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To the registry sea ports of Russia 63 ports are included, which are included in five sea basins and are located on the shores of 12 three seas oceans and the Caspian Sea. The total cargo turnover of Russian seaports in 2012 amounted to 565.5 million tons, the main share of cargo being oil (34.8%), petroleum products (20.2%) and coal (15.8%). 2006 cargo turnover maritime transport amounted to 48 billion t-km, passenger turnover - 30 million passenger-km, 173 thousand freight and 6 thousand passenger and cargo-passenger registered sea vessels.
The main role of Russian maritime transport is to carry out export-import transportation of goods; small and large cabotage is developing. The main problem of Russian maritime transport is the lack of ports in general and large ports with large cargo turnover in particular, as well as the shallowness of 60% of Russian ports.
The largest cargo turnover occurs at ports Black Sea basin, where the structure of exports is dominated by oil and petroleum products, coal, metals, timber, Construction Materials, and in the import structure - grain, sugar, machinery and equipment, pipes for pipelines, food products. The presence of resorts determines the significant development of passenger traffic in the basin (up to 30 million people per year). Through Baltic Basin Oil, timber, and metals are exported from Russia, and cars, industrial and food products are imported. Geographical location and good availability of transport routes determined the leading role foreign trade(90% of cargo turnover). Caspian basin Coastal transportation predominates, where oil and petroleum products, salt, grain, cotton, wool, and fish predominate. Far Eastern Basin carries out cabotage and export-import transportation. Via ports Far East They export fish, timber, coal, oil, food, and import machinery, equipment, and metals. In the basin there is a sea railway crossing Vanino - Kholmsk. Northern Basin - area rapid growth maritime transport, where important role plays Northern Sea Route. The export structure is dominated by coal, timber, petroleum products, non-ferrous metal ores, equipment; the import structure is dominated by food.
- 1 List of ports by basin
- 1.1 Black Sea basin
- 1.2 Baltic Basin
- 1.3 Caspian Basin
- 1.4 Pacific Basin
- 1.5 Northern Basin
- 2 Map
- 3 Port cargo turnover
- 4 See also
- 5 Notes
- 6 Literature
- 7 Links
List of ports by basin
Below is a list of ports Russian Federation with their main characteristics. Blue In the table, ice-free ports are highlighted, green - ports of the Northern Sea Route.
Black Sea basin
| Port | Location | Coordinates | Square (aqua + terr), km² |
Freight turnover, thousand tons (2011) |
Vessel dimensions (length / width / siege), m |
Number of berths (length) |
Qty stevedores |
Image | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atlantic Ocean | |||||||||
| Sea of Azov | |||||||||
| Azov | mountains Azov Rostov region |
47°07′05″ n. w. 39°25"21" in. d. (G) | 11 + 1,34 | 4 756,8 | 150 / 18 / 3,7 | 27 units (3,909.5 m) | 10 | ||
| Yeysk | mountains Yeysk Krasnodar region |
46°43′31″ n. w. 38°16"33" in. d. (G) | 0,87 + 0,69 | 3 998,2 | 142 / 18 / 4,5 | 15 units (2,649 m) | 9 | ||
| Rostov-on-Don | mountains Rostov-on-Don Rostov region |
47°12′10″ n. w. 39°41"26" in. d. (G) | 12,84 + 2,84 | 10 366,6 | 140 / 16,7 / 3,5 | 54 units (8,978.9 m) | 24 | ||
| Taganrog | mountains Taganrog Rostov region |
47°12′21″ n. w. 38°57"07" E. d. (G) | 9,76 + 0,54 | 3 467,5 | 149 / 18 / 4,7 | 9 units (1,765.7 m) | 3 | ||
| Temryuk | mountains Temryuk Krasnodar region |
45°19′33″ n. w. 37°22"40" in. d. (G) | 22,68 + 2,29 | 2 347,9 | 140 / 17,5 / 4,8 | 10 units (1,394.8 m) | 5 | ||
| Black Sea | |||||||||
| Anapa | mountains Anapa Krasnodar region |
44°53′52″ n. w. 37°18"25" in. d. (G) | 2,09 + 0,02 | 0 | 114 / 16 / 3,7 | 5 units (589 m) | 1 | ||
| Gelendzhik | mountains Gelendzhik Krasnodar region |
44°34′26″ n. w. 38°01"34" in. d. (G) | 10,7 + 0,07 | 382,6 | 114 / 14 / 3,8 | 9 units (795.8 m) | 3 | ||
| Caucasus | Temryuk district Krasnodar region |
45°20′28″ n. w. 36°40"22" in. d. (G) | 23,24 + 0,46 | 8 304,2 | 150 / 21 / 5 | 8 units (988 m) | 4 | ||
| Novorossiysk | mountains Novorossiysk Krasnodar region |
44°43′49″ n. w. 37°46"51" in. d. (G) | 344 + 2,38 | 116 139,5 | 295 / 45 / 13,1 | 88 units (15,287.7 m) | 9 | ||
| Sochi | mountains Sochi Krasnodar region |
43°24′36″ n. w. 39°55"58" in. d. (G) | 17,72 + 0,38 | 2 446,1 | 190 / 27 / 8 | 20 units (2,390.0 m) | 2 | ||
| Taman | With. Wave Temryuk district Krasnodar region |
45°07′39″ n. w. 36°41"13" in. d. (G) | 89,51 + 0,36 | 1 235,0 | 225 / 32,3 / 11,4 | 4 units (937.0 m) | 2 | ||
