According to estimates from leading international organizations, at the end of the 90s there were about 10 thousand large protected natural areas of all types in the world.
Specially protected natural areas (SPNA) are objects of national heritage and are areas of land, water surface and air space above them where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health value, which withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.
According to estimates from leading international organizations, at the end of the 90s there were about 10 thousand large protected natural areas of all types in the world. The total number of national parks was close to 2000, and biosphere reserves - to 350.
Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime and status of the environmental institutions located on them, the following categories of these territories are usually distinguished:
state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves;
National parks;
natural parks;
state nature reserves;
natural monuments;
dendrological parks and botanical gardens;
medical and recreational areas and resorts.
The first two groups of the above territories are of particular importance for the protection of the nature of our country.
The Government of the Russian Federation, the relevant executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation, local governments can establish other categories of protected areas (territories containing green zones, urban forests and parks, monuments of landscape art, protected coastlines, river systems and natural landscapes, biological stations, microreserves, etc.).
In order to protect protected areas from adverse anthropogenic impacts, protective zones or districts with a regulated regime of economic activity can be created on adjacent areas of land and water.
Protected areas may have federal, regional or local significance. Protected areas of federal significance are federal property and are under the jurisdiction of federal government bodies. SPNAs of regional significance are the property of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and are under the jurisdiction of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation. PAs of local importance are the property of municipalities and are under the jurisdiction of local governments.
PAs are heterogeneous in their environmental regime and functions. In the hierarchical system, each category of protected areas is distinguished by its ability to keep the natural complex or its individual structural parts from destruction and serious changes.
State nature reserves
State nature reserves are environmental, research and environmental educational institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems. These reserves are the most traditional and strict form of territorial nature protection in Russia, which has priority importance for the conservation of biological diversity.
On the territory of the reserves, specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna) of environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as examples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places of conservation of genetic fund of flora and fauna.
Land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna located in the territories of nature reserves are provided for the use (ownership) of the latter under the rights provided for by federal laws. The property of the reserves is federal property. Buildings, structures, historical, cultural and other real estate objects are assigned to nature reserves with operational management rights. Confiscation or other termination of rights to land plots and other natural resources included in nature reserves is prohibited. Natural resources and real estate of reserves are completely withdrawn from circulation (they cannot be alienated or transferred from one person to another by other means).
The regulations on a specific reserve and its status are approved by a body authorized to do so by the Government of the Russian Federation.
On the territory of the reserve, any activity that contradicts the objectives of the reserve and the regime of special protection of its territory established in the regulations on this reserve is prohibited; The introduction of living organisms for the purpose of their acclimatization is prohibited.
In the territories of nature reserves, events and activities aimed at:
preservation of natural complexes in their natural state, restoration and prevention of changes in natural complexes and their components as a result of anthropogenic impact;
maintaining conditions that ensure sanitary and fire safety;
preventing conditions that could cause natural disasters that threaten human lives and populated areas;
implementation of environmental monitoring;
carrying out research tasks;
conducting environmental education work;
implementation of control and supervisory functions.
The network of nature reserves in Russia has been created over the past eighty years.
In total in the Russian Federation by the beginning of 2003. 100 state natural reserves officially operated with a total area established by the Government of the Russian Federation of 33,732,189 hectares, including a marine area of 6,376,084 hectares.
Nature reserves are located on the territory of 18 of 21 republics within the Russian Federation, 5 of 6 territories, 35 of 49 regions, the Jewish Autonomous Region and 7 of 10 autonomous okrugs.
Outside the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources there are 5 nature reserves, the total officially designated area of which is 257,259 hectares, including the marine area of about 63,000 hectares. This includes, in particular:
4 nature reserves (Ilmensky, Ussuriysky, Far Eastern Marine, "Kedrovaya Pad"), which are under the jurisdiction of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the direct management of its structural divisions;
the Galichya Mountain Nature Reserve, which is under the jurisdiction of the Russian Ministry of Education and the direct management of Voronezh State University;
A special status and purpose also has the Zavidovo state complex of the Russian Ministry of Defense, which is not included in the general list and located in the Tver region (until the beginning of the 90s - the Zavidovo state reserve), the year of foundation is 1929, the total actual area is 1254 km2 .
The system of Russian state nature reserves is widely recognized in the world: 27 Russian reserves have the international status of biosphere reserves (they have been issued the corresponding UNESCO certificates), 9 are under the jurisdiction of the World Convention for the Conservation of Cultural and Natural Heritage, 12 fall under the jurisdiction of the Ramsar Convention (Water Convention). -wetlands of international importance), 4 - Oksky, Teberdinsky, Central Black Earth and Kostomuksha - have diplomas from the Council of Europe.
National parks
National parks are environmental, environmental, educational and research institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and which are intended for use for environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism.
