06.11.2018
Customs Union (CU)- interstate agreement within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The CU involves the abolition of customs duties and similar payments in mutual trade between member countries of the union. In addition, the Customs Union unifies quality assessment and certification methods and creates a unified database on certain aspects of economic activity.
The conclusion of the Union is the basis for the creation of a single customs space on the territory of its members and the transfer of customs barriers to the external borders of the Union. Based on this, all countries in the customs area apply a single, coordinated approach to customs procedures and goods imported and exported across the borders of the Customs Union.
Also, throughout the territory of the Customs Union, equal rights for citizens of participating countries in employment are assumed.
The participants of the Customs Union currently (2016) are members of the EAEU:
- Republic of Armenia;
- Republic of Belarus;
- The Republic of Kazakhstan;
- Republic of Kyrgyzstan;
- Russian Federation.
Syria and Tunisia announced their intention to join the CU, and a proposal was voiced to admit Turkey into the Union. However, about concrete actions nothing is known about the implementation of these intentions.
The management and coordination bodies in the EAEU are:
- The Supreme Eurasian Economic Council is a supranational body consisting of the heads of state of the EAEU members;
- The Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) is a permanent regulatory body of the EAEU. The competence of the EEC includes, among other things, issues of international trade and customs regulation.
It would be fair to say that the Customs Union is one of the stages of the plan to strengthen economic ties between some states in the territory former USSR. In a certain sense, this can be seen as the restoration of once existing economic and technological chains, taking into account new political and economic realities.
An important aspect of the Union’s activities has become the system of centralized distribution of customs duties paid when crossing the borders of the Common Economic Space.
- Russia accounts for 85.33% of total amount;
- Kazakhstan receives - 7.11%;
- Belarus - 4.55%;
- Kyrgyzstan - 1.9%;
- Armenia - 1.11%.
In addition, the Customs Union has a mechanism for coordinated collection and distribution of indirect taxes.
Thus, in its current state, the Customs Union is a way of economic integration of the states that are members of the EAEU.
Official information about the Customs Union can be obtained on the website of the Eurasian Economic Union - eurasiancommission.org.
History of the creation of the vehicle
To better understand the prerequisites and goals of the creation of the Customs Union, it will be useful to consider the evolution integration processes in the post-Soviet space:
- 1995 - Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia sign the first agreement on the creation of the Customs Union. Subsequently, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan joined the agreement;
- 2007 - Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia enter into an Agreement on a single customs territory and the construction of the Customs Union;
- 2009 - previously concluded agreements are filled with specific content, about 40 are signed international treaties. A decision was made to form a single customs space on the territory of Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan from January 1, 2010;
- 2010 - the Unified Customs Tariff comes into force, a common Customs Code for three states is adopted;
- 2011 - customs control is removed from the borders between the CU states and transferred to their external borders with third countries;
- 2011 - 2013 - the development and adoption of common for the countries of the Union continues legislative norms, the first unified technical regulation on product safety appears;
- 2015 - Armenia and Kyrgyzstan join the Customs Union.
- 2016 - Entry into force of the Agreement on a free trade zone between the EAEU and Vietnam. Statement by the presidents of the EAEU countries “On the digital agenda of the Eurasian Economic Union.”
- 2017 - " White paper» barriers, exemptions and restrictions. Signing and ratification of the Treaty on the Customs Code of the EAEU.
- 2018 - Entry into force of the Treaty on the Customs Code of the EAEU. Granting the Republic of Moldova the status of an observer country in the EAEU. Signing of the Agreement on trade and economic cooperation between the EAEU and the PRC. Signing of an Interim Agreement leading to the creation of a free trade zone between the EAEU and Iran.
It must be said that integration processes, with at different speeds and results continued continuously throughout the period described. Gradually led to general standards legislation and customs tariffs in trade with third countries.
Goals of the Customs Union and their implementation
The immediate goal of the Customs Union was stated to be an increase in markets for goods and services produced by its members. The calculation was made, first of all, on the growth of sales within the Common Customs Space of the Union. This was supposed to be achieved by:
- The abolition of internal customs duties, which should contribute to the price attractiveness of products produced in the Union;
- Acceleration of the turnover of goods due to the abolition of customs control and clearance when moving them within the Customs Union;
- Adoption of general sanitary-epidemiological and veterinary requirements, common standards safety of goods and services, mutual recognition of test results.
