Markin task 25. Template and plan for a historical essay on history

Task 25 (11 points)

You need to write a historical essay about ONE of the periods of Russian history:

1) 1325–1462;

2) 1682–1725;

3) 1924–1953

The essay must:

Indicate at least two events (phenomena, processes) relating to this period of history;

Name two historical figures whose activities are connected with the specified events (phenomena, processes), and, using knowledge of historical facts, characterize the role of these personalities in the events (phenomena, processes) of a given period in the history of Russia;

Indicate at least two cause-and-effect relationships that existed between events (phenomena, processes) within a given period of history.

Using knowledge of historical facts and (or) the opinions of historians, give one historical assessment of the significance of this period for the history of Russia. During the presentation, it is necessary to use historical terms and concepts related to a given period.

In the case when historical events (phenomena, processes) are not indicated or all specified historical events (phenomena, processes) do not relate to the selected period, the answer is scored 0 points (for each of the criteria K1–K7 0 points are given

Criterion 1. Indication of events (phenomena, processes).

In the case where two events (phenomena, processes) are correctly indicated, 2 points are awarded.

If one event (phenomenon, process) is correctly indicated - 1 point.

If events (phenomena, processes) are not specified or are specified incorrectly, then 0 points are given.

Criterion 2. Mention of historical figures and their role in a given period of Russian history.

Scored from 2 to 0 points. In the case when two historical figures are correctly indicated, the role of these personalities in the events (phenomena, processes) of a given period of Russian history is correctly indicated, 2 points are awarded.

If one or two historical figures are correctly indicated, the role of only one person in the events (phenomena, processes) of a given period of Russian history is correctly indicated, 1 point is given.

If one or two historical figures are correctly indicated, but their role in the events (phenomena, processes) of a given period of Russian history is indicated incorrectly, OR one or two historical figures are correctly indicated, but their role in the events (phenomena, processes) of a given period of Russian history is not is indicated, OR historical figures are indicated incorrectly, OR historical figures are not indicated, then 0 points are given.

Criterion 3. Causal relationships.

Scored from 0 to 2 points.

In the case where two cause-and-effect relationships that existed between events (phenomena, processes) are correctly indicated, 2 points are awarded.

If one cause-and-effect relationship that existed between events (phenomena, processes) is correctly indicated, then 1 point is given.

If the cause-and-effect relationships are indicated incorrectly, OR the cause-and-effect relationships are not indicated, then 0 points are given.

Criterion 4. Historical assessment of events.

Scored from 0 to 1 point.

If a historical assessment of the significance of the period is given based on historical facts and (or) the opinions of historians, then 1 point is given.

If the historical assessment is formulated in a general form or at the level of everyday ideas, without involving historical facts and (or) the opinions of historians, OR the historical assessment is not given, then 0 points are given.

Criterion 5. Use of historical terms and concepts.

Scored from 0 to 1 point.

If historical terms and concepts are used correctly in the presentation, then you can give 1 point.

If during the presentation there is an incorrect use of historical terms and concepts, OR historical terms and concepts are not used, then 0 points will be given.

Criterion 6. Presence of factual errors.

Scored from 0 to 2 points.

According to this criterion, positive points will be given only if at least 4 points are given according to criteria K1–K4.

When assessing according to criterion K6, errors taken into account when assigning points according to criteria K1–K5 are not counted.

If there are no factual errors in the historical essay, then 2 points are given.

If one factual error is made - 1 point. If two or more factual errors are made - 0 points.

Criterion 7. Form of presentation.

1 point according to criterion K7 can be given only if according to criteria K1–K4 a total of at least 4 points is given.

If the answer is presented in the form of a historical essay (a consistent, coherent presentation of the material), then it is given 1 point.

If the answer is presented in the form of separate fragmentary provisions - only 0 points.

In total, you can get up to 11 points for your essay.

Historical essay example

Let us give an example of a historical essay on the period 1645–1676.

In accordance with the requirements for the essay, let's start with the characteristics of the period (criterion K1).

"1645–1676 - this is the period of the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov. This tsar carried out many practical reforms in all spheres of the country's public life, which prepared the basis for the future reforms of Peter I. Let's name some of them. The country's legislative system was improved, a new set of laws was adopted - the Council Code (1649). This document established the legal formalization of serfdom. According to it, the search for fugitive peasants became indefinite, the peasants became the property of the owner forever, and fixed-term summers were eliminated. In addition, the Code reflected the process of formation of absolutism. It included a chapter regulating the attitude towards the sovereign and proclaiming the most severe punishments for the slightest offenses against the sovereign and the state. Thus, the adoption of the Council Code significantly strengthened the power of the tsar, strengthened the role of the nobles, and preserved and confirmed the significant role of the church in the state.”

In accordance with the evaluation criteria, this part of the essay provides a description of the first of the required two events (phenomena, processes) and sums up the development of this event (phenomenon, process) (criterion 1).

In accordance with criterion 2, it is necessary to talk about a historical figure associated with the event (phenomenon, process) described earlier, and show the role of this person in this event.

