Every schoolchild, even those who are not interested in history, has heard about Stolypin’s reforms. The agricultural sector was especially sensational, but besides it there were others that you need to know about for successful completion Unified State Exam.
A little biography
First, let's figure out who Stolypin is and why he ended up on the pages of Russian history. Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin - reformer and statesman Tsarist Russia. He took the post of Prime Minister of Internal Affairs of the Empire on July 8, 1906. He implemented a chain of bills that were called the “Stolypin agrarian reform.”
Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin
Thanks to them, the peasants received land for private ownership, which had not previously been even considered by the government. Historians and contemporaries of Stolypin describe him a fearless man, an excellent speaker (“You won’t be intimidated!”, “First calm, then reforms” are the minister’s phrases that have become catchphrases). There were 11 attempts on Pyotr Arkadyevich’s life throughout his life (most of them during his career as prime minister).
A high-ranking official was killed on September 1 (14) in Kyiv by Dmitry Bagrov, shot twice: one bullet hit the arm, the second - the stomach and liver. He was buried in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra.
Reasons for reforms
Before delving into the essence of the reforms, it is worth briefly considering their reasons. The first Russian revolution (1905-1907) became the impetus for the people and government to become enlightened about the problems of the state. The main thing: economic stagnation prevented the Russian Empire from becoming a capitalist state.
The Russians, realizing this, blamed tsarism for everything, which is why the ideas of anarchism appeared among the broad masses. Alas, the majority were in power large landowners their views on the development of the country differed sharply from the people. Of course, such a situation in the state was too tense and required immediate decisive action, which is what P. Stolypin took up.
Stolypin's reforms
The Prime Minister had two important reforms:
Litigation;
Agrarian.
The first reform was enshrined in the “Regulations of the Council of Ministers on military courts» 1906, which stated that any violation of the law could be dealt with expeditiously. We are talking about constant robberies, terrorist acts and banditry on ships. The fact is that at the beginning of the twentieth century Russia was experiencing Hard times. Most of The population was poor, so breaking laws in search of food or money became common.
After the reform, any suspect began to be tried behind closed doors, without the participation of a prosecutor, a witness, or even a lawyer. Of course, it was impossible to leave the trial innocent. Within 24 hours, the sentence (most often death) was carried into effect. Thus, 683 out of 1102 citizens were deprived of their lives. The results were not long in coming.
On the one hand, people, fearing death, stopped committing robberies and terror in the navy. In general, the task was completed, but ill-wishers raised riots against Stolypin and their consequences affected even the official. The reformer found himself in difficult situation: in the circles of power, except for Nicholas II, he had no supporters and the people hated him too.
The agrarian reform of November 9, 1906 made people talk about Pyotr Stolypin. Its goal was to improve rural economic activity, liquidate landownership for further development capitalism. What did he do? The official gave the peasants land plots and a minimum set of democratic rights.
The trick was that the lands were issued under a state pledge for 55.5 years. Of course, a person who does not have money for bread will not be able to repay the loan. Then the minister decided to populate the “empty” corners of Russia with the working class.
The bills provided for the free distribution of land and their implementation in the North Caucasus, the Urals, and Siberia. Stolypin’s actions did not entirely justify themselves, since out of a million displaced people, 800 thousand returned.
Stolypin carriages
On May 29, 1911, a decree was issued to expand the rights of commissions on issues of cuts (a plot of land that peasants received) to move from communities to farms or small private landholdings. Unfortunately, only 2.3% of new landowners founded farmsteads; for the rest it was beyond their means.
Nevertheless, today reforms have been recognized as the right path to the development of the country. Their results even then led to an increase in production in agricultural sector and the appearance of the first signs of capitalist trade relations. The reform was a step in the evolution of the country's development and also eradicated feudalism. Moreover, already in 1909 Russia took first place in grain production.