To unify approaches to quality and safety, an interstate agreement was concluded on mandatory certification of products specified in the “Unified List of Products Subject to Mandatory Assessment (Confirmation) of Compliance within the Customs Union with the issuance of uniform documents.” For 2016, over three dozen regulations on requirements for the safety and quality of goods, works and services have been agreed upon. Certificates issued by any state are valid in all others.
The next goal of the Customs Union should be the joint protection of the internal market of the Customs Union, the creation of favorable conditions for the production and sale, first of all, of domestic products of the Union member countries. At this point in the program, mutual understanding between states turned out to be somewhat less than in matters of mutual trade. Each country had its own priorities in the development of production, while protecting the interests of neighbors was sometimes not in the best possible way affected importing enterprises and the population.
Contradictions in the CU
The Customs Union united states with a common past, including economic, but a different present, primarily economic. Each of the ex Soviet republics and in Soviet period it had its own specialization, and during the years of independence there were many other changes associated with attempts to find its place in the world market and in the regional division of labor. Belarus and Kyrgyzstan, states equally distant geographically and in structure, have few mutual interests. But there are similar interests. The economic structure of both countries, dating back to Soviet times, has been built in such a way that it requires Russian market sales The situation in Kazakhstan and Armenia is somewhat different, but for them, ties with Russia are extremely important, largely for geopolitical reasons.
At the same time, the Russian economy until the end of 2014 grew successfully due to high gas and other raw materials. What gave Russian Federation financial opportunities to finance integration processes. Similar image actions may not have promised immediate economic benefits, but it did suggest an increase in Russia's influence on the world stage. Thus, the Russian Federation has always remained the real driving force of the processes of the Eurasian unification in general and the Customs Union in particular.
The history of integration processes in recent decades looks like a series of compromises between Russia’s influence and the interests of its neighbors. For example, Belarus has repeatedly stated that it is not the Customs Union itself that is important to it, but a single economic space with equal prices for oil and gas and access for enterprises of the Republic to Russian government procurement. For this purpose, Belarus agreed to increase tariffs on the import of passenger cars in 2010-2011, without having its own production of such products. Such a “sacrifice” also became the reason for the announcement of mandatory certification of goods light industry, which hit small retail trade hard. In addition, the internal standards of the Customs Union had to be brought into line with the norms, although Russia is a member of this organization (and enjoys the corresponding opportunities in international trade), and Belarus is not.
So far, the Republic of Belarus has not received the desired benefits in full, because... Questions about equalities with domestic Russian energy prices have been postponed until 2025. Also, Belarusian enterprises did not receive opportunities to participate in Russian program import substitution.
It should be noted that the agreements of the Customs Union have many exceptions and clarifications, anti-dumping, protective and compensatory measures that do not allow us to talk about common benefits and equal conditions for all participants in the organization. Almost each of the CU states at certain points expressed their dissatisfaction with the contractual terms.
Despite the elimination of customs posts within the Union, border control between states remains. Inspections by sanitary control services also continue at internal borders. The practice of their work demonstrates neither mutual trust nor the declared unity of approaches. An example of this is the periodic conflicts between Russia and Belarus “ food wars" Their usual scenario begins with non-recognition of the quality of products certified by the Belarusian side and leads to a ban on supplies to Russian consumers “until the deficiencies are eliminated.”
Advantages of the Customs Union
Talk about achieving the goals declared at the conclusion of the Customs Union this moment(2016) is impossible, internal trade turnover between CU participants is falling. There are also no particular advantages for the economy compared to the period before the agreements were concluded.
At the same time, there is reason to believe that without the agreement on the Customs Union the situation would have looked even more depressing. Crisis phenomena in each individual economy could have larger scale and depth. Presence in the Customs Union gives many enterprises a comparative advantage in the intra-Union market.
The shared distribution of customs duties between the CU states also looks favorable for Belarus and Kazakhstan (initially, the Russian Federation claimed to transfer 93% of the total to its own).
The agreements in force in the Customs Union provide the opportunity for duty-free sales of cars produced in the territory of the Union in the industrial assembly mode. Thanks to this, Belarus received foreign investment in the construction of enterprises for the production of passenger cars. Until this time, such projects were not successful due to the small volume of the Belarusian sales market itself.
Practice of application of customs agreements
Studying the published information about the creation and functioning of the Customs Union, it is easy to notice that the declarative part, i.e. Ratified interstate agreements and general documents are mentioned much more often than specific figures for increasing trade turnover.
