Gender of nouns

1. What is the gender system of nouns in the Russian language?

All Russian nouns in the form singular can be classified into one of the following genera: male, female, average, general.

2. How to determine the gender of a noun?

The gender of a noun can be determined by agreeing with the pronoun my:

my son, my governor, my curtain, my little house- masculine;my wife, my wall, my night- feminine,my window, my sky, my animal- neuter gender.

For most nouns denoting people, gender can be determined by gender: my apprentice, my grandfather(masculine); my mother, my sister(feminine gender).

The gender of nouns is determined by the singular form. Nouns used only in plural, have no gender: manger, pasta, trousers, pitchfork.

3. What nouns have common gender?

Nouns general kind are nouns that characterize man, give him assessment characteristics; they have endings -and I and belong to the 1st declension: slob, ringleader, singer, hard worker, dirty guy, dude, drunkard, sissy, sleepyhead, crybaby.

Generic nouns can denote both male and female people: What a slob you are! What a slob you are!

4. How to determine genusunchangeable nouns?

Gender of immutable nouns, calling people, determined by gender: brave hidalgo, refined lady.

Nouns meaning professions and occupation, are masculine: military attache, night porter. Nouns of the 2nd declension with a zero ending, naming persons by profession ( doctor, professor, associate professor, driver etc.), even if used in relation to female persons, are still nouns male.

Unchangeable nouns that call animals, belong to the masculine gender, although when indicating a female they can be used as feminine nouns: Australian kangaroo, funny chimpanzee; chimpanzee feeding her babies.Exceptions:tsetse(fly), Ivasi(fish) - feminine.

Immutable inanimate nouns are neuter: night taxi, delicious stew, new blinds, aromatic cocoa, aged Bordeaux, heady Chardonnay, hot cappuccino, locomotive depot, new coat, wicker flowerpot. Exceptions: coffee, penalty, sirocco(masculine); avenue, salami(feminine gender).

Genus foreign language geographical names determined by the generic word: distant Monaco(this is a principality, i.e. a neuter noun, which means the word Monaco also neuter) wide Limpopo(river - river), densely populated Tokyo(city - m.r.). If you can use two different generic words, then agreement options are possible: independent Haiti(state - s.r.), independent Haiti(country - female) and distant Haiti(island - m.r.); beautiful Brescia(city - district) and beautiful Brescia(province - f.r.). In some cases, the gender of a noun is established by tradition, so a dictionary check is required.

5. How to determine the gender of compound words (abbreviations)?

Initials are based on the names of the letters, sound ones are based on sounds, like ordinary words.

The gender of abbreviations is usually determined by reference word in deciphering the abbreviation or by generic word: NATO(alliance - m.r.) decided, MPGU(university - m.r.) accepted new students, CIS(commonwealth - s.r.) took the initiative, UNESCO(organization - zh.r.) declared 2011 the year of forests.

In some cases, the gender of a noun is established by tradition, so a dictionary check is required: university (key word- an establishment, but a masculine gender), Ministry of Foreign Affairs(the key word is ministry, but the gender is masculine), TASS(the key word is agency, but the gender is masculine).

6. How to determine the gender of nouns ending in -Ль in the form im. P.(words like tulle, callus, polish, roofing felt, valve)?

The gender of such words must be memorized and, in case of difficulties, checked in a dictionary. For example, you can use dictionaries in the “Word Check” section on the website gramota.ru.

The words are masculine aerosol, polish, lampoon, vaudeville, quantile, quartile, endgame, tulle, roofing felt, flat and etc.

Feminine words include words such as mezzanine, callus, rosin, vacuole, triplet and etc.

7. How to determine the gender of nouns denoting the names of shoes and paired items?

The gender of such words must be memorized and, in case of difficulties, checked in a dictionary.

Words for titles shoes:

In addition, there are two generic noun high boots. If in plural the stress falls on the ending of the word (unt s, -ov), then the singular form is one ounce. If in the plural the emphasis falls on the stem ( at nts), then the form im.p. units - unta.

Other words for the names of paired items: gaiters - one gaiter, leggings - one gaiter, sideburns - one sideburn, leggings - one legging. But: knee socks - one golf, rails - one rail, adjustments - one adjustment.

8. How to determine the gender of compound nouns(words like cafe-dining room,sofa bed)?

If only one part of a noun changes by case, the gender is determined on the variable part: personal website(f.r.). If both parts of the word change in a noun, then the gender is determined on a more significant within the meaning of the part: delicious ice cream cake(m.r.), comfortable chair-bed (s.r.).