“Alexey Mikhailovich himself took an active part in the preparation of the Council Code. The Tsar observed the work of the cathedral and made his own adjustments to the legislation.

A major role in the work of the cathedral and in the drafting of legislation was played by the educator, the tsar’s “uncle”, the head of government, and boyar B.I., who was close to the tsar. Morozov. Despite the fact that after the Salt Riot of 1648 he was removed from official participation in government, he secretly continued to play a huge role at the court of Alexei Mikhailovich, including leading the preparation of the Council Code.”

In the essay it is necessary to mention at least two events (phenomena, processes), so let’s consider one more event.

“This historical period also went down in history under the name “schism of the Russian Orthodox Church.” The beginning of the schism dates back to 1654, when Patriarch Nikon began reforming the church. Nikon sought to unify church rituals, books, holidays, etc. But not all believers were ready to accept the new rules, and the so-called Old Believers, or schismatics, arose. Its essence was expressed in disagreement with the new church orders and the desire to adhere to the old, pre-reform rituals.

Despite the schism, church reforms led to the unification of the Russian Orthodox Church, strengthening the power and role of the church in the country. However, we must not forget that another consequence of the reforms was the separation of believers, which persisted for many centuries.”

In accordance with criterion 2, it is necessary to write about a historical figure associated with the second event (phenomenon, process) described earlier, and show the role of this person in this event, therefore it is necessary to talk about church figures who participated in the preparation and implementation of reforms.

“The central figures during the period of church schism were Patriarch Nikon and Archpriest Avvakum. Both were prominent spiritual figures in Russia, both were members of Alexei Mikhailovich’s inner circle, both enjoyed enormous authority among believers. However, Avvakum did not accept Nikon’s desire to take Byzantine books and rituals as a model for the unification of books and rituals, but advocated that Rus' also had its own, Slavic Christian roots, which should have been taken as a model in the reform. Habakkuk demonstrated by personal example loyalty to his principles, defended adherence to antiquity, and laid the foundation for a schismatic movement.

Nikon first established himself as an active reformer, a supporter of the new, union of church and state. But later, his desire to put church power above secular power led to the fact that Alexei Mikhailovich stopped supporting him and even actively spoke out for Nikon’s resignation from the patriarchal throne, which happened in 1667. After which Nikon was sent into northern exile, where he spent the rest of my days."

In accordance with the requirements of criterion 3, cause-and-effect relationships between events should be established.

“There are undoubtedly cause-and-effect relationships between these events. Both events - the adoption of the Council Code and church reform - were dictated by common reasons: the aggravation of social contradictions in the country, the interest of the population in creating clear and precise laws, the need to strengthen the authority of secular and church authorities.

The consequence of these events was the strengthening of the central government, the strengthening of the influence of the church in the state, and the strengthening of the authority of Russia as a whole.”

In accordance with criterion 4, a historical assessment of the period should be made based on facts and the opinions of historians.

“Alexey Mikhailovich ruled for a long period - 31 years. During his reign, many reforms were carried out in almost all spheres of public life. But his reign cannot be assessed unambiguously.

On the one hand, a significant step forward has been made in economic development. Elements of capitalist relations began to develop faster in the country, foreign specialists began to be attracted more often, the tax system changed, and a policy of protectionism was pursued. The Council Code became the main legislation of the country for many decades. Significant successes were achieved in foreign policy: peace treaties were signed with many countries (for example, the Treaty of Kardis in 1661 with Sweden, the Truce of Andrusovo with Poland in 1667), the reunification of Russia and Ukraine took place in 1654, and Russia’s territories in the East were significantly expanded (exploration of Eastern Siberia by Russian pioneers and traders).

But, on the other hand, it was under Alexei Mikhailovich that serfdom was finally formalized (1649), and the tax burden on the country’s population increased significantly. Many social protests took place (for example, the Salt Riot of 1648, the Copper Riot of 1662, the first peasant war led by Stepan Razin of 1670–1671, etc.).

The figure of Alexei Mikhailovich itself is also ambiguously assessed by domestic and foreign historians, both past and present.

The image of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in historiography is quite contradictory. In addition, assessing the personality of Alexei Mikhailovich often becomes an attempt to justify the nickname “the quietest” assigned to him. This characteristic quickly became almost the only indisputable assessment of the ruler’s personal qualities.

In the study by S.M. Solovyov’s “History from Ancient Times”, almost three volumes are devoted to the reign of the Tsar, but the author did not consider the personality of the ruler himself to be fateful for Russian history. If we talk about how Solovyov himself evaluates Alexei Mikhailovich, then the tsar, from his point of view, was distinguished by “kindness” and “gentleness,” like his father, Mikhail Fedorovich.

A more detailed description of the king is given by V.O. Klyuchevsky: “I am ready to see in him the best man of Ancient Rus', at least I don’t know another ancient Russian person who would make a more pleasant impression - but not on the throne.” This “best” person, according to Klyuchevsky, was passive and unstable, little able to “defend or carry out anything,” “easily lost his composure and gave excessive scope to his tongue and hands.”

