a combine repair and locomotive repair plant, a leather and footwear association "Grado", a clothing factory "Rabotnitsa", an oxygen plant, and a furniture factory. In the region I grow soybeans, potatoes, buckwheat, wheat, barley, dairy cattle breeding, poultry farming, cage fur farming (mink), and deer breeding are developed.
Mineral resources in the Ussuri region include tuffs - the Borisovskoye and Pushkinskoye deposits, brown coal (Banevurovskoye), Aleksee-Nikolskoye deposit of hard coal, brick clay, and the Rakovskoye mineral water deposit.
Among the cultural and educational institutions, one can highlight the agricultural and pedagogical institutes, two drama theaters, and a branch of the Primorsky State Museum.
Of the city's attractions, the most notable is the medieval monument - a stone statue of a turtle, personifying longevity (installed on the graves of members of the imperial family of the Jurgen state, 12th century).
The Ussuri Museum of History and Local Lore is another interesting Ussuri place, located in oldest building the city of Ussuriysk - an architectural monument of the 19th century, the first educational institution in the village of Nikolsky, a parochial school. The museum opened its doors to visitors in 1999 and became the center of culture and historical pride of the Ussuri people. More than 1.5 thousand exhibits tell about the history of the city, its people, crafts, culture, and way of life. One of the halls is dedicated to the history of the city. Here you can trace all periods of the city’s development, starting from the Bohai and Jurchen eras, which are represented by archaeological finds (fragments of dishes, ceramics, catapult cores, etc.); the migration period since the time of land development (household items, tools, clothing). There is also a Hall of Military Glory in the museum.
On the outskirts of Ussuriysk, on the spurs of the Southern Sikhote-Alin, in the territory of the Ussuriysk and Shkotovsky districts of the Primorsky Territory, the Ussuri Nature Reserve named after. Academician V.L. Komarov, in which a museum of the Ussuri taiga was created. The purpose of the creation is to protect the intact mountain-forest ecosystems of the western macroslope of the Sikhote-Alin, their flora and fauna, largely related to the Manchurian complex, with high level endemism.
The easternmost astronomical station in Russia is located near the reserve.
Another city in the Primorsky Territory, Spask-Dalniy, has 56 thousand inhabitants. It is located in the Prikhankai lowland, 20 km from Lake Khanka, 243 km northeast of Vladivostok.
Founded by settlers around 1886 as the village of Spasskoye, near which in 1906 the Evgenievka station of the Ussuri Railway was built, its name future city received the name of the church consecrated in the name of the Transfiguration of the Lord or, as it is popularly called, the Transfiguration of the Savior.
The village was transformed into a city in 1917, and almost 10 years later the village of Evgenievka became part of it. The city received its current name – Spassk-Dalniy – in 1929.
During the Civil War, in the Spassk-Dalniy area, the Spassk Operation was carried out to liberate Primorye from the White Guards and interventionists.
In 1908, on the basis of deposits of high-quality limestone and clay near Evgenievka, the first one was built, in 1932-34. the second, in 1976, Novospassky cement plant. In this regard, the city has developed the production of building materials: JSC - Spasskcement, Spassktsemremont, Elefant, Keramik. There are also enterprises in the field of mechanical engineering and metalworking: plants - experimental mechanical, auto repair, Primorsky experimental, and the Spasskvodmashremont enterprise. The light industry of the city consists of the Vostok clothing factory, the Taezhnaya dried shoe factory, and an art ceramics factory. The city's food enterprises include a meat processing plant, a sausage factory, a dairy plant, and a canned vegetable and fruit factory. In the Spassky district, rice, soybeans, wheat, oats, buckwheat, vegetables are grown, beekeeping, reindeer herding are developed, and cattle are raised.
Among the architectural landmarks, buildings stand out railway station, men's gymnasium. On the territory of Spassk-Dalniy there is a protected natural monument (since 1981) - Spasskaya Cave, as well as the Khankaisky nature reserve - a unique natural complex in the Primorsky Territory. In the western part of the region there is Lake Khanka, one of the most beautiful natural reservoirs of Primorye. Not far from Lake Khanka, in the beautiful village of Gayvoron, there is a zoological hospital of the Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Here, in an enclosure with an area of 10,000 m2, Amur tigers live.