See additionally: How to say correctly: “The cafe-dining room is closed for renovation.”

9. Do nouns change by gender?

Nouns by gender do not change, the gender of each noun is a constant category: Mother- only female birth, apple- only s.r. etc.

Almost all bird names ending in - ь are masculine nouns, BUT bittern and tawny owl. Swan - usually m.p., but poetic - can be feminine.

All names of insects, except louse, moth - m.r.

Real nouns in the determination of the gender of which you can experience fluctuations, aerosol, tulle, shampoo - m.r., and some substances - vanilla, rosin - zh.r.

Nouns that can name types of items, are used in pairs. (boots, sneakers, clips, sneakers, shoes...). When you need to name an object from a pair, some of the words have one generic form - butsa, clip, sandal, slipper, shoe - zh.r., and some are noun. It can have two forms that are the norm of the language (ked-keda, sl. R.p. kedov - ked; unt - unta, R.p. untov - unt)

If we are talking about the gender of nouns with size-evaluative suffixes, then in the vast majority of cases nouns formed by means of suffixes indicating size, emotion. assessment, retain the gender of the original word (son-son, wo-goryushko), but there are exceptions. - words like chatterbox, liar, liar, coward, braggart, naughty girl. – suff. – ishk - , - words little animal, shed, which belong to the zh.r. - noun Ugly - commonly. Genus - pet names na - ik, - unchik, - chik...Derived from female names, but related to masculine words.

Indeclinable nouns that denote an inanimate object are overwhelmingly related to the sr.r.. A small number of words denoting inanimate objects are exceptions. So to the point. m.r. belong to - names of winds (take the gender of the word “wind”) - names of languages ​​(Pashto Swahili, Hindi), name artificial languages(Esperanto) are more often used as m. words, but acceptable and neuter gender are the names of some products (suluguni, coffee). Their use as words m.r. most often preserved in texts formal business style, and beyond it linguistic modern norm allows the use of the neuter gender. - font names (aldene), some individual words such as ecu, penalty, status quo, although m.r. is the norm. and sr. like the words auto, sirtaki. to the words of the woman: - kohlrabi, salami, avenue, street

Indeclinable nouns that refer to persons. In this case, the gender is noun. Depends on the gender of the person. All names of women, titles, addresses to women belong to the female birthright. (Pani, Frau, Lady...). In addition to f.r. refer to nouns whose LZ reveals some characteristics and characteristics of a woman (ingénue (stage role of a girl), peri (mythological being in the image of a girl)). The names of men, titles, addresses to men belong to m.r. (Monsieur, Chevalier). In the words of M.R. are also nouns that name persons by position, performance of duties, etc. (i.e. occupations, positions and characteristics of men for whom the tradition of the country has secured this idea), (attaché, croupier, referee, entertainer, dandy). BUT the names of persons by nationality are words of a general gender. Plus counterparts and protégés. Inflexible names related to the animal world, most of them refer to m.r. (kangaroo, cockatoo, hummingbird). A small number of words that refer to the names of the animal world have the gender of the inflected name of the class in relation to which this indeclinable noun acts as a species variety (tsetse, ivashi - zh.r.

Declension of nouns

Declension of nouns is the change of words according to cases and numbers. Another meaning of this term is a class of words united by a common inflection and a pattern according to which words of this class change. In RL, inflected and indeclinable nouns are contrasted. The vast majority of nouns are inflected. Indeclinable nouns combine:

Foreign nouns (popsicle)

Foreign male surnames with a vowel (Goethe)

Female names and surnames starting with a hard consonant (Elizabeth)

Russian surnames (Zhivago, Polish)

Ukrainian surnames (Prisivko)

A significant part of the abbreviations

In the Russian language there are 3 types of declension:

Substantive

The largest in composition. Learns all other nouns. Within its framework, the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd declension of nouns are distinguished.

The 1st declension includes nouns m.r. with zero ending in I.p. and nouns w.r. with inflection –o, -e. In scientific grammar this declension is recognized as the first, and in school grammar it is recognized as the second. It is recognized as such because it is the most productive.

The 2nd declension includes nouns m.r. and f.r. with inflections –а, -я, plus common nouns like “glutton”.

The 3rd declension includes nouns zh.r. with zero ending in units.

Adjective

Declension of substantivized adjectives and participles. (Bakery, waiting room, patient, etc.)

Mixed (passive)

This is the declension of proper names into –ov, -in, plus toponyms like Tushino. It is called mixed because it has atypical inflections in some cases. (table-table, Kuznetsov - Kuznetsov. -ov - -ym

“Academic Grammar 80” also suggests highlighting the zero declension. It is proposed to include all indeclinable nouns. But this can hardly be called a declination at all.