From the point of view of S.F. Platonova, Alexey Mikhailovich “was a wonderful and noble, but too soft and indecisive person.”

Modern historian Igor Andreev uses this epithet in his research on almost every page and several times. “Undoubtedly, heroic tragedy is not his genre. The Quiet One, he is the Quiet One,” he states on the first pages of the monograph dedicated to the Tsar. This epithet turned out to be capable of displacing even the name of the king and taking his place. There is a well-known historical novel about Tsar V. Bakhrevsky called “The Quietest”, a novel by V.Ya. Svetlova “At the Court of the Quiet Emperor”.

In general, the era of Alexei Mikhailovich is a period of strengthening absolutism, creating the preconditions for the reforms of Peter the Great.”

Sequencing

To conclude our brief overview of the features of working on the new task 25, we would like to recommend a short template, using which it is easier to build a certain sequence of actions for yourself.

___ (required period) is the period of ___'s reign. This king (prince, ruler) carried out many transformations ___. I will name the most important of them.

Event (phenomenon, process) No. 1 + result.

Event (phenomenon, process) No. 2 + result.

A historical figure associated with this event (phenomenon, process), and her role.

Let's consider what cause-and-effect relationships exist between these events (phenomena, processes) during the reign of ___. Both events - ___ and ___ - were dictated by common reasons: ___.

The results of these events (that is, their consequences) were ___, ___, ___.

Ruled for a long time - ___ years. His reign cannot be assessed unambiguously.

On the one side, ___.

But in other way, ___.

The figure of ___ itself is also ambiguously assessed by domestic and foreign historians, both past and present. The image of ___ in historiography is quite contradictory.

The reign of ___ as a whole became a period of ___.

Task 25 (11 points)

You need to write a historical essay about ONE of the periods of Russian history:

1) 1325–1462;

2) 1682–1725;

3) 1924–1953

The essay must:

- indicate at least two events (phenomena, processes) relating to a given period of history;

- name two historical figures whose activities are connected with these events (phenomena, processes), and, using knowledge of historical facts, characterize the role of these personalities in the events (phenomena, processes) of a given period in Russian history;

- indicate at least two cause-and-effect relationships that existed between events (phenomena, processes) within a given period of history.

Criterion 1. Indication of events (phenomena, processes).

In the case where two events (phenomena, processes) are correctly indicated, 2 points are awarded.

If one event (phenomenon, process) is correctly indicated - 1 point.

If events (phenomena, processes) are not specified or are specified incorrectly, then 0 points are given.

Criterion 2. Mention of historical figures and their role in a given period of Russian history.

Criterion 3. Causal relationships.

Scored from 0 to 2 points.

In the case where two cause-and-effect relationships that existed between events (phenomena, processes) are correctly indicated, 2 points are awarded.

If one cause-and-effect relationship that existed between events (phenomena, processes) is correctly indicated, then 1 point is given.

If the cause-and-effect relationships are indicated incorrectly, OR the cause-and-effect relationships are not indicated, then 0 points are given.

Criterion 4. Historical assessment of events .

Scored from 0 to 1 point.

If a historical assessment of the significance of the period is given based on historical facts and (or) the opinions of historians, then 1 point is given.

Criterion 5. Use of historical terms and concepts .

Scored from 0 to 1 point.

If historical terms and concepts are used correctly in the presentation, then you can give 1 point.

If during the presentation there is an incorrect use of historical terms and concepts, OR historical terms and concepts are not used, then 0 points will be given.

Criterion 6. Presence of factual errors .

Scored from 0 to 2 points.

According to this criterion, positive points will be given only if at least 4 points are given according to criteria K1–K4.

When assessing according to criterion K6, errors taken into account when assigning points according to criteria K1–K5 are not counted.

If there are no factual errors in the historical essay, then 2 points are given.

If one factual error is made - 1 point. If two or more factual errors are made - 0 points.

Criterion 7. Form of presentation.

1 point according to criterion K7 can be given only if according to criteria K1–K4 a total of at least 4 points is given.

If the answer is presented in the form of a historical essay (a consistent, coherent presentation of the material), then it is given 1 point.

If the answer is presented in the form of separate fragmentary provisions - only 0 points.

In total, you can get up to 11 points for your essay.

Historical essay example

Let us give an example of a historical essay on the period 1645–1676.

In accordance with the requirements for the essay, let's start with the characteristics of the period (criterion K1).

In accordance with criterion 2, it is necessary to talk about a historical figure associated with the event (phenomenon, process) described earlier, and show the role of this person in this event.

“Alexey Mikhailovich himself took an active part in the preparation of the Council Code. The Tsar observed the work of the cathedral and made his own adjustments to the legislation.

In the essay it is necessary to mention at least two events (phenomena, processes), so let’s consider one more event.

In accordance with the requirements of criterion 3, cause-and-effect relationships between events should be established.

