Post-war economy of the USSR 1945 1953 briefly. G

The main task of the USSR's domestic policy in the first post-war years was the restoration of the national economy. It began back in 1943 as the occupiers were expelled. But the restoration period in the history of Soviet society began in 1946, according to the 4th five-year plan for the restoration and development of the national economy of the USSR for 1946-1950, prepared by that time by the State Planning Committee. In the industrial field, three important tasks had to be solved:

firstly, to demilitarize the economy, rebuilding it for peaceful production;

secondly, restore destroyed enterprises;

thirdly, carry out new construction.

The formal solution to the first problem was largely completed in 1946-1947. Some people's commissariats of the military industry (tank, mortar weapons, ammunition) were abolished. Instead, people's commissariats for civil production were created.

The most important place in the restoration of industry was given to power plants. Huge funds were spent on the restoration of the largest power plant in Europe - the Dnieper Hydroelectric Power Station. Already in 1947, the station produced its first current, and in 1950 it began operating at full capacity. Among the priority recovery industries were the coal and metallurgical industries, primarily the Donbass mines and the metallurgical giants of the south of the country - Zaporizhstal and Azovstal.

But in the post-war period, the state paid special attention to the development of the defense industry, primarily to the creation of atomic weapons. Huge material resources were allocated for this, to the detriment of the production of consumer goods, agriculture, and the socio-cultural sphere. In order to eliminate the US nuclear monopoly, the welfare of the people had to be sacrificed. In 1948, a plutonium production reactor was built in the Chelyabinsk region, and by the fall of 1949, atomic weapons were created in the USSR. In the same year, the USSR government announced that it was in favor of an unconditional ban on atomic weapons. Four years later (summer 1953), the first hydrogen bomb was tested in the Soviet Union.

At the end of the 1940s. in the USSR they decided to use nuclear energy to produce electricity; Construction of a nuclear power plant began. The world's first nuclear power plant, Obninsk near Moscow, with a capacity of 5 thousand kW, came into operation in the summer of 1954.

In general, industry was restored already in 1947. It reached the level of 1940, and by the end of the five-year plan it exceeded it by 73% against the plan of 48%. 6,200 restored and newly built enterprises were put into operation. The light and food industries did not fulfill the plan.

Agriculture. The state increased non-economic coercion of peasants. Remuneration for work was symbolic. Collective farmers were forced to live mainly from personal plots. In the last years of the war, these farms often grew at the expense of collective farm lands. The state saw the growth of personal subsidiary plots as an attack on its property. Already in the autumn of the famine year of 1946, when many parts of the country were struck by a terrible drought, it launched a broad campaign against gardening and market gardening under the banner of the struggle against the squandering of public land and collective farm property. Personal subsidiary plots were not only cut back, but also subject to exorbitant taxes. Each peasant household had to pay a land tax, as well as supply the state with a certain amount of meat, milk, eggs, wool and other products. Sometimes it reached the point of absurdity - a tax was introduced on every fruit tree, regardless of whether it produced a harvest or not. post-war Soviet Western

In fact, the state treated collective farmers as “second-class” people. Collective farmers were not entitled to pensions or vacations, they did not have passports, and they could not leave the village without permission from the authorities. The restoration and development of agriculture should have been based, in the opinion of the country's leadership, on strengthening not the material interest of workers, but administrative pressure. In 1947, it confirmed the forced nature of labor on collective farms, introduced in the 1930s. All rural residents who did not work in industry or did not serve in Soviet institutions were required to work on collective farms.

Despite the measures taken, agriculture was a backward sector of the national economy. It could not satisfy the country's needs for food and raw materials. The 4th Five-Year Plan for agricultural development was not fulfilled. However, the level of agricultural production in 1950, according to official data, almost reached the pre-war 1940 level.