Scheme of morphological analysis of nouns:

Initial form

LGR (lexico-grammatical categories)

A) proper – common noun

B) animate – inanimate

C) concrete, abstract – collective, material. Arguments.

A) motivated – unmotivated

B) way of expressing gender

C) for personal names, a characteristic of opposition

Consensus class

Number form

A) a way to express a numerical value

B) the meaning of the number form

Case form

A) means of expressing case meanings

B) the meaning of the case

Type and variety of declension

Syntactic function of a noun

For derived nouns, the method of word formation

Adjective

General characteristics of an adjective as a part of speech.

An adjective is a class of words that is characterized by a general categorical meaning of signs of objectivity (a white robe, fresh bread, a wild animal, etc.).

Unlike a verb, an adjective expresses a static non-procedural attribute of objectivity.

The lonely sail is white

White sail in the distance

As Ovsyannikov-Kulikovsky wrote: “an adjective is such a movement of our thought, by virtue of which we attribute attributes to objects and imagine that they are in the object, passively abide in it."

The adjective is genetically related to the noun. IN historically adjective secondary. Over time, they emerged from the undivided name. It is no coincidence that many modern adjectives are historically derived from nouns. Morphologically, adjectives have common grammatical categories of gender, number, and case. They are non-binary, inflectional, formal, syntactic. In addition, the adjective also has its own morphological category of degrees of comparison, which expresses the measure of the attribute. However, it is inherent only in qualitative adjectives. In syntactic terms, an adjective is characterized by such a syntactic connection with a noun as agreement. The primary syntactic function of an adjective is the function of an agreed definition. Along with it, adjectives are capable of performing the function nominal predicate(the night is quiet). For short forms of adjectives, this function is leading. In word-formation terms, adjectives are characterized by a set of special formants - -sk-, -n-, -ov-, -in-, -an-, etc. The formation of adjectives is characterized by such methods as suffixal, prefixal, prefix-suffixal. In addition, the composition of adjectives is replenished due to the adjectivation of participles (flashy colors, hackneyed truths). Thus, an adjective is significant part speech, which expresses the meaning of a static non-procedural feature of objectivity and realizes it in the inflectional categories of gender, number and case.

Until recently, adjectives were considered as inflectional words. Most of them are inclined. But in the 20th century, a new subclass of indeclinable (analytical) adjectives began to actively form. These are borrowed words of foreign origin (Bordeaux, beige, khaki, mini, maxi, etc.). It is now intensively developing, which indicates the growth of analytic features in the SRY. Thus, modern adjectives, like nouns, are characterized by the opposition of inflected and unbending words. The boundaries of adjectives are understood broadly and narrowly in science. IN in a broad sense, the class of adjectives can include, in addition to adjectives themselves, pronouns-adjectives and ordinal numbers. IN in the narrow sense, adjectives cover a traditionally distinguished class of words.

In RY, adjectives are represented by 3 main LGRs:

Quality

Relative

Possessives

Lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives.

The main opposition among the categories of adjectives is between qualitative and relative adjectives.

Qualitative adjectives represent the direct name of the features (green, large); denote characteristics that have a quantitative characteristic, i.e. may manifest themselves to a greater or lesser extent (difficult - very difficult).

According to the nature of the designated sign qualitative adjectives are divided into 2 groups:

Adjectives denoting a variable attribute. In relation to the subject, it can act as an assessment given by the speaker (a difficult exam, a beautiful dress). Such adjectives are called qualitative-evaluative. They are characterized by the presence of degrees of comparison and the possibility of forming antonyms.

Adjectives that mean absolute sign, independent of the speaker’s assessment (checkered, striped, dumb, single). They have no degrees of comparison. They are called intrinsically qualitative.

By meaning, qualitative adjectives are divided into:

Emperile

These are adjectives that denote qualities and properties that are directly perceived by the senses.

Rational

They denote signs established as a result of mental activity.

Qualitative adjectives are characterized by a number of word-formation and morphological features that distinguish them from other lexical and grammatical categories.

May have degrees of comparison

There is a contrast between long and short forms (stupid - stupid)

Can be combined with adverbs of measure and degree (very smart, unusually warm, too dirty, absolutely incomprehensible, etc.)

From qualitative adjectives forms of subjective assessment are formed (adjectives with diminutive or magnifying suffixes). These also include prefix formations with the value of the intensity of the attribute (pre-kind, super-important).