| Tuapse | mountains Tuapse Krasnodar region |
44°05′34″ n. w. 39°04"37" in. d. (G) | 25,18 + 0,38 | 19 404,7 | 250 / 44 / 12 | 31 units (5,025.4 m) | 7 | ||
Baltic Basin
| Port | Location | Coordinates | Square (aqua + terr), km² |
Freight turnover, thousand tons (2011) |
Vessel dimensions (length / width / siege), m |
Number of berths (length) |
Qty stevedores |
Image | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atlantic Ocean | |||||||||
| Baltic Sea | |||||||||
| Vyborg | mountains Vyborg Leningrad region |
60°42′43″ n. w. 28°43"46" E. d. (G) | 2,87 + 0,17 | 1 103,6 | 135 / 24 / 6,5 | 9 units (1,327.0 m) | 2 | ||
| Vysotsk | mountains Vysotsk Vyborg district Leningrad region |
60°37′06″ n. w. 28°33"39" in. d. (G) | 1,26 + 1,44 | 13 422,0 | 250 / 44 / 13,2 | 8 units (1,595.7 m) | 2 | ||
| Kaliningrad | mountains Kaliningrad Kaliningrad region |
54°40′08″ n. w. 20°24"14" in. d. (G) | 17,73 + 8,32 | 13 352,2 | 200 / 30 / 9,5 | 101 units (14,100.0 m) | 30 | ||
| Primorsk | mountains Primorsk Vyborg district Leningrad region |
60°21′28″ n. w. 28°37"08" E. d. (G) | 31,36 + 2,47 | 75 124,9 | 307 / 55 / 15,85 | 10 units (2,788.4 m) | 3 | ||
| St. Petersburg (Big Port) | mountains Saint Petersburg | 59°52′50″ n. w. 30°11"57" in. d. (G) | 628,9 + 5,29 | 59 989,6 | 320 / 42 / 11 | 145 units (22,364.2 m) | 29 | ||
| St. Petersburg (Passenger Port) | mountains Saint Petersburg | 59°55′34″ n. w. 30°14"07" E. d. (G) | 3,04 + 0,33 | 0 | 311 / 42 / 8,8 | 7 units (2,171.0 m) | 1 | ||
| Ust-Luga | Kingisepp district Leningrad region |
59°40′29″ n. w. 28°24"37" in. d. (G) | 67,56 + 10,56 | 22 692,9 | 285,4 / 50 / 14,8 | 19 units (4,061.7 m) | 9 | ||
Caspian basin
| Port | Location | Coordinates | Square (aqua + terr), km² |
Freight turnover, thousand tons (2011) |
Vessel dimensions (length / width / siege), m |
Number of berths (length) |
Qty stevedores |
Image | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caspian Sea | |||||||||
| Astrakhan | mountains Astrakhan Astrakhan region |
46°19′00″ n. w. 47°59"40" in. d. (G) | 54,96 + 2,0 | 4 655,5 | 150 / 20 / 4,2 | 33 units (4,510.0 m) | 20 | ||
| Makhachkala | mountains Makhachkala The Republic of Dagestan |
42°59′23″ n. w. 47°30"16" in. d. (G) | 5,58 + 0,59 | 5 371,1 | 150 / 20 / 6,5 | 20 units (2,113.0 m) | 2 | ||
| Olya | With. Olya Limansky district Astrakhan region |
45°46′51″ n. w. 47°33"09" E. d. (G) | 53,12 + 3,25 | 557,7 | 135 /16,2 / 4,5 | 4 units (688.2 m) | 1 | ||
Pacific Basin
| Port | Location | Coordinates | Square (aqua + terr), km² |
Freight turnover, thousand tons (2011) |
Vessel dimensions (length / width / siege), m |
Number of berths (length) |
Qty stevedores |
Image | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pacific Ocean | |||||||||
| Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky | mountains Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Kamchatka Krai |
53°00′06″ n. w. 158°39"25" in. d. (G) | 1792,16 + 1,37 | 2 411,0 | 200 / 25 / 9 | 56 units (6,089.1 m) | 8 | ||
| Sea of Okhotsk | |||||||||
| Korsakov | mountains Korsakov Sakhalin region |
46°37′26″ n. w. 142°46"02" E. d. (G) | 65,50 + 0,33 | 1 431,6 | 300 / b/o / 17.5 | 30 units (2,737.3 m) | 8 | ||
| Magadan | mountains Magadan Magadan Region |
59°32′03″ n. w. 150°46"01" in. d. (G) | 17,38 + 0,33 | 1 222,2 | 162,1 / 22,9 / 9,9 | 10 units (1,707.6 m) | 6 | ||
| Moskalvo | With. Moskalvo Okha district Sakhalin region |
53°32′50″ n. w. 142°31"09" in. d. (G) | 52,3 + 0,18 | 32,8 | 150 / 40 / 6 | 6 units (657 m) | 2 | ||
| Cape Lazarev | Lazarev village Nikolaevsky district Khabarovsk region |
52°14′14″ n. w. 141°30"42" in. d. (G) | 0,07 + 0,02 | 0 | 120 / 14 / 0,9 | 4 units (582 m) | 0 | ||
| Nikolaevsk-on-Amur | mountains Nikolaevsk-on-Amur Khabarovsk region |
53°08′08″ n. w. 140°42"45" in. d. (G) | 6,93 + 0,17 | 129,9 | 140 / 18 / 4,5 | 8 units (791.6 m) | 2 | ||
| Okhotsk | Okhotsk village Khabarovsk region |
59°21′38″ n. w. 143°14"29" in. d. (G) | no data | 105,9 | 105 / 15 / 3,8 | 9 units (615 m) | 2 | ||
| Poronaysk | mountains Poronaysk Sakhalin region |
49°13′49″ n. w. 143°07"03" E. d. (G) | 12,50 + 0,04 | 0 | 37 / 7 / 1,9 | 6 units (386.7 m) | 0 | ||
| Prigorodnoye | Korsakovsky district Sakhalin region |
46°37′29″ n. w. 142°54"25" in. d. (G) | 57,80 + 0,20 | 16 328,4 | 300 / b/o / 17.5 | 4 units (951.3 m) | 1 | ||
| Japanese Sea | |||||||||
| Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky | mountains Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky Sakhalin region |
50°53′47″ n. w. 142°07"50" in. d. (G) | 3,69 + 0,04 | 0 | 34 / 7,2 / 2,4 | 4 units (442.1 m) | 1 | ||
| Vanino | urban village Vanino Khabarovsk region |
