Which countries are included in the Transcaucasus? Transcaucasian countries

Their independence is recognized only by Russia and five other countries. Transcaucasia is bordered in the north by the Russian Federation, in the south by Turkey and Iran.

The South Caucasus - from ancient times, represented a connecting link between the countries of the East and the West and was located at the crossroads trade routes between the Near and Middle East and Europe, migration waves, armies of conquerors who sought to take possession of the ancient and medieval states Caucasus. Trade and cultural connections these states among themselves and with neighboring countries of Europe and the East - Iran, India, China, etc.

Unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic

Abkhazia

South Ossetia

Russian military facilities in Transcaucasia

• Armenia

Notes

see also

Links

• Gusterin P.V. From the social history of Dagestan and Transcaucasia

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Synonyms:

See what “Transcaucasia” is in other dictionaries:

Part of the Caucasus, south of the Main, or Watershed, ridge of the Greater Caucasus. Includes most of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus, the Colchis and Kura Araks lowlands, the Transcaucasian Highlands, the Talysh Mountains and the Lenkoran lowlands. Within Transcaucasia... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Noun, number of synonyms: 1 chumazia (3) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary

Part of the Caucasus, south of the Main, or Watershed, ridge of the Greater Caucasus. Includes most of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus, the Colchis and Kura Araks lowlands, the Transcaucasian Highlands, the Talysh Mountains and the Lenkoran Lowland... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

The part of the Caucasus lying south of the Main, or Watershed, ridge of the Greater Caucasus. Z. include most of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus, the Colchis Lowland and the Kura Depression, the Lesser Caucasus, the Javakheti-Armenian Plateau,... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

I knew that this was Bagirov, but the history of his activities in Transcaucasia did not know.

During this time, the Khazars transferred military operations against the Arabs to Transcaucasia and in revenge for the destruction of Semender and Belenjer they devastated Azerbaijan.

For fifteen years, the Batumi prison was considered the most reliable in everything Transcaucasia.

Transcaucasia, where the main points of tension were the Armenian-Azerbaijani armed conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh, as well as armed clashes in Georgia due to the unsettledness of its relations with Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation prevented the threat of events in Abkhazia escalating into a new large-scale armed conflict dangerous in its possible consequences Transcaucasia.

And our homeland is not here, in Ganja, but even beyond Transcaucasia.

Dagestan 411 Kaluga 29, 90, 260, 411, 428 Far Eastern Republic 425 Calcutta 183, 442 Far East 420, 461 Kamen-on-Obi 29, 54, 410 Jambeit62 Canada 176 Dnepropetrovsk province Kansk 54, 419 Dymovka 95, 430 Kansky district 31 Duret 137, 13 8 Canton 44, 417, 44 5 Europe 57, 77,147,175 - 177,181, Karaganda 432 184, 192, 196, 204, 206, 274, 287, Karakol 138 319, 320, 322, 356 - 363, 366, 367, Kargoska 42 374, 375 Cologne 447 Europe Western 204, 301, 360 Keskelen Pass 137 Egypt 48, 182 Kiev 6, 421 Enakievo 154 Kzyl-Orda Yeniseisk 54, 62, 172, 173, 436 Kiel 452 Zheleznovodsk 234 China 18, 43, 45 - 50, 52, 129, 175, Transcaucasia 17, 405, 406, 425, 434 176, 182 - 185, 187, 188, 193, 201, Zangezur 4, 401 202,209 - 217,232,319,320,378 - Zaporozhye 456 380, 384,406,41 3,443, 448 Zinovievsk 28 Kokand 72 Ivanovo-Voznesensk 164 Kolpashevo 27, 42 , 53, 61, 63, 88, Ivanovo-Voznesensk province 165 397, 408 Igarka 404 Columbia 192, 463 Ilyino 53 Komi ASSR 401, 450 India 48, 129, 174, 180, 182, 183, Korea 182 1

In the transition of Tiflis Social Democrats to new methods of work outstanding role played by Viktor Kurnatovsky - an educated Marxist, a staunch follower and closest ally of Lenin, a conductor of Lenin’s ideas in Transcaucasia.

On the outskirts of the city, behind the cast-iron bridge, Molokanskaya Slobodka and cadet corps, the Georgian Military Road began, connecting the Ciscaucasia with Transcaucasia.

I also knew that Tarle had been to Transcaucasia, most likely was visiting Muskhelishvili, but in last years During the life of Evgeniy Viktorovich, they mostly met only at meetings of the Academy of Sciences.

Tiflis hosted a unifying congress of representatives of social democratic organizations of Tiflis, Baku, Batum, as well as party groups of smaller centers Transcaucasia.

I'm afraid, given the current situation in Transcaucasia simple appearance starships over Podkamennaya Tunguska will not even make it into the evening newspapers.

Conditions for training cadet pilots in Transcaucasia were very difficult: airfields were squeezed by mountains, narrow fields were cut by irrigation canals and cluttered with boulders.

And Musabekov - Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Transcaucasia is a nationalist, and Rakhimbaev from Tajikistan is a nationalist, and the Uzbeks Ikramov and Fayzulla Khojaev are also nationalists.

And on July 13, 1921, units of the Red Army, led by Todorsky, drove the Dashnaks out of the last point Transcaucasia- Megry sat down.

Peoples of Transcaucasia

1) Caucasian family, Kartvelian group - Georgians, Adyghe-Abkhazian - Abkhazians,

2) Indon-European family: Armenian group - Armenians, Greek group - Greeks.

3) Altai family: Turkic group- Azerbaijanis

History and ethnogenesis.

(Caucasus) The Georgian people were formed on the territory they occupied from local tribes.

After the invasion of Azerbaijan by the Seljuk Turks in the 11th century, there was a massive influx of the Turkic population, and the modern Azerbaijani language began to form.

Farming.

Agriculture.

Cattle breeding is transhumance. Viticulture. Gardening. Sometimes they made artificial arable land on the mountain slopes. Beekeeping. Sericulture.

Carpet weaving, jewelry making, weapon making, pottery production, burkas, weaving, embroidery... - craft.

Mat. culture.

The houses are structures made of stone, sunk into the ground, the roof is a wooden stepped ceiling, which was covered with earth from the outside.

Another option is a stone dwelling with a flat or gable roof. To the east Azerbaijanis have adobe houses coated with clay.

Men's costume - shirts, wide or narrow trousers, boots, swinging outerwear belted with a belt.

Women's clothing:

Georgians - a long shirt, a swinging fitted dress, a headband covered with fabric.

Armenian women - bright shirts (yellow or red, small hard hats on the head, lined clothing, often using...

a scarf covering the face.

Azerbaijani women - shirts, trousers, short sweaters and skirts.

Patriarchal structure, importance family ties, monogamy (except for privileged layers of Azerbaijan),

Religion - Christianity (from 301 among the Armenians, from the 6th century armenian church independent) and Islam in Azerbaijan.