But the Union should obviously not be treated as a PR campaign. There is a noticeable simplification of the movement of goods, a reduction in the number of administrative procedures, and some improvement in competitive conditions for enterprises of the CU member countries. It is likely that filling agreed upon uniform rules with economic content requires time and mutual interest not only state institutions, but also business entities within the CU.
- an international economic organization endowed with functions related to the formation of common external customs borders of its member countries (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan), the development of a unified foreign economic policy, tariffs, prices and other components of the functioning of the common market.The organization, which became the legal successor of the Customs Union, was created in full accordance with UN principles and norms international law. This is a clearly structured system with a fairly rigid mechanism for making and implementing decisions. It has international legal personality. The Community and its officials shall enjoy the privileges and immunities necessary to perform the functions and achieve the purposes provided for by the agreement on the establishment of the EurAsEC and treaties operating within the Community. In 2003, the Eurasian Economic Community received observer status in the UN General Assembly.
Community Goals
The EurAsEC was created to effectively promote the process of formation by member states of the Customs Union of the Common Economic Space, coordinating their approaches to integration into world economy and the international trading system.
One of the main vectors of the organization’s activities is ensuring the dynamic development of the Community countries by coordinating socio-economic transformations with effective use their economic potentials in the interests of improving the living standards of peoples.
The main objectives of the Community include:
- completion of the free trade regime in full, formation of a single customs tariff and unified system non-tariff regulation measures;
- establishment general rules trade in goods and services and their access to domestic markets;
- introduction of a unified procedure for currency regulation and currency control;
- creation of a common unified system of customs regulation;
- development and implementation of joint programs for socio-economic development;
- creating equal conditions for production and business activities;
- formation of a common market for transport services and a unified transport system;
- formation of a common energy market;
- creation of equal conditions for access to markets for foreign investment parties;
- provision to citizens of Community states equal rights in obtaining education and medical care throughout its entire territory;
- convergence and harmonization of national legislation;
- ensuring interaction legal systems states of the EurAsEC with the aim of creating a common legal space within the Community.
The agreement on the establishment of the Eurasian Economic Community was signed on October 10, 2000 in the capital of Kazakhstan, Astana, by the presidents of Belarus - Alexander Lukashenko, Kazakhstan - Nursultan Nazarbayev, Kyrgyzstan - Askar Akaev, Russia - Vladimir Putin, Tajikistan - Emomali Rakhmonov.
Composition of the EurAsEC
Since its formation, five states have been members of the Eurasian Economic Community - Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan. In May 2002, at the request of the leadership of Moldova and Ukraine, these states were granted observer status at the EurAsEC. In 2003, a similar request from Armenia was granted. In January 2006, Uzbekistan became a member of the EurAsEC.
EurAsEC is an open organization. Any state can become its member, which not only assumes the obligations arising from the Treaty on the Establishment of the Eurasian Economic Community of October 10, 2000 and other treaties in force within the Community according to the list determined by the decision of the Interstate Council of the EurAsEC, but also, in the opinion of the members EurAsEC can and intends to fulfill these obligations.
Observer status at the EurAsEC may be granted to a state or an international interstate (intergovernmental) organization at their request. An observer has the right to attend open meetings of EurAsEC bodies, speak at these meetings with the consent of the chairperson, and receive, as necessary, open documents and decisions taken by EurAsEC bodies. Observer status does not give the right to vote when making decisions at meetings of EurAsEC bodies and the right to sign documents of EurAsEC bodies.
Structure of the governing bodies of the EurAsEC
The governing bodies of the Community include the Interstate Council, the Integration Committee, the Interparliamentary Assembly, and the Community Court.
Interstate Council
This is the highest body of the Eurasian Economic Community. It is composed of heads of state and government of the countries of the community.
In May 2002, President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev was elected chairman of the Interstate Council. In June 2005, President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko was elected to this position.
The Interstate Council considers fundamental issues of the Community related to common interests member states, determines the strategy, directions and prospects for the development of integration and makes decisions aimed at achieving the goals and objectives of the EurAsEC.
The Interstate Council meets at the level of heads of state at least once a year (2002 - Moscow, 2003 - Dushanbe, 2004 - Astana, 2005 - Moscow, 2006 (extraordinary) - St. Petersburg), at the level of heads of government - not less than twice a year.