USSR in 1945-1953 gg. : ECONOMY

The price of war

USSR losses in the war were:

27 million people,
1,710 cities,
70,000 villages and hamlets,
31,850 industrial enterprises, where about 4 million workers worked before the war,
1,135 mines, providing the country with 100 million tons of coal per year,
65,000 km. railway tracks,
36.8 million hectares of cultivated area,
30% of national wealth.

Percentage of damage caused by war

Direct damage 679 billion rubles. (amount of capital investments for 2 five-year plans)

Taking into account indirect damage – 2 trillion.. 596 billion rubles.

The country was thrown back at least 10 years.

Zaporizhstal and Azovstal lay in ruins. Dozens of other large plants and factories.

In terms of metal and ore production, the war set the country back 10-12 years.

Much damage was caused to the chemical, textile and food industries.

Economy of the USSR after the war

Millions of front-line soldiers returned from the war

disabled people unable to do hard work.

The economy, despite the implementation

At the end of the war, 3.3 million people were demobilized and experienced a colossal shortage of workers.

A significant part of the workforce now consisted of women, old people and teenagers, whose work was less productive.

The goal of domestic policy was formulated by J.V. Stalin in 1946. - complete the construction of socialism and begin the transition to communism.

This slogan inspired the Soviet people, allowed them to patiently endure social difficulties and look to the future with enthusiasm.

The country began to restore the economy during the war years. In 1943, a resolution was adopted by the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR “On urgent measures to restore the economy in areas liberated from German occupation.”

Main tasks

post-war development

Country translation to

peaceful

rails

Recovery

folk

farms

Changing the structure of higher authorities

In September 1945, the State Defense Committee was abolished. Supreme executive power returned to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

In March 1946, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was transformed into the Council of Ministers

In 1946, the People's Commissariats of the military industry were abolished, the sectoral People's Commissariats were reorganized into ministries

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT MODELS

Rejection of the traditional policy of accelerated development of heavy industry.
Supporters of more balanced economic development, some softening of voluntaristic methods

Proponents of a return to

economic model

development of the 30s

2. Linked to research

E.Vargi, dedicated to the problems

world capitalism, which arose in

as a result of the Second World War

L.P. Beria

G.M. Malenkov

A.A. Zhdanov

ON THE. Voznesensky

Economic discussions 1945-1946

What program did I.V. propose to the country? Stalin?

« It was a leap (in the 30s), with the help of which our Motherland turned from a backward country to an advanced one, from an agricultural one to an industrial one.

The party intends to organize a new powerful rise in the national economy, which would give us the opportunity to raise the level of our industry ... three times compared to the pre-war level.”

From the speech of I. Stalin in 1946

Restore the national economy, achieve the pre-war level of economic development and surpass it

Economic development and increase in industrial production by 70% and consumer goods by 65%

Fourth Five-Year Plan (1946-1950)

Fifth Five-Year Plan (1951-1955)

The general trend remained: the predominant development of heavy industries (coal mining, metallurgy, machinery and machine tools, electrical engineering and defense) to the detriment of light

In total, during the years of the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1946-1950), 6,200 large enterprises were restored and rebuilt. In 1950, according to official data, industrial production exceeded pre-war levels by 73% (and in the new union republics - Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Moldova - 2-3 times).

Dneproges

Industrial development

The revival of industry took place under very difficult conditions. In the first post-war years, the work of Soviet people was not much different from work during wartime. The constant shortage of food, the most difficult working and living conditions, and the high level of morbidity and mortality were explained to the population by the fact that the long-awaited peace had just arrived and life was about to get better.

G.S. Bortkevich

Labor heroism of the people

Sales of agricultural products

Reparations

More than 5.5 thousand “trophy” industrial enterprises were imported into the USSR

Loans from the public

Sources of industrial recovery

The forced labor of Soviet prisoners is another source of restoration and development of the Soviet economy in the post-war period.

With the help of convicts, nuclear industry facilities, metallurgical enterprises, hydroelectric power stations (Kuibyshevskaya HPP), canals (Volga-Don Shipping Canal) and much more were built.