49°05′16″ n. w. 140°16"18" in. d. (G) | 16 + 4,58 | 19 066,0 | 292 / 45 / 18 | 21 units (3,382 m) | 3 | ||
| Vladivostok | mountains Vladivostok Primorsky Krai |
43°06′48″ n. w. 131°53"08" in. d. (G) | 131,06 + 2,26 | 11 836,2 | 290 / 35 / 13 | 57 units (12,315.7 m) | 24 | ||
| Oriental | mountains Nakhodka Primorsky Krai |
42°44′03″ n. w. 133°04"44" in. d. (G) | 62,66 + 3,86 | 38 356,8 | 290 / 45 / 16 | 25 units (5,497.2 m) | 8 | ||
| De-Kastri | With. De-Kastri Ulchsky district Khabarovsk region |
51°27′59″ n. w. 140°46"58" in. d. (G) | 68,48 + 0,03 | 8 056,4 | 250 / 50 / 15 | 4 units (361 m) | 2 | ||
| Zarubino | urban village Zarubino Khasansky district Primorsky Krai |
42°38′40″ n. w. 131°04"58" in. d. (G) | 27,0 + 0,39 | 117,1 | 130 / 18 / 7,5 | 7 units (841 m) | 2 | ||
| Nakhodka | mountains Nakhodka Primorsky Krai |
42°48′23″ n. w. 132°52"48" in. d. (G) | 127,45 + 2,84 | 14 986,6 | 245 / 44 / 11,5 | 108 units (16,810.4 m) | 27 | ||
| Nevelsk | mountains Nevelsk Sakhalin region |
46°40′06″ n. w. 141°51"11" in. d. (G) | 2,25 + 0,85 | 107,6 | 120 / 16 / 5,5 | 26 units (2,701 m) | 13 | ||
| Olga | village Olga Primorsky Krai |
43°44′25″ n. w. 135°16"52" in. d. (G) | 57,36 + 0,43 | 1 631,5 | 200 / 18 / 8 | 11 units (1,566.2 m) | 5 | ||
| Posyet | Posyet village Khasansky district Primorsky Krai |
42°39′05″ n. w. 130°48"27" in. d. (G) | 22,5 + 0,88 | 5 317,4 | 183 / 32 / 9 | 16 units (2,467.2 m) | 5 | ||
| Sovetskaya Gavan | mountains Sovetskaya Gavan Khabarovsk region |
48°57′27″ n. w. 140°15"55" in. d. (G) | 24 + 1,36 | 524,7 | 180 / 25 / 10 | 18 units (2,974 m) | 11 | ||
| Kholmsk | mountains Kholmsk Sakhalin region |
47°02′48″ n. w. 142°02"29" in. d. (G) | 15,62 + 0,49 | 2 192,4 | 130 / 22 / 8 | 27 units (2,469.4 m) | 6 | ||
| Shakhtersk | mountains Shakhtersk Uglegorsk district Sakhalin region |
49°09′44″ n. w. 142°03"17" in. d. (G) | 12,42 + 0,14 | 1 566,5 | 150 / 20 / 4,6 | 28 units (2,113 m) | 4 | ||
Northern Basin
| Port | Location | Coordinates | Square (aqua + terr), km² |
Freight turnover, thousand tons (2011) |
Vessel dimensions (length / width / siege), m |
Number of berths (length) |
Qty stevedores |
Image | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Northern Arctic Ocean | |||||||||
| Barencevo sea | |||||||||
| Varandey | With. Varandey Zapolyarny region Nenets Autonomous Okrug |
68°49′28″ n. w. 58°04"08" E. d. (G) | 24,98 + 0,02 | 4 010,6 | 120 / 15 / 3,5 | 2 units (199.9 m) | 2 | ||
| Murmansk | mountains Murmansk Murmansk region |
68°58′25″ n. w. 33°03"33" in. d. (G) | 53,70 + 6,46 | 25 687,2 | no limits | 97 units (11,525.8 m) | 20 | ||
| Naryan-Mar | mountains Naryan-Mar Nenets Autonomous Okrug |
67°38′48″ n. w. 52°59"39" in. d. (G) | 5,62 + 0,22 | 103,8 | 114 / 14 / 3,6 | 4 units (384.6 m) | 1 | ||
| White Sea | |||||||||
| Arkhangelsk | mountains Arkhangelsk Arhangelsk region |
64°32′04″ n. w. 40°30"48" in. d. (G) | 112 + 2,12 | 4 264,3 | 190 / 30 / 9,2 | 61 units (7,454.3 m) | 19 | ||
| Vitino | With. White Sea Kandalaksha district Murmansk region |
67°04′46″ n. w. 32°19"28" in. d. (G) | 11,59 + 0,19 | 4 153,1 | 230 / 32,2 / 11,1 | 4 units (512 m) | 1 | ||
| Kandalaksha | mountains Kandalaksha Murmansk region |
67°09′14″ n. w. 32°23"24" in. d. (G) | 5,09 + 0,26 | 916,7 | 200 / 30 / 9,8 | 5 units (584.5 m) | 2 | ||
| Mezen | mountains Mezen Arhangelsk region |
65°52′01″ n. w. 44°12"21" in. d. (G) | no data | 14,6 | no data | 2 units (220 m) | 3 | ||
| Onega | mountains Onega Arhangelsk region |
63°55′50″ n. w. 38°01"57" in. d. (G) | 845,59 + 0,03 | 71,0 | 242 / 32,4 / 13,6 | 7 units (880 m) | 4 | ||
| East-Siberian Sea | |||||||||
| Pevek | mountains Pevek Chukotka Autonomous Okrug |
69°41′41″ n. w. 170°15"32" in. d. (G) | 8,9 + 0,19 | 189,0 | 172,2 / 24,6 / 9 | 3 units (500 m) | 1 | ||
| Kara Sea | |||||||||
| Amderma | With. Amderma Nenets Autonomous Okrug |
69°45′21″ n. w. 61°39"08" E. d. (G) | no data | 0 | no data | 5 units (445 m) | 0 | ||
| Dixon | village Dikson Taimyrsky district Krasnoyarsk region |
73°30′14″ n. w. 80°29"59" in. d. (G) | no data | 0 | no data | 2 units (200 m) | 0 | ||
| Dudinka | mountains Dudinka Krasnoyarsk region |
69°24′32″ n. w. 86°09"19" in. d. (G) | 30,22 + 0,25 | 1 102,1 | 260,3 / 32,2 / 11,8 | 9 units (1,795.6 m) | 2 | ||
| Igarka | mountains Igarka Turukhansky district Krasnoyarsk region |
67°27′42″ n. w. 86°33"19" in. d. (G) | no data | 2,5 | no data | 16 units (2,380 m) | 1 | ||
| Laptev sea | |||||||||
| Tiksi | Tiksi village Republic of Yakutia |
71°37′59″ n. w. 128°53"22" in. d. (G) | 96,78 + 0,07 | 55,5 | 129,5 / 15,8 / 3,9 | 2 units (315.0 m) | 1 | ||
| Khatanga | With. Khatanga Taimyrsky district Krasnoyarsk region |
71°58′49″ n. w. 102°27"24" in. d. (G) | no data | 0 | no data | 2 units (700 m) | 1 | ||