Land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna located on the territory of national parks are provided for use (ownership) by the parks under the rights provided for by federal laws. Historical and cultural objects placed under state protection in the prescribed manner are transferred for use to national parks only in agreement with the state body for the protection of historical and cultural monuments. In some cases, within the boundaries of parks there may be land plots of other users, as well as owners. National parks have the exclusive right to acquire these lands at the expense of the federal budget and other sources not prohibited by law. These parks are exclusively federal property. Buildings, structures, historical, cultural and other real estate objects are assigned to national parks with the right of operational management. A specific park operates on the basis of regulations approved by the state body under whose jurisdiction it is located, in agreement with the specially authorized state body of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection. A protective zone with a limited regime of environmental management is being created around the national park.
Abroad, national parks are the most popular type of protected areas. In particular, in the USA, the history of the creation of some parks goes back more than a hundred years.
In the Russian Federation, national parks began to be created only in 1983 (the Sochi and Losiny Ostrov national parks were organized) and were a new form of territorial nature conservation for Russia. The idea of their creation is associated with the combination of a wide range of tasks: the protection of natural and cultural heritage, the organization of tourism, and the search for ways of sustainable development of the territory. The new form of protected areas makes it possible to preserve both unique natural complexes and objects of historical and cultural significance. At the same time, national parks provide the opportunity for a large number of people to visit them, get acquainted with natural, historical and cultural attractions, and relax in picturesque landscapes.
In total, in the Russian Federation, by the beginning of 1999, there were 34 national parks, the total officially established area of which was 6784.6 thousand hectares, and by the beginning of 2003 - 35 parks with a total area of 6956 thousand hectares (0.4% of the entire territory of the Russian Federation). Federation).
The vast majority of national parks are located in the European part of the Russian Federation. National parks were formed on the territory of 13 republics within the Russian Federation, 2 territories and 20 regions. Most of the national parks (34) were directly subordinate to b. Federal Forestry Service of Russia and one under the jurisdiction of the Moscow Government (“Losiny Ostrov”).
A differentiated regime of special protection is established in the territories of national parks, taking into account their natural, historical, cultural and other features. Based on these features, various functional zones can be distinguished in the park territories, including protected areas, with a regime characteristic of natural reserves (protected areas occupy up to 64% of their territory in Russian national parks). A security zone is also allocated around the park, where economic activities must be coordinated with the park administration.
The main part of the parks' territory (from 50 to 100% of the area) is occupied by lands that are provided to them for management and implementation of their main activities. Other territories (mainly agricultural lands, in some cases fishery reservoirs, lands of settlements, cities) are included within the boundaries of parks, as a rule, without removing them from economic use. Usually, it is on these lands that cultural and historical monuments are located, forming a single whole with the surrounding natural complexes.
Today's network of national parks covers 7 physical-geographical regions, 11 regions and 27 provinces. The parks contain the following vegetation: plains - taiga and broad-leaved-coniferous forests (dark-coniferous middle-taiga forests, dark-coniferous southern taiga forests, broad-leaved-dark-coniferous, pine northern taiga, pine mid- and southern taiga, broad-leaved pine and pine dry-grass forests), broad-leaved forests; steppes; mountains - dark coniferous mountain forests, light coniferous mountain forests, deciduous mountain forests; as well as swamps.
Taking into account the natural, historical, cultural and other features of national parks, various functional zones can be distinguished, including:
a protected area, within which any economic activity and recreational use of the territory is prohibited;
specially protected, within which conditions are provided for the preservation of natural complexes and objects and on the territory of which strictly regulated visits are allowed;
educational tourism, intended for organizing environmental education and familiarization with the attractions of the park;
recreational, intended for recreation;
protection of historical and cultural objects, within which conditions for their preservation are provided;
visitor services, designed to accommodate overnight accommodations, tent camps and other tourist service facilities, cultural, consumer and information services for visitors;
economic purpose, within which economic activities necessary to ensure the functioning of the park are carried out.
Within the protected areas of national parks, a regime generally corresponds to the protection regime of nature reserves. Within the boundaries of the recreational zone of the national park there may be territories intended for sport and amateur hunting and fishing. At the same time, hunting in the park territories is carried out by them independently or by leasing hunting lands to other hunting users.
Natural parks
Natural parks of regional significance are a relatively new category of protected areas in Russia. They are environmental recreational institutions under the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Federation, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of significant environmental and aesthetic value, and intended for use for environmental, educational and recreational purposes. Parks are located on lands granted to them for indefinite (permanent) use, in some cases - on lands of other users, as well as owners.
Currently, the number of protected areas with the status of natural parks in Russia includes 30 territories.
State nature reserves
State natural reserves are territories (water areas) that are of particular importance for the preservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance. Declaring a territory as a state nature reserve is permitted both with and without withdrawal from users, owners and possessors of land plots.
State nature reserves can be of federal or regional significance and have a different profile. Landscape reserves are designed to preserve and restore natural complexes (natural landscapes); biological (botanical and zoological) - conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals (including economically, scientifically and culturally valuable species); paleontological - preservation of fossil objects; hydrological (marsh, lake, river, sea) - conservation and restoration of valuable water bodies and ecological systems; geological - preservation of valuable objects and complexes of inanimate nature.