The cities of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
The Kamchatka Region, part of the Far Eastern Federal District, is located on the Kamchatka Peninsula. As an independent subject of the Russian Federation, it was formed on October 20, 1932, but the history of the cities that are part of it begins much earlier.
The Kamchatka region is washed by the Okhotsk and Bering Seas and the Pacific Ocean. The eastern coast of Kamchatka is heavily indented ( large bays: Kronotsky, Kamchatsky, Korfa, etc.), western - weakly.
The Kamchatka region is a large fishing area in Russia. Main commercial fish: salmon, herring, flounder, cod, sea bass, halibut, pollock. On the western shores there is crab farming.
In addition, enterprises in the forestry and woodworking, shipbuilding and ship repair industries are developing in the region, and coal mining is underway. Agriculture is dominated by dairy and meat cattle breeding and poultry farming. In the north there is reindeer husbandry, fur farming, and fur farming. Potatoes and vegetables are grown in the valleys of the Kamchatka and Avacha rivers.
The oldest city in the Kamchatka region - Klyuchi, was founded in 1731, and 9 years later (in 1740) a city was founded, which 216 years later became the center of the Kamchatka region - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. It is located on the eastern coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, on the shores of Avacha Bay of the Pacific Ocean, on the slopes of Mishennaya, Petrovskaya and Nikolskaya hills.
The Petropavlovsk prison was founded on the site of the Kamchadal village of Aushin, where 2 Kamchatka expedition IN AND. Bering and A.I. Chirikov (1733-1743). The island got its name from the names of the ships belonging to this expedition - “St. Apostle Peter” and “St. Apostle Paul”. By the beginning of the 19th century, Petropavlovsk became not only the administrative and economic center of Kamchatka, but also the main port in the Far East, and in 1822 it was transformed into the district city of Petropavlovsk Port. During the Crimean War 1853-1856. the city took a direct part in the hostilities, heroically repelling the attack of the Anglo-French squadron.
The city received its present name in 1924, when the definition Kamchatsky was added to the already established name - Petropavlovsk - to distinguish it from the name of the city of Petropavlovsk in Kazakhstan.
In the 1930s the borders of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky expanded significantly, including new areas of industrial and residential development: the village of the Kamchatka joint-stock company, the villages of workers and builders of the Petropavlovsk shipyard and tin can factory, the base fishing fleet Mokhovaya, and in the 1940s. - residential area for merchant marine builders.
The economy of the city, as well as the entire region, consists of enterprises directly or indirectly related to the sea and seafood production: “Management of Trawling and Refrigerated Fleet”, “Petropavlovsk Ship Repair and Mechanical Plant”, “Petropavlovsk Shipyard”, “Okeanrybflot”, “ Kamchatrybprom", tin can factory, "Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Sea Trade Port", "Kamchatka Shipping Company".
The city also has its own higher educational institutions, including the Far Eastern Academy of Management, Business and Law, Kamchatka State Academy of Fishing Fleet, Kamchatka State Pedagogical Institute, Branch All-Russian Academy foreign trade, Higher Marine Engineering School. In addition, the Institute of Volcanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences operates in the city, as well as the Kamchatka branch of the Pacific Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography. Among the cultural institutions of the city, we can highlight the Drama Theater and the Museum of Local Lore.
The local history museum is located in the historical center of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The museum exhibits are dedicated to the history of the region, its flora and fauna, the native peoples of Kamchatka and their ancient culture. There are interesting exhibitions on the nature of Kamchatka: the Kronotsky Nature Reserve, the volcanoes of Kamchatka, its wild nature and natural resources. You will see a collection of paintings painted by local artists.
There are many monuments in the city. The oldest monument in the Far East is the monument to Vitus Bering, believed to have been built between 1823 and 1826. At first, the monument was placed near the Governor’s residence, then it was moved several times, and now it stands on Sovetskaya Street, not far from the harbor from which the famous navigator began his expedition to America.
