Sometimes you may need to accurately calculate the geographic coordinates of your location or some object, but you have nothing with you except a map. It’s not difficult to learn how to determine latitude and longitude on a map; you just need to get a clear understanding of what the coordinate system is and how to work with it.
The coordinate system is a kind of geographic “registration” that any point on the planet has. A grid of meridians and parallels, applied over the canvas of any image of the area, helps determine the latitude and longitude of the desired object from the map. Let's look at how it can be used to search for a geographic location.
What is a coordinate system?
People invented a system that reads the coordinates of any point a long time ago. This system consists of parallels indicating latitude and meridians indicating longitude.
Since it was difficult to determine latitude and longitude by eye, a grid of longitudinal and transverse arcs, indicated by numbers, began to be applied over all types of geographical images.
What does latitude mean?
The number responsible for the latitude of a place on the map indicates its distance relative to the equator - the further the point is from it and the closer to the pole, the more its digital value increases.
- On flat images, as well as on globes, latitude is determined by spherical lines drawn horizontally and parallel to the equator - parallels.
- Located at the equator zero parallel, towards the poles the value in numbers increases.
- Parallel arcs are designated in degrees, minutes, seconds, as angular measurements.
- From the equator towards the north pole, the value will have positive values from 0º to 90º, indicated by the symbols “N”, that is - “ northern latitude».
- And from the equator towards the south - negative, from 0º to -90º, indicated by the symbols “southern latitude”, that is, “southern latitude”.
- The values 90º and -90º are at the peak of the poles.
- Latitudes close to the equator are called “low”, and those close to the poles are called “high”.
To determine the location of the required object relative to the equator, you just need to correlate its point with the nearest parallel, and then look at what number is opposite it to the left and right behind the map field.
- If the point is located between the lines, you must first determine the nearest parallel.
- If it is north of the desired point, then the coordinate of the point will be smaller, so from the nearest horizontal arc you need to subtract the difference in degrees to the object.
- If the nearest parallel is lower the desired point, then the difference in degrees is added to its value, since the value being sought will be greater.
Since it is sometimes difficult to determine latitude and longitude on a map at a glance, they use a ruler with a pencil or compass.
Remember! All points on the globe, and accordingly on a map or globe, located along one parallel arc will have the same size in degrees.
What does longitude mean?
Meridians are responsible for longitude - vertical spherical arcs converging at the poles into one point, dividing the globe into 2 hemispheres - western or eastern, which we are used to seeing on the map in the form of two circles.
- Meridians similarly facilitate the task of accurately determining the latitude and longitude of any point on earth, since the place of their intersection with each of the parallels is easily indicated by a digital mark.
- The value of vertical arcs is also measured in angular degrees, minutes, seconds, ranging from 0º to 180º.
- Starting from 1884, it was decided to take the Greenwich meridian as the zero mark.
- All coordinate values in the direction west of Greenwich are designated by the symbol “W,” that is, “western longitude.”
- All values in the direction east of Greenwich are designated by the symbol “E,” that is, “Eastern longitude.”
- All points located along the same meridian arc will have the same designation in degrees.
Remember! To calculate the longitude value, you need to correlate the location of the desired object with the digital designation of the nearest meridian, which is placed outside the image fields above and below.
How to find the coordinates of the desired point
The question often arises of how to determine latitude and longitude on a map if the desired point, distant from the coordinate grid, is located inside a square.
Calculating coordinates is also difficult when the image of the area is on a huge scale, and you don’t have more detailed information with you.
- Here you cannot do without special calculations - you will need a ruler with a pencil or a compass.
- First, the nearest parallel and meridian are determined.
- Their digital designation is recorded, then the step.
- Next, the distance from each of the arcs is measured in millimeters, then converted to kilometers using a scale.
- All this correlates with the pitch of parallels, as well as the pitch of meridians drawn on a certain scale.
- There are images with different pitches - 15º, 10º, and there are less than 4º, this directly depends on the scale.
- Having found out the distance between the nearest arcs, also the value in degrees, you need to calculate the difference, by how many degrees a given point is deviated from the coordinate grid.
- Parallel - if the object is in the northern hemisphere, then we add the resulting difference to the smaller number, and subtract it from the larger one; for the southern hemisphere this rule works similarly, only we carry out the calculations as with positive numbers, but the final number will be negative.