Qualitative adjectives form correlative adverbs with the suffixes -o-, -e- (fast-quickly, sincerely-sincerely).

Abstract nouns are formed from qualitative adjectives (courage, simplicity, blue).

Qualitative adjectives can form verbs with the meaning of manifestation of a characteristic (red - blush)

Qualitative adjectives come into antonymic and synonymous pairs (high - low).

Truncated adjectives must be distinguished from short forms of adjectives. They are special forms of adjectives which, when used in poetic speech XVIII – early XIX centuries for verification purposes: “a dark shadow fell on the field.” Their use is characterized by truncation of inflection, for example, “gloomy” from “gloomy” - a special poetic device. Truncated adjectives differ from short forms:

The nature of the stress - they bear the stress on the basis

Syntactic function – in a sentence they are a definition

Short and full adjectives in SRL are correlative, however, this correlativeness is incomplete:

Not all complete qualitative adjectives have short forms.

1. Adjectives that name the colors of horses do not form short forms.

   Most color adjectives

   Subjective adjectives (feisty, cute)

   Qualitative adjectives, ascending by definition to relative ones with the suffixes –o-, -sk-, -n- (business, efficient)

   Adjectives with -l- (burnt, experienced). They do not form short forms to avoid homonymy.

   Many compound adjectives(transparent crystal ball)

   Individual qualitative adjectives that are not combined into groups (native, ancient).

In turn there is whole line adjectives that have only a short form (glad, lyub, much - words of the state category)

Short forms correspond to full n in the entire scope of their meaning - the short form realizes only one of the meanings of a polysemantic full adjective. (living girl - girl alive (undead)

Some short forms are assigned conditional meaning, other than complete (he bad person– has negative qualities, he is bad - he is seriously ill).

In a number of dimensional (parametric) adjectives, short forms acquire an additional meaning - the meaning of the excessiveness of the attribute (large, small, cramped).

In the SRL there is no complete correlation between short and full adjectives, both structurally and semantically.

Semantics of short forms.

The question of the semantics of short forms is still open in linguistics. Vinogradov proposed the following interpretation of the semantics of short forms as opposed to full ones. Short forms express a temporary sign, full forms – permanent.

“Short forms denote qualitative states that occur or arise over time. Fat is a sign that is conceivable outside of time.” This opposition of meaning actually exists in language. He is sick (in general) - he is sick (at this time). However, it does not cover all short and long forms (we rarely talk to him - he is not talkative at all). Polish linguist Boguslavsky proposed a different interpretation of the semantics of short forms. From his point of view short adjectives are used in language to emphasize one degree or another of a characteristic (he is quite smart, he is too strong). There is an opinion that short forms, unlike long ones, denote a relative attribute, i.e. a sign that is limited by something (these streets are narrow for travel). However, these values ​​are not typical for everyone. short adjectives. In modern Russian studies, the most common is the following interpretation of the semantics of short adjectives. In short forms, the semantics of the property is combined with the semantics of the state, while the manifestation of the property with the ts is emphasized. the perceiving person. Short adjectives express one of the properties, in a complex of other properties, i.e. actively express an excretory characteristic. Associated with this is the dynamics of the designated property, the possibility of its termination, replacement by another...

Short forms in RN denote an currently manifested property, an actively excretory dynamic feature. Particular manifestations of this meaning are the following values:

Temporary localization (he is sick)

Situational, correlative, limited

Degrees, assessment of the speaker (he is extremely smart)

In RL there is competition between short and long forms. Short forms are required or preferred in the following cases:

In statements of a general, timeless nature, which are found in scientific provisions, definitions, aphorisms, maxims.

In the case when the subject is an infinitive.

When a verbal noun is the subject.

When the subject is expressed by pronouns w.r. with a general meaning

In combination with identifying pronouns and adverbs, also with “so”.

In slogans, stereotypical wishes, politeness formulas.

In the presence of additions or circumstances, clarifying or limiting features.

When combined with an infinitive.

If there is an additional part.

The use of short forms of adjectives is influenced by factors such as:

Nature of the subject

Subject-object relations

The nature of temporary relations in a sentence

Availability minor members or subordinate clause

Short forms differ from full ones in stylistic terms. The question of this was first raised by Peshkovsky. In his book “Russian syntax in scientific coverage,” he turned to the analysis of Chekhov’s play “3 Sisters” and posed the following question: “if the short form denotes a temporary sign, why do the sisters, quarreling and criticizing each other, use exclusively the long form?” Peshkovsky wrote: “You are angry, you are stupid - there is already an insult. In short form we see greater categoricalness, isolation from real conditions speech, abstraction. Associated with the exceptional bookishness of this form.” Stylistically, short forms are book forms. IN colloquial speech and in common parlance they are often replaced by full forms. Due to the fact that the short form actively expresses an excretory characteristic, it has greater expression, expresses assessment more clearly, and is characterized by a shade of categoricalness (this boy is cowardly).

