PEOPLE'S REVOLUTIONARY ARMY OF THE FAR EASTERN REPUBLIC (NRA FER), 1920–1922.
After the defeat of the white armies of Admiral A.V. Kolchak On January 22, 1920, the Irkutsk Military Revolutionary Committee from volunteer and partisan detachments, as well as military units of the People's Revolutionary Army of the Political Center (former Kolchak's, who went over to the side of the Bolsheviks) formed the East Siberian Soviet Army (VSSA) under the command of D.E. . Zvereva. Due to its small numbers, on February 26 the army was consolidated into the 1st Irkutsk Rifle Division. On March 10, the VSSA was renamed the People's Revolutionary Army (PRA) of the Baikal region (from mid-April - the PRA of Transbaikalia). On April 6, the creation of a puppet Far Eastern Republic (FER), entirely dependent on the Central Committee of the RCP(b), was proclaimed, and in mid-May the NRA of Transbaikalia was renamed the NRA FER. By November 1, the NRA included the 1st and 2nd Amur, 1st and 2nd Irkutsk Rifle and Transbaikal Cavalry Divisions, the Amur Cavalry Brigade and other units - a total of 40.8 thousand people, by May 1, 1921 - 1st Chita, 2nd Verkhneudinsk, 3rd Amur and 4th Blagoveshchensk rifle and Transbaikal cavalry divisions, 1st Troitskosavskaya, 2nd Sretenskaya and 3rd Khabarovsk cavalry brigades (total 36.1 thousand people .), and on October 1, 1922 - 3 rifle divisions and 1 separate cavalry brigade - a total of 19.8 thousand people. Units of the NRA of the Far Eastern Republic took part in hostilities against the troops of Ataman G.M. Semenov and in battles with the Asian Cavalry Division of General R.F. Ungern in Northern Mongolia in 1921 and in the fight against the Zemskaya Rati of General M.K. Diterichs in Primorye in 1922. On November 16, 1922, the NRA joined the 5th Army of the Red Army and put on the Red Army uniform and insignia.
A group of military pilots of the 1st Cavalry Army, 1920. On the sleeves of the military pilots are various versions of the emblems of the flight and technical personnel of the aviation of the former Russian Imperial Army. Red stars are inserted into the double-headed eagles without crowns.
Red military pilot V. Nazarchuk (sitting) with his technician near the Sopwith Camel aircraft, 1920. On the military pilot’s cap is the emblem of the pilots of the old army (the so-called “fly” or “eagle”); the technician had a propeller with wings, informally called a “duck.”
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Thanks to the efforts of Igor Ryzhov (author of the book “The Last March”), it was possible to decipher some photographs that were previously . Thank you humus for the pictures themselves.
It is clear that these photographs are from some kind of album, and since the turnovers are shown, they are probably from an auction. One photo shows the entry of NRA units into Vladivostok on October 25, 1922. Most of the photos show a parade-meeting on October 26, 1922 in Vladivostok on the occasion of the liberation of Primorye from the Units. In fact, there are many more of these photos and there are even newsreels.
-photos are clickable-
Commander of the 1st Transbaikal Division Glazkov A.A. ( there are two more photos with him and). About the division commander. Since April 1921, he took part in hostilities against troops (in Russia and Mongolia). From August 1922 - commander of the 1st Chita (later called the 1st Transbaikal) rifle division, at the head of which he participated in the hostilities for the liberation of Primorye and the capture of its capital, Vladivostok, at the end of October 1922. He was the first commander of the Vladivostok garrison. Arrested on December 29, 1941. He was under investigation for about two years. Accused of conducting anti-Soviet propaganda. Died in Butyrka prison on September 23, 1943.
Commander of the 1st Chita Rifle Regiment, 1st Zab. page div. Gnilosyrov and the commissar of the Mashin regiment.