In accordance with criterion 4, a historical assessment of the period should be made based on facts and the opinions of historians.

“Alexey Mikhailovich ruled for a long period - 31 years. During his reign, many reforms were carried out in almost all spheres of public life. But his reign cannot be assessed unambiguously.

The figure of Alexei Mikhailovich itself is also ambiguously assessed by domestic and foreign historians, both past and present.

From the point of view of S.F. Platonova, Alexey Mikhailovich “was a wonderful and noble, but too soft and indecisive person.”

In general, the era of Alexei Mikhailovich is a period of strengthening absolutism, creating the preconditions for the reforms of Peter the Great.”

Sequencing

___ (required period) is the period of ___'s reign. This king (prince, ruler) carried out many transformations ___. I will name the most important of them.

Event (phenomenon, process) No. 1 + result.

Event (phenomenon, process) No. 2 + result.

A historical figure associated with this event (phenomenon, process), and her role.

Let's consider what cause-and-effect relationships exist between these events (phenomena, processes) during the reign of ___. Both events - ___ and ___ - were dictated by common reasons: ___.

The results of these events (that is, their consequences) were ___, ___, ___.

Ruled for a long time - ___ years. His reign cannot be assessed unambiguously.

On the one side, ___.

But in other way, ___.

The figure of ___ itself is also ambiguously assessed by domestic and foreign historians, both past and present. The image of ___ in historiography is quite contradictory.

The reign of ___ as a whole became a period of ___.

One of the most difficult tasks in the Unified State Examination in History is task No. 25, which is also called a historical essay. For this task you can get as many as 11 primary points, therefore, everyone who claims a high score in the Unified State Exam in history needs to learn how to write a historical essay.

In task 25 you will be offered a choice of three periods, one of which belongs to the section “Antiquities and the Middle Ages”, one to “Modern History” and one to “Modern History”. You need to write an essay about one from these periods, strictly taking into account its chronological framework.

The question of how to write a historical essay in the Unified State Exam in history almost always arises among graduates who decide to take the Unified State Exam in history. There is a lot of material on this topic on the Internet, but when tested, most essays turn out to be too large in volume and contain information that is simply impossible to remember. To prepare for an essay on history, knowing the subject well is not enough - you need to actively attend , read historical literature and go to.

Criteria for historical essays in the Unified State Exam 2018

So how to write a good essay? First of all, it is necessary to take into account the criteria contained in the Unified State Examination itself. They are given below with a little explanation. So, in the essay you need:

— indicate at least two significant events (phenomena, processes) relating to a given period of history. Such an event, depending on the period, can be: a war, a battle, a revolution, the implementation of any policy, the adoption of a particular law, the formation or collapse of a state, the formation of a political movement, etc. The range of historical events is very wide. The main thing is not to make a mistake and choose exactly those events that are included in the time period you have chosen, otherwise they will not be evaluated.

- name two historical figures whose activities are connected with the specified events (phenomena, processes), and, using knowledge of historical facts, characterize the roles of the personalities you named in these events (phenomena, processes). At the same time, the authors of the Unified State Examination explain that when characterizing a personality necessary indicate specific actions of this person (adopting a law, implementing a policy, annexing a particular territory, etc.), which significantly influenced the course and/or result of these events (processes, phenomena).

In other words, it is not enough to simply name a person (ruler, state, cultural or socio-political figure) and list his merits. It is necessary to show exactly how this person or her actions influenced the events you indicated and what role she played in the processes you indicated.

- indicate at least two cause-and-effect relationships characterizing the causes of events (phenomena, processes) that occurred during a given period. That is, when characterizing an event, you need not just name it (for example, the October Revolution in Russia), but also indicate its reasons (for example, people’s fatigue from the war, unresolved national conflicts, the decline in the authority of the Provisional Government, etc.). At the same time, in order to better highlight cause-and-effect relationships in your text, use the constructions below (and similar ones):

1) This was due to a number of reasons, namely...

2) This led to...

3) (this event) was greatly influenced by...

4) The causes (events) are...

6) As a result (of this event), the following changes occurred in..

7) The result of the transformation was...

8) (This event) was the beginning...

— using knowledge of historical facts and (or) opinions of historians, evaluate the impact of events (phenomena, processes) of a given period on the further history of Russia. In this case, you are asked to fit the period you have chosen into the general historical context, i.e. show how exactly this period influenced subsequent ones.

“As a result of the Mongol invasion, the Russian lands became politically and economically dependent on the Golden Horde, which lasted for more than two hundred years and, according to the historian Karamzin, had a decisive influence on the nature of power in the Russian state.”

Also an important criterion for a historical essay is the appearance of the text. The test must contain a consistent and coherent presentation of the material, present a full-fledged work, and not fragmentary provisions.

Template and plan for a historical essay on history

When writing a historical essay, we recommend that you adhere to the following template, which will significantly simplify your life and make writing the essay more understandable.