Residents of Transcaucasia are endowed with:
- highly developed, heightened senses national pride, self-love and self-respect, great commitment to national traditions and habits, ethnic clan cohesion and responsibility;
- mainly by traits of choleric and sanguine temperament types, explosive emotionality, increased sensitivity to other people’s actions and judgments, a pronounced desire for self-presentation;
- great independence, activity and initiative, perseverance and perseverance in achieving goals in all types of activities, especially those that are individually or nationally preferable and beneficial to them;
— emphasized attention and respect for elders in age, social status and position;
— a fairly high educational level, good physical training, relatively poor knowledge of the Russian language;
- the desire for leadership among representatives of other ethnic communities and in multinational teams, as well as the formation of numerous micro-groups along ethnic lines.

In everyday conditions labor activity and communication with representatives of other nationalities, residents of Transcaucasia have a noticeable tendency to form microgroups based on nationality.

Possessing fairly good organizational skills, communication skills, independence, they strive to become informal leaders in teams.
In this case, the peculiarities of raising boys in families that are common in the Caucasus are revealed.

From childhood they are focused on the significance of the social role of a man, father, brother; From an early age they are taught to take care of younger brothers and sisters.

Families cultivate a special love for the younger ones, helping them in everything that has turned, in fact, into national need and tradition. Children in the Caucasus, boys in particular, grow up independent, with a minimum of prohibitions, and are almost never punished.

Popular among all nations in the Caucasus national species wrestling, boxing.

Practicing these sports, as well as folk pedagogy with early years form a strong will, develop physical activity, constant readiness to fight back. Such qualities of representatives various peoples Transcaucasia allows them to quickly adapt to a variety of living and activity conditions.

The Armenian people (hayk) were formed in the Armenian Highlands in their basic qualities back in the 4th century BC.

The state of Armenians was part of the political landscape Ancient East, and at the end of the 20th century it again appeared on the world map. For hundreds of years, the dream of its restoration has been part of the national consciousness of Armenians scattered throughout the inhabited space of the globe. Among the many features of the behavior of Armenians is the ability that has developed in the diaspora to adapt to and exist in a nationally and religiously diverse environment.

The idea of ​​the antiquity and richness of national traditions is firmly held in the minds of Armenians; the events of the past, the names of historical figures, artists, and writers are exalted. The memory of dramatic events and grievances caused by neighbors is also cultivated.

Among the most tragic memories, the most powerful are those of the “days of genocide” massacre Armenians on the territory of Turkey in 1915. According to linguistic and cultural characteristics stands out eastern zone, covering both the territory of the modern Republic of Armenia and the western, so-called. Turkish Armenia.

Georgians (Kartvelians) occupy mountain valleys, highlands and plateaus between the Greater and Lesser Caucasus, being the strategic center of the entire Caucasian region.

Consisting of large number Ethnographic groups of people are distinguished by both the unity of their common consciousness and the individualism of each individual person.

The proud, independent and at the same time subtle, artistic character of the Georgian is known to everyone who is, in one way or another, connected with the Caucasus. It is believed that the main backbone of the ancient Georgian tribes developed on a local basis. Fiery love for your state and its heroic story constitutes an important feature of the consciousness of Georgians. Georgians have always felt like an outpost of the Orthodox world among the eastern peoples.

Under Russian rule in the 19th century, almost all Georgian lands. A number of Laz and Meskh Georgians live in the border areas of Turkey. Since the 16th century, as a result of forced relocation, the Georgian ethnic community has existed in isolation in central Iran.

Between Georgia and the Adyghe lands along the Black Sea coast lies the land of the Abkhazians, which was called the “land of the soul.” The ethnogenesis of the Abkhazians (Apsua) connects them with the ancient population of the lands south of the Caucasus.

In the Middle Ages, the Abkhaz state existed on a par with the Alan and Georgian states. In the everyday culture of the Abkhaz, its indigenous potential was combined with influences from related Adyghe peoples and neighboring Western Georgia.

Abkhazia acts in many ways as a reserve of the early traditions of the Caucasian community, especially that mountainous part that is connected to the Black Sea.

Among relatively large nations Transcaucasia is inhabited by several relatively small people. These can be called Kurds, Aisors, Udins, Tats, Talysh. In the Western Caucasus there are settlements of Greeks, some of which appeared in the Caucasus a long time ago, while others moved from Anatolia in the second half of the 19th century.

In the mountains of the Eastern Caucasus and in Georgian cities and villages live Jews who constitute in their civilization a special branch of Eastern Jews associated with Mesopotamia and Iran; there is a legend about their origin that connects the Jews of the Caucasus with the ten disappeared tribes of Israel.

The word Transcaucasia

The painful process of annexing the Caucasus to Russia in the 19th century caused a wave of resettlement of part of the mountain population to Ottoman Turkey. Making up a significant part of the population of Turkey, Syria, Jordan and other countries in terms of their activity, people from Abkhazia, the North Caucasus, and Dagestan appear in the Middle East under the collective name Circassians.

Some of them, together with Turkish settlers, settled in Western Europe after the Second World War.

Transcaucasia

Transcaucasia is the territory between the Greater Caucasus and the northern borders of Turkey and Iran. It stretches from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea along the fertile river valleys and ridges of the Greater and Lesser Caucasus. The tops of the mountains are covered with snow and glaciers. In the area between Kura and Arak ( eastern region) - dry steppe and in the Black Sea region of the Colchis Lowland - moist subtropical forests and gardens.

Georgia

Ananuri Fortress, Georgia

Warm and free people in this country are distinguished by their breadth of soul, hospitality, emphasized by a careful attitude towards parents and elderly people.

The meaning of the word "Transcaucasia"

The holiday in Georgia is a special ritual, everything here is original: enlightened toilets, National cuisine, polyphonic songs. the capital of the country is Tbilisi, in the valley of the Kura River - one of oldest cities world, was in the IV-III millennium, people lived until our time. Georgians especially love their ancient capital - Mtskheta with the famous Jvari Monastery, which, according to legend, was built by the patron saint of Georgia, St. Nin. Unique simple and austere Georgian temples with pointed domes are organically integrated into the mountain landscape.

There are in Georgia and mountainous areas with slopes and beautiful botanical gardens and the famous natural monument: Kazbek Mountains - an extinct volcano and the easternmost of five thousand meters, the Caucasus, Daryal Gorge, Alazani Valley, where you can taste a lot of Georgian wine.

There are beautiful settlements in Adjara on the Black Sea coast.

Armenia

Yerevan, capital of Armenia and Mount Ararat

The Republic of Armenia is located northeast of the Armenian Highlands. 90% of the country's territory exceeds 1000 m above sea level. At the heart of the state emblem of Armenia is Mount Ararat (the symbol of the Armenian people), at the top is the legendary Noah’s Ark. Now the Ararat volcano is extinct in Turkey, 32 km from the border with Armenia.

However, this can be seen from Yerevan, the capital of Armenia. There are thousands of rivers and about 100 lakes in Armenia, the largest of which is Sevan.

It falls into 28 rivers, and one follows Hrazdan.