Of the 67 federal reserves at the end of 2000, 56 were under the jurisdiction and management of the Russian Ministry of Agriculture, 11 - the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources.
Natural monuments
Natural monuments are unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin.
Land and water areas, as well as single natural objects, can be declared natural monuments, including:
scenic areas;
reference areas of untouched nature;
areas with a predominance of cultural landscape (ancient parks, alleys, canals, ancient mines);
places of growth and habitat of valuable, relict, small, rare and endangered species of plants and animals;
forest areas and forest areas that are especially valuable for their characteristics (species composition, productivity, genetic qualities, plant structure), as well as examples of outstanding achievements of forestry science and practice;
natural objects that play an important role in maintaining the hydrological regime;
unique forms of relief and associated natural landscapes (mountains, groups of rocks, gorges, canyons, groups of caves, glacial cirques and spur valleys, moraine-boulder ridges, dunes, sand dunes, giant ice dams, hydrolaccoliths);
geological outcrops of particular scientific value (reference sections, stratotypes, outcrops of rare minerals, rocks and minerals);
geological and geographical polygons, including classic areas with especially expressive traces of seismic phenomena, as well as exposures of discontinuous and folded rock faults;
locations of rare or particularly valuable paleontological objects;
sections of rivers, lakes, wetland complexes, reservoirs, marine areas, small rivers with floodplains, lakes, reservoirs and ponds;
natural hydromineral complexes, thermal and mineral water sources, deposits of medicinal mud;
coastal objects (spits, isthmuses, peninsulas, islands, lagoons, bays);
individual objects of living and inanimate nature (bird nesting sites, long-lived trees and those of historical and memorial significance, plants of bizarre shapes, single specimens of exotics and relics, volcanoes, hills, glaciers, boulders, waterfalls, geysers, springs, river sources, rocks, cliffs, outcrops, manifestations of karst, caves, grottoes).
Natural monuments may have federal, regional or local significance, depending on the environmental, aesthetic and other value of the protected natural complexes and objects.
Like nature reserves, this category of protected areas is most widespread at the regional level. State control over the functioning of more than 7.5 thousand natural monuments of regional significance was carried out by territorial bodies of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, b. State Committee for Ecology of Russia, b. Rosleskhoz.
In addition, in the Russian Federation in 2002 there were 27 natural monuments of federal significance with a total area of 14,351 thousand. ha (excluding geological and some other monuments).
In 2003, no new natural monuments of federal significance were created (they were not officially registered).
Dendrological parks and botanical gardens
Dendrological parks and botanical gardens are environmental institutions whose tasks include creating special collections of plants in order to preserve the diversity and enrichment of the flora, as well as carrying out scientific, educational and educational activities. The territories of dendrological parks and botanical gardens are intended only for the fulfillment of their direct tasks, while land plots are transferred for indefinite (permanent) use either to parks or to research or educational institutions under whose jurisdiction they are located.
Botanical gardens and dendrological parks introduce plants of natural flora, study their ecology and biology under stationary conditions, develop the scientific foundations of ornamental gardening, landscape architecture, landscaping, introduce wild plants into cultivation, protect introduced plants from pests and diseases, and also develop methods and selection and agricultural techniques for creating sustainable decorative displays, principles of organizing artificial phytocenoses and using introduced plants to optimize the technogenic environment.
Dendrological parks and botanical gardens can be of federal or regional significance and are formed accordingly by decisions of the executive bodies of state power of the Russian Federation or representative and executive bodies of state power of the relevant subjects of the Federation.
In Russia at the beginning of 2000, there were 80 botanical gardens and dendrological parks.
Medical and recreational areas and resorts.
Territories (water areas) suitable for organizing treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as recreation for the population and possessing natural healing resources (mineral waters, therapeutic mud, brine of estuaries and lakes, therapeutic climate, beaches, parts of water areas and inland seas, other natural objects and conditions ) can be classified as medical and recreational areas. Medical and health-improving areas and resorts are allocated for the purpose of their rational use and ensuring the preservation of their natural healing resources and health-improving properties. Within the boundaries of medical and recreational areas and resorts, activities are prohibited (limited) that can lead to deterioration in the quality and depletion of natural resources and objects with medicinal properties. In order to preserve natural factors favorable for the organization of treatment and prevention of diseases of the population, sanitary or mountain sanitary protection districts are organized in the territories of medical and recreational areas and resorts. For medical and recreational areas and resorts, where natural healing resources belong to the subsoil (mineral waters, therapeutic mud, etc.), mountain sanitary protection districts are established. In other cases, sanitary protection districts are established. The outer contour of the sanitary (mountain sanitary) protection district is the border of a medical and recreational area or resort. The procedure for organizing sanitary and mountain sanitary protection districts and the specifics of their functioning are determined by the Government of the Russian Federation and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with the federal law on natural healing resources, medical and recreational areas and resorts. are regulated by the Government of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with the federal law on natural healing resources, health resorts and resorts.
Russian Civilization
On the territory of the Russian Federation, all natural lands are subject to protection, regardless of their purpose. But there are territories that are protected especially carefully.