Introduction

In the introduction, write the name of the period (for example, the era of palace coups, the Time of Troubles, etc.), indicate the ruler or rulers. In a few words, describe the situation in the country at the beginning of the period, and here note the main events, phenomena and processes.

Main part
Indicate one of the historical processes you named in the introduction. Using introductory constructions, indicate its causes, as well as features of development.
Select a historical figure who participated in the process you indicated and reveal his role, keeping in mind the essay criteria. Do not forget to provide as many historical facts and dates as possible (but only if you are absolutely sure of them!)
Indicate what the event, process or phenomenon you described led to, as well as how it influenced other events, phenomena or processes.
Repeat steps 1-3 to describe the second historical process.

Conclusion

In conclusion, based on the facts you specified in the essay, draw a conclusion about the significance of this period for the history of Russia. Indicate how historians assessed this period and/or, based on the facts, give your own assessment of its role in history.

Don’t forget to check your essay again after writing to make sure it meets all the criteria!

An example of a historical essay in the Unified State Examination in History 2018

Period 1598-1613 (Time of Troubles)

The period of the late 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century in Russian history is called the Time of Troubles. At this time, the Russian state had to face political, economic and social crises that brought the country to the brink of collapse.

During this period, many political figures can be identified whose main task was to maintain power in their hands in conditions of famine, frequent uprisings and foreign intervention. After the death of the last sovereign from the Rurik dynasty, Fyodor Ioannovich, the country was ruled by Boris Godunov (1598-1605), an influential boyar and formerly the closest adviser to Tsar Fyodor, elected by the Zemsky Sobor.

Many historians associate the beginning of his reign with the beginning of the Troubles. The consequences of Ivan IV's oprichnina policies, as well as the famine of 1601-1603, greatly weakened the economy and caused a wave of discontent among the population, which led to death, plunder and numerous uprisings, such as the Cotton Rebellion (1603). All of the above events in one way or another contributed to the growth of dissatisfaction with Boris’s rule and the strengthening of his rivals.

The situation worsened with the appearance of False Dmitry I on the territory of the Russian kingdom, who laid claim to the throne on behalf of the “miraculously saved” heir Dmitry Ioannovich. Having secured the support of some peasants, some detachments of Cossacks and boyars, False Dmitry, together with the Polish detachment, managed to gain a foothold in Moscow.

By this time, Boris Godunov had already died, his wife and son were killed as a result of a boyar conspiracy. The reign of the impostor was short-lived and was characterized by a course towards rapprochement with Poland and the implementation of many reforms, which were not approved by all segments of the population. Confirmation of decrees enslaving peasants, weddings according to Catholic custom - all this undermined the established image of the “correct” king and the hope for a better future under the new sovereign.

Another boyar conspiracy, organized by Vasily Shuisky, one of the most influential boyars, ended the reign of False Dmitry. Russia under Shuisky and the subsequent rule of the boyars (Seven Boyars) faced new peasant unrest (the uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov), as well as Polish-Swedish intervention.

As a result, Rus' could not recover for a long time after the Time of Troubles. The first step towards the restoration of Russian statehood was taken in 1613, when at the Zemsky Sobor Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected and invited to the throne. The Time of Troubles ended only in 1618 after the signing of the Peace of Stolbovo with Sweden and the Truce of Deulino with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

The Troubles of the early 17th century is one of the darkest eras in the history of the Russian state. Numerous crises, instability of power and weakness in the political arena led to foreign invasions and the loss of some territories in the west and north-west of Rus'. On the other hand, in the conditions of the Time of Troubles it turned out that the country was able to withstand occupation, famine and the crisis of power, because in the end the members of the Zemsky Sobor came to a compromise and elected a new sovereign.

The twenty-fifth task of the Unified State Exam in history is the latest and, for many, the most difficult task of the exam. In it you need to write a historical essay on one of three topics - a certain period of dates, which are presented to the graduate’s choice. For it you can get a maximum of 11 primary points at once, that is, 35 test points. As a rule, the proposed topic options relate to three different large periods of history - from the 8th to the 17th centuries, from the 17th to the 19th centuries and from the 20th to the beginning of the 21st centuries. The date indicated in the topic does not always coincide with the years of reign or leadership of the country by any historical figure.

There are no requirements for the structure and compositional design of the work, but you need to write a work that meets the provisions specified in the assignment, as well as the criteria for its verification. Let's look at them.

Theory and criteria for assessing essays in the Unified State Examination in History

Criterion K1 is called “indicating events (phenomena, processes)” that must relate to the historical period chosen for the essay. If two historical events are correctly indicated, you can get 2 primary points; accordingly, if only one thing is true – 1 primary point.