The Charles Clarke Monument is the only monument in Russia that commemorates the Third World Expedition of the famous British explorer and Navigator James Cook. After the death of Captain Cook, Charles Clarke became Captain of his expedition. On June 12, 1779, his ships left Avacha Bay and headed towards the Bering Strait, but were unable to pass due to ice. On the way back to Petropavlovsk, Charles Clarke died and was buried at the site where the British erected a monument in honor of his memory in 1913.
The history of the La Perouse monument is as tragic as the history of Jean Francois La Perouse himself, in whose honor the monument was erected.
The famous French explorer set off on a circumnavigation of the world in 1775, it was assumed that within four years his ships would visit North America, Japan, China, Australia and return back to France. In September 1787, after a short visit to Petropavlovsk, the expedition headed to Japan, the expedition consisted of 242 participants, most of whom were talented scientists, artists and navigators, and only one of them was an experienced sailor, seasoned in the strong storms of the Pacific Ocean. The remains of the ships were found in 1959. In 1843, at the request of the French government, a monument was erected in honor of the brave explorers, but in August 1854 it was completely destroyed by the cannonball of a French frigate. It was restored in 1882, and since 1930 it has stood on Lenin Street, in the city center. Memorial Complex on Nikolskaya Sopka.
The Monument to Glory was erected in 1882 in honor of the heroic defense of Petropavlovsk, and in 1954, in the year of the 100th anniversary of the heroic defense of Petropavlovsk, a new monument was erected dedicated to the legendary 3rd Battery under the command of Lieutenant A. Maksutov.
I would also like to mention a sacred place in Petropavlovsk - a small cemetery with a chapel built of stone. 35 Russian defenders are buried on the right side of the Chapel and 38 French and English sailors on the left. This monument symbolizes that all people are equal before God. The fact that those who fought against each other are now buried in one place shows the spiritual generosity of the people of Kamchatka, who honor the dead and do not want such a tragedy to happen again.
On the outskirts of the city there is a sports and tourist base "Kamchadal". On the territory of the base there is a nursery for Kamchatka sled dogs “Siberian Fang”, a large guest house, a souvenir kiosk, a buffet, rental of cross-country skis and equipment, snowmobiles, and a parking lot. At the base you can ride sled dogs and feel like a real musher.
There are several sled dog routes from STB Kamchadal. There are weekend routes and multi-day trips.
In the extreme east of Russia is the Sakhalin region, formed on September 20, 1932. It is washed by the waters of the Okhotsk and Japanese seas and the Pacific Ocean. The main industry is fishing; in addition, forestry, woodworking, pulp and paper, light industry, food industry, ship repair enterprises, production of building materials are developing, and coal mining is underway.
The center of the Sakhalin region is the city of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.
Located in the southeastern part of Sakhalin Island on the river. Susuya, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk was founded in 1882 as the village of Vladimirovka. The village got its name from the name of the local prison manager. From 1905 to 1945, being part of Japan, the village became a city, the administrative center of Southern Sakhalin, receiving the name Toyohara (Toyohara). The city became Russian after the end of World War II in 1945, and a year later it was renamed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk based on its location in the south of the island.
Sakhalin is an island rich in mineral resources, in particular coal, oil, and gas. Coal mining is also carried out in the city area, as a result of which enterprises such as Sakhalinpodzemugol, Sakhalin Coal Company, and Concern Sakhalinuglerazrez work in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. In addition, oil wells are being developed on the Sakhalin shelf, which determines the development of the oil and gas industry (ZAO ANK Shelf, Petrosakh, Sakhalinmorneftegaz-Shelf, Sakhalin Energy Company).
Extensive wood reserves determine favorable conditions for the development of the forestry, wood processing, pulp and paper and furniture industries.
However, the main industry of the city is fishing: extraction and processing of fish and seafood (Pilenga, Sakhalin Island, Sakhalinpromryba association, Tunaicha LLP).
The close proximity and great importance of the sea suggest the presence of scientific institutions dealing with “water” problems. In Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, such institutions are represented by the Sakhalin Institute of Marine Biology, the Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics of the Far Eastern Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Sakhalin Branch of the Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography.
There are also universities in the city, among which are the Far Eastern Academic Law University at the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sakhalin State University, a branch of the Moscow State University of Commerce, the Yuzhno-Sakhalin Institute of Commerce and Entrepreneurship, the Yuzhno-Sakhalin Institute of Economics, Law and Informatics .