Thus, brief and full forms differ in the SNL by a whole complex of morphological, syntactic, semantic and stylistic features. When analyzing the short form you must:

Give its morphological characteristics

Show correlation with full form

Determine meaning in a given context

Give a stylistic description

Syntax function

She was quiet, not cold, unhurried (f.r., singular, cr. Form, correlates. Unhurried, expresses an active-excretory characteristic, situational, relative meaning, expressive, evaluative function, nominal part predicate).

Degrees of comparison of adjectives.

History of the study of degrees of comparison in Russian grammar

Typology of degrees of comparison in Russian

Education and meaning of comparative forms

Education and meaning of superlatives

Until the 19th century, Russian grammars did not distinguish between degrees of comparison and degrees of quality. For adjectives, non-relative or relative degrees of quality were distinguished. Irrelevant indicated that the characteristic is manifested to a greater or lesser extent, without comparison with others. Relative degree implied comparison. There were 6 degrees of quality – 3 by 3.

Irrelevant:

Initial degree of quality (-ovod-, -evod)

Long (-enk-, -onk-)

Perfect (-okhonek-, -ekhonek-)

Relative:

Positive (red) Forms positive degree express the simple presence of a qualitative attribute, unrelated to other objects. It represents a kind of starting point on the gradation scale, while in the RN it does not have any special morphological forms.

Comparative (redder) The comparative degree or comparative indicates that the characteristic in one object is more pronounced than in another or in the same object, but at a different time (girls' faces are brighter than roses; your face paler than it was). In this regard, the language distinguishes between co-core (this is a comparison in which the object of comparison and the standard of comparison is the same object or person) and non-correlative (this is a comparison in which different objects are compared) comparisons. Unlike the positive degree, the comparative in RN has special morphological forms - suffixes.

Excellent (reddest) Indicates the extreme degree of manifestation of the characteristic. A feature is represented in one object to a greater extent than in other objects of the same kind (Kazbek - highest peak Caucasus). Superlative, like comparative, has special morphological forms - suffixes.

In the mid-19th century, Buslaev distinguished between actual morphological elements and word-forming ones. He showed that the relative degree of comparison is actually morphological. As for the independent degree of quality, it cannot be considered as grammatical category. These meanings are expressed in language irregularly and inconsistently. In addition, adjectives with the suffixes –ohonek-, -ekhonek- are archaized. They serve for general expressive illumination of speech and express an assessment of the speaker. Later, these adjectives began to be called “adjectives of subjective assessment.” As Vinogradov wrote, Buslaev was the first to introduce the doctrine of degrees of comparison into the traditional rouleau. Since the 60s of the 20th century, Russian grammar has distinguished 3 degrees of comparison - positive, comparative and superlative. The category of degree of comparison of qualitative adjectives indicates that the characteristic can manifest itself to a greater or extremely high extent. The main grammatical meaning of these forms is the meaning of a different measure of a characteristic in one object compared to others or in the same object taken in different time periods (the grass is greener in May than in April, Vika is more serious than Olya). This grammatical meaning appears in 3 degrees of comparison.

Noun gender category

There are masculine, feminine, neuter, and general nouns. The gender of nouns is determined by their ending in I.p. units

Genus category

Masculine		Feminine		Neuter gender
Zero-terminated	Na-y	With endings -and I	Na-y	With endings on -o, -e, -e	Na-mya
Album Agrarian Cloak Display	Grill	Agrofirm Tower Water area	Publicity	Device Sea Delegation Raw materials	Flame

As can be seen from the table, nouns in -ъ may belong to m.r. ( grill) and f.r. ( publicity). The gender of nouns ending in -ь can in some cases be determined by the suffix. So, words with the suffix -tel (builder) belong to m.r., with the suffix -ness (legitimacy), -know (fear) - to f.r. Gender of nouns -ь, like everyone else, when perceiving a text, can be determined by the endings of R.p. and subsequent or at the end of adjectives related to these nouns: beautiful pigeon, beautiful dove etc.; dark night, dark night etc. Based on the endings, it is impossible to determine whether only those words that are always used in the plural belong to one gender or another: sled, wallpaper, chess. Such nouns can be inflected in the plural. according to different samples (cf. in R.p. plural: sleigh, wallpaper, chess). The gender of nouns in the text can also be determined by the form of the predicate verb: if this verb is used in the past tense: stood clear night (zh.r. ). The moon was shining (m.r.) V full force. Quiet sky <... > was (s.r.) calmly, dispassionately(S. Antonov).