Integration Committee
This is a permanent body of the Eurasian Economic Community. It consists of deputy heads of government of the EurAsEC countries. The main tasks of the Integration Committee include ensuring interaction between EurAsEC bodies, preparing proposals for the agenda of meetings of the Interstate Council, as well as draft decisions and documents, monitoring the implementation of decisions adopted by the Interstate Council.
Meetings of the Integration Committee are held at least four times a year.
Secretariat
On this structural subdivision entrusted with the task of organizing and providing information and technical support for the work of the Interstate Council and the Integration Committee.
The Secretariat is headed by the Secretary General of the Eurasian Economic Community. This is the highest administrative official of the community, appointed by the Interstate Council. In October 2001, by the decision of five presidents, Grigory Rapota was appointed to this position.
The location of the Secretariat is Almaty (Kazakhstan) and Moscow (Russia).
Commission of Permanent Representatives
The heads of state of the Community appoint permanent representatives to the EurAsEC. The Commission of Permanent Representatives formed by them is intended to ensure the work of the Community in the intervals between meetings of the Integration Committee, as well as working interaction between the Community and the relevant bodies, departments and organizations of the EurAsEC states.
Interparliamentary Assembly
This is a body of parliamentary cooperation within the EurAsEC, which considers issues of harmonization (convergence, unification) of national legislation and bringing it into conformity with treaties concluded within the EurAsEC, in order to implement the objectives of the Community.
The Interparliamentary Assembly is formed from parliamentarians delegated by the parliaments of the Community countries. It consists (as of before Uzbekistan joined the EurAsEC) 28 parliamentarians from Russia, 14 each from Belarus and Kazakhstan, 7 each from Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
The Secretariat of the Interparliamentary Assembly is located in St. Petersburg (Russia).
Community Court
The Community Court ensures uniform application by the contracting parties of the Treaty establishing the Eurasian Economic Community and other treaties in force within the Community and decisions taken by EurAsEC bodies. The Community Court also considers disputes of an economic nature arising between members of the EurAsEC on the implementation of decisions of the EurAsEC bodies and the provisions of treaties operating within the Community, and provides explanations and conclusions on them.
The seat of the Community Court is the city of Minsk (Belarus).
Auxiliary organs
There are a number of subsidiary bodies within the Community. The Council on Energy Policy, the Council on Transport Policy, the Council on Border Issues, and the Council of Leaders, created under the Integration Committee, are actively working customs services, Council of Heads of Tax Services, Council of Ministers of Justice and others.
The heads of departments of the six states united in these councils jointly develop coordinated policies in relevant areas.
EurAsEC budget
Community budget for each budget year is developed by the Integration Committee in agreement with the states of the Community and approved by the Interstate Council.
The Community budget is formed through shared contributions: 40 percent is contributed by Russia, 15 percent each by Belarus, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, and 7.5 percent each by Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
Decision making in the Community
The Interstate Council of the EurAsEC makes decisions by consensus. Decisions made become mandatory for implementation in all member countries of the Community. The execution of decisions occurs through the adoption of the necessary national regulatory legal acts in accordance with national legislation.
In the Integration Committee, decisions are made by a two-thirds majority vote. The number of votes when making decisions in the Integration Committee corresponds to the contribution of each party to the Community budget. Russia has 40 votes, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan - 15 each, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan - 7.5 each.
Main priorities in the activities of the EurAsEC
To the number priority areas The activities of the EurAsEC in the near future include:
Transport - solving the problem of uniform tariffs, increasing cargo flow, simplifying customs procedures, completing domestic procedures under signed agreements, creating transnational transport and forwarding corporations.
Energy - joint development of hydropower complexes Central Asia and solving the problem of electricity supply and water use, achieving a unified energy balance.
Labor migration - social protection of migrants, creation of an effective system of regulation and control over migration labor resources, combating crime associated with migration, solving problems related to the payment of taxes by migrants and their employers.
Agricultural-industrial complex - harmonization of the agricultural policy of the EurAsEC states, formation of a single food market of the Community countries, reduction of costs for transportation, storage, sale of agricultural products, formation of new market institutions in this area (insurance, banking, leasing, exchange and others).
Conditions for the movement of citizens of countries belonging to the EurAsEC within the territory of the Community
In accordance with the intergovernmental agreement, citizens of the EurAsEC member states, regardless of their place of permanent residence, have the right to enter, exit, transit, move and stay in the territory of the EurAsEC states without visas.