You can also get 2 primary points by criterion K2 – “historical figures and their role in the specified events of a given period of history.” If 2 individuals are named and the role of each of them is indicated, 2 primary points are awarded, and if 1-2 individuals are named, but the role is assigned to only one, 1 point is awarded. If 1-2 individuals are simply indicated in the text, and nothing is written about their role in the events of the period, the graduate does not receive points for this criterion. It is important to remember that you cannot simply write, for example, “Prince Dmitry Donskoy played an important role in the Battle of Kulikovo” - this is considered general reasoning, also worth zero points. But if you write something like “Dmitry Donskoy managed to unite the forces of the Russian princes and enlist support from the church; He also showed the talent of a commander, as he was able to determine the most advantageous position for the army and use an ambush regiment. All this played a decisive role during the Battle of Kulikovo,” this will be counted as indicating the role of the individual in the event.

By criterion K3 the indication of cause-and-effect relationships between events is checked; For two correctly indicated connections, the graduate receives 2 primary points. It is necessary to clearly state which event was the consequence of which, for example, “the tax policy pursued by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was one of the causes of the Salt Riot.” An event belonging to another historical period cannot be indicated as a prerequisite or cause.

Behind criterion K4 You can get 1 primary point. This is possible if you indicate the significance of a given historical period for the entire history of the country, based on historical facts or the opinion of historians. That is, you cannot simply write “this period was very important for the subsequent history of the country.” But if you indicate the key events and analyze their role and significance for further history, the answer will be counted. You can also refer to the opinion of a historian, or, if you don’t remember the name, write “according to a number of historians” - but you can write this only when you are sure that a scientist actually expressed such a point of view.

Criterion K5 checks the use of historical terminology in the text. You can get 1 primary point for it. To do this, it is enough to use a term related to history even once in the text, the main thing is to do it in the right context. For example: “In 1597, fixed summers were first introduced - the period during which the owners of the peasants could file a claim for their return.”

Points by criterion K6 – “Presence of factual errors” - can only be obtained if at least 4 points are received for criteria K1-K4. If there are no actual errors in the work, you can get 2 primary points; if one error is made - 1, and if two or more - 0.

Criterion K7 – “Form of presentation” - is also considered by experts only if at least 4 points are scored according to criteria K1-K4. If the answer is presented in the form of an essay, that is, the material is presented sequentially and coherently, the examinee is awarded 1 primary point. If the answer represents separate, unrelated provisions - 0.

The volume of the essay is not indicated, but it is better not to make it too large and “spill water” - while writing beautiful phrases and pretentious text, the correct wording that meets the criteria may be lost. But you also don’t need to write a short, too dry paper: it’s better to write an essay of medium length. It is better to start preparing for this task in advance in order to learn how to write essays that meet the exam criteria. It is very good to write 1-2 essays every week on different periods, taken from exam options or simply from a bank of assignments, and then submit them for checking to a teacher or tutor.

Option for an essay in the Unified State Exam in History

You need to write a historical essay about ONE of the periods of Russian history:

1237-1480;
1725-1762;
1953-1964

The essay must:

indicate at least two events (phenomena, processes) relating to a given period of history;
name two historical figures whose activities are connected with these events (phenomena, processes), and, using knowledge of historical facts, characterize the role of these personalities in the events (phenomena, processes) of a given period in Russian history;
indicate at least two cause-and-effect relationships that existed between events (phenomena, processes) within a given period of history.

Let's write an essay on the second period. First you need to characterize it - write what it is called in the history of our country, or who was the leader of the country during this period.

1725-1762 – the period known as the “era of palace coups.” At this time, 6 monarchs succeeded each other, receiving the throne as a result of palace intrigues, often with the participation of the guard.

The first ruler during this period was Catherine 1, the wife of Peter 1. She ruled from 1725 to 1727. Its main transformation can be called the establishment in 1726 of the Supreme Privy Council, which during its existence (1726-1730) actually decided all state affairs, completely replacing the Senate. After the death of the empress, the grandson of Peter the Great, Peter 2, ascended the throne. At the beginning of his reign, power was actually exercised by A. Menshikov, a famous statesman who was a favorite of Peter 1, who participated in the Northern War; under Catherine 1, he headed the Military Collegium and actually held power in his own hands. However, in 1727 he was arrested and sent into exile. In 1730, Peter 2 dies. The period of the reign of Anna Ioannovna begins, the Duchess of Courland, who was invited to the Russian throne by members of the Supreme Privy Council and signed the Conditions - the conditions for accession to the throne, which greatly limited the powers of the Empress. However, Anna soon tore up the Conditions, and they became invalid. Then she liquidated the Privy Council and established the Cabinet of Ministers. In 1741, Elizaveta Petrovna, the daughter of Peter 1, became empress. Her reign lasted until 1761. Her policy was aimed at strengthening the position of the nobility and restoring Peter's order - in particular, she restored the powers of the Senate. During the reign of the empress, the state's economy strengthened - this was facilitated by measures such as the abolition of customs duties and the reduction of poll taxes. The spiritual sphere of society’s life also developed - Moscow University and the Academy of Sciences, theaters, and the Academy of Arts were founded. However, after the death of Elizabeth, her nephew Peter 3 began to rule the country, whose short reign was marked by the publication of the Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility, which abolished compulsory service for nobles. The Tsar was not popular because of his dislike for the Russian - for example, he ordered the clergy to wear robes in the Lutheran style and thought about remaking the army according to the Prussian model, but the main reason for his unpopularity was that he returned to Prussia all the territories he had conquered during the Seven Years' War. By issuing a manifesto, he wanted to improve his position, but this did not happen, and in 1761 his wife, Empress Catherine II, ascended the throne. This event ended the Period of palace coups.