These include:
- Land plots on which the cultural, natural or historical heritage of specially protected areas (SPAs) is located.
- Lands and fauna of specially protected natural areas (SPNA).
What is the difference?
PAs are lands that have some value, be it historical, cultural or natural.
Lands of specially protected natural areas (SPNA) are, in fact, a type of protected area. These are mineral deposits that contain rich natural value.
Why allocate a ZOO
Due to the fact that there are natural areas where many rare plants grow or unique animals are found, it was decided to take them under special control.
Due to the threat of mass destruction of vegetation or animals in such places, hunting, agricultural activities, and even more so deforestation and the construction of residential buildings are prohibited. The concept of specially protected natural areas includes not only land, but also water bodies and airspace.
Reserved natural land: description
A specially protected natural area is not only land, but also bodies of water, and even the air space above them, where there are unique natural objects that need protection.
Such areas are a national property and cannot be sold to a private person or rented out.
All activities on these lands, with the exception of the study, preservation and enhancement of specimens located there, are prohibited. For the normal functioning of life, a specially protected natural area presupposes the absence, even within reach, of harmful emissions, and a ban on the construction of industrial plants. All activities that negatively affect the natural objects of protected areas are prohibited.
The boundaries of protected lands are necessarily marked with special signs.
Types of specially protected natural areas
With various features of natural objects, their status and the presence of erected buildings on the territory, protected areas are divided into certain types and categories.
- Natural State Parks.
- Natural untouched reserves.
- Monuments of living nature.
- National parks.
- Arboretums and botanical gardens.
- Medical and health resorts.
In a certain area, local government decrees may establish other categories of specially protected natural areas - this is a kind of subtype of the basis of the territory, distinguished by certain characteristics.
Regardless of the status of the land (all-Russian or local), the rules for its use do not differ.
Specially protected natural areas of Russia are subject to preservation and enhancement. All activities carried out on these lands are permitted only subject to this requirement.
Pristine reserve
The reserve is a specially protected natural area, which is distinguished by its pristine nature. Everything here has not been touched by human hands and is in the same condition as Mother Nature created.
For land to become a nature reserve, it must meet a number of requirements:
- To be as little affected by civilization as possible.
- Have unique plants and rare species of animals on your territory.
- Earths are self-regulating and not subject to self-destruction.
- They have a rare landscape.
It is the reserves that are a traditional species and are designated as specially protected natural areas of Russia as an example of pristineness and originality.
As of 2000, 99 protected areas were designated in the Russian Federation. Scientific research, educational and environmental work are carried out on their territory.
Natural monuments
These are unique natural objects that cannot be recreated through human efforts.
Such natural objects may be under federal or regional jurisdiction. It all depends on the value of the natural monument.
As a rule, such objects are classified as regional assets. They are essentially the pride of the region where they are located.
Today, there are 28 such unique corners of nature of federal significance; they occupy an area of more than 19 thousand hectares.
There are much more regional unique natural areas, and they are divided into types:
- Biological, including interesting plants and animals.
- Hydrological are peculiar reservoirs and rare aquatic plants and animals.
- Geological - includes unique lands.
- Complex - corners of nature that combine two or more types of rare natural objects.
Nature reserves
Natural reserves are specially protected natural areas where endangered plants and animals are subject to preservation and restoration.
It happens that land is declared a natural reserve, but it is leased to a private person. In this case, the issue of withdrawal or abandonment of the lease is decided, taking into account what activities are carried out by the owner in the given territory.
Wildlife sanctuaries as specially protected natural areas have different meanings:
- Landscape - created for restoration
- Biological - in their territories, biologists are trying to preserve and increase endangered animals and plants.
- Paleontological - fossil objects are especially protected here.
- Hydrological - based on the conservation of reservoirs, lakes and water bodies.
National parks
This meaning includes the concept of lands with special natural, aesthetic or cultural value. used for scientific observations, and also organize cultural recreation for people.
The entire world community has recognized the enormous benefits of creating such protected lands.
There are three national parks in the Russian Federation included in the World Cultural Heritage. Two of them - Transbaikalsky and Pribaikalsky - are also included in the special protected zone of Lake Baikal.
Arboretums and botanical gardens
Recently, arboretums have been actively increasing and expanding. This is due to the development of resort areas and the emergence of an increasing number of health institutions operating in environmentally friendly conditions.
Botanical gardens are dedicated to the conservation of rare and endangered plant species. In addition, various experiments are carried out there aimed at protecting endangered species.
Arboretums are used for educational purposes. On their territory they conduct educational excursions, telling and showing people all kinds of strange trees, shrubs and herbs.
In addition to educational tasks, arboretums have as their goal the cultivation and preservation of all the beauty of Russian nature that can only be captured in a given area.
As you can see, there are many protected lands, they all have different names, but the goals of specially protected natural areas are almost the same - preservation and enhancement of natural objects, observation of the natural course of events, scientific and educational activities.