Procedure for acquiring citizenship
Currently, the Community has a simplified procedure for acquiring citizenship. Since the interstate agreement regulating this procedure is international, according to international rules it has priority over the corresponding national legal acts.
The rights of citizens of states that are members of the EurAsEC to receive education in higher educational institutions of the Community countries
In accordance with the agreement, any citizen of any EurAsEC country has the right to enter any civil higher education institution. educational institution any EurAsEC country on the same basis as citizens of the country in whose territory this higher education institution is located.
Benefits for real business
The benefits of participation in the EurAsEC for the real business of the five countries lie primarily in the fact that business activity develops within a single economic space, which is supported by the unification of the national legislation of the Community countries and the creation of equal conditions for economic entities operating in this space. When moving goods and services produced on the territory of the EurAsEC through internal borders Communities are not charged customs duties. By reducing transaction costs, goods produced on the territory of the EurAsEC countries become more competitive compared to goods from third countries. The possibility of using the existing potential of innovative technologies and intellectual resources of the five Community states also plays a significant role.
CONTACT INFORMATION
Secretariat of the Integration Committee
Eurasian Economic Community:
105066, Moscow, 1st Basmanny Lane, 6, building 4
The Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) is an international economic organization that existed from 2001 to 2014. and created for the effective promotion by the Parties of the process of forming the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space, as well as the implementation of other goals and objectives related to deepening integration in the economic and humanitarian fields.
The Eurasian Economic Community was formed on the basis of the customs union of some CIS countries created in 1995, but never operational. In May 2000, Russian President Vladimir Putin took the initiative to transform it into a new international economic organization. The Treaty establishing the EurAsEC was signed on October 10, 2000 in Astana (Kazakhstan) and entered into force on May 30, 2001 after its ratification by all member states.
Since its formation, five states have been members of the EurAsEC - Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan.
The objectives of the organization are:
· Completion of the full implementation of the free trade regime, the formation of a common customs tariff and a unified system of non-tariff regulation measures;
· Ensuring freedom of capital movement;
· Formation of a common financial market;
· Agreement on the principles and conditions of the transition to a single currency within the EurAsEC;
· Establishment of general rules for trade in goods and services and their access to domestic markets;
· Creation of a common unified system of customs regulation;
· Development and implementation of interstate targeted programs;
· Creation of equal conditions for production and business activities;
· Formation of a common market for transport services and a unified transport system;
· Formation of a common energy market;
· Creation of equal conditions for access of foreign investments to the markets of the Parties;
· Ensuring free movement of citizens of EurAsEC states within the Community;
· Coordination social policy to build a community social states, providing for a common labor market, a single educational space, coordinated approaches to addressing issues of healthcare, labor migration, etc.;
· Approximation and harmonization of national legislations;
· Ensuring interaction of the legal systems of the EurAsEC states in order to create a common legal space within the Community;
· Interaction with the UN.
In August 2006, at the Interstate Council of the EurAsEC, a fundamental decision was made to create a Customs Union consisting of only three states ready for this - Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan.
In 2009, the supranational body of the Customs Union, the Customs Union Commission, began work; the EurAsEC Anti-Crisis Fund was established; Center created high technology EurAsEC; a package of documents forming legal framework Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, including the Agreement on the Customs Code of the Customs Union; Plan approved actions to form a Common Economic Space of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia; the concepts of food security of the EurAsEC and the creation of the Eurasian innovation system were also approved.
After the formation of the Customs Union in December 2010, at the EurAsEC summit in Moscow, agreements were reached on the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union on the basis of the Common Economic Space of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia.
In October 2011, an agreement was signed on the creation of a free trade zone within the CIS. During the EurAsEC summit, Vladimir Putin announced the start of implementation of plans to create a Eurasian Economic Union based on the future Common Economic Space.
In December 2012, an agreement was reached on the reorganization of the EurAsEC with the transfer of some functions to the Eurasian Economic Commission. EurAsEC retains the solution of problems in the humanitarian sphere, transport, energy and the implementation of 15 interstate programs.
“EurAsEC is, without exaggeration, the most successful integration association in the CIS space. The community has fulfilled all the tasks that it set for itself: the Customs Union has become operational, the Troika’s Common Economic Space has been launched, and their common regulatory body has been created - the Eurasian Economic Commission. The EurAsEC will function until 2015, when the Eurasian Economic Union will be formed,” said Russian President Vladimir Putin.