In the center is the commander of the partisan detachments of Primorye M.P. Volsky. Finding himself in the Far East in 1919, Volsky took part in the partisan movement. On January 27, 1920, after the fall of power of A.V. Kolchak, Volsky was appointed commander of the 1st Far Eastern Cavalry Regiment of the Separate Ussuri Rifle Brigade of the Zemstvo Administration of the Primorsky Region. After the defeat of the army by Japanese troops on April 5, 1920, with the remnants of his forces, he retreated to the Suchan Valley, where he began to unite scattered partisan detachments under his leadership. At the end of 1921, Volsky created and headed the headquarters of the Primorye partisan detachments in the village of Benevskaya near Olga Bay. From May 26, 1921, he was a member of the Military Council of Primorye partisan detachments (until October 25, 1922). In December 1922, he headed the Kamchatka expeditionary detachment of the 5th Army. In July 1923, he also headed the Communist detachment of ChON, formed from local and expeditionary forces. In 1923 - 1926 M.P. Volsky was the chairman of the Kamchatka provincial revolutionary committee. In April 1926, Volsky was elected chairman of the executive committee of the Kamchatka District Council. In August 1937, M.P. Volsky was appointed acting chairman of the Dalkrayispolkom, but on September 10 he was arrested by the NKVD. Volsky was accused of being part of the “reserve illegal Trotskyist center” headed by the second secretary of the Dalkraikom V. A. Verny as one of the leaders. Mikhail Petrovich Volsky was shot on April 8, 1938 in Khabarovsk. In 1939, investigator Viktor Fedorovich Semenov, who was in charge of Volsky’s case, was arrested and put on trial. Witness A.V. Toropygin testified at the trial that he was present at the interrogation of Volsky, who by this time was physically broken, and saw how Semenov invited him to testify against persons on a certain list. Volsky gave evidence. V.F. Semenov was sentenced by the Military Tribunal of the NKVD troops of the USSR Khabarovsk District to 7 years in forced labor camps.
Cavalry detachment of the NRA DVR, but somewhere I came across a signature that these were transport workers.
Banner group of the 1st Chita Regiment.
Red Army soldiers of the People's Revolutionary Army at the railway station in Vladivostok.
The history of the Far Eastern Republic (FER) is schematically presented as follows. In 1920, at the direction of Lenin, a temporary buffer state was created in the Far East to avoid the involvement of the RSFSR in a direct military conflict with the Entente interventionists. This state was pro-Soviet in essence, ruled by the Bolsheviks, but bourgeois-democratic in form. The Far Eastern Republic, using diplomatic methods, gradually forced the interventionists to leave, defeated and expelled the remaining White Guards by the end of 1922, and then joined the RSFSR.
This scheme suffers from one big flaw: if foreign interventionists really wanted to prevent the establishment of Soviet power in the Far East, then no maneuver in the form of establishing the Far East would have prevented them. For it was no secret to anyone who really ruled in the Far Eastern Republic and whose interests it served. The creation of the Far Eastern Region had a different goal: to avoid the hasty Sovietization of the region, which was too different in its social structure from the European part of Russia. The Bolsheviks were afraid of encountering strong resistance from the local population, when they themselves did not yet fully control most of the country's regions.
The bulk of the population of the Far East at the beginning of the twentieth century were Russian and Ukrainian peasant colonists and Cossacks. In 1918, most of them opposed Soviet power, but after the strengthening of the White Guard governments, they began to oppose them. In smashing Kolchak's army, the Reds relied on the help of local partisan formations. But the Siberian and Far Eastern “red” partisans did not have the same motivation as the peasants of the European part of Russia, who supported the Bolsheviks against the return of the landowners. There have never been landowners in the Far East; the ideal of the commune did not inspire the peasants at all. Freedom and self-government - that’s what the Siberians and Far Easterners fought for both against the Bolsheviks and the whites. There were strong partisan formations here (in fact, the entire people were armed), and the Bolsheviks were simply afraid to turn this mass against themselves. With regard to the Far East, a strategy was adopted for its gradual integration into Soviet statehood.
The RSFSR sent money, weapons, ammunition, government and military personnel, especially the latter, to the Far Eastern Republic. Thus, all the commanders-in-chief of the People's Revolutionary Army (NRA) of the Far Eastern Republic were sent “from the center”: Eikhe, Burov-Petrov, Blucher. Avksentievsky, Uborevich. The fate of the first Prime Minister of the Far Eastern Republic, Abram Krasnoshchekov, is curious. He was also appointed to the Far Eastern Republic by decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and carried out instructions for building a bourgeois-democratic statehood so conscientiously that he aroused the displeasure of local communists. At their insistence, he was recalled, although Lenin himself admitted that Krasnoshchekov was the actual organizer of the Far Eastern Republic. Upon returning to Moscow, Krasnoshchekov threw himself into all seriousness, went on carousings, competed with Mayakovsky for Lilya Brik, and in 1924 was sentenced to 6 years in prison for embezzlement of public funds and immoral behavior. Having been released a year later under an amnesty, Krasnoshchekov became an exemplary co-worker, but in 1937 he fell under the rink of repression: the NKVD remembered that he had been friends with Trotsky even before the revolution, in the USA. The rest of the civilian leaders of the DDA were local, and they were lucky to die a natural death.