The era of palace coups was of great importance in the life of the country. During this time, serfdom was strengthened: Catherine 1 forbade peasants to go to work, and by decree of Anna Ioannovna, peasant families were forever attached to factories. Elizaveta Petrovna issued permission to landowners to exile peasants to Siberia without trial or investigation. The rulers did this in order to strengthen the position of the nobles and landowners, and, consequently, the authority of their power. We must not forget that at this time the international authority of the country was strengthened and access to the Black Sea was gained. However, some historians (S. M. Solovyov, N. Ya Eidelman, S. V. Platonov) considered this time a “step back,” noting the dominance of foreigners at court as one of the main reasons for this point of view.

Let's look at the work according to the criteria. We indicate much more than two events (criterion K1) - the accession of emperors to the throne, the adoption of decrees... We also consider the role of several individuals - in most detail such as A. Menshikov and Elizaveta Petrovna (criterion K2). We also indicate cause-and-effect relationships - for example, talking about the reasons for the unpopularity of Peter 3 and his publication of the Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility, and about the tightening of serfdom in the last paragraph (K3).

We consider the significance of the period in the last paragraph, based on facts and citing the opinion of historians - this is criterion K4. We can also count with full confidence on the score according to the K5 criterion - we correctly use historical terminology in our work. We do not make factual errors and consistently express our thoughts, thanks to which we receive 2 more points - according to criteria K6 and K7.

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Task 25 (11 points)

You need to write a historical essay about ONE of the

periods of Russian history:

1) 1325–1462;

2) 1682–1725;

3) 1924–1953

The essay must:

Indicate at least two events (phenomena, processes) related to

to a given period of history;

Name two historical figures whose activities are connected with

specified events (phenomena, processes), and, using knowledge

historical facts, characterize the role of these individuals in events

(phenomena, processes) of this period of Russian history;

Indicate at least two cause-and-effect relationships that existed

between events (phenomena, processes) within a given period

Using knowledge of historical facts and/or the opinions of historians, give

one historical assessment of the significance of this period for the history of Russia.

During the presentation it is necessary to use historical terms, concepts,

related to this period.

In the case when historical events, phenomena, processes) are not indicated or

all specified historical events (phenomena, processes) do not relate to

selected period, the answer is scored 0 points (for each of the criteria

K1 –K7 is given 0 points

Criterion 1. Indication of events (phenomena, processes).

In the case when two events (phenomena, processes) are correctly indicated,

2 points are given.

If one event (phenomenon, process) is correctly indicated - 1 point.

If events (phenomena, processes) are not specified or are specified incorrectly, then

0 points are given.

Criterion 2. Mention of historical figures and their role in this

period of Russian history.

Scored from 2 to 0 points. In the case where two are correctly specified

historical figures, the role of these personalities in events is correctly indicated

(phenomena, processes) of a given period of Russian history, 2 is set

If one or two historical figures are correctly indicated,

the role of only one person in the events (phenomena, processes) of a given

period of Russian history, 1 point is awarded.

If one or two historical figures are correctly indicated, and their role in

events (phenomena, processes) of a given period in Russian history is indicated

incorrectly, OR one or two historical figures are indicated correctly, and their

role in the events (phenomena, processes) of this period of Russian history is not

indicated, OR historical figures are indicated incorrectly, OR historical

personalities are not specified, 0 points are given.

Criterion 3. Cause-effect relationships.

Scored from 0 to 2 points.

In the case where two cause-and-effect relationships are correctly indicated,

existing between events (phenomena, processes), set to 2

If one cause-and-effect relationship is correctly indicated, it existed

between events (phenomena, processes), then 1 point is given.

If cause-and-effect relationships are indicated incorrectly, OR cause-and-effect

investigative connections are not indicated, then 0 points are given.

Criterion 4. Historical assessment of events.

Scored from 0 to 1 point.

If a historical assessment of the significance of a period is given based on

historical facts and (or) opinions of historians, then 1 point is given.

If the historical assessment is formulated in general form or at the level

everyday ideas, without involving historical facts and (or)

opinions of historians, OR the historical assessment is not given, then 0 is given

Criterion 5. Use of historical terms and concepts.

Scored from 0 to 1 point.

If historical terms are used correctly in the presentation,

concepts, then you can give 1 point.

If during the presentation there is an incorrect use of historical

terms, concepts, OR historical terms, concepts not used,

then 0 points will be given.

Criterion 6. Presence of factual errors.

Scored from 0 to 2 points.

According to this criterion, positive points will be given only if

case when at least 4 points are given according to criteria K1–K4.