On October 24, 2013, President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev, at a meeting of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council, proposed dissolving the EurAsEC, since with the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan, the EurAsEC as an organization that largely duplicates its functions will not be needed.
On October 10, 2014, the heads of member states from Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan signed documents on the liquidation of the Eurasian Economic Community in Minsk. This association ceases its work in connection with the beginning of the functioning of the Eurasian Economic Union on January 1, 2015.
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin short biography for children
- Brief Introduction
- Rise to power
- Cult of personality
- Stalin's purges in the party
- Deportations
- Collectivization
- Industrialization
- Death of Stalin
- Personal life
- Even briefly about Stalin
Addition to the article:
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Brief Introduction
Joseph Vissarionovich to the military events of the state
. Stage of the First World War, for Joseph began the entry of the empire into hostilities. The future leader of the people was drafted into the ranks Russian army. However, his left hand was damaged and Joseph was removed from service. He had to go to Achinsk, just 100 km from the Trans-Siberian Railway, for a medical examination, and was allowed to remain there after being expelled from the army. 
. 1917, as the beginning of the era of Soviet power. In anticipation of the political upheaval, Stalin became an important figure in the removal of imperial rule. He then took a position in favor of supporting Alexander Kerensky and the provisional government. Stalin was elected to the Bolshevik Central Committee. In the fall of 1917, the Bolshevik Central Committee voted for the uprising. On November 7, an uprising called the Great October Revolution was organized. On November 8, the Bolshevik movement organized storm Winter Palace
.
. Civil War 1917-1919. After political changes society began a civil war. Stalin challenged Trotsky. There is an opinion that the future head of state was the initiator of the liquidation of some of the counter-revolutionaries and officers of the Soviet troops who transferred from the service of imperial Russia. In May 1919, in order to stop mass desertions in Western Front, the violators were publicly executed by Stalin.
. 1919-1921, in the context of a military dispute with Poland. Victory in the revolution caused the Russian Empire to cease to exist. The Soviet Union (USSR) appeared. At this time, the conflict began, which was called the Soviet-Polish war. Stalin was unperturbed in his determination to take control of the city in Poland - Lvov (now Lvov in Ukraine). This is contrary to the general strategy established by Lenin and Trotsky, which focused on capturing Warsaw and further north. The Poles defeated the USSR army. Stalin was accused and returned to the capital. At the Ninth Party Conference in 1920, Trotsky openly criticized Stalin's behavior.
Stalin's rise to power
Stalin's personality cult
Stalin's purges in the party
Deportations
- They deeply influenced the ethnic map of the USSR.
- It is estimated that between 1941 and 1949, almost 3.3 million people were deported to Siberia and the Central Asian republics.
- According to some estimates, up to 43% of the population who were “expelled” died from disease and malnutrition.
Collectivization
Industrialization
Stalin's policy in World War II
In August 1939, an unsuccessful attempt was made to negotiate anti-Hitler pacts with other major European powers. After which Joseph Vissarionovich decided to conclude a non-aggression pact with the German leadership. 
On September 1, 1939, the German invasion of Poland marked the beginning Second World War. Stalin took measures to strengthen the Soviet military and modified and increased the effectiveness of propaganda in the Soviet army. On June 22, 1941, Adolf Hitler violated the non-attack agreement.
While the Germans pressed on, Stalin was confident in the possibility of an Allied victory over Germany. The Soviets repulsed an important German strategic southern campaign and, although there were 2.5 million Soviet victims in this effort, it allowed the Soviets to go on the offensive over much of the remaining Eastern Front.
April 30 leader Nazi Germany and his new wife took their own lives, after which Soviet troops found their remains, which were burned as per Hitler's directive. The German troops surrendered after a few weeks. Stalin was nominated for Nobel Prize peace in 1945 and 1948.
Death of Stalin
Personal life
- Marriages and families. The first wife of I.V. Stalin was Ekaterina Svanidze in 1906. From this union a son was born, Jacob. Yakov served in the Red Army during the war. The Germans took him prisoner. They demanded to exchange him for Field Marshal Paulus, who surrendered after Stalingrad, but Stalin refused this offer, saying that they had in their hands not only his son, but millions of sons of the Soviet Union.
- And he said that either the Germans would let everyone go, or his son would remain with them.
- Subsequently, Yakov is said to have wanted to commit suicide, but survived. Yakov had a son, Evgeniy, who recently defended his grandfather's legacy in Russian courts. Evgeniy is married to a Georgian woman, has two sons and seven grandchildren.