Results
Stolypin devoted all the years of his life to improving the Russian economy. Thus, the achievements of his works were great, although they were not appreciated by the reformer’s contemporaries:
In 1916, among peasants, 26% had own land, and 3.1% formed farmsteads;
In sparsely populated parts of the state, the population increased by 2.8 times more people, which should have led to the acceleration of industrialization of these regions. Of course, this approach was progressive;
Peasants were interested in working the cuts, which increased the level of exports and domestic trade;
As the demand for agricultural machinery increased, its sales increased and the treasury was replenished.
All the results of the reforms were a step towards capitalism, which was so demanded Russian empire. Unfortunately, their significance and achievements sank into the abyss, the reason was the state into which the state was drawn!
The reform of peasant land ownership in Russia, which took place from 1906 to 1917. Named after its initiator P. A. Stolypin. The essence of the reform: Permission to leave the community for farms (decree of November 9, 1906), strengthening the Peasant Bank, forced land management (laws of June 14, 1910 and May 29, 1911) and strengthening resettlement policy(moving rural population central regions Russia on permanent residence to sparsely populated outlying areas - Siberia, Far East and the Steppe region as a means of internal colonization) were aimed at eliminating the peasant land shortage, intensifying the economic activity of the peasantry on the basis private property to land, increased marketability peasant farm.
To carry out his reform, Stolypin skillfully used economic and political “trump cards”. He took advantage of both the fragmentation of the revolutionary opposition and the lack of agreement among the radical intelligentsia.
1905-1911 became years of decline revolutionary movement. There was a final split in the Social Democratic Party on the issue of the possibility of continuing social services. revolution in Russia. Also contributed to the implementation of Stolypin’s plans economic growth in the country. At this time there was a strengthening of nationalism. The bourgeoisie sought to get rid of the presence of foreign capital.
the main objective was to expand social base of the regime at the expense of broad sections of the peasantry and preventing a new agrarian war, by turning the majority of residents of their native village into “a strong, property-rich, rich peasantry,” which, according to Stolypin, makes the best bastion of order and tranquility.” In carrying out the reform, the government did not seek to affect the interests of landowners. In post-reform times and at the beginning of the 20th century. The government was unable to protect noble land ownership from reduction, but the large and small landed nobility continued to form the most reliable support of the autocracy. To push him away would be suicide for the regime.
Another purpose was the destruction of the rural community in the struggle of 1905-1907. , the reformers understood that the main thing in the peasant movement was the question of land, and did not seek to immediately destroy administrative organization communities. Socio-economic goals were closely related to socio-political ones. It was planned to eliminate the land community, its economic land distribution mechanism, which, on the one hand, formed the basis of the social unity of the community, and on the other hand, hindered the development of agricultural technology. The ultimate economic goal of the reforms was to be the general rise of the country's agriculture, the transformation of the agricultural sector into the economic base of the new Russia.
Organization of farms and cuts. Without land management, technical improvement, economic development agriculture was impossible in the conditions of peasant striping (23 peasants in the central regions had plots divided into 6 or more strips, in various places communal field) and were far away (40% of the peasants of the center had to walk 5 or more miles from their estates to their plots every week). IN economically According to Gurko’s plan, fortifications without land management made no sense.
Progress of reform.
The legislative basis for the reform was the decree of November 9, 1906, after the adoption of which the implementation of the reform began. The main provisions of the decree were enshrined in the law of 1910, approved by the Duma and the State Council. The law of 1911 introduced serious clarifications to the course of the reform, reflecting a change in the emphasis of government policy and marking the beginning of the second stage of the reform. In 1915 -1916 Due to the war, the reform actually stopped. In June 1917, the reform was officially terminated by the Provisional Government. The reform was carried out through the efforts of the Main Directorate of Land Management and Agriculture, headed by A.V. Krivoshein, and the Stolypin Minister of Internal Affairs.