The coming 2017 is the Year of Specially Protected Natural Areas. The corresponding Decree was signed on August 1, 2016 by the President. Specially protected natural areas and objects are a national property. They are presented in the form of areas, the surface of the water and the air space above them. Within their boundaries there are complexes that have cultural, scientific, recreational, aesthetic, and health value. The Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Areas” in force in the country contains a list and characteristics of them, and establishes rules for their use.
Categories
IN specially protected natural areas of Russia included:
- Reserved forest areas.
- Wildlife sanctuaries.
- Reserves.
- National parks.
- Resort and health areas.
- Botanical gardens.
- Dendrological parks.
Regulatory regional or municipal acts may provide for other types of specially protected natural areas.
Value
Basics the importance of specially protected natural areas- preservation of valuable botanical, geological, hydrological, landscape, zoological complexes. According to international organizations, at the end of the 90s. last century, there were about 10 thousand large valuable sites all over the world. The total number of national parks was about 2 thousand, and biosphere reserves - 350. The importance of specially protected natural areas determined by their uniqueness. They are of great value for educational tourism. This allows us to consider them as recreational resources, the exploitation of which must be strictly regulated.
Characteristic
Each specially protected natural area is assigned its own functions. Within its boundaries, specific rules of stay are provided, as well as the procedure for using resources. In the hierarchical structure, each specially protected natural area has the ability to prevent destruction and serious changes to the complex or its individual components. To protect them from negative anthropogenic factors, zones or districts can be formed in adjacent areas. They have a special regime of specially protected natural areas.
Reserves
They act as research, environmental, environmental and educational institutions. Their goal is to preserve and study the natural course of processes and phenomena, unique and typical ecosystems, and the gene pool of the plant world. Reserves are considered the most common and typical specially protected natural areas. Animals, plants, ecosystems, and subsoil located in them are completely withdrawn from circulation and economic use.
Prescriptions
The property of the reserves belongs to the category of federal property. Plants, animals, subsoil, water are provided to the possession of institutions with special rights. Structures, historical, cultural and other elements are transferred to reserves for operational management. "does not allow the seizure or other termination of rights to areas and other resources located within their boundaries. The regulations determining the status of a particular reserve are approved by the Government.
Acceptable events
They are provided for Law "On Specially Protected Natural Areas"". Within the reserve, activities and events aimed at:
- Ensuring the preservation of complexes in their natural state, restoration and prevention of changes in them and their elements under the influence of anthropogenic factors.
- Maintaining sanitary and fire safety conditions.
- Prevention of factors that can cause disasters that threaten the lives of the population and the area where they live.
- Carrying out environmental monitoring.
- Implementation of research tasks.
- Execution of control and supervisory functions.
Protection of specially protected natural areas carried out in accordance with the Regulations. Any activity that is not consistent with the objectives of the reserve and that is contrary to the established rules is prohibited. The introduction (relocation) of living organisms for acclimatization is not allowed.
Zones
The specially protected natural area of the reserve, unlike the national park, has fairly limited recreational use. Mainly, it serves for educational purposes. This situation is reflected in the functional zoning of reserves. In particular, 4 territories are distinguished within their borders:
- Reserve regime. In them, representatives of flora and fauna develop without human intervention.
- Scientific monitoring. In this zone, researchers monitor the development and condition of natural objects.
- Environmental education. As a rule, a museum is located in this area. Regulated paths are laid here, along which tourist groups are led to get acquainted with the features of the complex.
- Economic and administrative zone.
National Park
This specially protected natural area has historical, cultural, environmental and aesthetic value. The national park is used for educational, scientific purposes, as well as for regulated tourism. Objects located within the territory are transferred for use in accordance with current standards. Historical and cultural complexes under state protection are transferred to national parks in agreement with the authorized bodies.
Nuances
Within some areas of the national park there may be areas of third-party users and owners. The administration of protected areas has the exclusive right to acquire land using federal funds or other sources not prohibited by regulations. National parks are state property. Structures, buildings, historical, cultural and other complexes are transferred to the administration for operational management. A specific park operates in accordance with the Regulations. It is approved by the body responsible for the territory, in agreement with the authorized structure operating in the field of nature conservation.
Objectives of the National Park
Along with environmental activities, conditions for regulated recreation and tourism are created on the territory. Special zones are established within the national park:
Wildlife sanctuaries
These specially protected natural areas of Russia are represented in large numbers. Wildlife sanctuaries operate in almost all regions of the country. The assignment of a territory to this category is carried out with or without the seizure of plots from users, owners, owners. Wildlife sanctuaries may fall under federal or regional jurisdiction. These areas are of particular importance for the restoration or conservation of natural complexes or their components, as well as for ensuring ecological balance. Wildlife sanctuaries may have different purposes. Landscape ones are intended for the restoration and preservation of complexes, biological ones - for endangered and rare representatives of fauna and flora, paleontological ones - for fossil objects, hydrological ones - for aquatic ecosystems, geological ones - for elements of the inanimate environment.