| Pacific Ocean | |||||||||
| Bering Sea | |||||||||
| Anadyr | mountains Anadyr Chukotka Autonomous Okrug |
64°44′11″ n. w. 177°30"51" in. d. (G) | 45,33 + 0,12 | 215,6 | 177 / 25 / 7 | 6 units (686 m) | 1 | ||
| Beringovsky | urban-type settlement Beringovsky Anadyrsky district Chukotka Autonomous Okrug |
63°03′47″ n. w. 179°21"20" in. d. (G) | 4318 + 0,22 | 48,8 | 34 / 7 / 2 | 5 units (269 m) | 1 | ||
| Providence | Provideniya village Chukotka Autonomous Okrug |
64°26′08″ n. w. 173°13"03"w. d. (G) | no data | 22,5 | ? / ? / 9 | 6 units (524 m) | 1 | ||
| Egvekinot | town Egvekinot Chukotka Autonomous Okrug |
66°14′44″ n. w. 179°05"03"w. d. (G) | 5,75 + 0,07 | 128,4 | 177 / 25 / 12 | 3 units (565.3 m) | 1 | ||
Map
The volume of cargo turnover of the largest ports in 2011:
- - from 1 million to 10 million tons
- - from 10 million to 20 million tons
- - from 20 million to 50 million tons
- - from 50 million to 100 million tons
- - over 100 million tons
Port cargo turnover
Below is alphabetical list seaports of Russia and the amount of their cargo turnover (in thousand tons) for 2003-2011.
| Port | Populated paragraph |
Pool | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azov | Azov | Black Sea | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4684 | 4273 | 4757 |
| Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky | Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky | Pacific | 144 | 92 | 120 | 95 | 162 | 100 | 113 | 98 | 0 |
| Amderma | Amderma | Northern | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Anadyr | Anadyr | Northern | 280 | 132 | 271 | 283 | 307 | 223 | 269 | 224 | 216 |
| Anapa | Anapa | Black Sea | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| Arkhangelsk | Arkhangelsk | Northern | 3124 | 5500 | 6470 | 5293 | 5307 | 4680 | 3256 | 3667 | 4264 |
| Astrakhan | Astrakhan | Caspian | 3760 | 5495 | 5128 | 4518 | 5756 | 2568 | 3928 | 5014 | 4656 |
| Beringovsky | Beringovsky | Northern | 114 | 96 | 216 | 209 | 203 | 133 | 44 | 47 | 49 |
| Big Port of St. Petersburg | Saint Petersburg | Baltic | 42039 | 51266 | 57573 | 54247 | 59519 | 60008 | 50405 | 58048 | 59990 |
| Vanino | Vanino | Pacific | 7397 | 7040 | 8727 | 9497 | 9967 | 10261 | 14516 | 17304 | 19066 |
| Varandey | Varandey | Northern | 0 | 0 | 593 | 501 | 576 | 1901 | 7380 | 7510 | 4011 |
| Vitino | White Sea | Northern | 5715 | 3704 | 1626 | 4758 | 3942 | 4394 | 4359 | 4376 | 4153 |
| Vladivostok | Vladivostok | Pacific | 11263 | 11559 | 10156 | 7811 | 8528 | 9561 | 9976 | 11185 | 11836 |
| Oriental | Nakhodka | Pacific | 15754 | 20815 | 20231 | 20499 | 21685 | 20573 | 18902 | 35638 | 38357 |
| Vyborg | Vyborg | Baltic | 1078 | 1357 | 901 | 1253 | 1111 | 1300 | 1184 | 1100 | 1104 |
| Vysotsk | Vysotsk | Baltic | 2405 | 5200 | 10416 | 13811 | 16527 | 16015 | 17318 | 14843 | 13422 |
| Gelendzhik | Gelendzhik | Black Sea | 63 | 36 | 77 | 127 | 256 | 239 | 267 | 331 | 383 |
| De-Kastri | De-Kastri | Pacific | 1685 | 1767 | 1944 | 3487 | 11618 | 9771 | 8441 | 7373 | 8056 |
| Dixon | Dixon | Northern | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dudinka | Dudinka | Northern | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2876 | 1065 | 1093 | 1102 |
| Yeysk | Yeysk | Black Sea | 0 | 0 | 2792 | 3331 | 4345 | 3849 | 4262 | 3554 | 3998 |
| Zarubino | Zarubino | Pacific | 0 | 235 | 220 | 210 | 224 | 252 | 93 | 128 | 117 |
| Igarka | Igarka | Northern | 56 | 0 | 49 | 37 | 59 | 59 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Caucasus | Port Kavkaz | Black Sea | 6869 | 9198 | 7115 | 7182 | 6382 | 7760 | 8609 | 10055 | 8304 |
| Kaliningrad | Kaliningrad | Baltic | 12722 | 13808 | 14571 | 15150 | 15625 | 15369 | 12363 | 13809 | 13352 |
| Kandalaksha | Kandalaksha | Northern | 1020 | 342 | 339 | 248 | 655 | 963 | 1060 | 863 | 917 |
| Korsakov | Korsakov | Pacific | 2351 | 2683 | 2832 | 3716 | 2818 | 2169 | 1033 | 1106 | 1432 |
| Magadan | Magadan | Pacific | 1006 | 997 | 1066 | 1108 | 1075 | 1093 | 989 | 1128 | 1222 |
| Makhachkala | Makhachkala | Caspian | 3548 | 5838 | 5056 | 5488 | 6260 | 6392 | 5274 | 4863 | 5371 |
| Mezen | Mezen | Northern | 12 | 14 | 33 | 45 | 24 | 24 | 22 | 23 | 15 |
| Moskalvo | Moskalvo | Pacific | 4 | 70 | 80 | 55 | 0 | 37 | 29 | 29 | 33 |
| Murmansk | Murmansk | Northern | 14838 | 24759 | 28070 | 26294 | 24609 | 24832 | 35276 | 32809 | 25687 |
| Cape Lazarev | Lazarev | Pacific | 183 | 63 | 72 | 88 | 76 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Naryan-Mar | Naryan-Mar | Northern | 112 | 67 | 194 | 291 | 84 | 125 | 61 | 103 | 104 |
| Nakhodka | Nakhodka | Pacific | 14025 | 16671 | 14097 | 13430 | 13462 | 15178 | 15761 | 15365 | 14987 |
