Already in ancient times, when traveling and discovering new lands, people sought to preserve the knowledge gained for posterity; they wrote up descriptions, and also made drawings and drawings of the places they visited.

The first geographical images of the area have been known since the 3rd-2nd centuries. BC e. These are rock paintings, drawings on bark, leather, wood, and bone. The peoples of the Pacific created their maps from shells and cuttings of palm leaves.

Maps have been known to people for a long time. Maps became widespread in the Roman Empire. They were used to organize military campaigns and in government.

In Europe, the flourishing of cartography began in the 15th century. - the period of the Great Geographical Discoveries. Maps have become more detailed and accurate.

Small areas of the earth's surface are depicted in the form of terrain plans.

Man widely uses terrain plans in his activities: construction, agriculture, etc.

To work with a site plan, you need to be able to read it, that is, know what the symbols mean. There are many of them, and they look like the objects themselves. Each object on the plan has a specific color: forests and gardens are shown in green, rivers, lakes, and swamps are shown in blue.

Site plans are drawn up in a reduced form using a scale.

The scale shows how many times the distances on the plan are reduced in relation to the real distances.

Maps, unlike a terrain plan, depict larger areas of the planet or even its entirety.

This is a reduced image of the Earth’s surface or its parts on a plane using scale and symbols.

Maps vary in scale. The smaller the scale of the map, the less information (details) it can convey. However, no matter how detailed the map is, the area on it is still not depicted in as much detail as on the plan.

On geographical maps, the expanse of water is shown in blue, shallow bodies of water are shown in light blue, and the depths of seas and oceans are shown in dark blue. Rivers are depicted as blue curved lines, lakes are depicted in the same way as on the site plan.

Green, yellow and orange indicate flat and hilly plains. Mountains are shown in different shades of brown.

The cards are also varied in content. Some maps show the relief of territories, seas, rivers (physical maps), others show countries of the world and their capitals (political maps), still others show enterprises, roads (economic maps), etc.

A degree network formed by intersecting lines is applied to the maps.

The lines connecting the North and South Poles are called meridians.

Prime Meridian divides the globe into two hemispheres - Eastern and Western.

The lines with which the meridians intersect are called parallels.

The longest parallel is equator. It divides the globe into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

Using a degree network, you can determine the position of any object on the planet.

1. What can you learn from a site plan?
2. What is scale needed for? What does it show?
3. Why is a degree network needed?

Site plan and geographical map- these are flat, reduced images of areas of the Earth's surface using symbols and scale. The scale shows how many times the distances on the plan or map are reduced in relation to real distances.

Horizon- This is the space visible to the eye. The imaginary line that limits the horizon is called the horizon line. There are main (north, south, west, east) and intermediate (northeast, southeast, southwest, northwest) sides of the horizon. The ability to determine one’s location relative to the sides of the horizon and individual objects is called orientation.

Find your bearings You can use a compass, the sun, stars and local signs.

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Before making a decision on the construction of any economic facility, on the laying of roads, on the allocation of land, it is necessary to have an image of the given area. It can be in the form of a drawing or photograph. They are usually made from the surface of the Earth, so they do not always show what size and shape this area has; some objects obscure others. The image of the terrain can be in the form in which the terrain is shown from above, however, not all objects in them are similar to their actual appearance on the terrain, not all terrain objects can be identified (a separate tree, a bush, a key, a mill). There are no names of settlements on aerial photographs; it is difficult to determine the trees that make up the forests. The most convenient and complete way to depict the area is a plan.

A terrain plan is a drawing that depicts a small part of the earth's surface from above in a reduced form. It shows what the area is occupied with, what objects are located on it. Using the terrain plan, you can determine the relative position of these objects, the distance between them, a given location, and much more.

The importance of a site plan is enormous. He is a faithful assistant to a person in studying nature, farming, for tourism and in defending the country. In agriculture, a site plan is necessary to locate agricultural facilities, determine the size of arable land, hayfields, and pastures. According to the plans, the location for the construction of economic facilities, buildings, the laying of roads, communications, and power lines is determined. All these objects are first marked on the site plan. All emergency services have such plans. They allow you to quickly approach the scene of the accident.