The city's cultural institutions are represented by the Drama Theatre. A.P. Chekhov, puppet theater. There are also local history and art museums.
The central square of the city is named after V.I. Lenin, whose monument was erected there in 1970. A slab with the inscription was embedded in the base of the monument: “The monument was built in the year of the 100th anniversary of the birth of V.I. Lenin by decision of the CPSU Central Committee.”
On September 3, 1975, in honor of the 30th anniversary of the defeat of militaristic Japan, a memorial complex was opened on Victory Square. Its central part is a five-meter pedestal with a T-34 tank mounted on it. In the lower part of the complex, closer to the square, there are artillery pieces: a 76-mm anti-tank gun and a 122-mm howitzer.
Five years later, another war memorial was built in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in memory of Soviet soldiers who died in the battles for South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. Its grand opening took place on September 3, 1980 on Glory Square, at the intersection of Communist Avenue and Gorky Street. The memorial complex includes a bronze figure of a soldier on a high square pedestal and a sculptural group of two paratroopers located just below.
Among the attractions of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk that have appeared in recent years, a small two-story house with a mezzanine on Kurilskaya Street stands out, where the municipal literary and art museum of A.P. Chekhov’s book “Sakhalin Island” is located. The museum, designed to study and popularize the work of the great writer, is unique in its profile. Scientific and collecting work is being carried out here to complete the collection, which includes: household items from the penal servitude period, works by A.P. Chekhov different years publications, including in foreign languages, materials telling about the creation of the book “Sakhalin Island”, as well as its fate in Russia and abroad.
The recreational and tourism sector is also developed in the city and its region. The most famous is the Sinegorsk mineral waters resort.
Cities of North-East Russia
On December 3, 1953, the Magadan region was formed in the extreme northeast of Russia. The territory of the region is washed by the Sea of Okhotsk. The dense river network of the Magadan region belongs to the basins of the Arctic and Pacific oceans. The largest river is the Kolyma. There are small lakes. Among mineral resources, deposits of gold, tin, tungsten, hard and brown coal have been explored.
The Magadan region is located in the northern taiga zone. Mountain forest podzolic soils predominate. Taiga forests are sparse, the main species being larch.
The climate here is sharply continental and harsh. Winters are long (up to 8 months), summers are cool. average temperature January from -19C to -23C on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk and -38C in the interior parts of the region. The growing season is no more than 100 days. Permafrost is widespread everywhere (except for the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk).
The Magadan region is located in the northern taiga zone. Mountain forest podzolic soils predominate. Taiga forests are sparse, the main species being larch. Squirrel, mountain hare, arctic fox, fox, bears (brown and white), wolverine, weasel, reindeer, elk, etc. are preserved. Birds are numerous: partridges, ducks, geese. The Sea of Okhotsk is rich in fish (salmon, herring, navaga, cod, etc.) and sea animals (fur seals, seals, whales), in the rivers and lakes - nelma, grayling, char, burbot, perch.
The economy of the region consists of the mining and fishing industries; agriculture is dominated by reindeer husbandry, dairy and beef cattle breeding, fur farming, fur trading, and poultry farming. They grow potatoes, cabbage, carrots, and fodder crops.
Since 1953, the center of the Magadan Territory has been the city of Magadan, located on the shore of Nagaev Bay in the Sea of Okhotsk on permafrost, in a zone of increased seismicity, 7110 km from Moscow.
Construction of Magadan began in the early 1930s. in connection with the development of natural resources (mainly gold) of the North-East of the USSR. The city got its name from Even Mongodan - “sea sediments; fin,” was the name of one of the rivers that flowed near the site of the city’s origin. A less convincing version connects the name of the city with the name of Even Magda, on the site of whose camp the city grew over time.
In the 1930-1950s. Magadan was the control center of the North-Eastern forced labor camps of the NKVD of the USSR.
Currently Magadan is the largest in the northeast of Russia sea port. The city has a developed mechanical engineering industry, represented by enterprises producing and repairing mining equipment, producing fuel equipment, and ship repair; metalworking enterprises, production of building materials; light industry - clothing factory, leather and shoe factory. The coastal location of Magadan determines the development of the fishing industry.