- With his second wife, whose name was Nadezhda Alliluyeva, Stalin had children Vasily and Svetlana. Nadezhda died in 1932, officially from illness.
- But there were rumors that she committed suicide after a quarrel with her husband. They also said that Stalin himself killed Nadezhda. Vasily rose into the ranks of the USSR Air Force. Officially dies of alcoholism in 1962.
- No matter what, this is still in question.
- He distinguished himself during World War II as a capable pilot. Svetlana fled to the United States in 1967, where she later married William Wesley Peters. Her daughter Olga lives in Portland, Oregon.
Even briefly about Stalin
Stalin's personality briefly
Stalin, in short, is a person whose scale and assessment of his activities is comparable only to another ruler of Russia - Peter I. They are very similar in their harsh methods of action to achieve goals, in complex tasks, which they had to solve, and by participating in the most difficult wars. And the assessment of these politicians has always been extremely contradictory: from worship to hatred.
Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, who later, during the years of his participation in revolutionary activities, chose the pseudonym “Stalin”, was born in 1879 in the small Georgian village of Gori.
Speaking about Stalin, it is necessary to briefly mention his father. A shoemaker by profession, he drank a lot and often beat his wife and son. These beatings led to the fact that little Joseph disliked his father and became bitter. Having suffered severely from smallpox in childhood (he almost died from it), Stalin forever had marks from it on his face. For them he received the nickname “Pockmarked”. Another injury is associated with my childhood - my left arm was damaged, which did not recover over time. Stalin, being a vain man, could hardly tolerate his physical imperfection, never undressed in public and therefore did not tolerate doctors.
The main character traits were also formed in childhood in Georgia: secrecy and vindictiveness. Himself short in stature and physically weak, Stalin, in short, could not stand tall, stately and strong people. They aroused his hostility and suspicion.
Started training at religious school, but studies were given with great difficulty due to Stalin’s poor knowledge of the Russian language. Subsequent studies at the seminary had an even worse effect on Joseph. Here he learned to be intolerant of other people's opinions, became cunning, very rude and resourceful. Another one distinguishing feature Stalin - absolute lack of humor. As he got older, he could joke with someone, but in relation to himself, he did not tolerate any fun since the time of his studies.
Started at the seminary revolutionary activity future father of the nation. For her he was expelled from graduating class. After this, Stalin devoted himself entirely to Marxism. Since 1902, he was repeatedly arrested and escaped from exile several times.
In 1903 he joined the Bolshevik Party. Stalin becomes Lenin's most zealous follower, thanks to whom he is noticed in the party leadership. Beginning in 1912, he became a prominent figure among the Bolsheviks.
During the revolution, he was one of the members of the leadership center of the uprising. During the years of intervention and Civil War Stalin, as a skilled organizer, is sent to the most troubled spots. He is engaged in repelling Kolchak's offensive in Siberia, defending St. Petersburg from Yudenich's troops. His active work, charisma, and ability to lead make Stalin one of Lenin's close assistants.
With Lenin's illness in 1922, the struggle for power intensified. senior management Bolsheviks. Vladimir Ilyich himself was categorically against the possibility that Stalin could be his successor. Behind last years collaboration Lenin began to understand his character well - intolerance, rudeness, vindictiveness.
After Lenin's death, Joseph Stalin took over the leadership of the country and immediately launched an attack on his former allies. He was not going to tolerate any opposition around him.
Stalin began collectivization and industrialization in the country. During his reign, a total totalitarian regime was established. Were held mass repression. The year 1937 was especially terrible. Carrying out foreign policy course towards rapprochement with Germany, Stalin, in short, did not believe that its leadership would decide in the near future to go to war with the USSR. Repeatedly notified exact date invasion of the German army, he considered this information to be misinformation.
At the same time, having led the gigantic country for almost 30 years, he was able to turn it into one of the strongest world powers.
He died on March 5, 1953 at the government dacha. By official version- from cerebral hemorrhage. There are still versions that Stalin’s death is the result of a conspiracy in his inner circle.
In 1922, Stalin participated in the creation of the USSR. Stalin did not consider it necessary to create a union of republics, as Lenin proposed, but rather a unitary state with autonomous national associations. This plan was rejected by Lenin and his associates. And on December 30, 1922, at the First All-Union Congress of Soviets, a decision was made to unite the Soviet republics into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics- THE USSR.