A terrain plan, just like a plan, is a reduced image of the earth’s surface on a plane. But the plan is different from .

The plan depicts small areas of terrain, so they are drawn on a large scale, for example, 1 cm - 5 km. The maps show significant areas of the terrain - the continent, the state, the world as a whole. And they draw them on smaller scales: 1 cm - 1 km, or 1 cm - 100 km, 1 cm - 250 km.

When making plans, the curvature of the spherical surface of the Earth is not taken into account and it is considered that parts of the surface are a plane. When constructing maps, the curvature of the earth's surface is always taken into account.

The plans are highly detailed depictions of the area, down to a single tree. The maps show only large objects: large rivers, lakes, mountains, cities. On the map of Moscow many streets are clearly visible, and on the map Moscow is marked with an asterisk.

Terrain diagram and basic rules

Their compilation

In the operational activities of internal affairs bodies, there is often a need to depict the area on a larger scale and in more detail than is shown on topographic maps. Since it is not always possible to plot all the necessary details on a map, especially when it is necessary to indicate the location of individual objects, landmarks and objects that were not previously plotted on the map. In this regard, plans, diagrams, cards and other graphic documents are widely used in the activities of internal affairs bodies, especially when it is necessary to graphically show a small area of ​​the area or an object.

A diagram is a graphic document drawn up on a map or terrain with more or less accurate adherence to scale, which displays only the local objects and individual relief details necessary for it.

General rules for drawing up diagrams. When drawing up terrain maps, certain rules must be followed. First of all, you should understand what the diagram is intended for, what data and with what accuracy need to be displayed on it. This will make it possible to determine the scale of the diagram, its dimensions and content, choose the method of drawing up the diagram, and to more accurately indicate any object on the diagram, magnetic azimuths and distances to easily identifiable local objects can be signed. To orient the diagram, in the free space an arrow shows the direction to the north, the ends of the arrow are signed with the letters C (north) and Y (south).

Under the bottom side of its frame the scale of the diagram (numerical or linear) is shown. In the case when the diagram is drawn up on an approximate scale, a reservation is made about this, for example, “scale, about 1: 3,000”, and when the scale of the diagram is not the same in its different directions, its value is not indicated, but then the distances are written on the diagram between objects.

When drawing up a diagram on a map at a certain scale, show the lines of the coordinate grid or their extensions beyond the frame of the diagram. Above the top side of the diagram frame, sign the name of the diagram and indicate the scale, nomenclature, and year of publication of the map on which the diagram was drawn up.

Rice. ____. Conventional signs used on terrain diagrams:

1 – ravine; 2 – mound; 3 – pit; 4 – hill and ravine

When drawing up diagrams, local objects and landforms are depicted with conventional simplified topographical signs. With their size increasing by one and a half to two times compared to the map, and some of them being simplified, it is recommended to apply symbols on the diagram by hand, in this case, first you need to designate the symbol with a thin, barely noticeable line, and then, making sure it correctness, the outlined lines are finally drawn.

Plans, diagrams, cards are drawn up on separate sheets of paper. Drawing is done with a simple pencil, if possible by hand; All required dimensions are determined by eye. Drawing supplies required: a well-sharpened pencil, a set of colored pencils, a soft eraser, an officer's ruler, a triangle, a field compass. The quality of drawing largely depends on the choice and sharpening of the pencil. For drawing, it is better to use a pencil of medium hardness (No. 3, 3H, T and TM). The pencil should be sharpened as thoroughly as possible, giving the end a conical shape at least 2 cm long. The position of the pencil when working with a map is shown in the figure.

Rice. ________. Working with a pencil

The eraser should be soft and not leave marks on the paper when erased. The eraser should be erased in one direction, without pressing hard on the paper.

For greater clarity, some conventional signs (blocks of a populated area, river bank, etc.) are shaded by thickening the lines on the shadow side. In this case, it is assumed that the light source is in the upper left corner of the sheet of paper, therefore all local objects that rise above the surrounding area are shown by signs, the lower and right sides of which are drawn with thick lines, and local objects representing recesses are shown by signs with thick lines up and down.