The gender of some nouns is determined by meaning, depending on the gender of the person. These include common nouns: started singing, headman, quiet. They can appear in m.r. meanings. and f.r. depending on the gender of the person they call: Which nerd! — Which clever girl! Valya(youth) entered to university. — Valya(young woman) arrived to university. General gender nouns are inflected according to the pattern of zh.r. nouns. and are usually used in conversational style speeches: drove, hard worker.

Nouns m.r. - names of professions, positions are official names male and female persons ( rector or Professor Smirnov — Smirnova).

Even unofficial positions that were traditionally occupied by men, if a woman occupies them, are still called by the words m.r.: S him[driver] the district ambition immediately disappeared, and he immediately switched his attention from Ksyuta to collective farm groom Klava, trying to catch the eye of Ivan Kuzmich under her arm(E. Yevtushenko). However, many of these nouns are m.r. may carry a predicate in the form of zh.r., especially if you need to pay attention to gender actor, but there may also be stylistic reasons coordination of the predicate with the subject in meaning, and not in form. For example: The rector spoke at a meeting with a report. — The rector spoke at a meeting with a report; The professor replied to all questions. — The professor answered to all questions. Agreement with such nouns definitions in zh.r. ( Our rector... ) is colloquial in nature.

Nouns of each gender have their own system of inflections.

In Russian there is a small group of immutable (indeclinable) nouns that have only one grammatical form (B-B-Q, metro, show): Look around — and you will probably see; in the alley Taxi rumble(I. Borodinsky). If such nouns name objects, they refer to s.r. (oscillations V used between m.r. and w.r. observed only in nouns coffee). If immutable nouns persons or animals are called, it all depends on their gender (cure - m.p., lady- f.r., my - my protégé, Beautiful — beautiful kangaroo).

In colloquial speech, even names are often not declined when used with a patronymic: Well, don't you recognize Tikhon Tikhonovich?- With the berry commissioner muttered with timid playfulness(E. Yevtushenko).

Unchangeable nouns denoting a profession, position, title, traditionally associated with male labor (such as attaché, impresario, entertainer, referee), refer to m.r. The gender of indeclinable geographical names is determined by the gender of the corresponding generic noun. For example, Sochi refer to m.p., like the corresponding generic noun city, Mississippi- to zh.r., as well as the generic name river, Ontario- to s.r., like the generic word lake.

Compound words made up of the first letters ( State Emergency Committee- gekachepe) or sounds ( ITAR) of the words from which they are derived receive the gender of the stem word. State Emergency Committee is State Committee (m.r.) By state of emergency , that's why they say The State Emergency Committee decided; ITAR- This Information telegraph agency(s.r.) Russia, that's why they say ITAR reported. However, if you forget from which words a compound word is formed, it receives a gender, like ordinary word, By formal sign: refers to m.r. at zero ending (Housing office although this housing maintenance office), to w.r. - at the end -o ( RONO although this district department of public education).

In common parlance, some words are used in a different gender than in literary language. Here are some examples:

“I have a liter bottle hidden in one place.” There are canned goods... Let's take it!

“Regulation,” the mechanic smiles. - Are you serious?

— One-piece liters!

- Let's go to! - Izyumin says briefly ( V. Lipatov).

From rheumatisms rub well; Do you know our task! World revolution on all continents; He was Commissioner check; The front will wait! The good ones first power must be planted; Then take out the fork-plates from your treasured chests and stick them in any delicacy, eat for your health; Who are you, Vasily Zakharovich, such authority gave? ( A. Strygin).

In one newspaper he reads a communiqué, in another that the same communique; You know it yourself - highway through we have a long way to go ( S. Antonov).

Oh you skin! It caught! (O. Kozhukhova).

Some errors are quite persistent. These include, for example, the perception of a noun surname as words sr.r., which is reflected in fiction:

Tikhon Tikhonovich even sweated with indignation:

- It turns out interesting. It’s a shame to say who the father is, but to lie about me, to slander me without looking at my age, is not a shame. Who is the father? Last name name it!

- I don’t know him last name, - Ksyuta answered sadly. “And I don’t know the name.” I don't know anything ( E. Yevtushenko).

Historically, the gender affiliation of a noun can change (the queen had a female birth name, received a mixed birth name) and its formal indicator (cf.: sanatorium and modern sanatorium).