In March 1921, the X Congress of the RCP(b) adopted a new economic policy, replacing the policy of “war communism”. The main goal NEP was restored National economy and the subsequent transition to socialism. Stalin is forced to take into account the NEP, this is the policy proposed by Ilyich, but, having become the head of state, at the first opportunity he will abandon this policy, as being contrary to socialism-communism.
A price imbalance between industrial and agricultural goods arose in the fall of 1923, in the second year of the NEP, and was called “Price Scissors.” Industrial goods became much more expensive, but prices for agricultural products became low and peasants stopped selling grain beyond what they needed to pay taxes. Only in the poor peasants did the government see its real support in the countryside. They were main force, which allowed and helped the wheels of collectivization to turn. Wealthy peasants, kulaks, were considered hostile elements. The government pitted poor peasants against wealthy ones. This process was called dispossession (Fig. 10, 11). Many of wealthy peasants they were afraid to build a new house or buy a second horse, lest they be considered kulaks.
Collectivization became the most terrible manifestation of Stalin's domestic policy. The idea of collectivization did not arise and was not introduced immediately after Stalin came to power; it was like a time bomb that exploded in 1927 after the “price scissors” crisis, when grain sales in some regions decreased significantly.
In the fall of 1927, city stores resembled a desert: cheese and milk disappeared from the shelves. Then the bread disappeared; people stood in huge lines to get their bread rations. This was the final impetus for Stalin’s decision to introduce new policy instead of the old NEP. Extreme measures were taken to end this crisis. Thirty thousand Party members were sent to the villages to extract grain from the peasants. Stalin allowed local party officials to use force as necessary to obtain grain. Poor peasants were paid money to look for grain in the farms of their kulak neighbors.
The issue of attitude towards the peasantry was the most important throughout the course socialist revolution. It became even more important during Stalin's rule, as manifested in his policies aimed at the peasantry: dispossession, collectivization and land distribution.
To outside observers, collectivization may have seemed like a pretty nice policy, welcomed by the people. In reality, collectivization turned out to be one of the darkest spots in Russian history; pain, terror and fear that were established in the village. Stalin, using the party apparatus, was able to concentrate enormous power in his hands, which gave him the opportunity to create the preconditions for the establishment of one-man rule, which included legislative, executive and judiciary. This allowed Stalin to make decisions that he considered necessary.
Stalin destroyed peasant farms and created collective farms instead. This was supposed to be a guarantee against the emergence of private farmers who could only choose the road to capitalism. Stalin carried out a revolution in peasant society through force and terror.
The policy of mass collectivization brought disastrous results: from 1929 to 1934. overall grain production fell by 10%, the number of cattle and horses decreased by one third, and the number of pigs was only half the original. However, Stalin celebrated his victory. Despite the fall in grain production, grain revenues to the government doubled.
Stalin's agricultural policy affected social life peasantry. Firstly, she provoked mass famine in Ukraine, the Volga region and some other areas. Mortality and the flight of peasants from villages led to a decrease in the country's agricultural population: from 80% in 1928 to to 56% in 1937
Therefore, in 1932 the government tried to assign collective farm members to their region: they did not receive passports and did not have the right to leave their place of residence without permission. The greatest results of collectivization can be seen in the fact that with the advent of collective farms, the peasant class as such disappears. A person who does not take part in decisions related to his work gets rid of the results of his work, loses incentive to work, a sense of responsibility and independence.
In addition to collectivization, there was also industrialization, where becoming the first in the world became Stalin’s goal in itself. Moreover, there was no talk about the price of this leadership. The peasants became hostages of Stalin's ambitions. Yes, he created powerful country, but deprived its people of basic economic and political rights, including the right to life. In my work, I did not set out to analyze the results of such experiments on my own people, but Stalin was least of all interested in the problems and troubles of HIS people, he decided so, he is a leader, and if anyone doubts, he is his enemy.
Once, during a feast of the leaders of the CPSU (b) in the late 30s, someone raised the question: what is happiness? The leaders began to speak out: “live under communism,” “sit at the same table with Comrade Stalin,” “fulfill the five-year plan ahead of schedule.” And this is what Comrade Stalin said: “Happiness is having an enemy. Finding him and destroying him.” That's how he acted. Who is not with him, who doubted. He must be destroyed. But other people must do this; he, as always, is on the sidelines.