- Meridian - position given point in the east or western hemisphere does not affect the calculations, we add our calculations to the smaller value of the parallel, and subtract from the larger value.
Using a compass is also easy to calculate the geographic location - to get the value of the parallel, its ends need to be placed on the point of the desired object and the nearest horizontal arc, and then the thrust of the compass must be transferred to the scale of the existing map. And to find out the size of the meridian, repeat all this with the nearest vertical arc.
Select an object near the road, such as a windmill. Find its symbol on the map. Then position the map correctly along the road. Place a ruler (or pencil) on the symbol windmill and move around this center until the direction of the ruler (or pencil) coincides with the direction of the actual mill. Then the place where the ruler intersects the image of the road on the map and shows where you are (Fig. 16).
Rice. 16. Finding your location using a map and pencil
How to walk with a map and compass
A map and compass will help you find the right direction to any point, even if you have to go even through a dense forest, in the darkness of the night, in fog or a snowstorm, when the area is completely hidden from view.
The most convenient way to move around closed areas is to move by azimuth.
Azimuth is the angle calculated in degrees between the direction of the magnetic needle to the north and the direction that leads to the desired point.
The round bottom of the compass has 360 divisions (degrees). There is a zero opposite the letter C, and the degrees are counted from left to right in a clockwise direction. Thus, the direction to the east will make an angle of 90° with the direction of the magnetic needle, and the direction to the west will make an angle of 270°. Therefore, if you know the azimuth value, then it is easy for you to determine in which direction you need to move from the starting point. Remember the azimuths for different sides horizon:
0° - north
45° - northeast
90° - east
135° - southeast
225° - southwest
270° - west
315° - northwest.
And the angle at 360° coincides with zero and again points to the north.
How to determine azimuth
On the ground. The azimuth on the ground can only be determined if the destination is visible from the starting point.
Rice. 17. Determination of azimuth to various local objects: to a tree azimuth 70°, at home - azimuth 330°.
Face your destination. Notice a local object there, such as a free-standing tree or a farmstead. Take the compass in your hand and place the letter C under the magnetized end of the arrow. Then place a match on the glass lid of the compass so that one end passes through the center and the other is directed at the selected object. Now look through the glass at the bottom of the compass and read the number located under the outer end of the match. This figure will show you the azimuth value (Fig. 17).
On the map. Azimuth can also be determined on a map. To do this, place a compass on the side edge of the map, give the card the correct position, that is, turn it so that the side edge of the card coincides with the direction of the magnetic compass needle to the north. In this case, the top edge of the map should be above the letter C on the compass. Then find it on the map starting point, that is, the one with which you will begin your journey through this area. Connect this point with a straight line conventional sign Togo local subject, to which you must come. After this, move the compass so that its center lies on the starting point. Do not violate the position of the card. Now the line you draw on the map will be opposite some number on the compass. This number will show the desired angle (azimuth).
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If you transferred money to the wrong number, then a natural desire arises to figure out how to find out the owner by the card number in order to contact him and return the money. But everything is far from so simple. Let's consider the situation using Sberbank as an example.
How can I find out the name of the card owner?
In fact, it will not be possible to find out the full last name, first name and patronymic of the Sberbank card to which you unsuccessfully transferred money. You can only find out the name and patronymic of the card owner, as well as the letter with which his last name begins.
This is done using the Sberbank Online system. It is enough to initiate a transfer from your card to another Sberbank bank card, then what will be displayed in the “recipient” column is the name and patronymic of its owner. In this case, it is not necessary to complete the transfer of funds; you can view the necessary data and cancel the operation.
You will have at least some real data about the cardholder, as well as the first letter of his last name, based on which you can find or select the real last name of the cardholder through social media(if any other information is known).
Obtaining information from the bank
Some Sberbank clients think that they can find out the details of the recipient of funds on the card at a bank branch. But this is fundamentally incorrect information, since in the Russian Federation there is a law on bank secrecy and personal data of clients cannot be disclosed to employees of financial organizations.
Therefore, no matter how you ask to name the name of the person to whose card the money was transferred, a Sberbank employee will not do this.
Only the police can request information about the cardholder if required during the investigation. Therefore, we recommend that if you fall into the hands of fraudsters, you do not search for the criminal, but seek help from law enforcement agencies.
What can you find out from the number?