In 1949, the enterprises of the camps and colonies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs produced industrial products worth almost 20 billion rubles, which amounted to more than 10% of the total gross output produced in the Soviet Union.

In industry, old enterprises were restored and new industrial giants were built in the Urals, Siberia, Transcaucasia and Central Asia - 6,200 in total.

The pre-war level of gross industrial output was exceeded by 73%.

By the end of the five-year plan, not only the Dnieper Hydroelectric Power Station, but also all the power plants of the Dnieper region, Donbass, Black Earth Region, and the North Caucasus were put into operation again.

This made it possible to increase the country's energy supply by 1950 by 1.5 times compared to 1940.

Defense industries

1948 – the first nuclear reactor was launched near Chelyabinsk and a plutonium production plant was put into operation

1949 – an atomic bomb was tested near Semipalatinsk

1950 – the R-1 ballistic missile was put into service

1952 – construction of a nuclear submarine began

1953 – a hydrogen (thermonuclear) bomb was tested

1954 – the first nuclear power plant was commissioned in Obninsk

By 1953, the gross volume of industry was 2.5 times higher than the pre-war one.

The defense industry and military spending absorbed more than 25% of the USSR's annual budget

Agriculture

The post-war devastation and drought of 1946 in the center, Ukraine, Moldova, the Lower Volga region and the North Caucasus caused famine. About 1 million people died. The gross grain harvest in 1946 was 2.2 times less than in 1940, which led to the introduction of bread cards.

Harvest years 1947-1948 allowed to cancel the cards, but the question of supplying the population with food and industry with raw materials remained very acute.

To solve agricultural problems, the government has taken a number of measures:

1947 – Decision of the Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks to increase the production of tractors, fertilizers, and expand the energy supply to the countryside.

By 1950, there were 40-50% more tractors and combines than before the war, 15% of collective farms, 76% of state farms and 80% of MTS were supplied with electricity.

1948 - Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers on the creation of forest protection belts, reservoirs and ponds to overcome dependence on climatic conditions, ensuring high and sustainable yields in the steppe and forest-steppe regions of the European part of the USSR.

In 1950, construction of irrigation canals began in Central Asia, in the steppe regions of Ukraine and Northern Crimea.

1950-1953 There was a consolidation of collective farms: their number decreased from 255 thousand in 1950 to 93 thousand.

As a result, in 1952, agricultural production almost reached the level of 1940 - 99%.

The monetary reform of 1947 hit hardest the peasantry, who kept their savings at home.

Pre-war norms that limited the freedom of movement of collective farmers were preserved: they were actually deprived of a passport, they were not paid for days when they did not work due to illness, and they were not paid old-age pensions.

Social politics

1945 – state of emergency lifted

The army was demobilized and reduced

The 8-hour working day was restored

Annual paid holidays introduced

Mandatory overtime work has been abolished

The activities of trade unions and socio-political organizations have been restored

Currency reform of 1947

Goals

Anti-inflationary

Propaganda

New money of the 1947 model was issued.

Exchange old money for new ones within a week.

A complex system for revaluing deposits in savings banks has been developed.

Cancellation of the card system.

Results of economic development

Transfer of industry to peaceful tracks

Economic growth

Priority in the development of heavy industry

Lagging development of light industry

Today in class we will talk about methods for restoring the USSR economy after the war, about the development of science and problems in agriculture and the social sphere, and we will also learn what reparations, deportation and the Soviet economic miracle are.

In addition, the leadership of the Soviet Union, led by Stalin, understood that the victorious people, who survived a terrible war, should live better, so this was another task of economic recovery.

The Soviet economy was restored by 1950-1951, although some scholars argue that this happened earlier, in 1947, when the ration cards(Fig. 2) and the supply of the population began to occur at a quite decent level.