Non-ferrous metals are developed in Armenia, and the machine-building and chemical industries are developing. Of the crops, grapes are grown more than others (from its special varieties, wine and the famous Armenian cognac are then produced), apricots, peaches, plums.

The country is rich in cultural and natural monuments, which is why it is called an “open-air museum.”

Azerbaijan

Baku, capital of Azerbaijan.

Maiden's Tower

The basis of the economy of this picturesque country, located on the southwestern coast of the Caspian Sea, is oil and gas production. The name of the state is translated from Persian as “collection of fire.” No wonder the flames are in the middle mountain range countries. On the shelf of the Caspian Sea, near the capital of Azerbaijan - Baku, oil and gas have long been used at the end of the 20th century (at a depth of 132 m) a large deposit of gas condensate Shah Deniz was discovered.

South Ossetia and Abkhazia are independent countries that most UN member states do not recognize, with the exception of Russia, Nicaragua and some other countries.

Abstract on the topic:

Transcaucasia

Plan:

Introduction
• 1. History
• 2Transcaucasia within the USSR
• 3Transcaucasia after the collapse of the USSR
  • 3.1Azerbaijan
  • 3.2Armenia
  • 3.3Georgia
  • 3.4Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
• 4Russian military facilities in Transcaucasia

Notes

Introduction

Transcaucasia- a region in Western Asia and the Middle East located south of the Main, or Watershed, Ridge of the Greater Caucasus.

Transcaucasia includes most of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus, the Colchis Lowland and the Kura Depression, the Armenian Highlands, the Talysh Mountains with the Lenkoran Lowland.

Within the Transcaucasus are Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, as well as partially recognized Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Borders on the north with Russian Federation, in the south with Turkey and Iran.

In recent years, the term “South Caucasus” has become widespread in international documents to designate Transcaucasia.

1.

Transcaucasia is a geopolitical region separate from the Northern Caucasus, which since ancient times has represented a connecting link between the countries of the East and the West and was located at the crossroads of trade routes between the Near and Middle East and Europe, migration waves, and armies of conquerors who sought to conquer the ancient and medieval states of Transcaucasia.

The trade and cultural ties of these states were widespread among themselves and with neighboring countries of Europe and the East - Iran, India, China, etc.

Here in the 9th-6th centuries BC. e. there was one of ancient states world - Urartu, and also before that Armenian kingdoms Bayanli and Nairi, which during the period of its power covered the entire Armenian Highlands. From the end of the 8th to the 6th centuries. BC e. There was a state of Ishkuza.

2. Transcaucasian states

Closer to our era - the Colchis kingdom, the Abkhazian kingdom, Greater Armenia, Caucasian Albania. What remains from ancient civilizations are masterpieces of architecture and outstanding literary monuments.

The presence of fertile lands, water resources and a mild climate contributed to the creation of developed agriculture - irrigated agriculture, pasture farming. Trade led to the development of crafts, the construction of cities, and the development of transport.

On the other hand, rich lands constantly attracted the attention of strong and warlike neighbors - first it was the Roman Empire, then Byzantium, the Arabs.

In the XIII-XV centuries - the Tatar-Mongols and Tamerlane. Then Transcaucasia became the object of rivalry between Persia (Iran) and Ottoman Empire(Turkey). The Middle Ages were a time of endless wars, feudal strife and devastating campaigns of foreign conquerors.

The southern neighbors treated Christians - Armenians and Georgians - especially cruelly. It was somewhat easier for the peoples who converted to Islam. Further development events could lead to virtually complete physical extermination of the Christian peoples of Transcaucasia. Under these conditions, joining Russia at the beginning of the 19th century contributed to the survival of Caucasian peoples, introducing them to the values ​​of European civilization.

2. Transcaucasia within the USSR

Over the past two centuries, the historical destinies of the Transcaucasian peoples have been closely connected with Russian Empire, and then the USSR.

The Soviet period in the history of Transcaucasia was marked by a significant rise in industry in the region, strengthening economic ties within the USSR, leveling the level of socio-economic development of the Transcaucasian republics, increasing educational level population, the creation of a large national intelligentsia.

At the all-Union level, the economic advantages that Transcaucasia has were used - high hydropower potential, the presence of deposits of iron and polymetallic ores, oil, opportunities for the development of resort and sanatorium facilities, fruit growing and viticulture, winemaking, tea growing, and grazing livestock.

At the same time, the level of development of the productive forces remained insufficient for full use human resources, especially in rural areas, which led to an outflow of the population to cities and outside the Transcaucasus.

A significant share of the local economy was the shadow economy, which led to an extremely high level of corruption of the local Soviet, party and economic nomenklatura, law enforcement and judicial authorities.

A system of clans was cultivated, distributing posts among themselves in the Soviet and economic hierarchy; there was a significant wealth stratification among the population.

The events of the late 1980s - early 1990s also demonstrated the failure of the national policy of the CPSU, aimed at leveling the level of socio-economic development Soviet nations and the formation of a new community - Soviet people.

Liberalization political life and the development of glasnost led to a sharp rise in nationalism, for which the leadership of the republics turned out to be unprepared. Started chain reaction: emergence of nationalist organizations and parties, Popular Fronts - putting forward political demands, including demands for independence - attempts at pacification, arrests, trials of nationalist leaders - protest demonstrations - use of armed violence by the authorities to disperse demonstrations (Tbilisi) - deployment of troops to stop wave of the national liberation movement (Baku) - presentation of demands for the exercise of the right to self-determination declared in the constitutions - flows of thousands of refugees and displaced persons (Armenia - NKAO - Azerbaijan) - national pogroms, robberies, murders (Sumgait, Baku, Gugark, Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia) - use of armed forces to suppress pogroms - numerous casualties among the civilian population - liquidation national autonomies(Abkhazia, South Ossetia, NKAO) - local parliaments present claims against the central leadership and accusations of inaction and/or support for one of the parties to the conflict - making decisions on secession from the USSR.

3.

Transcaucasia after the collapse of the USSR

Events in Transcaucasia played an important role in the collapse Soviet Union. By this time, power in the Transcaucasian republics was already in the hands of radical nationalist leaders, and with independence they gained access to weapons stocks in the warehouses and military bases of the Transcaucasian Military District.

The units of the Soviet armed forces stationed here mainly consisted of the local population. To control complex military equipment (aviation, air defense, tanks), mercenaries were urgently recruited, including from Russia and Ukraine.

Everything was ready for regional conflicts. The years 1992-1993 were marked by bloody conflicts between Azerbaijan, Armenia and the unrecognized NKR, Georgia and Abkhazia, Georgia and South Ossetia.

3.1. Azerbaijan

The main export pipeline Baku - Tbilisi - Ceyhan has been built, which will provide Azerbaijan with an alternative access to world hydrocarbon markets. Part of the territory of Azerbaijan is controlled by the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, part by Armenia (exclaves of Karki, Barkhudarli, Upper Askipara).

Azerbaijan, in turn, controls part of the territory of Armenia (exclave of Artsvashen).