Settled areas are drawn in black in the form of closed figures, the outlines of which are similar to the configuration of the external boundaries of settlements.

Highways and improved dirt roads are depicted by two thin parallel black lines with a clearance of 1–2 mm, and dirt roads are drawn with one line, leading them to the approach to the populated area and making a small gap between the road and street signs.

Railways are drawn with a thick black line with transverse single, double or triple strokes showing the rut of the road.

Rivers are drawn with one or two blue lines. Inside the symbol of a river, depicted in two lines, as well as a lake and reservoir, several thin lines are drawn parallel to the coastline. The first line is drawn as close to the shore as possible, and towards the middle of the river or reservoir, the distances between the lines are gradually increased. If the river is narrow (up to 5 mm in the diagram), instead of solid lines, dashed lines are drawn along its bed.

The edges of the forest are shown with semi-oval symbols, connected by small ovals. Before drawing the boundaries of the forest with semi-ovals, it is necessary to mark its boundaries with a thin line, dots, etc., after which they draw a symbol along the intended line. If necessary, a symbol of trees is placed inside the contour, as on a map, with the necessary explanatory notes.

The bush is depicted as closed ovals of green color, elongated from left to right. First, draw one large oval measuring approximately 3 x 1.5 mm, and then draw three or four small ovals around it. As a rule, the boundaries of the bush are not shown.

The relief is drawn with brown horizontal lines, and relief details that cannot be depicted horizontally are drawn with conventional topographical signs. When depicting the relief with contour lines, their number will depend on the height of the mountain, i.e. The higher the mountain, the more horizontal lines there will be. In addition, the distance between the horizontal lines depends on the steepness of the slopes; the steeper they are, the closer they will be located to one another.

Elevation marks are signed in black and only those that are mentioned in service and combat documents.

Local objects that have the significance of landmarks, for the display of which conventional signs are not provided (stumps, broken trees, communication line supports, power transmission lines, road signs, etc.), are drawn on the diagrams in perspective, that is, as they look in kind .

Out-of-scale conventional signs, as well as conventional signs of vegetation cover, are drawn so that their vertical axis is perpendicular to the upper cut of the sheet.

Explanatory captions, names of settlements, digitization are placed parallel to the bottom (upper) side of the diagram, and signatures of the names of rivers, streams, lakes and tracts are made in italic font, placing them parallel to the symbols of rivers and streams and along the longer axes of the symbols of lakes and groves. Signatures related to the design of the diagram (document) and explanatory text are also written in italic font.

Everything that cannot be displayed on the diagram using conventional symbols is stated textually in a legend placed in the free margins of the diagrams or on its back.

Instructions

To create a topographic plan, study the special symbols that are used to mark objects located on terrain– roads, communications, buildings, hydrographic objects and vegetation.

If you want to make such a plan by eye survey, then select the highest point from where the entire area for which you want to make a plan will be visible. Attach a sheet of white paper to a rigid base - a tablet. Select the scale needed to fit the entire area. Draw an arrow -south and when making a plan, orient the tablet, placing it on a flat, rigid base, along.

Mark the point of your standing on the plan and, using a ruler, mark the directions to the objects of interest to you and the main landmarks located in this terrain. These include water pumps, pipes, free-standing buildings and trees, and road intersections.

Measure the direction to each such point by azimuth - the angle between the direction and the direction to the object. Plot this direction on the plan using a protractor. In this direction, mark to each point on the selected scale. It can be measured in steps or pairs of steps and then converted into meters and centimeters corresponding to the selected scale.

The main points selected as landmarks are reflected on the plan with the symbols that correspond to them. Look carefully at the area and draw, using step-by-step measurements or “by eye,” the remaining objects that you want to see on the plan - linear objects: rivers, roads, vegetation boundaries, fences. There you can also mark ravines, holes or hills, indicating their approximate depth or height.

Helpful advice

As a convenient and accurate basis, you can use high-resolution satellite images, which can be printed in the Google Earht or Yandex Maps mapping services.