| Nevelsk | Nevelsk | Pacific | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 108 |
| Nikolaevsk-on-Amur | Nikolaevsk-on-Amur | Pacific | 735 | 129 | 290 | 359 | 208 | 251 | 172 | 164 | 130 |
| Novorossiysk | Novorossiysk | Black Sea | 85483 | 97767 | 113061 | 113148 | 113489 | 112607 | 122865 | 117079 | 116140 |
| Olga | Olga | Pacific | 1324 | 1268 | 1471 | 1500 | 1503 | 1221 | 1107 | 1438 | 1632 |
| Olya | Olya | Caspian | 70 | 135 | 167 | 290 | 636 | 866 | 775 | 1050 | 558 |
| Onega | Onega | Northern | 784 | 232 | 100 | 104 | 101 | 109 | 74 | 65 | 71 |
| Okhotsk | Okhotsk | Pacific | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 59 | 41 | 106 |
| Passenger port of St. Petersburg | Saint Petersburg | Baltic | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Pevek | Pevek | Northern | 137 | 88 | 98 | 108 | 140 | 61 | 55 | 142 | 189 |
| Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky | Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky | Pacific | 1536 | 1499 | 1805 | 1909 | 1849 | 1984 | 2485 | 2266 | 2411 |
| Poronaysk | Poronaysk | Pacific | 26 | 3 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Posyet | Posyet | Pacific | 1332 | 1815 | 2260 | 2002 | 2528 | 3907 | 4535 | 4650 | 5317 |
| Prigorodnoye | Prigorodnoye | Pacific | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 199 | 10697 | 16102 | 16328 |
| Primorsk | Primorsk | Baltic | 17685 | 44565 | 57337 | 65956 | 74230 | 75582 | 79157 | 77640 | 75125 |
| Providence | Providence | Northern | 88 | 32 | 35 | 70 | 30 | 33 | 21 | 27 | 23 |
| Rostov-on-Don | Rostov-on-Don | Black Sea | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6166 | 7713 | 10367 |
| Sovetskaya Gavan | Sovetskaya Gavan | Pacific | 483 | 451 | 530 | 566 | 475 | 358 | 359 | 408 | 525 |
| Sochi | Sochi | Black Sea | 220 | 166 | 200 | 406 | 517 | 529 | 408 | 2690 | 2446 |
| Taganrog | Taganrog | Black Sea | 2057 | 2850 | 3043 | 2451 | 3264 | 2630 | 3026 | 2895 | 3468 |
| Taman | Wave | Black Sea | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 86 | 200 | 1235 |
| Temryuk | Temryuk | Black Sea | 1004 | 646 | 1003 | 1155 | 1349 | 2305 | 2119 | 1940 | 2348 |
| Tiksi | Tiksi | Northern | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 39 | 40 | 56 |
| Tuapse | Tuapse | Black Sea | 17712 | 20226 | 21381 | 21292 | 19634 | 19435 | 18445 | 18611 | 19405 |
| Ust-Luga | Ust-Luga | Baltic | 442 | 801 | 708 | 3766 | 7143 | 6763 | 10358 | 11776 | 22693 |
| Khatanga | Khatanga | Northern | 16 | 0 | 62 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Kholmsk | Kholmsk | Pacific | 2342 | 1996 | 2181 | 2169 | 2097 | 2017 | 1635 | 1870 | 2192 |
| Shakhtersk | Shakhtersk | Pacific | 714 | 537 | 706 | 527 | 702 | 892 | 785 | 1069 | 1567 |
| Egvekinot | Egvekinot | Northern | 118 | 248 | 134 | 153 | 112 | 105 | 119 | 135 | 128 |
see also
- List of ports by container traffic
- List of river ports of Russia
Notes
- 1 2 Sea ports of Russia. ESIMO. Retrieved February 5, 2013. Archived from the original on February 14, 2013.
- Register of seaports of the Russian Federation. Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. Retrieved February 5, 2013. Archived from the original on February 14, 2013.
- Cargo turnover of Russian seaports in 2012. Association of Sea Trade Ports. Retrieved February 8, 2013. Archived from the original on February 14, 2013.
- 1 2 Vinokurov, 2008, p. 242-243
- Vidyapin, 2010, p. 258-263
- Lobzhanidze, 2008, p. 502-503
- Northern Sea Route. Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. Retrieved February 8, 2013. Archived from the original on February 14, 2013.
- dimensions of vessels for inland waters; external raid allows you to accept vessels with dimensions of 260 / 46 / 16
- dimensions of vessels for inland waters; the external roadstead can accommodate vessels with a draft of up to 19 m, remote berths - vessels with a length of 324 m and a width of 58 m
- 1 2 no limits
- dimensions of vessels for inland waters; external roadstead allows receiving vessels with dimensions 140 / 14 / 4.5
- ship dimensions mixed type; overall dimensions for sea vessels - 90 / 16 / 3.6
- dimensions of vessels for inland waters; external roadstead allows receiving vessels with dimensions 162.1 / 22.8 / 9.9
Literature
- Vidyapin V.I., Stepanov M.V. Economic geography of Russia. - Moscow: INFRA-M, 2010. - 567 p. - 3,000 copies.
- Vinokurov A. A., Glushkova V. G., Plisetsky E. L., Simagin Yu. A. Introduction to economic geography And regional economy Russia. - Moscow: Humanitarian publishing center“VLADOS”, 2008. - 550 p. - 7,000 copies.
- Neklyukova N. P., Dushina I. V., Rakovskaya E. M., Kuznetsov A. P., Lobzhanidze A. A., Berlyant A. M. Handbook of geography. - Moscow, 2008. - 656 p. - 8,000 copies.