Rice. 2. Card for bread (1941) ()

This was facilitated by the heroic work of the civilian population. After the war, overtime was abolished and the 8-hour working day, vacations, and ballots were returned, but all administrative and criminal penalties for absenteeism, tardiness, and fraud remained until 1953. In addition, it was adopted fourth five year plan- a high-quality and balanced plan, according to which it was convenient to restore the economy (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Propaganda poster (1948) ()

The head of the State Planning Committee during this period was N.A. Voznesensky (Fig. 4). It is known that the planned economic system is well suited for a developing economy.

Rice. 4. N. A. Voznesensky ()

In the period from 1945 to 1947. The demobilization of the military and the return of prisoners taken to Germany took place. All these people became the workforce, with the help of which Soviet industry was also restored. At the same time, the labor of Gulag prisoners was also used, who in the post-war period were not so much Soviet citizens as prisoners of war Germans, Hungarians, Romanians, Japanese, etc. (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. The work of Gulag prisoners ()

In addition, under the terms of the Yalta and Potsdam Conference (Fig. 6), the Soviet Union had the right to reparations, i.e., for payments from Nazi Germany.

Rice. 6. Participants of the Yalta Conference 1945 ()

In Potsdam, our allies (England and America) invited the Soviet Union to take advantage of the material base of their occupation zone (East Germany), so machines, factories and other material assets were exported in large quantities. Historians have differing opinions on this matter: some believe that quite a lot was exported, and this greatly helped in restoration, while others argue that reparation payments did not provide serious assistance.

During this period there was development of science. There have been breakthroughs in some areas, such as the famous atomic breakthrough - creation of the atomic bomb- under the leadership of L.P. Beria and I.V. Kurchatov (Fig. 7) from the scientific side.

Rice. 7. I.V. Kurchatov ()

In general, those industries that were somehow connected with the military industry, for example, aircraft manufacturing, the production of missiles, launchers, cars, etc., developed quite well after the war.

So, we can say that by 1950, the industry of the USSR as a whole had been restored. The standard of living also increased. This was reflected in the social sphere by the liquidation of the card system, which was unique in our entire history of the 20th century. situation with falling prices. Every spring 1947-1950. announced price reduction. The psychological effect of this measure was enormous (Fig. 8).

Rice. 8. Comparative table of prices for 1947 and 1953. ()

In fact, prices remained slightly higher than in 1940, and wages remained slightly lower, but the planned annual price reduction is still remembered by older people.

There were gigantic problems in our agriculture. Its restoration in the post-war period is a rather complex process. This was due both to the fact that more livestock was killed or eaten, and to the fact that the men did not want to return to the village (Fig. 9).

Rice. 9. Village during the Nazi occupation ()

The main damage to the working population was suffered by the Soviet village, in which almost only women and children remained. Exactly village became in the 20-30s. a source of funds for industrialization, but in the post-war period it could not be this source. The Soviet government tried to improve the standard of living in the countryside, primarily through the consolidation of collective farms and improved quality of processing. But 1946-1948 - This is a period of natural disasters (drought, flood) and famine. Therefore, in such conditions the village lived even worse. In the villages, administrative and criminal punishments remained until 1951, in which the food situation in the country was more or less resolved and the need for mass punishment was sharply reduced.

Since 1947, attempts have begun to improve agriculture with the help of science and scientific progress. For example, forest shelterbelts were created around fields, which were supposed to protect crops from winds and cold; forced forest and grass sowing was carried out in order to strengthen the soil, etc.

Rice. 10. Collectivization ()

Since 1946, there has been a massive collectivization(Fig. 10) in the newly annexed areas: Western Ukraine, Western Belarus, the Baltic states. Despite the fact that collectivization in these regions proceeded more slowly and softly, forced relocation was used against opponents of this process or Soviet power - deportation.