3.2. Armenia

Armenia experienced difficulties during the first period of independence due to the 1988 earthquake, which claimed 25,000 lives, left about 500,000 residents of the north of Armenia homeless and destroyed the entire infrastructure of the region, also due to the war in Nagorno-Karabakh, as well as a blockade of borders from neighboring Azerbaijan and Turkey.

In recent years, many problems have already been resolved, the railway connecting Armenia and Russia through Georgia has been restored, new road to Iran, gas and oil pipelines to Iran were built, infrastructure destroyed by the earthquake was restored, cities and villages destroyed by the earthquake were almost restored, the airports of Yerevan and Gyumri were reconstructed, connecting Armenia with outside world by air.

The country is experiencing a steady increase in economic development.

3.3. Georgia

Georgia has to solve a whole tangle of interconnected problems - problems with the economy, the resort Black Sea coast of Abkhazia is inaccessible, social tension in internal Georgia is increased by the presence of several hundred thousand refugees from Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

The Georgian leadership accuses Russia of supporting the separatist aspirations of the new state entities on its territory. On August 8, 2008, a military conflict began in South Ossetia, after which, on August 26, 2008, Russia recognized the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

This step was condemned by the military allies of the Saakashvili regime (the United States and most NATO member states).

3.4. Nagorno-Karabakh Republic

4. Russian military facilities in Transcaucasia

• Azerbaijan

• Armenia
  • 102nd Russian military base in Gyumri.

• Russia announced a plan to develop military bases on the territory of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, total number 3700 people each.

Notes

1. The USA and Russia will play a new “Caucasian gambit”.

   Now - in Azerbaijan - www.kp.ru/print/article/24216/418373/

2. The Russian Federation will equip military bases in Abkhazia and South Ossetia after 2009 - www.rian.ru/defense_safety/20090109/158796550.html

Transcaucasian region

Transcaucasia: Abkhazia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, South Ossetia

The word Transcaucasia

The word Transcaucasia in English letters (translit) - zakavkaze

The word Transcaucasia consists of 10 letters: a a a v e z z k k ь

Meanings of the word Transcaucasia. What is Transcaucasia?

Transcaucasia

The South Caucasus is a geopolitical region located on the border of Eastern Europe and South-West Asia, lying south of the main, or watershed, ridge of the Greater Caucasus.

Transcaucasia includes most of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus...

en.wikipedia.org

Transcaucasia Transcaucasia is the territory to the south of the Main Range: b.ch. south slope Bol. Caucasus, Colchis and Kura-Araks lowlands, Armenian Highlands, Talysh Mountains and Lenkoran lowlands. (Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan).

Geographical encyclopedia

Transcaucasia, part of the Caucasus lying to the south.

from the Main, or Watershed, ridge of the Greater Caucasus. The West includes most of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus, the Colchis Lowland and the Kura Depression, the Lesser Caucasus, the Javakheti-Armenian Plateau...

Transcaucasia under this name usually refers to parts of the Caucasus region located to the south.

from the Caucasus ridge, therefore, lips. Kutaisi, Tiflis, Baku, Elizavetpol and Erivan, Kars regions...

Temple river in Transcaucasia

Temple river in Transcaucasia (Ktsia) - a river in Transcaucasia, the right tributary of the Kura, about 175 versts long. X. originates on the Tsalka Upland at the southern foot of the Trialeti Mountains, somewhat east of the Borjom meridian and ...

Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A.

Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. — 1890-1907

Zanga river in Transcaucasia

The Zanga River in Transcaucasia is the only source of Lake Gokcha (see), located in the southern part of Central Transcaucasia, flowing from the left into the Araks; the Z. river flows from the north-west. corner of Lake Gokcha, where the mountains surrounding this lake part somewhat...

Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. — 1890-1907

Urartu and Transcaucasia.

Cimmerians and Scythians

Urartu and Transcaucasia. Cimmerians and Scythians In connection with the development of iron metallurgy, the development of agriculture and crafts, the process accelerates social development tribes inhabiting the Armenian Highlands and Transcaucasia.

The World History. Encyclopedia.

German-Turkish intervention in Transcaucasia (1918)

German-Turkish intervention in Transcaucasia - military intervention The Central Powers in Transcaucasia during the Russian Civil War in 1918.

en.wikipedia.org

FOREIGN MILITARY INTERVENTION IN THE TRANSCAUCASIA 1918-21

FOREIGN MILITARY INTERVENTION IN THE TRANSCAUCASIA 1918-21 - was undertaken by foreign.

imperialists with the aim of separating Transcaucasia from the Soviet Union. Russia and turning it into a springboard for counter-revolution. After Oct. revolution of the Sov.

Soviet historical encyclopedia. — 1973-1982

Tribes of Transcaucasia during the period of Urartu hegemony

Tribes of Transcaucasia during the period of Urartu hegemony The emergence and development of a slave society in the territory of the Armenian Highlands influenced the tribes of Transcaucasia living to the north of it.

The World History.

Encyclopedia. T. 1. - 1956

Annexation of Transcaucasia to Russia

Annexation of Transcaucasia to Russia The collapse of the Iranian state after the death of Nadir Shah significantly changed the political situation in Transcaucasia.

The dependence of the Transcaucasian khanates on Iran became in the second half of the 18th century. purely nominal.

The World History.

Encyclopedia. T. 6.

Transcaucasian countries

Russian language

Transcaucasia, -I (to the Caucasus).

Orthographic dictionary. - 2004

Transcaucasian countries in the 9th-10th centuries

Transcaucasian countries in the 9th-10th centuries. The fall of Arab rule in the countries of Transcaucasia.

From the second half of the 9th century. The countries of Transcaucasia entered a period of developed feudalism. Although the rule of the Arab Caliphate slowed down the growth of productive forces here...

The World History. Encyclopedia. T. 3. - 1958

Examples of using the word Transcaucasia

And Etush became national hero both in the Caucasus and Transcaucasia.

AzTPP with a capacity of 2600 MW consists of 8 blocks and is the most large power plant in Transcaucasia.

After all, Turkey was ready, in the event of a Nazi victory in the Battle of the Volga, to launch an invasion of Transcaucasia, which would mean the end of Armenia and its people.

The Abkhazians, related to the Adygs, even penetrated into Transcaucasia, where the Mingrelians built a wall against them back in the 17th century.

It is worth noting that after her V. Etush became a national hero both in the Caucasus and Transcaucasia.

61 countries of Transcaucasia

This region includes three countries, former republics. Soviet. Union. On the one side,.

Georgia,. Armenia and Azerbaijan differs quite significantly from each other. In addition, they are close, not only geographically and graphically they are united into one region, but also the common history of recent centuries and many acute problems, having common. The key country of this part. Asia is a cargo museum.

611 Georgia

General information. Official name-. Republic. Georgia. Capital -. Tbilisi (1.2 million people). Area - more than 69 thousand km2 (118th place in the world).

Population: 5 million people (106th place). Official language- Georgian. Currency unit- l ari

Geographical position. The country is located in the central and western parts. Transcaucasia. West Side. Georgia has wide access to the Black Sea. Directly borders four countries.