Organization of farms and cutting ov. In 1907-1910, only 1/10 of the peasants who strengthened their plots formed farmsteads and farmsteads.
Relocation beyond the Urals. By decree of March 10, 1906, the right to resettle peasants was granted to everyone without restrictions. The government has allocated considerable funds for the costs of settling displaced persons in new places, in their medical service and public needs, for building roads. The results of the resettlement campaign were as follows. Firstly, for this period a huge leap has been made in economic and social development Siberia. Also population of this region during the years of colonization it increased by 153%.
Community destruction. To transition to new economic relations, it was developed the whole system economic and legal measures to regulate the agricultural economy. The decree of November 9, 1906 proclaimed the predominance of the fact of sole ownership of land over the legal right of use. Development various forms credit - mortgage, reclamation, agricultural, land management - contributed to the intensification of market relations in the countryside.
In 1907 - 1915 20% of householders left the community. Wide use received new forms of land tenure: farms and cuts.
Purchase of land by peasants using peasant bank . As a result, if before 1906 the bulk of land buyers were peasant collectives, then by 1913 79.7% of buyers were individual peasants.
Cooperative movement. Many economists have come to the conclusion that cooperation is the most promising direction development of the Russian village, meeting the needs of modernization of the peasant economy. Credit relations gave a strong impetus to the development of production, consumer and marketing cooperatives.
Serious progress is being observed in the Russian peasant sector. Big role harvest years and the rise in world grain prices played a role in this, but bran and farmstead farms especially progressed, where to a greater extent new technologies were used. The yield in these areas exceeded similar indicators of community fields by 30-50%. It increased even more, by 61% compared to 1901-1905. pre-war years export of agricultural products. Russia was the largest producer and exporter of bread and flax, and a number of livestock products. Thus, in 1910, Russian wheat exports amounted to 36.4% of total world exports.
But this does not mean that pre-war Russia should be represented as a “peasant paradise.” The problems of hunger and agricultural overpopulation were not resolved. The country still suffered from technical, economic and cultural backwardness. The rate of growth in labor productivity in agriculture has been comparatively slow.
But a number of external circumstances (the death of Stolypin, the beginning of the war) interrupted the Stolypin reform. Stolypin himself believed that it would take 15-20 years for his endeavors to succeed. But during the period 1906 - 1913, a lot was done.
Social results of the fate of the community.
The community as a self-government body of the Russian village was not affected by the reform, but the socio-economic organism of the community began to collapse
Socio-political results of the reform.
* Economic recovery * Agriculture has become sustainable
* The purchasing power of the population has increased
* Foreign exchange earnings related to the export of grain increased
* Only 10% of farms started farming * Wealthy peasants were more likely to leave the community than the poor * 20% of peasants who took out loans went bankrupt * 16% of immigrants returned back
* Delamination accelerated
* The government did not satisfy the peasants' needs for land. In 1917, it became obvious that agrarian reform was 50 years late.
Historical significance of the reform. The Stolypin agrarian reform is a conditional concept, because it does not constitute a whole plan and is divided into a number of separate events. Stolypin did not even allow the thought of complete elimination landownership. The resettlement epic of 1906 -1916, which gave so much to Siberia, had little impact on the situation of the peasantry in central Russia. The number of those who left the Urals was only 18% natural increase rural population over these years. With the beginning of the industrial boom, migration from the countryside to the city increased.
Despite favorable economic and political circumstances, Stolypin still made a number of mistakes that put his reform in jeopardy. Stolypin's first mistake was the lack of a well-thought-out policy towards workers. Stolypin's second mistake was that he did not foresee the consequences of the intensive Russification of non-Russian peoples. He openly pursued a nationalist Great Russian policy and set all national minorities against himself and against the tsarist regime.