Links
- Sea ports of Russia
- Register of seaports of the Russian Federation
- Rosmorport
- Cargo turnover of Russian seaports in 2012
| Sea ports of Russia | ||
|---|---|---|
| Sea of Azov | Azov Yeisk Caucasus Rostov-on-Don Taganrog Temryuk | |
| Baltic Sea | Vyborg Vysotsk Kaliningrad St. Petersburg (Big Port and Passenger Port) Primorsk Ust-Luga | |
| Barents Sea | Varandey Murmansk Naryan-Mar | |
| White Sea | Arkhangelsk Belomorsk Vitino Kandalaksha Kem Mezen Onega Severodvinsk | |
| Bering Sea | Anadyr Beringovsky Providence Egvekinot | |
| East Siberian Sea | Pevek Chersky | |
| Kara Sea | Amderma Dixon Dudinka Igarka | |
| Caspian Sea¹ | Astrakhan Makhachkala Olya | |
| Laptev Sea | Tiksi Khatanga | |
| Sea of Okhotsk | Korsakov Magadan Moskalvo Cape Lazarev Nikolaevsk-on-Amur Okhotsk Poronaysk Prigorodnoye | |
| Pacific Coast Kamchatka and Kuril Islands |
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky | |
| Black Sea | Anapa Gelendzhik Evpatoria4 Kerch (fish trading)4 Novorossiysk Sevastopol (fish trading)4 Sochi (commercial and passenger cargo) Taman ² Tuapse Feodosiya4 Chernomorsk4 Yalta4 | |
| Chukchi Sea | Cape Schmidt ³ | |
| Sea of Japan | Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky Boshnyakovo Vanino Vladivostok Vostochny De-Kastri Danube Zarubino Nakhodka Nevelsk Olga Plastun Posyet Preobrazhenie Rudnaya Pristan Svetlaya Slavyanka Sovetskaya Gavan Uglegorsk Kholmsk Shakhtersk | |
| ¹ Caspian Sea is actually a lake. ² Port Taman is under construction, but is already open for communication. ³ Port Cape Schmidt Since 2006 it has been part of the port of Pevek. 4 Located on the territory that is the subject of a territorial dispute between Russia and Ukraine. | ||
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List of seaports of Russia Information About
Peculiarities natural conditions general geographical and EGP greatest ocean Our planet is formed by its main features as a transport link, the sea routes of which connect different countries of the world. Many routes of world and regional shipping pass through the open spaces, and on the banks there are a large number of ports, which account for 26% of the cargo turnover of ports of capitalist countries. Pacific ports concentrate a significant portion of the world's merchant fleet.
The Pacific transport basin is primarily characterized by a very large length of latitudinal transoceanic routes. They are twice as long as transatlantic ones, so using the Pacific Ocean for transit traffic is quite inconvenient.
Intense shipping routes run mainly along both ocean coasts. At the same time, one of the most important lines of maritime communications runs from the North American shores to the Far Eastern shores of Asia. It exchanges mainly between the two centers of imperialist rivalry in the Pacific - the United States and Japan. True, the ties between them are much less intense than between the United States and Western Europe.
The most extensive network of sea routes has developed on the routes to Japan, which conducts a very lively exchange with various countries that supply various raw materials and consumers of finished Japanese products. Finally, relatively many transoceanic routes are located in the southern part of the ocean, up to approximately 40° S, which is explained by the development of maritime communications between the east coast of Australia and New Zealand with other countries.
Trails and routes of the Pacific Ocean
In general, the Pacific Ocean is inferior to the Atlantic in density sea routes and in terms of the volume of cargo flows, but is ahead of it in terms of traffic growth rates. The trend towards increasing importance of the Pacific Ocean for world trade is currently evident and represents its essential feature as the largest transport basin.
The economic and socio-political differences of the Pacific countries largely determine the location of shipping lines, the volume and structure of cargo transportation. The network of transoceanic routes connecting the western and eastern shores of the ocean is characterized by great density and cargo intensity. They are grouped in two main directions: American-Asian and American-Austrian.
In the first of them, three routes of different volume and intensity were formed. The busiest shipping routes here connect the Pacific ports of the USA and Canada (Los Angeles, San Francisco, Vancouver) with the ports of Japan, China, and the Philippines (Yokohama, Shanghai, Manila). Despite the long distance and harsh navigation conditions, a very large volume of various cargo is transported along this route, which is explained by the high economic potential Japan and the Pacific regions of the United States. These states intensively exchange goods with each other and with other countries along the adjacent routes. The following are exported from the USA and Canada to Japan: coal, timber and timber cargo, grain, ore, various semi-finished products, etc. IN reverse direction are coming different types industrial products: steel products, pipes, automobiles, electrical appliances, radio products, silk, fish and fish products. The structure of US-China and US-Philippines cargo flows is characterized by the export of industrial products from the US and the import of raw materials and agricultural (mainly rice) products into this country.
Despite good navigation conditions, shipping is less intensive on the route from the Panama Canal and the western ports of South America to Singapore and from the same starting points through the Hawaiian Islands to Yokohama and Manila. A prominent place in this route is occupied by transit traffic through Panama Canal from Atlantic Ocean to the ports of the eastern shores of the Indian Ocean and in the opposite direction.
South American Pacific countries are characterized by relatively low levels economic development and small scale external economic ties, which affects the volumes and structure of cargo flows on this route. From South American ports and Manila, mainly mining and agricultural raw materials are exported to Japan, and industrial products are supplied from this country. Singapore receives mainly materials and equipment necessary for ship repairs - one of the main sectors of the economy of this port state.
The route from the Strait of Magellan through the Hawaiian Islands or, bypassing them, to the ports of Asia is quite rarely used. The trails run here long distance, the southern sections of which are characterized by difficult navigation conditions. Cargo is mainly exchanged along these routes southern regions Argentina and Pacific countries. In general, the American-Asian direction concentrates the overwhelming majority of transoceanic routes, along which very large cargo flows in volume and different in structure pass. They reflect the large foreign trade turnover of the countries of the North Pacific.