In the north and half a night in the east it is. Russia, east and southeast -. Azerbaijan, south -.

The word Transcaucasia

Armenia and Türkiye. Modern geographical position. Georgia is not very favorable. It is surrounded by crisis countries and some of their territories, where war continues almost continuously.

Especially extreme there is a border. Georgia s. Northern. Caucasus. Russian. Federationderation.

The history of the emergence and development of BC in the modern territory. States emerged in Georgia. Colchis and Iberia. In the 1st century BC they became dependent on. The Roman Empire did not accept Christianity in the 4th century. In the 5th century. Iberia (Kartliya) was annexed to Persia. From the VIII century it became an independent state, which reached its peak.

HP during the reign of the queen. Tamara. Later broke up into. Kartliya. Kakheti and the First Century. In the 19th century it was annexed to Russia. The growth of the national liberation struggle led to the revival of an independent state in 1917. However, in 1921, Georgia was occupied by the Russian Soviet Union. USSR included. Transcaucasian. Federation (together with Azerbaijan and.

Armenia). In 1936 it became union republic. Since the declaration of independence in 1991, the country has been in constant crisis internal conflicts due to an attempt to separate the autonomies (Abkhazia, Adjara, South.

Ossetia), which escalated into a civil war with intervention. Russia. The conservation of conflicts took place and moved to chronic stage. Georgia is constantly trying to get out of trusteeship. Russia and enter. EU and. NATO and go to the EU. NATO.

State structure and form of government. Georgia is a unitary state and a presidential republic. The head of state and head of the executive branch is the president. The government is headed by the prime minister.

Higher Legislature- parliament. It is unicameral and consists of 235 deputies elected for a term of 4 years. Administrative-territorial.

Georgia is divided into 10 districts, 2 autonomous republics and 1 autonomous region.

Natural conditions and resources. Relief. Georgia is very diverse. Mountains and plateaus predominate. The most high point country mountain. Shkhara (5068 m) is located in the north. Georgia in the mountains.

Big. Caucasus. In the south and at a higher altitude. The volcanic plateau rises from thousands of meters above sea level. In the east of the country mountain systems no higher than 2 thousand m. The western part is flat. Colchis lowland.

Most of. Georgia lies in the subtropical climatic zone. In the west near the coast. The Black Sea contains humid subtropics.

In winter, the temperature of the coldest month (January) is up to 6 °. C. The amount of precipitation is up to 2000 mm per year. Further east, the climate becomes more continental. There is less precipitation. Winter is cold, and summer is warmer.

The densest river network and deepest rivers are where there is a lot of precipitation, that is, in the west large rivers. Rioni and. Kura belong to the basins of different seas. On the rivers. Western. Georgia experiences frequent floods. There are not many lakes in the country.

Soil cover.

Georgia is very colorful. In the west, red and yellow soils dominate. In the east there are chestnut, brown and black soils. Brown forest soils formed under the mountain forests. On the. Colchis lowland and subtropical podzolic and bog soils are common.

A unique and rich flora. There are endemic and relict species, such as cherry laurel, boxwood, persimmon, etc. Significant forest cover of the territory reaches 35%.

There are valuable types of trees - beech, oak, hornbeam, spruce, pine, etc. The forests are home to roe deer, red deer, lynx, and brown bear. In the mountains. In the Caucasus, chamois, bezokar and goats, and tur turi are still found.

The main minerals are manganese ore and coal. There are significant deposits of copper and polymetallic ores. Rich reserves of valuable building materials, in particular tuff and marble.

There are numerous sources and thermal waters of the river have significant reserves of hydropower resources.

The largest natural resources. Georgia's recreational resources are of world importance. Among them, unique mineral medicinal waters stand out.

Population.

Population density c. Georgia is 72 people per 1 km2. Natural conditions determine the unevenness of its distribution; settlements are rare in mountainous areas. Almost 90% of the population lives at altitudes not exceeding 1000 m. They occupy only 46% of the country's territory. Urban population prevails - 59%. In addition to the capital, the largest cities include. Kutaisi (240 thousand people). Rustavi (156 thousand people). The country is experiencing a slight population growth of 2.8%.

Except December. Uzin (72% of the population) is inhabited by Armenians (8%) and Russians (6%). Orthodox Christians predominate among believers (66%). Muslim Georgians live in Adjara (11% (11%).

Farming. Georgia is an industrial-agrarian state with a specific combination of economic sectors that has developed historically. First of all, this is the mining of manganese ore, the food industry, subtropical agriculture and recreational complexes.

Industry is represented by energy, which is based on extraction coal V.

Tkibuli and. Tkvarcheli, electricity production at thermal and hydroelectric power plants. The largest among the latter. Ingu. Urskaya. Hydroelectric power station.

Ferrous metallurgy is represented by the Rustavi Iron and Steel Works and the Ferroalloy Plant. Zestafoni. They work on local manganese and imported iron ores. There are enterprises for the extraction and mining of copper and polymetallic ores. V. Rustavi operates a powerful chemical plant that produces nitrogen fertilizers, synthetic resins, fibers, and caprolactam.

There are several enterprises in the woodworking, furniture and pulp and paper industries.

There are six large factories in the country light industry. They produce silk, cotton fabrics, knitwear, carpets and shoes

very part of the economy.

Georgia branched agro-industrial complex. Here they grow tea, citrus fruits, wheat, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, grapes, tobacco, and raise cattle (1 million heads) and sheep. Processing branches of the food industry are represented by enterprises of the tea, wine and fruit and vegetable canning industries. Famous Georgian wines, which have no taxes in the world, are produced in... Kakheti and. Imereti, cognac and champagne - c. Tbilisi.

Throughout the territory there are numerous factories producing canned fruit and vegetables. Other branches of the food industry include bottling mineral waters, production of tung and essential oil, tobacco and oil and cheese industries.

Transport network. Georgia is represented by railways (about 1500 km) and highways(11 thousand

km). There are significant seaports. Poti,. Batumi, Sukhumi and the oil pipeline. Baku -. Supsa

Culture and social development In the country, 99% of the population is literate. V. Georgia 19 higher educational institutions There are 32 theaters and 10 museums.

It belongs to the world-class historical and cultural heritage. Gelati Monastery. Total on the list. UNESCO -. With objects. The average life expectancy is 76 years, for men - 69 years. The largest newspaper is "Sakartvelos Republic Republic".