So, thanks to the heroic work and enthusiasm of the Soviet people, the skillful policies of the authorities, the plan and development of science by the beginning of the 1950s. the Soviet economy was restored and, according to some estimates, even outstripped the indicators of pre-war industry (Fig. 11).

Rice. 11. Restoration of the USSR by the working population ()

Thus, we can talk about Soviet economic miracle, which was achieved at great cost and required improvements. Because they remained unresolved even until the mid-50s. problems in agriculture and the social sphere: millions of Soviet citizens continued to live in barracks and dugouts.

Homework

Tell us about the development of science in the USSR in 1945-1953.

Tell us about the problems in agriculture and the social sphere in the USSR in the post-war period.

Prepare a report on the recovery of the Soviet economy in 1945-1953.

Bibliography

Story. Russia in the 20th - early 19th centuries. 9th grade: textbook. for general education. establishment / A.A. Danilov. - M.: Education, 2011. - 224 p.: ill.
History of Russia: 9th grade: textbook. for students general images. establishment / V.S. Izmozik, O.N. Zhuravleva, S.N. Mine. - M.: Ventana-Graf, 2012. - 352 pp.: ill.
Russian history. XX - early XIX centuries. 9th grade: textbook. for general education. establishment / O.V. Volobuev, V.V. Zhuravlev, A.P. Nenarokov, A.T. Stepanishchev. - M.: Bustard, 2010. - 318, p.: ill.

Ru-history.com ().
Protown.ru ().
Biofile.ru ().

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Economic recovery 1945- 1953G.

Barmin D.

The economy of the USSR after the war.

The war brought enormous human and material losses to our country. 1,710 cities and towns were destroyed, 70 thousand villages were destroyed, 31,850 factories and factories, 1,135 mines, 65 thousand km of railways were blown up and put out of action. Cultivated areas decreased by 36.8 million hectares. The country has lost about a third of its national wealth.

The war claimed almost 27 million human lives, and this is its most tragic result. 2.6 million people became disabled. The population decreased by 34.4 million and amounted to 162.4 million people by the end of 1945. The reduction in labor force, lack of adequate food and housing led to a decrease in labor productivity.

The country began to restore the economy during the war years. In 1943, the party and government resolution “On urgent measures to restore farms in areas liberated from German occupation” was adopted. With enormous efforts, by the end of the war it was possible to restore industrial production to a third of the 1940 level.

Economic discussions 1945-1946

In August 1945, the government instructed the State Planning Committee (chaired by N.A. Voznesensky) to prepare a draft of the fourth five-year plan. Proposals were made for some easing of pressure in economic management and for the reorganization of collective farms. In 1946, a draft of a new Constitution of the USSR was prepared. He allowed the existence of small private farms of peasants and artisans, based on personal labor and excluding the exploitation of other people's labor. During the discussion of this project, ideas were voiced about the need to provide more rights to the regions and people's commissariats.

“From below” there were increasingly frequent calls for the liquidation of collective farms. They talked about their ineffectiveness, and reminded that the relative weakening of state pressure on producers during the war years had a positive result. Direct analogies were drawn with the NEP, introduced after the Civil War, when the revival of the economy began with the revival of the private sector, decentralization of management and the development of light industry.

Industrial development.

A heroic page in the post-war history of our country was the people’s struggle to revive the economy. Western experts believed that restoring the destroyed economic base would take at least 25 years. However, the recovery period in industry was less than 5 years. Given the new external threats, the challenge was not only to restore pre-war economic levels, but also to surpass them.

Analyze the diagram. Calculate how many kilograms of bread, meat, sugar, butter could be bought for an average monthly salary of 500 rubles.

As before the war, from one to one and a half monthly salaries per year were spent on the purchase of obligatory government loan bonds. Many working families still lived in dugouts and barracks, and sometimes worked in the open air or in unheated rooms, using old equipment.