Botanical gardens and dendrological parks
These environmental institutions perform various functions. These include, in particular, the creation of collections of plant species to enrich the flora and preserve its diversity. Educational, scientific and educational activities are carried out in botanical gardens and dendrological parks. The territories in which these institutions are located are intended for the implementation of their direct tasks. The plots are transferred for permanent use to parks, educational or research organizations under their jurisdiction. These institutions introduce plants into the natural environment and study their ecology in stationary conditions. Parks and gardens are developing the scientific basis for ornamental horticulture, landscaping, landscape architecture, breeding techniques and methods, and so on. These institutions may be under federal or regional jurisdiction. Their creation is the responsibility of the executive authorities.
Natural monuments
These complexes are considered the most widespread in the country. Natural monuments are irreplaceable, unique, scientifically, ecologically, aesthetically and culturally valuable objects. They can be of artificial or natural origin. Areas of water and land, as well as single elements, can be declared natural monuments. The latter include, among others:
- Scenic areas.
- Reference areas of untouched nature.
- Areas where the cultural landscape predominates. For example, they are alleys, ancient parks, ancient mines, canals, etc.
- Habitats and habitats of relict, valuable, rare, scarce and endangered animals and plants.
- Forest areas and their individual areas that are valuable due to their characteristics. For example, plants with a unique species composition, genetic qualities, productivity, etc. can grow on them.
- Examples of achievements in forestry practice and science.
- Complexes that play an important role in maintaining the hydrological regime.
- Unique relief forms, landscapes associated with them. These include, for example, mountains, gorges, groups of rocks and caves, canyons, moraine-boulder ridges, glacial cirques, barchans and dunes, hydrolaccoliths, giant ice dams, etc.
- Geological outcrops with unique properties and scientific value. These include, in particular, stratotypes, reference sections, outcrops of rare rocks, fossils, and minerals.
- Geological and geographical polygons, classic areas where there are especially expressive traces of seismic phenomena, exposures of folded and faulty rocks.
- Areas containing particularly valuable or rare paleontological objects.
- Hydromineral natural complexes, mineral and thermal springs, mud deposits.
- Areas of lakes, rivers, wetland complexes, marine areas, ponds, small river streams with floodplains.
- Coastal facilities. These include spits, islands and peninsulas, isthmuses, bays, lagoons.
- Separate objects of inanimate and living nature. This category includes nesting places of birds, plants with bizarre shapes, long-lived trees, as well as those with historical and memorial value, etc.
Natural monuments may have regional, federal or local significance depending on their environmental, cultural, aesthetic and other value.
In conditions when environmental pollution became an obstacle to the normal life of people, a massive public movement began to protect the environment, most economically developed and some developing countries began to carry out state environmental policy, environmental policy. Environmental laws were adopted, fine systems were developed, expenditures on environmental protection were increased, long-term programs were drawn up, and special environmental protection services or other similar government bodies were created.
A special place in state environmental policy is occupied by the creation of specially protected natural areas and water areas.
Natural specially protected areas and water areas- these are natural complexes and objects excluded in whole or in part from economic use for the purpose of their conservation, as well as because of their special scientific, educational, aesthetic, historical and recreational value.
Specially protected natural areas include: state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves; state nature reserves; National parks; natural parks; dendrological parks and botanical gardens; medical and recreational areas and resorts. Natural monuments, as well as rare and endangered species of animals and plants listed in the region, are also subject to protection.
All territories and objects under special protection of the state are divided into three types:
- administrative(military and defense facilities, sensitive zones of internal affairs bodies, suburban areas);
- historical and cultural(monuments of history, culture, architecture, landscape art, historical and cultural reserves, etc.);
- natural.
In addition, in our country, specially protected natural areas include 35 national parks, as well as more than 12,000 natural parks, reserves, natural monuments and other areas protected at the federal or regional levels.
Reserves
Nature reserves- these are natural complexes specially protected by law (land, subsoil, water, flora and fauna), which are completely and forever excluded from any economic use. Nature reserves are the highest category of protected areas; they serve as standards of the natural environment.
The first reserve was the Barguzinsky Reserve on Lake Baikal, created in 1917, two months after the adoption on November 12 (October 30, old style) 1916 of Russia’s first law on reserves “On establishing rules on hunting reserves.”
The main distinctive feature of the natural reserve is the presence of the sign of “reserve”, which means, in accordance with the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, inviolable, forbidden, treasured. Nowadays, in accordance with Art. 26 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Environmental Protection” and due to the increased social significance of protected areas and natural and climatic features, more stringent standards for maximum permissible harmful emissions are established for them
actions on the natural environment. On the territory of the reserves, economic, recreational and other activities that contradict the principles of conservation or cause harm to the natural environment are prohibited: construction of industrial and agricultural enterprises, exploration and mining of mineral resources, logging, plant collection, grazing, hunting, fishing, use of pesticides and pesticides (even near protected areas), aircraft flights below 2000 m, all forms of tourism and recreation for the population, etc.
Protective zones are created around the territory of the reserve, within which activities that adversely affect the reserve regime are prohibited.