Until the end of 1920, the NRA of the Far Eastern Republic expelled the troops of Ataman Semenov from Transbaikalia. In 1921, she repelled attempts by the White Guard troops of Semyonov and Ungern to recapture Transbaikalia and helped Sukhbaatar establish a pro-Soviet regime in Mongolia. In 1922, the NRA defeated the White Guards in Primorye. However, no less, and perhaps more important, was the diplomatic front of the struggle of the Far Eastern Republic. The Far Eastern Republic managed to separate the White Guards and the Japanese interventionists.
Initially, the actual territory of the Far Eastern Republic occupied only a small part of Transbaikalia with its center in the city of Verkhneudinsk (now Ulan-Ude). But already in May 1920, during negotiations with the Japanese command, an agreement was reached on the withdrawal of Japanese troops from Transbaikalia and the Amur region, which was carried out by the Japanese until October 21, 1920. After this, defeating the White Guards was not very difficult for the NRA of the Far Eastern Republic. In Primorye at this time, power belonged to the Primorsky Zemstvo Council, which was also dominated by the Bolsheviks and their sympathizers. This made it possible to announce the liberation of the entire territory of the Far Eastern Republic and hold elections to the Constituent Assembly of the Far Eastern Republic in February 1921.
But in May 1921, a White Guard coup took place in Vladivostok. The Whites asked the Japanese not to leave Primorye. Under these conditions, the Far Eastern Republic relied on the support of the United States, in which the party opposed to interference in the affairs of Soviet Russia has always been strong. In addition, the United States sought to prevent Japan from strengthening its position in the Far East. US pressure forced Japan to resume negotiations with the Far Eastern Republic on the withdrawal of troops. In addition, the delegation of the Far Eastern Republic arrived in December 1921 at the international conference on settlement in the Asia-Pacific region that opened in Washington. Although the Far Eastern Republic did not receive official diplomatic recognition, the delegation made full use of its stay in America to influence the ruling circles of the United States. Japan several times interrupted negotiations with the Far Eastern Republic on the withdrawal of troops, but did not provide armed support to the White Guards. They were forced to retreat as Japanese troops were gradually withdrawn to Vladivostok. Finally, on October 10, Japan agreed to withdraw troops from Primorye, which was completed by October 24. The next day, NRA units entered Vladivostok.
The Constituent Assembly of the Far Eastern Republic, which transformed itself into the People's Assembly - the highest authority of the buffer state - was multi-party. Most of the seats in it belonged to the non-party left peasant faction that followed the Bolsheviks - 183. 92 deputies were members of the Bolshevik Party. The right-wing peasant faction had 44 mandates. In addition to them, in the parliament of the Far Eastern Republic there were 24 Socialist Revolutionaries, 13 Mensheviks, 9 Cadets, 3 People's Socialists, 13 Buryat autonomists. In June 1922, elections to the People's Assembly of the 2nd convocation were held. They were held according to party lists and a proportional system. 85 seats out of 124 were won by candidates from the bloc of “communists, trade unions, former partisans and non-party peasants.” Only one session of the People's Assembly of the 2nd convocation took place - November 14, 1922 - at which 88 of the 91 deputies who arrived voted for the abolition of the Far Eastern Republic and the entry of its territory into the RSFSR on the basis of Soviet laws.
The laws of the Far Eastern Republic regarding religion and churches were less strict than in Soviet Russia; in particular, a church wedding had equal rights with civil registration of marriage. The Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Region was created in the Far Eastern Republic; it was allowed to create schools teaching in national languages (for example, Ukrainian schools operated in Primorye). There was its own currency in circulation - the Far Eastern ruble. Since the end of 1920, the capital of the Far Eastern Republic has been Chita.