Republic. Georgia by exchange of notes. There is an embassy and trade and economic mission in Kyiv. Republic. Georgia

Questions and tasks

1. Justify why. Georgia has a key place among countries.

Transcaucasia

2. Why population. Is Georgia distributed so unevenly?

3. What economic development resources does it have? Georgia?

Transcaucasia includes Georgia, Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. All these states are presidential unitary republics. Georgia includes Adjara, and Azerbaijan includes Nakhichevan and Nagorno-Karabakh, which actually seceded from Azerbaijan. Armenia and Azerbaijan are part of the CIS, and Georgia, in response to Russia's recognition of the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, left the CIS.
Territory and population of the Transcaucasian countries
Table 32

Transcaucasia is located in the southwest of the CIS. In the west, Transcaucasia has access to the Black Sea (Abkhazia and Georgia), and in the east it is washed by the Caspian Sea-lake (Azerbaijan). In the north, the Transcaucasian countries (Abkhazia, Georgia, South Ossetia and Azerbaijan) border with Russia, and in the south with Turkey and Iran. South Ossetia, Armenia and Azerbaijan have an inland geographical location. A special feature of Azerbaijan is the presence of an enclave - the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. Transcaucasia has a favorable economic and geographical position, but due to the large number of “hot spots” both within the region (for example, the Abkhaz-Georgian, Ossetian-Georgian and Armenian-Azerbaijani conflicts) and in neighboring Russia (Chechnya, Ingushetia and Dagestan) Transcaucasian countries have extremely dangerous geopolitical situation.
Transcaucasia is well provided with various natural resources. The mountainous regions of the Greater and Lesser Caucasus and the Armenian Highlands alternate with the plains of Colchis and Kura. However, in general, the entire region is characterized by increased seismic hazard.
The subsoil of the Transcaucasian countries is rich in various mineral raw materials. Abkhazia (Tkvarcheli) and Georgia (Tkibuli) have coal reserves, Georgia (Akhaltsikhe) also has brown coal, Azerbaijan has oil and natural gas(Artem-Ostrov, Oil Rocks and Siazan). A small oil field is also located in Georgia (Mirzaani). Deposits of iron ores are located in Azerbaijan (Dashkesan), manganese ores in Georgia (Chiatura), copper ores in Armenia (Alaverdi and Kafan), polymetallic ores in South Ossetia (Kvaisi), aluminum ores in Azerbaijan (Alunitdag). There are large reserves of building stone: marble in Georgia, tuff and pumice in Armenia. Transcaucasia is famous for its mineral water sources: Borjomi (Georgia), Jermuk (Armenia) and Istisu (Azerbaijan).
Among non-mineral resources, agroclimatic, hydropower and recreational resources stand out: resorts of the Black Sea coast (Gagra, Pitsunda, Gudauta, Sukhum, New Athos in Abkhazia, Batumi, Kobuleti in Georgia) and mountain resorts (Bakuriani).
The Transcaucasian states in terms of population are small countries: the largest country in the region is Azerbaijan with about 8 million people, Georgia has less than 5 million people, and Armenia - about 3 million, Abkhazia has just over 215 thousand, and South Ossetia - just over 70 thousand people. Despite its small population, Armenia is distinguished by very high average population density (more than 100 people per 1 km2). As in all mountainous countries, the population is distributed extremely unevenly. Lowland areas and intermountain basins are very densely populated, while in high mountain areas the population density is less than one person per 1 km2.
All countries of Transcaucasia belong to countries with a modern type of population reproduction, and Georgia is currently experiencing a demographic crisis. In addition, all Transcaucasian countries are characterized by active emigration of the population, as a result of which the population in all countries of the region is declining.
Transcaucasia is complex national composition. The titular peoples (Abkhazians in Abkhazia, Georgians in Georgia, Ossetians in South Ossetia, Armenians in Armenia and Azerbaijanis in Azerbaijan) constitute the majority of the population in each country. In all countries of the region, part of the population (especially in the capitals) is Russian. Georgians, Armenians, and Greeks also live on the territory of Abkhazia; Adjarians, Armenians, and Meskhetian Turks also live in Georgia; Georgians live in South Ossetia; Kurds live in Armenia; Armenians and Talysh live in Azerbaijan.
In Azerbaijan, the dominant religion is Shiite Islam, in South Ossetia - Orthodoxy, in Armenia - the Armenian Gregorian Church (Monophysite Christians). More difficult religious composition is typical for Georgia and Abkhazia: Georgians, Greeks and Ossetians, like Russians, profess Orthodoxy, and some Abkhazians and Adjarians profess Sunni Islam.
The share of the urban population is relatively high only in Armenia (64%), while in Abkhazia, Georgia, South Ossetia and Azerbaijan it is significantly lower - about 50%. Tbilisi, Yerevan and Baku are millionaire cities. The largest cities in the region are Rustavi, Kutaisi, Batumi in Georgia, Sukhum in Abkhazia, Yerevan, Gyumri and Vanadzor in Armenia, Baku, Sumgait and Ganja in Azerbaijan.
Feature of employment labor resources Transcaucasia has a large share of agriculture, especially in Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Georgia.
Population employment structure
Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan
Table 33

All countries of the Transcaucasus are currently experiencing an excess of labor resources due to the protracted severe economic crisis, therefore many citizens of the countries of the Transcaucasus are emigrating to other countries and, above all, to Russia.
Economic crisis and the collapse of the USSR dramatically changed the economic structure of the Transcaucasian countries. In terms of economic development, these countries were thrown back decades. In terms of economic structure, the countries of the region have turned into agrarian and raw material countries with weak development of the manufacturing industry. In Georgia and Armenia - once the industrialized republics of the Soviet Union - the importance of the agro-industrial sector has sharply increased, and in Azerbaijan the share of the fuel and energy complex has increased even more (see table 34).
Many sectors and centers of the economy of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan can only be spoken of in the past tense.

Industry structure industry of Georgia,
Armenia and Azerbaijan
The extractive industry still plays a significant role in the economy of the region: in Azerbaijan - the oil industry, in Georgia - the mining of coal, manganese and polymetallic ores, in Armenia - the mining of copper, molybdenum ores, tuff and pumice.
Georgia is distinguished by the development of ferrous metallurgy - on its territory there is the only metallurgical plant in the Caucasus in the city of Rustavi, and Azerbaijan is distinguished by the production of pipes (Sumgait).
Among the branches of non-ferrous metallurgy, aluminum production in Armenia (Yerevan) and Azerbaijan (Sumgait and Ganja) and copper production in Armenia (Alaverdi) developed in the past.
Mechanical engineering in the region has been almost completely curtailed. Once upon a time, the automotive industry was developed in Georgia (production of Kolkhida trucks in Kutaisi) and Armenia (production of off-road vehicles in Yerevan), production of electric locomotives (Tbilisi), aircraft manufacturing (Tbilisi), machine tool manufacturing (Tbilisi and Yerevan), electrical industry (Tbilisi, Yerevan, Baku).
Among the branches of the chemical industry, the production of mineral fertilizers (Rustavi and Sumgait), the production of resins, plastics and synthetic rubber(Yerevan), polymer processing (Yerevan and Baku), household chemicals (Tbilisi). Major oil refining centers are Baku and Batumi.