If you have difficulty determining grammatical gender for nouns, it is necessary to refer to standard dictionaries, where for each noun it is necessary to indicate to what gender it belongs.

Genus- grammatical category characteristic different parts speech in the singular and consisting in the distribution of words into three classes, traditionally correlated with gender characteristics or their absence.

There are three types of nouns in the Russian language:

Male (he) Masculine nouns in the singular nominative case have endings -and I, And zero (father, uncle, knife, table, hawk).

Female (she) Feminine nouns in the singular nominative case have the endings - and I, And zero (wife, nanny, night, glory, desert).

Middle (it) Neuter nouns in the singular nominative case have endings -o, -e (swamp, gold, sun, lake, jam).

There is also a class of words general kind, which, depending on the context, can be used in both masculine and feminine forms ( boring, sissy, crybaby, smart, greedy).

Determining the gender of nouns

To determine the feminine gender of inanimate nouns, look at the ending. For animate nouns the defining feature is that they are female creatures ( girl, cat). In order not to confuse the endings of feminine and masculine nouns, you need to substitute the pronoun “she, mine” to check. For example, a song (she, mine).

The masculine gender of nouns is also determined by the ending initial form. In order not to confuse the gender of nouns ending in soft sign, also substitute the pronoun “he, my” to check ( stump, day).

Neuter nouns are determined by the endings of the initial form and by substituting the pronouns “it, mine” ( field, window). Please note that the group varies inflected nouns, ending in the combination -mya, also refers to the neuter gender ( tribe, seed etc.). Among neuter nouns there are almost no animate ones; their number is very small ( child, creature, animal).

Among nouns, there are several special groups, the determination of gender in which is difficult. These include common nouns, as well as indeclinable and compound words.

Correlate the meanings of common nouns with their belonging to animate objects of the female or male gender. For example, slut girl(feminine gender), arrogant boy(masculine). Common nouns include those that denote qualities of people ( glutton, ignoramus, crybaby) or the name of persons by position, profession, occupation ( architect Petrov - architect Petrov).

It must be taken into account that the type indeclinable nouns associated with their animateness/inanimateness, species/ generic concept. For animate indeclinable nouns, determine gender by gender (Monsieur, Miss). Nouns that give names to animals and birds are masculine (pony, kangaroo, cockatoo). Inanimate words are usually neuter ( coat, muffler). Exceptions are words whose gender is determined by association with generic names: kohlrabi - cabbage(feminine gender), Hindi - language(masculine), etc.

In order to determine the gender of indeclinable proper nouns denoting geographical names, it is necessary to select a generic concept ( lake, city, river, desert etc.). For example, city ​​of Rio de Janeiro(masculine) Gobi Desert(feminine gender).

The gender of abbreviations is determined by the gender of the leading word of the “deciphered” phrase: UN - United Nations Organization, leading word“organization” (feminine).

If you liked it, share it with your friends:

See also:

We suggest taking tests online:

Morphological norms that regulate the determination of the gender of nouns, contains a whole set of rules that can be divided into five sections for ease of classification and study.

1. Determining the gender of inflected nouns. This is usually the simplest case for determining the gender of a noun, especially if the noun denotes a person whose gender is known to everyone: grandmother (f.b.) - grandfather (m.b.). As for definition of genus inanimate nouns and animal names, here it is customary to look at the ending: hammer - m.r., fence[a] - zh.r., word[o] - s.r., donkey - m.r., mouse[b] - zh.r.

Despite the relative simplicity of this rule, there are a certain number of exceptions, which we will consider below.

• There are a number of inanimate nouns that have changed gender from feminine to masculine over time. for example, just a couple of centuries ago, all of the following nouns were feminine: shoe, hospital, rail, jackboot, bracelet, poplar, report card.
• Along with this, there is an absolutely mirror phenomenon - nouns that were previously classified as masculine, but now they all require an adjective that answers the question “which one?” Such nouns include cuff, citadel, dachshund, attic.
• There are a number of words that are used equally in both masculine and feminine genders: epaulette - epaulette, pilaster - pilaster, psalter - psalter, spasm - spasma, desman and desman, hangnail - hangnail, dahlia - dahlia, aviary - aviary, banknote - banknote, padespan - padespan, plane tree - plane tree, pancake - pancake. Despite the fact that often one of the forms of these nouns is considered obsolete, their use is not a mistake.
• Kind of some special nouns causes difficulties, so we will simply list them indicating their genus. So, feminine nouns: leggings, sneaker, boot, sandal, sneaker, slipper, slipper, boots, reserved seat, sheet, pancake, parcel, mezzanine, veil, dumbbell, rosin, callus, flannel, fathom. Masculine nouns: shampoo, queen, truffle, tulle, calico, piano, roofing felt, guipure, curtain. Neuter nouns: tentacle, stuffed animal, monisto, bast, jam.