A natural complex can be either a typical landscape of the corresponding region, or, conversely, rare for a particular area. The significance of the reserve also lies in the fact that it is an environmental research institution aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena in typical and unique systems.
31 Russian nature reserves have the status biosphere, i.e., it is part of the international network of biosphere reserves that carry out global environmental monitoring. Their main difference from other reserves is the presence in the territories adjacent to them of biosphere sites where limited environmental management is carried out (mainly traditional for the region, as well as tourism and other types of recreational activities).
The concept of a biosphere reserve was developed in 1974 by a working group of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) program. Two years later, the formation of their Worldwide Network began, which today supports the exchange of information, experience and specialists between 440 reserves of the planet. They have been created in 97 countries and preserve areas of slightly disturbed ecosystems of most biogeographic places on Earth over an area of at least 300 million hectares.
The first biosphere reserves in the USSR appeared in 1977. They were created on the basis of existing reserves - Prioksko-Terrasny, Kavkazsky, Askania-Nova (Ukraine), Repeteksky (Turkmenistan) and a number of others.
Biosphere reserves are considered as self-regulating natural systems. Therefore, they must be large enough and ecologically isolated from neighboring ecosystems and anthropogenic influence. As a rule, they include globally unique ecosystems and landscapes (for example, with the presence of rare and endangered species of animals and plants on the globe), which are of particular scientific and natural history value.
The scheme of biosphere reserves is as follows: in the center - reserved core(absolutely protected area), around which stands out buffer zone, whose function is to reduce the negative impact of economic activities on the natural complex of the reserve, and is followed by buffer polygon- a zone of ordinary, but strictly rational, economic use of the territory in the interests of scientific and applied research on the profile of the reserve. The main task of biosphere reserves is to provide long-term comparative studies of ecosystems and participate in global monitoring of the natural environment. 5 national parks of Russia also belong to biosphere reserves.
Wildlife sanctuaries
Nature reserves- these are natural complexes designed for the conservation or reproduction of certain types of natural resources in combination with the limited and coordinated use of other natural resources. According to the terminology of regulations of the 20s of the XX century. - these are “incomplete reserves”.
Nature reserves organize when, to achieve a goal, it is enough to restrict or prohibit the use of only certain resources. An example is medicinal plant reserves—environmental areas with a regime that prevents the depletion of stocks of certain types of medicinal plants. The collection of medicinal plants in reserves is permitted only under strict control, to the extent that does not interfere with their reproduction.
Among the reserves, the most significant in terms of number and area are hunting reserves. Their task is long-term reservation and protection of the habitats of some valuable animals. The regime of the reserves provides not only a ban on hunting, but also restrictions on certain types of economic activities that can harm protected species of animals.
National and natural parks
National and natural parks- these are specially protected natural complexes withdrawn from economic use, which are important as typical or rare landscapes, habitats for communities of wild plants and animals, places of recreation, tourism, excursions, and public education. A national natural park is a fairly large area where nature conservation is combined with recreation. It consists of one or more ecological systems or natural landscapes of high aesthetic value, little or not modified by human activity, where plants, animals and landscapes are protected. According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, national natural parks are formed for the purpose of protecting nature (for example, traditional places of residence of small peoples of the North) in combination with environmental education of the population, organizing their recreation, and developing tourism.
The entire territory of the national (natural) park is divided into several zones, each of which has its own legal regime. Most often there are four zones: reserved, reserved, recreational and economic. The central protected core of the national (natural) park functions as a nature reserve. It serves as a natural laboratory for the park to carry out environmental monitoring tasks. The restricted regime zone is organized according to the principles of a natural reserve. Recreational zones are intended for tourism, visitor recreation, placement of service facilities, information services, etc. The economic zone is usually external to those listed. According to the accepted international classification, a national park, in contrast to a natural one, is characterized by the predominance of environmental objectives over recreational ones.
In the USA, in 1872, the first now world-famous Yellowstone National Park was created (states of Wyoming, Montana, Idaho). In total, there are more than two thousand national parks in the world today, including the High Tatras (Czech Republic), Kaziranga (India), the already mentioned Yellowstone, the Grand Canyon (USA), Tsavo (Africa) and many others. For foreign countries, this form of nature conservation is traditional.
In the USSR, the functions of national parks were initially assigned to nature reserves. The first ones were created in 1983 - “Sochi” on the Black Sea coast and “Losiny Ostrov” on the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region.
Natural monuments
Term "natural monument" was first used in 1819 by the German naturalist A. Humboldt (1769-1859). Individual unique natural objects and natural complexes that have relict, scientific, historical, environmental and educational significance and require special protection by the state are declared natural monuments. Natural monuments include standard areas of untouched nature, geological outcrops, unique landforms, individual objects of living and inanimate nature - waterfalls, geysers, caves, paleontological objects, individual long-lived trees, etc.
Several thousand natural monuments, mostly specific objects, have been identified in our country and around the world. These include the Khosta yew-boxwood grove (Krasnodar region), rocky outcrops on the banks of the Don with relict vegetation (Lipetsk region), individual boulders and many others.