Although you cannot find out your full name by the number, you can find out other information about the owner from the card number, which is not secret and is encrypted in the number.
- The first digit determines the payment system. If it is 4, then the card belongs to the Visa payment system, if 5 – to the Mastercard system. There are other systems, for example, 3 is American Express.
- The first to sixth numbers identify the bank and are called the bank identifier or BIN.
- The seventh and eighth digits are the bank program according to which the card was issued.
- Numbers nine through fifteen are numbers related to the user’s personal data. They are unique and allow you to identify the owner of the card. But they do not give out information about his first or last name, so it is not a method to find out the owner by card number
- The sixteenth digit does not carry any information at all related to whose card it is. It is only used to check that the plastic number is correct.
As a result, it is impossible to find out the owner by the card number in this way, but it is possible to find out information about the bank in which the plastic card was issued, which can be useful.
How can they find out their full name?
Although there are no legitimate ways to find out the owner by card number, there are always illegal ones. For example, if the site where you store your payment card information is hacked, attackers may also steal your payment information and cardholder information.
Illegal sites may distribute databases of such cards, which can be used to obtain any information about their holder, including address and full name. This is the only one real way, how to find out a phone number using a Sberbank card, but it is outside the scope of the law.
Therefore, it is strongly recommended to register a separate payment card for online payments (for example, you can issue a virtual one) in order to secure your payments. It may be difficult to find a person by Sberbank card number, but in some cases it is quite easy for fraudsters to make payments from his account.
What to do if the translation is incorrect?
If the reason is precisely that you transferred money to the wrong number, then you don’t need to figure out how to find out the card owner by the Sberbank card number. You just need to call hotline Sberbank, explain the situation and indicate the transaction number indicated by the ATM or Internet bank during the transfer. After this, the recipient will be sent a request to transfer the money to the person who sent it. If a person does not want to commit it, then he can later claim the money in judicial procedure, having first written a statement to the police.
We suggest using a similar service from Google - + location interesting places in the world on the Google Maps diagram
Calculation of the distance between two points by coordinates:
Online calculator - calculating the distance between two cities, points. Their exact location in the world, can be found at the link above
Countries in alphabetical order:
Determining latitude and longitude on a map?
On the page quick identification coordinates on the map - we find out the latitude and longitude of the city. Online search for streets and houses by address, using GPS, to determine coordinates on a Yandex map, how to find a location - described in more detail below.
Determining the geographic coordinates of any city in the world (find out latitude and longitude) by online map from the Yandex service is actually a very simple process. You have two convenient options, let’s take a closer look at each of them.
Fill out the form: Rostov-on-Don Pushkinskaya 10 (with the help and if you have the house number, the search will be more accurate). In the upper right corner there is a form for determining coordinates, which contains 3 precise parameters - the coordinates of the mark, the center of the map and the zoom scale.
After activating the “Find” search, each field will contain the necessary data - longitude and latitude. Look at the “Center of the map” field.
Second option: In this case it’s even simpler. Interactive world map with coordinates contains a marker. By default, it is located in the center of Moscow. You need to drag the label and place it on the desired city, for example, determine the coordinates on. The latitude and longitude will automatically match the search object. Look at the “Mark Coordinates” field.
When searching the desired city or countries, use the navigation and zoom tools. By zooming in and out +/-, also moving the interactive map, easy to find any country, search for a region on the world map. So you can find geographical center Ukraine or Russia. In the country of Ukraine, this is the village of Dobrovelichkovka, which is located on the Dobraya River, Kirovograd region.
Copy the geographic coordinates of the center of Ukraine urban settlement. Dobrovelychkovka — Ctrl+C
48.3848,31.1769 48.3848 north latitude and 31.1769 east longitude
Longitude +37° 17′ 6.97″ E (37.1769)
Latitude +48° 38′ 4.89″ N (48.3848)
At the entrance to the urban settlement there is a sign notifying about this interesting fact. It will most likely be uninteresting to examine its territory. There are much more interesting places in the world.
How to find a place on the map using coordinates?
Let's consider reverse process, for example . Why do you need to determine latitude and longitude on a map? Let's say you need to determine by GPS coordinates navigator shows the exact location of the car on the diagram. Or close friend will call on a day off and tell you the coordinates of his location, inviting you to join a hunt or fishing.