2. Determining the gender of indeclinable nouns. A number of rules also apply to this type of noun, each of which has its own exceptions:

• Most of indeclinable inanimate nouns has a neuter gender, regardless of the final vowel or its complete absence: jury, highway, interview, depot.
• Some of the indeclinable inanimate nouns still have a non-neuter gender, which refers to the old form of the word or gender concept: Avenue(street - residential district), coffee(coffee or drink - m.r.), sirocco(wind - m.r.), salami(sausage - f.r.), penalty(blow - m.r.), kohlrabi(cabbage - f.r.).
• There are a number of nouns whose gender depends on the person they denote: dandy - m.r., lady - f.r.
• Nouns denoting the name of a profession are usually masculine: attaché, entertainer. But if the profession refers to a female person, then the noun also changes gender to female: elderly doctor Valentina Pavlovna.
• The same applies to the indeclinable names of birds and animals. By default they are masculine: kiwi, hummingbird. But if we're talking about about a female, then the noun also changes gender: The female chimpanzee happily jumped around the cage. Exceptions are nouns "Ivasi" And "tsetse" which are feminine (herring and fly).

3. Definition of the type of abbreviations. In the case of abbreviations, it usually plays a role to what gender the main word in the abbreviated phrase belongs to: RF ( Russian Federation), UN (United Nations), RIA (Russian information Agency) . Exception: TASS (m.r.) - Telegraph agency Soviet Union . If the abbreviation has become a common noun and is declined, then the general rules apply to such a word rules for determining the gender of a noun: university - m.r.

4. Determination of the gender of names of indeclinable proper names. The method of determining gender by common noun, which is a generic concept, also applies here: Sochi (city), Mississippi (river), Everest (mountain).

5. Determining the gender of compound nouns. When determining the gender of such words, you need to take as a basis a word that expresses more broad meaning noun: butterfly-admiral, telephone-machine, sofa-bed. Moreover, if, as in the case of a noun sofa bed, both concepts are equivalent, then we determine the gender by the first word: armchair-bed, cafe-restaurant.

The gender of a noun refers to its lexico-grammatical categories. Morphological character kind is manifested in the ability of this part of speech to be combined with dependent words. Nouns related to different kinds, differ from each other case endings in declension, word-formation structure and some lexical features. There are three forms of gender in the Russian language - masculine, feminine and neuter.

You will need

• - analyzed word;
• - linguistic dictionary or study guide.

Instructions

When determining the feminine gender of inanimate nouns, keep in mind that they have endings in the form nominative case singular -а, -я (wall, will) and zero if the noun ends in a soft sign (rye). For animate nouns, the defining feature is that they belong to female creatures (girl, cat). To avoid confusing the endings of feminine and masculine nouns, substitute the pronouns “she, mine” to check. For example, a song (she, mine).

Determine the masculine gender of nouns based on the ending of the initial form: zero for words ending with a consonant (house, table), -a, -ya for animate nouns naming male creatures (uncle, Seryozha). In order not to confuse the gender of nouns ending in a soft sign, also substitute the pronoun “he, my” (stump, day) to check.

Determine neuter nouns by the endings of the initial form -о, -е and by substituting the pronouns “it, mine” (field, window). Please note that the group indeclinable nouns, ending in the combination -mya, also refers to the neuter gender (tribe, seed, etc.). Among neuter nouns there are almost no animate ones, their number is very small (child, creature, animal).

Among nouns, there are several special groups, the determination of gender in which is difficult. These include common nouns, indeclinables and compound words.
Correlate the meanings of common nouns with their belonging to animate objects of the female or male gender. For example, a slob girl (feminine), an arrogant boy (masculine). General nouns include those that denote the qualities of people (glutton, ignorant, crybaby) or the names of persons by profession, position, occupation (architect Ivanov - architect Ivanova).

Keep in mind that the gender of indeclinable nouns is related to their animate/inanimate nature, specific/generic concept. For animate indeclinable nouns, determine gender by gender (Monsieur, Miss). Nouns that give names to animals and birds are masculine (pony, kangaroo, cockatoo). Inanimate ones usually belong to the neuter gender (coat, muffler). Exceptions are words whose gender is determined by association with generic names: kohlrabi - cabbage (feminine), Hindi - language (masculine), etc.