The beginning of the 20th century in Russia is a time of colossal changes: the time of the collapse of the old system (Autocracy) and the emergence of a new one (Soviet Power), time bloody wars, a time of successful and failed reforms, the successful implementation of which, perhaps, would radically change the fate of Russia. The reforms carried out at this time by Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, as well as his personality, are assessed controversially by historians. Some consider him a cruel tyrant, whose name should only be associated with terrible concepts such as “Stolypin reaction”, “Stolypin carriage” or “Stolypin tie”, others evaluate him reform activities How " failed attempt salvation of Imperial Russia,” and Stolypin himself is called a “brilliant reformer.”
However, if you look at the facts soberly, without ideological prejudices, then you can fairly objectively assess both the activities and personality of P.A. Stolypin.
Stolypin's contribution to the development of Russia
Stolypin
Pyotr Stolypin entered the Russian and world history as a convinced reformer. His name is associated with the land reform carried out at the beginning of the 20th century, reforms in the field of rights and freedoms of citizens, the formation of the foundations of the rule of law, security forces and judicial proceedings, local government and self-government, economics, finance, infrastructure, social policy, education, science and culture, military affairs and counter-terrorism. In a word, this politician made his contribution to almost all spheres of the Russian state.
Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin ( April 2 (14) 1862 , Dresden , Saxony - 5 (18) September 1911 , Kyiv ) - statesman Russian Empire . From the ancient noble family. Graduated St. Petersburg University and from 1884 served in the Ministry of the Interior. In 1902, governor of Grodno, in 1903-1906 - governor of Saratov province. Received the Emperor's gratitude Nicholas II for suppression peasant movement in the Saratov province.
In 1906, the emperor offered Stolypin the post of Minister of Internal Affairs. Soon with State Duma The government of the first convocation was dissolved. Stolypin was appointed the new prime minister.
IN different years held positions district marshal of the nobility VKovno, Grodno governor , Saratov governor , Minister of the Interior , prime minister .
On new position, which he occupied until his death, Stolypin spent whole line bills.
Finding himself at the head of the government, Stolypin requested from all departments those priority projects that had long been developed but had not been implemented. As a result, on August 24, 1906, Stolypin managed to draw up a more or less complete program of moderate reforms.
He divided the proposed reforms into two parts:
1.Immediately implement (without waiting for the convening of a new Duma)
- SolutionO sa land and land management
- Some urgent actions in the field of civil equality
- Freedom of religion
- Events related to the Jewish question
2. It is necessary to prepare and submit for discussion to the State Duma.
- On improving the living conditions of workers and, in particular, on their state insurance;
- On improving peasant land tenure;
- On local government reform;
- On the introduction of zemstvo self-government in the Baltic, as well as the North and South-Western territories;
- On the introduction of zemstvo and city self-government in the provinces of the Kingdom of Poland;
- On the transformation of local courts;
- On the reform of secondary and higher schools;
- About income tax;
- About police reform
Agrarian reform.
It is well known that Stolypin put changes at the forefront of his reformsin the field of economics. The Prime Minister was convinced, and his speeches indicate this, that it was necessary to start with agrarian reform.
Stolypin Agrarian Reform began its life in 1906. This year, a decree was adopted that made it easier for all peasants to leave the community. Leaving the peasant community, its former member could demand that it assign the plot of land allotted to him as personal ownership. Moreover, this land was not given to the peasant according to the “strip” principle, as before, but was tied to one place. By 1916, 2.5 million peasants left the community.
During agrarian reform Stolypin , the activities of the Peasant Bank, established back in 1882, intensified. The bank served as an intermediary between landowners who wanted to sell their lands and peasants who wanted to buy them.
Second direction Stolypin agrarian reform became the policy of resettling peasants. Through resettlement, Peter Arkadyevich hoped to reduce land hunger in the central provinces and populate the uninhabited lands of Siberia. To some extent, this policy justified itself. The settlers were provided with large land and many benefits, but the process itself was poorly streamlined. It is worth noting that the first settlers gave a significant increase in the wheat harvest in Russia.