Your dream has come true, you have become the owner of a garden plot or a country house. You want to do everything at once: plant flowers, build a gazebo, dig a sandbox for the children. There's no need to rush. Before you begin large-scale work, you need to carefully to plan location of all objects. To do this, take a pencil, paper, use your imagination and go ahead.

You will need

• - geodetic plan indicating the routes of underground communications (gas and water supply, sewerage) and groundwater levels

Instructions

Determine shapes and sizes. The more, the more interesting it will be for you. No matter the shape plot, having a well-developed imagination, you can place all the desired objects on it and it will be distinguished by its non-standard nature. If the area is small, you should not clutter it with small details, further reducing it visually.

Formulate a purpose for yourself plot: will it be with a vegetable garden, maybe in the future you are planning a house there or you want to improve and. Depending on this, you need to decide on the number of objects that you want to place on the site. Most often this is a house, bathhouse, toilet, barn, decorative flower beds, garden, vegetable garden, lawn, playground for children, walking paths, etc.

Draw a plan plot today, such as he is. Mark the boundaries, the location of the traffic intersection and all the objects that exist on the site: buildings, plantings, water lines, central sewerage and much more. If the site is uneven, the direction of the slope should be indicated schematically. Everything must be carefully measured and plotted plot.

Place all the desired objects on the plan. In this case, it is necessary to take into account sanitary standards and the interconnection of objects and their mutual influence. So, for example, it is better to place the beds in the garden on the sunny side, away from trees, and fruit trees and berries so that they have enough moisture, but at the same time the roots are far from groundwater, and also take into account the growth of shrubs in the future. If you are thinking of building a bathhouse on your property, you need to decide where the water drain will be located. The drainage pit and water drain should not be located in a well or well with drinking water.

Pay attention to the features of the landscape. If the area is flat, you can plant a lawn or make a playground there. Where there are a lot of uneven areas you can plant an alpine slide. Don’t rush to uproot trees; they can not only fit perfectly into the overall composition plot, but also successfully complement it.

Video on the topic

note

Consider sanitary standards and regulations.

Helpful advice

If you have a non-standard plot with uneven surfaces, use the services of a landscape designer, he will help you hide visible imperfections in the soil.

Even ancient travelers and explorers drew maps of entire continents, which are still amazing in their accuracy, but they probably started with creating terrain plans. A terrain plan is a reduced image of a small area of ​​the earth's surface in orthometric projection, as if the direction of view of a person looking at it from above was perpendicular to this surface.

Why are plans and maps needed?

If you look at a satellite image and a topographic map of the same area of ​​the Earth's surface, you will immediately see the difference between them. The image, just like the map, will show roads and buildings, plant contours and forests, but you will not get any parameters or characteristics of these real estate objects from the image. At the same time, on the map, where the same objects are plotted in the form of symbols, everything will be clear to you. With the help of conventional signs and inscriptions for them, it will be noted: what material this or that building and structure is built from, how many floors it has and whether it is residential; road surface material, their width and purpose; what plants predominate in a particular area covered with vegetation; what tree species grow in the forest, what is the average diameter of their trunks and the average height of their crowns.

A local plan differs from such a map only in its larger scale, so it usually depicts a surface with a smaller area and greater detail. On plans of scale 1:500 and larger, literally every bush and every tree, even a pile of stones, is reflected; there is also such a conventional sign. The smaller the scale of the map, the less detailed it is, but the larger the surface it allows to cover. Plans and maps of the area are used to obtain an objective idea of ​​the location of real estate, including in situational terms, taking into account how far and in what direction other objects are located from them.

Land plan

Land plans, which are available to each owner of such a plot, are a particular example of a site plan. If this plan contains elevation marks of surface points, constructed buildings and ancillary buildings, fences, garden paths, gazebos and vegetable beds are shown, you essentially have a three-dimensional model of the area. This model is the basis for planning the territory of a land plot and landscaping work; it greatly facilitates the design and installation of utilities.

In the event that you have purchased a plot of land to build a new house on it, such a site plan is simply necessary. There are software products that allow you to model the relief of this area and visualize it. You can, for example, choose the optimal place to build a summer house or cottage, taking into account the existing project.