From monument trees Especially famous are the oak tree in Yasnaya Polyana, the plane tree “Seven Brothers” near Ashgabat, whose fused trunks can hug 10 people, as well as the giant sequoias in the famous Yosemite Valley (USA), whose age exceeds 3 thousand years and height is 90 m. California is also home to the oldest tree in the world - the sequoia, whose age is estimated at approximately 4650 years.
Other specially protected natural areas
Museum-reserves. These include historical memorial, literary museums, estate museums, open-air museums, etc. Museums and reserves are of great historical and cultural value. Among the world-famous museum-reserves are Yasnaya Polyana, Polenovo, Kizhi, Vladimir-Suzdal, Abramtsevo, Kuskovo, and, of course, the Moscow Kremlin and museums of St. Petersburg. Strictly speaking, they belong to the group of historical and cultural specially protected areas, but in most of them the natural component plays an important role.
Dendrological parks and botanical sa Yes: their tasks include creating special collections of plants in order to preserve the diversity and enrichment of the flora, as well as carrying out scientific, educational and educational activities.
Medical and recreational areas and resorts isolated in territories (water areas) suitable for organizing the treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as for recreation of the population and possessing natural healing resources (mineral waters, therapeutic mud, therapeutic climate, beaches, etc.).
Ecological resort region- a relatively new form of specially protected areas, which appeared in 1994 in connection with the formation of the specially protected ecological resort region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters.
Deposits of mineral waters and medicinal mud, the nature of resorts are extremely sensitive to pollution. There are more than 40 industrial enterprises operating on the territory of the Caucasian Mineral Waters. Their emissions pose a serious problem for the region.
In accordance with the Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories,” specially protected natural territories are areas of land, water surface and air space above them where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health value.
At the same time, when establishing one or another type of specially protected natural areas, it is planned to satisfy certain public interests. Let us consider them in relation to individual types of such territories. In accordance with Art. 2 of the Law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories”, taking into account the peculiarities of the regime of these territories and the status of environmental institutions located on them, the following types of specified territories are distinguished.
a) State natural reserves, including biosphere reserves. Specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna) on the territory of the reserve have environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as examples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places for preserving the genetic fund of flora and fauna. State nature reserves are environmental, research and environmental educational institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems.
State natural biosphere reserves are created for the purpose of conducting scientific research, environmental monitoring, as well as testing and implementing methods of rational environmental management that do not destroy the environment and do not deplete biological resources.
State nature reserves are assigned the following tasks:
Carrying out the protection of natural areas in order to preserve biological diversity and maintain protected natural complexes and objects in their natural state;
Organization and conduct of scientific research, including maintaining the Chronicle of Nature;
Implementation of environmental monitoring within the framework of the national environmental monitoring system;
Environmental education;
Participation in the state environmental assessment of projects and layouts for economic and other facilities;
Assistance in training scientific personnel and specialists in the field of environmental protection.
b) National parks. They are environmental, environmental, educational and scientific research institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and are intended for use for environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism.
National parks are assigned the following main tasks:
Preservation of natural complexes, unique and reference natural sites and objects;
Preservation of historical and cultural objects;
Environmental education of the population;
Creation of conditions for regulated tourism and recreation;
Development and implementation of scientific methods of nature conservation and environmental education;
Implementation of environmental monitoring;
Restoration of damaged natural, historical and cultural complexes and objects.
c) Natural parks. These are environmental recreational institutions administered by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of significant environmental and aesthetic value, and are intended for use for environmental, educational and recreational purposes. Natural parks are assigned the following tasks:
Preservation of the natural environment, natural landscapes;
Creation of conditions for recreation (including mass recreation) and preservation of recreational resources;
Development and implementation of effective methods of nature conservation and maintaining ecological balance in the conditions of recreational use of natural park territories.
d) State natural reserves - territories (water areas) of particular importance for the preservation or restoration of natural complexes and their components and maintaining the ecological balance. State nature reserves can have a different profile, including: complex (landscape) designed for the conservation and restoration of natural complexes (natural landscapes);
Biological (botanical and zoological), intended for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals, including valuable species in economic, scientific and cultural terms;
Paleontological, intended for the preservation of fossil objects;
Hydrological (marsh, lake, river, sea), designed to preserve and restore valuable water bodies and ecological systems;
Geological, intended for the preservation of valuable objects and complexes of inanimate nature,
e) Natural monuments - unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin.
f) Dendrological parks and botanical gardens are environmental institutions whose tasks include the creation of special collections of plants in order to preserve the diversity and enrichment of the flora, as well as the implementation of scientific, educational and educational activities.
g) Medical and recreational areas and resorts. These may include territories (water areas) suitable for organizing the treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as recreation for the population and possessing natural healing resources (mineral waters, therapeutic mud, brine of estuaries and lakes, therapeutic climate, beaches, parts of water areas and inland seas, other natural objects and conditions). Medical and health-improving areas and resorts are allocated for the purpose of their rational use and ensuring the preservation of their natural healing resources and health-improving properties.