Stolypin's agrarian reform was a great project, the completion of which was prevented by the death of its author.
Education reform.
As part of the school reform, approved by the law of May 3, 1908, it was planned to introduce compulsory primary free education for children from 8 to 12 years old. From 1908 to 1914, the budget for public education was tripled, and 50 thousand new schools were opened. Note that Stolypin set the third condition for the modernization of the country (in addition to agrarian reform and industrial development) to achieve universal literacy to the extent of compulsory four-year primary school for all. Even when he was the leader of the nobility in Kovno, he wrote on this occasion that only literacy will help spread agricultural knowledge, without which a class of real farmers cannot emerge. To sum up the school reform, we will say that there really was not enough time for it: to implement the plan for universal primary education at the same pace as in 1908-1914, at least another 20 years were required.
Industry reform.
The main stage in resolving the working issue during the years of Stolypin’s premiership was the work of the Special Meeting in 1906 and 1907, which prepared ten bills that affected the main aspectslabor in industrial enterprises. These were questions about rules for hiring workers, insurance for accidents and illnesses, working hours, etc. Unfortunately, the positions of industrialists and workers (as well as those who incited the latter to disobedience and rebellion) were too far from each other and the compromises found did not suit either one or the other (which was readily used by all kinds of revolutionaries).
Work question.
It must be admitted that no significant success has been achieved in this area.
The Stolypin government made an attempt to solve, at least in part, the labor issue, and provided special commission, consisting of representatives of the government and entrepreneurs, to consider the draft labor legislation. The government proposal was very moderate - limiting the working day to 10.5 hours (at that time - 11.5), abolishing mandatory overtime work, the right to create government-controlled trade union organizations, introduce worker insurance, create health insurance funds for the joint account of workers and the owner. However, this categorically did not suit the entrepreneurs, who believed that it was impossible to make concessions to workers, it was necessary to respect “freedom of labor agreement,” and complained about the low profitability of thinking. In reality, they sought to maintain high profits and defended their own class interests. Despite the admonitions of the government and the most conscious representatives of business, the government was forced to yield to pressure; the bill reached the Duma in a greatly reduced form and with a long delay.
It can be concluded that the government's work program failed due to the intransigence and greed of the bourgeoisie.
Judicial reform.
The transformations in the sphere of judicial power should also be briefly mentioned. Their essence boiled down to the fact that, in accordance with Stolypin’s plan, in the most general terms, the local court, distorted by the reactionary reforms of Emperor Alexander III, was supposed to return to its original appearance.
The bill “On the transformation of the local court” was supposed to help make the court cheaper and more accessible to the population. He envisioned a restoration rural areas the institution of justices of the peace, who would be elected by zemstvo assemblies (in the city - by city dumas). They would consider a limited range of civil cases and criminal cases that did not carry particularly severe penalties. Their decisions could be challenged in higher authorities. In fact, the revival of the magistrate's court meant the rejection of the “debris” of class legal proceedings - the peasant volost and zemstvo chief, who predominantly represented the local nobility. Accordingly, the practice of passing sentences according to customary norms, i.e., became a thing of the past. unwritten law based on legend and tradition. This was supposed to contribute to the rationalization of legal proceedings, eliminating endless misunderstandings and random and illogical decisions.
Zemstvo.
Being a supporter zemstvo administration, Stolypin extended zemstvo institutions to some provinces where they had not existed before. It was not always politically simple. For example, holding zemstvo reform in the western provinces, historically dependent on the gentry, was approved by the Duma, which supported the improvement of the situation of the Belarusian and Russian population, which constituted the majority in these territories, but was met with sharp rebuff in the State Council, which supported the gentry.
National question.