Knowing the exact geographic coordinates, you will need a map with latitude and longitude. It is enough to enter your data into the search form from the Yandex service to determine the location by coordinates successfully. Example, enter the latitude and longitude of Moskovskaya street 66 in the city of Saratov - 51.5339,46.0368. The service will quickly determine and display the location of a given house in the city as a mark.
In addition to the above, you can easily determine the coordinates on the map of any metro station in the city. After the name of the city we write the name of the station. And we observe where the mark is located and its coordinates with latitude and longitude. To determine the length of the route, you need to use the “Ruler” tool (measuring distances on the map). We put a mark at the beginning of the route and then at end point. The service will automatically determine the distance in meters and show the track itself on the map.
It is possible to more accurately examine a place on the map thanks to the “Satellite” scheme ( top corner on right). Look what it looks like. You can do all of the above operations with it.
World map with longitude and latitude
Imagine you are in an unfamiliar area, and there are no objects or landmarks nearby. And there is no one to ask! How could you explain your exact location so that you can be found quickly?
Thanks to concepts such as latitude and longitude, you can be detected and found. Latitude shows the location of the object in relation to the South and North Poles. The equator is considered to be zero latitude. South Pole located at 90 degrees. south latitude, and North at 90 degrees north latitude.
This data turns out to be insufficient. It is also necessary to know the situation in relation to the East and West. This is where the longitude coordinate comes in handy.
Thank you to the Yandex service for the data provided. Cards
Cartographic data of cities in Russia, Ukraine and the world
There are many various systems coordinates, All of them serve to determine the position of points on earth's surface. This includes mainly geographical coordinates, flat rectangular and polar coordinates. In general, coordinates are usually called angular and linear quantities, defining points on any surface or in space.
Geographical coordinates- This angular values- latitude and longitude, which determine the position of a point on globe. Geographic latitude is the angle formed by a plane equator and a plumb line at a given point on the earth's surface. This angle value shows how far a particular point on the globe is north or south of the equator.
If a point is located in the Northern Hemisphere, then it geographic latitude will be called northern, and if in Southern Hemisphere- southern latitude. The latitude of points located on the equator is zero degrees, and at the poles (North and South) - 90 degrees.
Geographic longitude is also an angle, but formed by the plane of the meridian taken as the initial (zero) and the plane of the meridian passing through this point. For uniformity of definition, we agreed to consider the prime meridian to be the meridian passing through the astronomical observatory in Greenwich (near London) and call it Greenwich.
All points located to the east of it will have eastern longitude (up to the meridian 180 degrees), and to the west of the initial one will have western longitude. The figure below shows how to determine the position of point A on the earth's surface if its geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) are known.
Note that the difference in longitude of two points on Earth shows not only their mutual arrangement towards prime meridian, but also the difference in these points at the same moment. The fact is that every 15 degrees (24th part of the circle) in longitude is equal to one hour of time. Based on this, it is possible to geographic longitude determine the time difference at these two points.
For example.
Moscow has a longitude of 37°37′ (east), and Khabarovsk -135°05′, that is, lies east of 97°28′. What time do these cities have at the same moment? Simple calculations show that if it is 13 hours in Moscow, then in Khabarovsk it is 19 hours 30 minutes.
The figure below shows the design of the frame of a sheet of any card. As can be seen from the figure, in the corners of this map the longitude of the meridians and the latitude of the parallels that form the frame of the sheet of this map are written.
On all sides the frame has scales divided into minutes. For both latitude and longitude. Moreover, each minute is divided into 6 equal sections by dots, which correspond to 10 seconds of longitude or latitude.
Thus, in order to determine the latitude of any point M on the map, it is necessary to draw a line through this point, parallel to the lower or upper frame of the map, and read the corresponding degrees, minutes, seconds on the right or left along the latitude scale. In our example, point M has a latitude of 45°31’30”.
Similarly, drawing a vertical line through point M parallel to the lateral (closest to the given point) meridian of the border of a given sheet of the map, we read the longitude (eastern) equal to 43°31’18”.
Application to topographic map points at given geographic coordinates.
Drawing a point on a map at specified geographic coordinates is done in the reverse order. First, the indicated geographic coordinates are found on the scales, and then parallel and perpendicular lines are drawn through them. Their intersection will show a point with the given geographic coordinates.
Based on materials from the book “Map and Compass are My Friends.”
Klimenko A.I.