Among the scientific institutions of the city one can highlight the North-Eastern Integrated Research Institute and the Institute of Biological Problems of the North, the Far Eastern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Research Institute of Gold and Rare Metals, the Zonal Research Institute of Agriculture of the North-East and a branch of the Pacific Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography. Highly qualified personnel are trained by the Northern International University, Branch of the Moscow State Law Academy. The city's cultural institutions include musical drama and puppet theaters, and a local history museum.
In the north Eastern Siberia, including the New Siberian Islands, is the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), formed on April 27, 1922 as the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and with the collapse of the USSR in 1991, it adopted its current name, derived from the ethnic names of the indigenous population: Sakha - self-name and Yakut - Russian name , borrowed in the 17th century. among the Evens.
More than 1/3 of the territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle. Most of the territory of the republic is occupied by extensive mountain systems, highlands and plateaus. In the west is the Central Siberian Plateau, bounded on the east by the Central Yakut Lowland. In the east are the Verkhoyansky and Chersky ridges (height up to 3147 m) and the Yano-Oymyakon Highlands located between them. In the south - the Aldan Highlands and the border Stanovoy Range. In the northern part there are the North Siberian, Yana-Indigirsk and Kolyma lowlands. In the northeast is the Yukagir Plateau. Mineral resources are also diverse - deposits of diamonds, gold, tin, mica, tungsten, polymetallic and iron ores, coal, natural gas and etc.
The territory of the republic is washed by the Laptev and East Siberian seas. Large rivers are the Lena (with tributaries Olekma, Aldan and Vilyui), Anbar, Olenyok, Yana, Indigirka, Alazeya, Kolyma. Vilyui Reservoir. Over 700 lakes: Mogotoevo, Nerpichye, Nedzheli, etc.
The climate is sharply continental. Winter is long, harsh and with little snow. Summer is short and warm. Most of the territory of Yakutia is located in the middle taiga zone, which to the north gives way to forest-tundra and tundra zones. The soils are predominantly frozen-taiga, sod-forest, alluvial-meadow, mountain-forest and tundra-gley.
Forests (Daurian larch, pine, dwarf cedar, spruce, fir, birch, etc.) occupy about 4/5 of the territory. Meadows are common in river valleys and alas. On the coast and mountain tops there are shrubby, herbaceous vegetation and lichens.
The preserved arctic fox, sable, white hare, ermine, fox, muskrat, reindeer, etc. Birds include the pink gull, the white crane, and others. In the Olekma basin, red deer are found, in the mountain taiga in the south and east - musk deer; in the mountains of Eastern Yakutia - bighorn sheep. In the seas - omul, muksun, nelma, whitefish, vendace. In the rivers - whitefish, pike, perch, sturgeon, burbot, taimen, lenok.
The republic's economy consists of mining and light industry, and the fuel and energy complex. Agriculture specializes in livestock breeding (meat and dairy cattle breeding, meat and herd horse breeding), and in the north - reindeer husbandry. Fur farming, hunting and fishing are developed.
Navigation along the Northern Sea Route, the Lena and its tributaries, and other major rivers. Seaports - Tiksi, Cape Verde (Chersky). The Bamovskaya railway passes through the territory of Yakutia. line (Tynda - Berkakit - Neryungri) and the Amur-Yakutsk highway (Berkakit - Tommot - Yakutsk).
The capital of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is the city of Yakutsk. It is located on the left bank of the Lena on permafrost, 8468 km east of Moscow.
Yakutsk was founded in 1632 as the Yakut (or Lensky) fort by a detachment of Yenisei Cossacks under the leadership of Pyotr Beketov, about 70 km below the current city. After 10 years, the fort was moved to its modern location.
In the XVII – XVIII centuries Yakutsk (later Yakutsk) was a military-administrative and shopping center North-Eastern Siberia. In 1922-90. Yakutsk was the capital of the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and then the Republic of Sakha.
Large mineral deposits have been explored in the city area. These are mainly deposits of diamonds, gold, tin, mica, tungsten, polymetallic and iron ores, coal, oil and natural gas, etc. In connection with this, the city has developed enterprises in the fuel and gas industries, and non-ferrous metallurgy. The abundance of forests gave rise to the development of the timber, woodworking, pulp and paper industries, and the production of building materials.