Light industry, which was developed in the past, is experiencing a period of decline. The region developed cotton (Gori, Gyumri, Ganja), silk (Kutaisi), wool, knitwear and leather and footwear industries (Tbilisi, Yerevan, Baku).
The importance of the food industry has sharply increased, where winemaking is a branch of international specialization (Tbilisi, Yerevan), and the fruit and vegetable industry (Kutaisi, Yerevan, Khachmas) and oil-processing industry (Tbilisi and Yerevan) are also developed.
A significant portion of the GDP of the Transcaucasian countries comes from agriculture. In all the republics of Transcaucasia, the production of grain crops (wheat, corn, barley), vegetable growing, horticulture, viticulture, meat and dairy cattle breeding, sheep breeding and sericulture is developed. Rice and cotton are grown in Azerbaijan. In Abkhazia, Georgia and Azerbaijan, subtropical agriculture - citrus fruit production and tea growing - has developed. Azerbaijan and Armenia specialize in growing tobacco.
In the countries of the Transcaucasian region, all types of transport have developed, and the region as a whole has a fairly dense transport network. The largest seaports regions are on the Black Sea Sukhum, Poti and Batumi in Georgia, and on the Caspian Sea - Baku in Azerbaijan. At the same time, due to the events of August 2008, railway communication between Georgia and Russia was almost completely stopped; due to the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict, Armenia found itself in a transport blockade.
The most important foreign economic partners of the Transcaucasian countries are Russia, other CIS countries, as well as Turkey and Iran. The main exports of Transcaucasian countries are oil (from Azerbaijan), non-ferrous metals (especially from Armenia), wine, fruits, vegetables, tobacco (from Abkhazia, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan). Imports are dominated by fuel, except Azerbaijan), machinery, equipment, goods consumer consumption(in all countries of the region).
Questions and assignments Give an economic and geographical description of the countries of Transcaucasia. Name the factors influencing the formation and development of the economy of the Transcaucasian countries. Describe the problems of regional development. Give the economic and geographical characteristics of Georgia. Give the economic and geographical characteristics of Armenia. Give the economic and geographical characteristics of Azerbaijan.

The states located within Transcaucasia are Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. In the same region there are partially recognized states: the Republic of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, whose independence is recognized by Russia and several other countries, as well as the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Transcaucasia is bordered in the north by the Russian Federation, in the south by Turkey and Iran, in the west by the Black Sea, and in the east by the Caspian Sea. The area of ​​Transcaucasia is 190 thousand sq. km.

Name

The formation of toponyms with the prefix “for” received wide use in Russian and, as a rule, reflects the territory from the known geographical feature in an already developed area (for example, Trans-Volga region, Trans-Urals, Transbaikalia when moving from west to east, or Transcaucasia - from north to south, Transcarpathia - from east to west). This approach understands the vector of movement from central Russia, and with geographical point point of view is not neutral because Transcaucasia can also be understood as the territory of the North Caucasus during geopolitical movement from south to north. In 1918, on the ruins of the Russian Empire, the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic was formed, which was located on the territory of five provinces - Tiflis, Kutais, Erivan, Baku, Elizavetpol; one region - Kars; and one district - Zagatala. In 1922, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic emerged, covering the territories of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. In 1935, the Transcaucasian Military District of the USSR was formed in these territories.

In turn, the concept of “South Caucasus”, as a synonym for “Transcaucasia”, became widely used after the collapse of the Soviet Union, although the first attempts to use this term date back to the period of the outbreak of the First World War and the collapse of the Russian Empire. It, like the concept of “Azerbaijan” for Eastern Transcaucasia (within the former Russian Empire), was proposed by the British and taken up by Turkey [ ] . For example, the South Caucasus Gas Pipeline was opened in 2007. But if the concept of “Azerbaijan” for Eastern Transcaucasia was preserved during the Soviet period and in the Soviet Union, then the concept of “South Caucasus” could not displace traditional concept"Transcaucasia".

Borders

Traditionally northern border Transcaucasia was considered the Greater Caucasus Range, and the southern border was considered state border USSR between the Black and Caspian Seas (Transcaucasian border district). Modern southern border on the Turkish segment was determined by the Moscow and Kars Treaties of 1921. Since the state border is conditional (the Kars region either entered or left Transcaucasia), there are attempts to contrast Transcaucasia in the south with the Armenian Highlands from which it is separated by the Colchis and Lenkoran lowlands, but this approach excludes Armenia from the Caucasus in general and Transcaucasia in particular.

Historical sketch

The presence of fertile lands, water resources and a mild climate contributed to the creation of developed agriculture - irrigated agriculture, pasture farming. Trade led to the development of crafts, the construction of cities, and the development of transport. On the other hand, rich lands constantly attracted the attention of strong and warlike neighbors - first it was the Roman Empire, then Byzantium, Parthia, the Sasanian Empire, and the Arabs. In the XIII-XV centuries - the Mongols, Tamerlane. Transcaucasia then became the target of rivalry between the Safavid Empire and the Ottoman Empire. The Middle Ages were a time of endless wars, feudal strife and devastating campaigns of various conquerors. Nagorno-Karabakh Abkhazia South Ossetia

river in Transcaucasia 4 letters, news from Transcaucasia
South Caucasus (Transcaucasia)- a geopolitical region located on the border of Eastern Europe and South-West Asia, lying south of the main, or watershed, ridge of the Greater Caucasus. Transcaucasia includes most of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus, the Colchis Lowland and the Kura Depression, the Lesser Caucasus, the Armenian Highlands, the Talysh Mountains with the Lenkoran Lowland. Within the Transcaucasus there are independent states: Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia. in the same region are: Abkhazia and South Ossetia, whose independence is recognized only by Russia and three other countries, as well as the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Transcaucasia borders on the Russian Federation in the north, and Turkey and Iran in the south.

• 1 Historical sketch
• 2 Transcaucasia within the USSR
• 3 Transcaucasia after the collapse of the USSR
  • 3.1 Azerbaijan
  • 3.2 Armenia
  • 3.3 Georgia
  • 3.4 Nagorno-Karabakh
  • 3.5 Abkhazia
  • 3.6 South Ossetia
• 4 Russian military facilities in Transcaucasia
• 5 Notes
• 6 See also
• 7 Links

Historical sketch

The South Caucasus - from ancient times, represented a connecting link between the countries of the East and the West and was located at the crossroads of trade routes between the Near and Middle East and Europe, migration waves, armies of conquerors who sought to take possession of the ancient and medieval states of the Caucasus. The trade and cultural ties of these states were widespread among themselves and with neighboring countries of Europe and the East - Iran, India, China, etc.

Here in the 9th-6th centuries BC. e. were some of the most ancient states in the world - Urartu and Scythian Kingdom. In the second half of the 1st millennium BC. e. - Ervandid Armenia, Greater Armenia, Colchis Kingdom, Caucasian Albania, Abkhazian Kingdom. What remains from ancient civilizations are masterpieces of architecture and outstanding literary monuments.

In the Early Middle Ages (VII-XI centuries), the local population consisted of three main ethno-linguistic groups: Armenians, Caucasians and Iranians. Armenians dominated the central and western regions, and were the largest and most important non-Muslim people. The Caucasian peoples lived to the north of them and consisted of many different tribes. The most important of the Caucasian peoples were the Georgians (in turn consisting of Abazgians, Lazians and Iberians), living between the Black Sea and the upper Kura valley around Tbilisi, and the Albanians, the product of an ancient confederation, inhabiting the region between the Caspian Sea and the lower Kura valley, as well as the adjacent hills to the west. TO 7th century they were already heavily Armenianized and over the next four centuries were absorbed neighboring peoples(Christian and Muslim). Iranian peoples inhabited mainly the southeastern regions of Transcaucasia, historical Azerbaijan south of the Kura and Araks, and, apparently, they were mainly Kurds. In addition to these main ethnic groups, there were pockets of Arab and Greek population, as well as migrants from the north of the Caucasus.