Stolypin perfectly understood the importance of this issue in such a multinational country like Russia. He was a supporter of unification, not disunity, of the peoples of the country. He proposed creating a special ministry of nationalities that would study the characteristics of each nation: history, traditions, culture, social life, religion, etc. - so that they flow into our great power with the greatest mutual benefit. Stolypin believed that all nations should have equal rights and responsibilities and be loyal to Russia. Also, the task of the new ministry was to counter internal and external enemies countries that sought to sow ethnic and religious discord.
Analysis of the reasons for the collapse of Stolypin's reforms.
Despite favorable economic, ideological and politicalcircumstances, StolypincommittedAlla number of mistakes that put his reforms in dangerthreat of failure. The first mistakeStolypin was the lack of a well-thought-out policy towards workers, forgood luckcarrying outconservativepolicy is necessarywascombinehardrepressionByattitudeto revolutionary parties with simultaneous efforts in the fieldsocial securityworkers.INRussiasame,Despite the general economic growth, over all these years not only the living standards of workersnot at allrose,ButAndsociallegislation was taking its first steps. 1906 Act ona ten-hour working day is almost impossibleapplied in the same way as the 1903 Workers' Injury Insurance Actat the enterprise.Meanwhile the quantityworkers constantlyand noticeablygrew.The new generation turned out to beverysupportiveToperception of socialist ideas. Obviously,StolypinNotgave awayto myselfreportVmeaninglabor issue, which arose with renewed vigor in 1912.
SecondmistakeStolypinbecameThat,WhatHeNotforesaw the consequences of intensiveRussification of non-Russianspeoples Stolypin did not hide his nationalist convictions. Heopencarried out nationalistGreat RussianpoliticsAnd,Naturally, I recovered againstmyselfAndroyalregimeAllnationalminorities.
StolypincommittederrorAndVquestionon the establishment of zemstvos in the western provinces (1911), as a result of which he lost the support of the Octobrists. CaseVvolume,that the western provinces continued economicallydependfromPolishgentry.To strengthenVtheir positionBelarusian and Russianpopulation,made up the majorityStolypindecidedestablishtherezemstvo form of government. Thoughtwillinglyhissupported,howeverstateadvicetook the opposite directionposition - classfeelingssolidaritywithturned out to be gentrystrongernational.StolypinappealedWithrequestto Nicholas II to interrupt the work of both chambers for three days, so that for thistime governmenturgentlyaccepted new law. Duma meetings were suspendedAndlawaccepted.Howevergivenprocedure that demonstratedneglectstate power to their owninstitutions, ledToschismbetween the government and eventhe mostmoderateliberals.Autocracyputyourself into isolation,from now onhissupportedrepresentativesextremelyright-wing nationalist circles.Stolypin lost the support of NikolaiII, to whomobviouslydisgustedto have such an enterprising minister was extremely accusedright-wing opponentsinfluential at court, in desire to "expropriate all landowners in general" with the help of agrarian reform.
From the top today historical experience Now the main root cause of Stolypin's bankruptcy is especially clearly visible.
The organic defect of his course was that that he wanted to carry out his reforms outside of democracy and in spite of to her. At first, he believed that it was necessary to ensure economic conditions, and then implement the “freedoms”.
After Stolypin, the activities of the government in 1912-1914. showed that all large-scale reforms would be curtailed. Nicholas II refused to cooperate with politicians he surrounded himself with mediocre people, but they shared his views on historical path Russia.
According to G. Popov, there is a constant paradox consisting in the following: on the one hand, reforming Russia presupposes the creation and development of representative government, and on the other, in the endless debates of all branches of this government, starting with the Duma, the most necessary measures are “drowning” for many months. This process is natural, it is determined by the very nature of representative power: it is designed to ensure a peaceful settlement of the interests of various groups of society, and therefore, this process cannot but be full of compromises and lengthy. In a country where the social situation is quite prosperous, these democratic parliamentary procedures generally play a progressive and positive role. But in an era of decisive, radical reforms (especially at the base!), when delay is “equivalent to death,” these processes threaten to slow everything down.