Among the scientific institutions of the city, the Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences stands out, which unites about 30 scientific institutes: history, language and literature, biology, mining of the North, etc.; Russia's only permafrost research institute. Also worth mentioning are the design institutes “Yakutgrazhdanproekt”, “Zolotoproekt”, “Agropromproekt”.
The status of the capital of the republic determines a large number of higher and secondary educational institutions, including the Higher School of Music of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Higher College of Humanities, the Medical Institute of the Yakut State University, a branch of the Novosibirsk State Academy water transport, Yakut State Agricultural Academy, Yakut State University.
There are many cultural institutions in the city - the Yakut Drama Theater named after. P.A. Oyunsky, Russian Drama Theatre, Opera and Ballet Theatre, Philharmonic Society; museums: local history, fine arts, literary name P.A. Oyunsky, archeology and ethnography, music and folklore, International Jew's harp Museum, house-museums of E.M. Yaroslavsky, M.K. Ammosova.
The city also has many architectural and historical attractions. These include the wooden hipped tower of the Yakut fort (1685), the stone buildings of the Spassky Monastery (1664), St. Nicholas Church (1852), the former Bishop's chambers, public library(1911), Treasury House (1909).
In the extreme northeast of Russia is the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, which occupies part of the mainland, the Chukotka Peninsula and a number of islands (Wrangel, Ayon, Ratmanova, etc.). A significant part of the district is located beyond the Arctic Circle. The banks are heavily dissected. In the northeast - the Chukotka Highlands (height up to 1843 m), in the central part - the Anadyr Plateau, in the southeast - the Anadyr Lowland. The subsoil is rich in tin and mercury ores, coal and brown coal, gas and other minerals.
The territory of the district is washed by the East Siberian, Chukchi and Bering seas. Large rivers - Anadyr (with tributaries Main, Belaya, Tanyurer), Velikaya, Amguema, Omolon, Bolshoi and Maly Anyui. There are many lakes, the largest are Krasnoe and Elgygytgyn.
The climate is harsh, maritime on the coasts, sharply continental in the interior. The duration of winter is up to 10 months. Located Chukotka District in the zone of forest-tundra, tundra and arctic deserts. The soils are predominantly mountain-tundra and peat-gley, with peat-podzolic and alluvial soils occurring. Tundra vegetation predominates (mountain dry tundra with shrubs, hummocky cotton grass and shrub tundra). On the upper slopes of the mountains and on Wrangel Island there are arctic deserts. In the river basin Anadyr and others large rivers- island forests (larch, poplar, Korean willow, birch, alder, etc.). Among the animals there are arctic fox, fox, wolf, wolverine, chipmunk, squirrel, lemming, mountain hare, brown and polar bears. There are many birds: ptarmigan and tundra partridge, ducks, geese, swans, etc. On the coast there are guillemots, eiders, and gulls, forming “bird colonies.” The seas are rich in fish (chum salmon, pink salmon, char) and sea animals (walrus, seal, etc.); in rivers and lakes - whitefish, nelma, grayling.
The main sectors of the economy are the mining industry, the production of building materials, reindeer husbandry, fishing, and hunting fur and sea animals. Dairy farming, poultry farming, pig farming, cage farming and greenhouse farming are developing.
The center of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is Anadr, located on the shores of the Anadyr Bay of the Berengov Sea in the permafrost zone. Its history begins in 1889, when, near the Chukotka settlement of Vien, the head of the Anadyr district L.F. Grinevitsky founded the Novo-Mariinsk border post. It received its name in honor of the wife of Alexander III, Empress Maria Fedorovna, and the definition New was included to distinguish it from the already existing city Mariinsk in Western Siberia. In 1923, the village of Novomariinsk was renamed Anadr. and in 1965 it received city status.
The local Chukchi population still calls the city V'en - zev, or Kagyrlyn - entrance, mouth, which reflects its location with a narrow neck that opens the entrance to the upper part of the Anadyr estuary.
The economy of modern Anadyr consists of enterprises in the fishing and reindeer herding industries, as well as gold and coal mining enterprises.