The US-Australia transoceanic route connects the ports of North and South America with the ports of Australia and New Zealand. There are shipping lines from US and Canadian ports to Sydney, from the Panama Canal to Sydney and from South American ports to Sydney. The volumes and structure of maritime transport along these routes are largely determined by the level of development and nature of the economies of Australia and New Zealand. Both of these countries are at the same time strongly economically and politically dependent on the USA and Great Britain. Australia acts on the world market as a supplier of industrial raw materials and food products, A New Zealand- as an exporter of meat and wool livestock products. To the USA they deliver lead, zinc, wool, meat, and in the opposite direction they deliver machine tools, machinery and other industrial equipment. Transportation is carried out mainly by transport fleets of the USA and Great Britain.
Shorter than the transoceanic lines, but no less intense, run along the Asian and American shores of the Pacific Ocean, where the maritime connections of Japan and the United States with the Pacific and other countries respectively dominate. The western meridional routes form the Asian-Australian direction. Japanese shipping companies have established regular lines here, through which iron ore, coal, wool and other raw materials are exported from Australia to Japan, and various industrial goods are supplied to Australia from Japan. In the same area of the ocean, from the Strait of Malacca to Japanese ports, there is a very heavy traffic route along which Middle Eastern goods are transported to Japan. Among other sea routes, it stands out for its large volumes of liquid cargo transportation.
Eastern meridional routes connect South American countries (via the Panama Canal) with the Pacific and Atlantic ports of the United States and Canada. US traffic predominates in these areas. About 1/5 of the volume of foreign trade of the Pacific ports of this country falls on the countries of South America, from where iron ore, non-ferrous ores, saltpeter, sulfur and other raw materials come to the United States. Mining equipment, machinery, machine tools and other goods are transported from the United States to South American ports. Essentially this is the exchange of goods between developed and dependent countries.
In addition to transoceanic and meridional paths In the Pacific Ocean, many relatively short routes pass near the continents and along the seas adjacent to them. Thus, busy shipping is developed in the Sea of Japan, the Australasian seas, near Australia and New Zealand, in the waters washing the shores of Central America, etc. The volumes and structure of cargo flows here are unstable.
Short review economic activity different countries in the Pacific Ocean allows us to identify several of its significant features. Currently, a diversified ocean economy has developed here, in which leading place occupies fishing, including seafood. Next comes the transport use of the ocean. This is followed by the development of the riches of coastal-marine placers and the extraction of “sea” oil.
Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney and Vancouver
It is quite difficult to determine which port is the most big port Pacific Ocean. The problem is that there are several criteria by which assessment can be made.
However, the largest existing ones are the Pacific ports of Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney and Vancouver. For example, Shanghai, since 2010, has been considered the world's largest port in terms of cargo turnover. The port is located near the metropolis of the same name and occupies an advantageous position, as it has open exit to sea. Thanks to the port, China communicates with 200 countries. About 99% of the country's foreign trade is carried out through these gates. The port operates around the clock, regardless of holidays and weekends. Oil, coal, metal ore, and construction materials are transported through Shanghai.
Another large port of the Pacific Ocean is Singapore. Since 1997, the port has been considered the largest in the world in terms of ship tonnage. Previously, this port was the largest in terms of cargo turnover, until it lost 1st place to Shanghai. Singapore is capable of receiving 150 ships every day and serves up to 250 lines. The mooring front of the naval base stretches for more than 3 kilometers. Total value The port's maritime traffic amounts to 112 million tons.
Sydney vs Vancouver
Sydney is inferior to its competitors in cargo turnover, its throughput is approximately 1.8 million tons. However, this port has a berth length of about 0.6 km. 100 berths with a depth of 3.5 meters are capable of accommodating aircraft carrier-class vessels. Today, wool, coal, dairy products, grains, fruits, hides, cocoa, oil, and industrial equipment are transported through Sydney.
Vancouver is Canada's largest port, located in the northeastern part of the Strait of Georgia. The harbor is perfectly protected from the wind and does not freeze in winter time. The total length of Vancouver's berths is about 16 kilometers. The total turnover of cargo transportation is 45 million tons. Timber, grain, non-ferrous metals, paper, fish, plywood, and cellulose pass through Vancouver.
Russian ports
Since Russia also has access to the Pacific Ocean, it is not surprising that there are also Russian quite major ports. One of them is Vladivostok, located in the south of the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula. The advantage of the port is that it is completely accessible to any class of ships existing today. However, between November and March, navigation in this area is carried out using icebreakers. Every year up to 7 million tons of cargo passes through the port. There are railway lines running through the port area, total length 21 kilometers. The length of the berths is 3.1 kilometers. The port specializes in cabotage transportation to Russian ports located in the Pacific Ocean and in the eastern Arctic.
Nakhodka – sea port Russia, having federal significance. Located in the northwestern part of the coast of the Sea of Japan. It includes oil and universal marine terminals. The port's cargo turnover reaches 15 million tons. Mainly oil, metal, coal, refrigerated cargo, and containers are transported through Nakhodka.
Of course, Vladivostok and Nakhodka are not competitors to foreign ports located on the Pacific Ocean, such as Shanghai, Vancouver or Singapore. However, these are one of the largest ports in Russia.
The Indian Ocean washes Asia, Africa, Australia and borders the waters of the Southern Ocean (Antarctica). It is the world's third largest ocean with an area of 28,350,000 square miles.
- The Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean in the world (after the Pacific and Atlantic oceans) and occupies 20% of the Earth's surface.
- The Indian Ocean is 5.5 times larger than the United States.
- The greatest width of the ocean between Western Australia and the east coast of Africa: 1000 km or 620miles.
The volume of the Indian Ocean is believed to be 292,131,000 cubic miles. The most low point The Java Trench is about 7,258 meters (23,812ft.) deep. Average depth is about 3,890 meters (12,762 ft)
Ancient Sanskrit literature called the Indian Ocean Ratnakar, meaning "maker of jewels." The Indian Ocean covers 1/5 of it earth's surface, connecting 18 countries in Asia, 16 countries in Africa and 57 island groups. The Indian Ocean is the most warm ocean of our planet. Due to its temperature, the ocean has limited opportunities to support marine life.
- Beneath the surface of the Indian Ocean lies the Kerguelen Plateau, which is a continent of volcanic origin.
- The water of the Indian Ocean evaporates at a high rate due to its high temperature.
- The Indian Ocean receives inflow from approximately 6,000 rivers, including the Brahmaputra and Ganges rivers.