Both Stolypin and the government realized that land reform would not pass through the Duma within any acceptable time frame, or would even “sink.”
The collapse of the Stolypin reform, the impossibility of merging totalitarianism and authoritarianism with independence, the collapse of the course towards the peasant farmer became a lesson for the Bolsheviks, who preferred to rely on collective farms.
Stolypin's path, the path of reform, the path of preventing October 17 was rejected both by those who did not want revolution and by those who aspired to it. Stolypin understood and believed in his reforms. He was their ideologist. This is Stolypin's strong point. On the other hand, Stolypin, like any person, was prone to making mistakes. When correlating various aspects of the Stolypin reforms with modern Russian reality, one should remember both the benefits that can be derived from this historical experience, and those mistakes that prevented the successful implementation of Stolypin's reforms.
Stolypin's reforms (briefly)
Stolypin carried out his reforms from 1906, when he was appointed prime minister, until his death on September 5, caused by assassins' bullets.
Agrarian reform
In short, the main goal of Stolypin's agrarian reform was to create a wide stratum of rich peasants. Unlike the 1861 reform, the emphasis was on the individual owner rather than the community. The previous communal form fettered the initiative of the hard-working peasants, but now, freed from the community and not looking back at the “poor and drunk,” they could dramatically increase the efficiency of their farming. The law of June 14, 1910 stated that from now on, “every householder who owns an allotment of land on a communal basis may at any time demand that the part due to him from the said land be strengthened as his personal property.” Stolypin believed that the wealthy peasantry would become the real support of the autocracy. An important part of the Stolypin agrarian reform was the activity of the credit bank. This institution sold land to peasants on credit, either state-owned or purchased from landowners. Moreover, the interest rate on loans for independent peasants was half that for communities. Through a credit bank, peasants acquired in 1905-1914. about 9 and a half million hectares of land. However, measures against defaulters were harsh: the land was taken away from them and put back on sale. Thus, the reforms not only made it possible to acquire land, but also encouraged people to actively work on it. Another important part Stolypin's reforms were the resettlement of peasants to free lands. The bill prepared by the government provided for the transfer of state lands in Siberia to private hands without redemption. However, there were also difficulties: there were not enough funds or surveyors to carry out land survey work. But despite this, resettlement to Siberia, as well as the Far East, Central Asia And North Caucasus picked up pace. The move was free, and specially equipped “Stolypin” cars made it possible to transport railway livestock The state tried to improve life in the resettlement areas: schools, medical centers, etc. were built.
Zemstvo
Being a supporter of zemstvo administration, Stolypin extended zemstvo institutions to some provinces where they had not existed before. It was not always politically simple. For example, the implementation of zemstvo reform in the western provinces, historically dependent on the gentry, was approved by the Duma, which supported the improvement of the situation of the Belarusian and Russian population, which constituted the majority in these territories, but was met with sharp rebuff in the State Council, which supported the gentry.
Industry reform
The main stage in resolving the labor issue during the years of Stolypin's premiership was the work of the Special Meeting in 1906 and 1907, which prepared ten bills that affected the main aspects of labor in industrial enterprises. These were questions about rules for hiring workers, insurance for accidents and illnesses, working hours, etc. Unfortunately, the positions of industrialists and workers (as well as those who incited the latter to disobedience and rebellion) were too far from each other and the compromises found did not suit either one or the other (which was readily used by all kinds of revolutionaries).
National question
Stolypin perfectly understood the importance of this issue in such a multinational country as Russia. He was a supporter of unification, not disunity, of the peoples of the country. He proposed creating a special ministry of nationalities that would study the characteristics of each nation: history, traditions, culture, social life, religion, etc. - so that they flow into our great power with the greatest mutual benefit. Stolypin believed that all peoples should have equal rights and responsibilities and be loyal to Russia. Also, the task of the new ministry was to counteract the internal and external enemies of the country who sought to sow ethnic and religious discord.