The presence of fertile lands, water resources and a mild climate contributed to the creation of developed agriculture - irrigated agriculture, pasture farming. Trade led to the development of crafts, the construction of cities, and the development of transport.

On the other hand, rich lands constantly attracted the attention of strong and warlike neighbors - first it was the Roman Empire, then Byzantium, the Arabs. XIII-XV centuries - Mongols, Tamerlane. Transcaucasia then became the object of rivalry between the Safavid Empire and the Ottoman Empire. The Middle Ages were a time of endless wars, feudal strife and devastating campaigns of various conquerors.

After the collapse of the Safavid Empire, in the middle of the 18th century, khanates were formed in Transcaucasia, led by Azerbaijani Turkic-speaking dynasties.

Transcaucasia within the USSR

“I don’t like our border here,” Stalin said and pointed to the south of the Caucasus (Molotov’s testimony, post-war).

See also: Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic

Over the past two centuries, the historical destinies of the Caucasian peoples have been closely connected with the Russian Empire, and then with the USSR. The Soviet period in the history of Transcaucasia was marked by a significant rise in industry in the region, the strengthening of economic ties within the USSR, the leveling of the level of socio-economic development of the Transcaucasian republics, an increase in the educational level of the population, and the creation of a large national intelligentsia.

At the all-Union level, the economic advantages that Transcaucasia has were used - high hydropower potential, the presence of deposits of iron and polymetallic ores, oil, opportunities for the development of resort and sanatorium facilities, fruit growing and viticulture, winemaking, tea growing, and grazing livestock.

At the same time, the level of development of the productive forces remained insufficient for the full use of human resources, especially in rural areas, which led to an outflow of the population to cities and outside the Transcaucasus. A significant share of the local economy was the shadow economy, which led to an extremely high level of corruption of the local Soviet, party and economic nomenklatura, law enforcement and judicial authorities. A system of clans was cultivated, distributing posts among themselves in the Soviet and economic hierarchy; there was a significant wealth stratification among the population.

The events of the late 1980s and early 1990s also demonstrated the failure of the national policy of the CPSU, aimed at leveling the level of socio-economic development of Soviet nations and the formation of a new community - the Soviet people. The liberalization of political life and the development of glasnost led to a sharp rise in nationalism, for which the leadership of the republics turned out to be unprepared. A chain reaction began: the emergence of nationalist organizations and parties, Popular Fronts - putting forward political demands, including demands for independence - attempts at pacification, arrests, trials of nationalist leaders - protest demonstrations - use of armed violence by the authorities to disperse demonstrations (Tbilisi) - deployment of troops in order to stop the wave of the national liberation movement (Baku) - presenting demands for the implementation of the right to self-determination declared in the constitutions - thousands of flows of refugees and displaced persons (Armenia - NKAO - Azerbaijan) - national pogroms, robberies, murders (Sumgait, Baku, Gugark, Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia) - the use of armed forces to suppress pogroms - numerous casualties among the civilian population - the liquidation of national autonomies (Abkhazia, South Ossetia, NKAO) - local parliaments presenting claims against the central leadership and accusations of inaction and/or support of one of the parties in conflict - making decisions on secession from the USSR.

Transcaucasia after the collapse of the USSR

Transcaucasia: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, partially recognized Abkhazia and South Ossetia and the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic

Events in Transcaucasia played an important role in the collapse of the Soviet Union. By this time, power in the Transcaucasian republics was already in the hands of radical nationalist leaders, and with independence they gained access to weapons stocks in the warehouses and military bases of the Transcaucasian Military District. The units of the Soviet armed forces stationed here mainly consisted of the local population. To control complex military equipment (aviation, air defense, tanks), mercenaries were urgently recruited, including from Russia and Ukraine. Everything was ready for regional conflicts. The years 1992-1993 were marked by bloody conflicts between Azerbaijan, Armenia and the unrecognized NKR, Georgia and Abkhazia, Georgia and South Ossetia.

Azerbaijan

Main article: Azerbaijan

The main export pipeline Baku - Tbilisi - Ceyhan has been built, which provides Azerbaijan with an alternative access to world hydrocarbon markets. Part of the territory of Azerbaijan is controlled by the unrecognized but virtually independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, part by Armenia (the exclaves of Karki, Barkhudarly, Upper Askipara). Azerbaijan, in turn, controls part of the territory of Armenia (exclave of Artsvashen). The national army of Azerbaijan is the largest army in the South Caucasus. Also, the economy of Azerbaijan ranks 76th in the world in terms of GDP (as of 2010).

Armenia

Main article: Armenia

During the first period of independence, Armenia experienced difficulties due to the 1988 earthquake, which claimed 25,000 lives, left about 500,000 residents of the north of Armenia homeless and destroyed the entire infrastructure of the region, also due to the war in Nagorno-Karabakh, as well as the blockade of borders from neighboring Azerbaijan and Turkey.

Georgia

Main article: Georgia

Georgia has to solve a whole tangle of interconnected problems - problems with the economy, the resort Black Sea coast of Abkhazia is inaccessible, social tension in internal Georgia is increased by the presence of several hundred thousand refugees from Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The Georgian leadership accuses Russia of supporting the separatist aspirations of new state entities on its territory. On August 8, 2008, a military conflict began in South Ossetia, after which, on August 26, 2008, Russia recognized the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. This step was condemned by the military allies of the Saakashvili regime (the United States and most NATO member states). Almost all countries of the world have not recognized the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, except for Nicaragua, Nauru, Venezuela and Vanuatu.

Nagorno-Karabakh

Main article: Nagorno-Karabakh

Abkhazia

Main article: Abkhazia

South Ossetia

Main article: South Ossetia

Russian military facilities in Transcaucasia

• Armenia
  • 102nd Russian military base in Gyumri.
• Abkhazia
  • 7th Russian military base
• South Ossetia
  • 4th Russian military base

Notes

1. Mark Whittow The Making of Byzantium, 600-1025 University of California Press, 1996, p. 195
2. Stalin believed that big war impossible in the near future
3. The USA and Russia will play a new “Caucasian gambit”. Now - in Azerbaijan

see also

• Black Sea coast of the Caucasus
• Nagorno-Karabakh

Links

• Gusterin P.V. From the social history of Dagestan and Transcaucasia
• Bagirova I. Integration processes in the South Caucasus and the policies of the great powers in historical retrospective XX century // Caucasus and globalization. 2007. No. 2. P.102-113.
• Mansurov T.Z. Features of the formation and prospects for the development of political integration processes in the region of the South Caucasus // PolitBook. 2012. No. 3. P.83-96.

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