- Monsoons usually originate in the Indian Ocean; The monsoons produce large amounts of rainfall in the summer and a lot of wind in the winter.
- Approximately 5000 km length mountain range, which is called the East Indian Ridge, divides the Indian Ocean into east and west.
- The fact that the Indian Ocean is landlocked north of Asia makes it considered a closed ocean compared to other oceans in the world.
- The Indian Ocean has the most high levels salinities recorded from the surface.
- Every year, it is estimated that the Indian Ocean is becoming about 20cm wider.
Did you know that the northern part of the Indian Ocean is the most important oil transportation route, connecting the oil-rich countries of the Middle East and Asia. Every day, tankers carrying 17 million barrels of crude oil leave the Persian Gulf. 40% offshore mining The world's oil comes from the Indian Ocean, mainly from fields in Indonesia and the Persian Gulf.
Most famous islands in the Indian Ocean:
- Mauritius
- Reunion
- Seychelles
- Madagascar
- Comoros (Spain)
- Maldives (Portugal)
- Sri Lanka, formerly known as Ceylon
1.
Describe geographical position ocean.
Determine how the Pacific Ocean is located relative to the equator, the tropics, the polar circles and the prime meridian.
___
2.
Determine in which direction the ocean has the greatest extent - from north to south or from west to east.
___
3.
Indicate between which continents the ocean is located. Which oceans does it border on?
___
4.
Which part of the ocean has the most rugged coastline.
a) Names of the seas and large bays ocean.
b) the name of the large islands.
Atlantic Ocean 5%
internal flow 10%
2) North - Arctic Ocean 50%
Pacific Ocean 10%
Atlantic Ocean 30%
internal flow 10%
3) North - Arctic Ocean 25%
Pacific Ocean 25%
Atlantic Ocean 25%
internal flow 25%
4) North - Arctic Ocean 40%
Pacific Ocean 40%
Atlantic Ocean 10%
internal flow 10%
Features of the Pacific 11-11 The Pacific Ocean washes the eastern shores of the continents: __
2 The Pacific Ocean washes the western shores of the continents: __
3 The Pacific Ocean is located in the hemispheres: __
4 In terms of area, this ocean is the largest on Earth. It makes up approximately _____% of the area of the world's oceans
5 The greatest depth of the ocean and the deepest point of the Earth is in the ______ trench and is ____ m
6 Deep-sea trenches surround the Pacific Ocean and, along with active volcanoes and earthquake areas form a zone called _______
7 Powerful sea currents along the equator from east to west are formed due to winds ______
8 In what climatic zones is the Pacific Ocean located? __
9 Name the cold currents of the Pacific Ocean __
10 In which part of the ocean are coral structures most common?
Name 3 port cities along the shores of the Pacific Ocean _____
numerical sea currents operates in the Pacific Ocean?
1) Gulf Stream 2) Brazilian 3) Guinean 4) Kuroshio.
3. Sable is an animal living in a natural area:
1) steppes 2) taiga 3) deserts 4) tundra
4.One of the main modern species human economic activity in the tundra is:
1) logging 2) mining 3) raising livestock 4) growing grain
5. Among the listed closed lakes are:
1) Baikal 2) Victoria 3) Chad 4) Onega.
6. Which island has the maximum average annual precipitation?
1) Iceland 2) Kalimantan 3) Madagascar 4) Tasmania.
7.What mineral deposits are confined to ancient platforms?
1) oil 2) iron ores 3) copper ores 4) polymetallic ores
8.Who from listed travelers made a great contribution to the discovery and study of Africa?
1) I. Moskvitin 2) D. Cook 3) D. Livingston 4) F. Magellan
9. Moderate maritime climate is typical for:
1) Sumatra Islands 2) Iberian Peninsula 3) Great Britain 4) Yucatan Peninsula
10. Which of the following mountain systems the longest?
1) Cordillera 2) Urals 3) Alps 4) Appalachians
11.Which peninsula has monsoons throughout the year?
1) Labrador 2) Alaska 3) Indochina 4) Somalia
12. Which of the following natural zones is characterized by greatest number rodents?
1) taiga 2) tundra and forest-tundra 3) steppes 4) semi-deserts and deserts
13.Which of the listed rivers has a large number of rapids?
1) Volga 2) Amazon 3) Congo 4) Mississippi
14. A sign of a marine climate type is:
1) summer is dry and hot 2) winter is wet and warm 3) large amplitude of temperature fluctuations
15. Oak, myrtle, wild olive - representatives of the natural area:
1) equatorial forests2) hard-leaved forests3) tropical deserts 4) deciduous forests
1) Cordillera 2) Andes 3) Himalayas 4) Alps.
17.Which continent is the hottest:
1) Africa 2) Australia 3) South America 4) North America
18. Extreme southern point Africa:
1) Cape Agulhas 2) cape Good Hope 3) Cape Almadi 4) Cape Ras Hafun.
19. Climate zone Africa with a pronounced seasonality: dry winters and wet summers:
1) equatorial 2) subequatorial 3) tropical 4) subtropical.
20.The saltiest sea belongs to the basin:
1) Pacific Ocean 2) Atlantic Ocean 3) Pacific Ocean 4) Arctic Ocean
Part B
1. Distribution of climate zones in Africa in order of decreasing density of the river network:
1) equatorial 2) tropical 3) subequatorial.
2. Match.
Natural area: Climatic zone:
1. Rainforests a) subtropical
2. Savannah b) tropical
3. Deserts c) subequatorial
d) equatorial.
3.Distribute southern continents as their area increases:
1) Antarctica 2) Africa 3) South America 4) Australia.
Part C
1. Why highest point Africa - Kilimanjaro volcano - is located within the platform, not
folded area, like on other continents?
2. Are there glaciers in Africa, and if so, in what part of the continent?
3. Why do platforms usually have plains?
Indian Ocean1)geographical location
2) a brief history of the discovery and study of the nature of the ocean
3) Bottom topography and minerals.
4) Climate and water properties (temperature, salinity, etc.)
5) Surface currents in the ocean.
6)Organic world.
7)Zonal natural complexes and non-zonal aquatic complexes.
8) Types of human economic activity in the ocean; the largest ports.
Plzzzzz urgently need Pro Indian Ocean, please, help