The restoration took place in the context of a sharp increase in population displacement caused by the demobilization of the army (it decreased from 11.4 million people in 1945 to 2.9 million in 1948), the repatriation of Soviet citizens, and the return of refugees from the eastern regions. Considerable funds were also spent on supporting the allied states. Huge losses in the war caused a labor shortage. Staff turnover increased: people were looking for more favorable working conditions. Prices for food products in the pre-war years and in 1947, in rubles per 1 kg.

As before, acute problems had to be solved by increasing the transfer of funds from villages to cities and developing the labor activity of workers. One of the most famous initiatives of those years was the “speed workers” movement, initiated by the Leningrad turner G.S. Bortkevich, who completed a 13-day output on a lathe in February 1948 in one shift. The movement became massive. At some enterprises, attempts were made to introduce self-financing. But no material measures were taken to consolidate these new phenomena; on the contrary, as labor productivity increased, prices were lowered.

There has been a tendency towards wider use of scientific and technical developments in production. However, it manifested itself mainly at enterprises of the military-industrial complex (MIC), where the development of nuclear and thermonuclear weapons, missile systems, and new models of tank and aircraft equipment was underway.

In addition to the military-industrial complex, preference was also given to mechanical engineering, metallurgy, fuel, and energy industries, the development of which accounted for 88% of all capital investments in industry. The light and food industries, as before, did not satisfy even the minimum needs of the population. In total, during the years of the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1946-1950), 6,200 large enterprises were restored and rebuilt. In 1950, according to official data, industrial production exceeded pre-war levels by 73% (and in the new union republics - Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Moldova - 2-3 times). True, reparations and products of joint Soviet-East German enterprises were also included here.

The main creator of these undoubted successes was the people. Through his incredible efforts and sacrifices, seemingly impossible economic results were achieved. At the same time, the possibilities of a super-centralized economic model and the traditional policy of redistributing funds from the light and food industries, agriculture and social sphere in favor of heavy industry played a role. Significant assistance was also provided by reparations received from Germany ($4.3 billion), which provided up to half the volume of industrial equipment installed during these years. The labor of millions of Soviet prisoners and more than 3 million German and Japanese prisoners of war also contributed to post-war reconstruction.

Agriculture.

The country's agriculture emerged from the war weakened, whose production in 1945 did not exceed 60% of the pre-war level. The situation there worsened further due to the drought of 1946, which caused severe famine. The state, purchasing agricultural products at fixed prices, compensated collective farms for only a fifth of the costs of producing milk, a tenth for grain, and a twentieth for meat. Collective farmers received practically nothing. Their subsidiary farming saved them. However, the state also dealt a blow to him. In 1946-1949. 10.6 million hectares of land from peasant plots were cut off in favor of collective farms. Taxes on income from market sales were significantly increased. Only peasants whose collective farms fulfilled state supplies were allowed to trade on the market. Each peasant farm was obliged to hand over meat, milk, eggs, and wool to the state as a tax for a plot of land. In 1948, collective farmers were “recommended” to sell small livestock to the state (which was allowed to be kept by the collective farm charter), which caused a massive slaughter of pigs, sheep, and goats throughout the country (up to 2 million heads). economics monetary war

The monetary reform of 1947 hit hardest the peasantry, who kept their savings at home. Pre-war norms that limited the freedom of movement of collective farmers were preserved: they were actually deprived of a passport, they were not paid for days when they did not work due to illness, and they were not paid old-age pensions. By the end of the Fourth Five-Year Plan, the disastrous economic situation of collective farms required their reform. However, the authorities saw its essence not in material incentives for the manufacturer, but in yet another structural restructuring. Instead of a link (a small agricultural unit, usually consisting of members of one family, and therefore often more efficient), it was recommended to develop a team form of work. This caused discontent among the peasants and disorganization of agricultural work. The subsequent consolidation of collective farms led to a further reduction in peasant plots.

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Post-war economy of the USSR 1945 1953 briefly. G

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Economic discussions 1945-1946

Industrial development.

Agriculture.

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