When assessing according to the K6 criterion, errors taken into account when

assigning points according to criteria K1–K5.

If there are no factual errors in a historical work, then

2 points are given.

If one factual error is made -1 point. If two or

more factual errors -0 points.

Criterion 7. Form of presentation.

1 point according to criterion K7 can be awarded only if, according to

criteria K1–K4 received a total of at least 4 points.

If the answer is presented in the form of a historical essay (sequential,

coherent presentation of the material), then 1 point is given for it.

If the answer is presented in the form of separate fragmentary provisions, only

0 points.

In total, you can get up to 11 points for your essay.

Historical essay example

Let us give an example of a historical essay on the period 1645–1676.

In accordance with the requirements for the essay, let's start with

characteristics of the period (criterion K1).

"1645–1676 - This is the period of the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov.

public life of the country, preparing the basis for future reforms

Peter I. Let's name some of them. Has been improved

legislative system of the country, a new set of laws has been adopted - Sobornoe

Code (1649). This document enshrined the legal

registration of serfdom. According to him, the search for runaway peasants became

indefinite, the peasants became the property of the owner forever, were

lesson summers have been eliminated. In addition, the Code reflects

the process of formation of absolutism. It included a chapter

regulating the attitude towards the sovereign and proclaiming the maximum

severe punishments for the slightest offense against the sovereign and

states. Thus, the adoption of the Council Code significantly

strengthened the power of the king, strengthened the role of the nobles, preserved and confirmed

significant role of the church in the state."

characteristics of the first of the required two events (phenomena, processes) and

the results of the development of this event (phenomenon, process) are summed up (criterion 1).

In accordance with criterion 2, it is necessary to talk about the historical

personality associated with the event (phenomenon, process) described earlier, and

show the role of this person in this event.

“I myself took an active part in the preparation of the Council Code.

Alexey Mikhailovich. The Tsar watched the work of the cathedral, contributed his

amendments to legislation.

He played a major role in the work of the council and in the drafting of legislation.

educator, “uncle” of the tsar, head of government, close to the tsar

boyar B.I. Morozov. Despite the fact that after the Salt Riot of 1648 he

was removed from official participation in government, he

secretly continued to play a huge role at the court of Alexei Mikhailovich and

including leading the preparation of the Council Code.”

The essay must mention at least two events (phenomena,

processes), so let's consider one more event.

“This historical period also went down in history under the name

"schism of the Russian Orthodox Church." The beginning of the schism dates back to 1654

the year when Patriarch Nikon began reforming the church. Nikon

sought to unify church rituals, books, holidays, etc. But

not all believers were ready to accept the new rules, and arose

the so-called Old Believers, or schismaticism. Its essence

was expressed in disagreement with the new church orders and desire

adhere to old, pre-reform rituals.

Despite the schism, church reforms led to the unification of the Russian

the Orthodox Church, strengthening power and the role of the church in the country. However

We must not forget that another consequence of the reforms was the disunity

believers, preserved for many centuries.”

In accordance with criterion 2, it is necessary to write about historical

personality associated with the second event (phenomenon, process),

described earlier, and show the role of this person in this event, therefore

you should definitely talk about the church leaders who participated in

preparation and implementation of reforms.

“The central figures during the period of church schism were the patriarch

Nikon and Archpriest Avvakum. Both were prominent spiritual figures

Russia, both were members of Alexei Mikhailovich’s inner circle, both

accepted Nikon’s aspirations to take as a model for the unification of books and rituals

Byzantine books and rituals, but advocated that Rus' had its own,

Slavic Christian roots, which should have been taken as a model in

reform. Habakkuk demonstrated by personal example his loyalty to his

principles, defended adherence to antiquity, laid the foundation

schismatic movement.

supporter of the new, union of church and state. But later he

the desire to place church power above secular power led to

that Alexey Mikhailovich stopped supporting him and even actively

spoke in favor of Nikon’s resignation from the patriarchal throne, as

happened in 1667. After which Nikon was sent to northern exile, where

and spent the rest of his days."

In accordance with the requirements of criterion 3, causality should be established

investigative connections between events.

“Between these events, there are undoubtedly causal

investigative connections. Both events - the adoption of the Council Code, and

church reform - were dictated by general reasons: the aggravation

social contradictions in the country, the interest of the population in

the creation of clear and precise laws, the need to strengthen the authority of

secular and ecclesiastical authorities.

The consequence of these events was the strengthening of central power, strengthening

influence of the church in the state, strengthening the authority of Russia as a whole.”

In accordance with criterion 4, a historical assessment of the period from

based on facts and opinions of historians.

“Alexey Mikhailovich ruled for a long period of 31 years.

During his reign, many reforms were carried out practically throughout

all spheres of public life. But his reign cannot be assessed

definitely.

On the one hand, a significant step forward has been made in the development

economy. Elements began to develop faster in the country

capitalist relations, foreigners began to be involved more often

specialists, the tax system changed, policies were implemented

protectionism. The Council Code became for many decades

basic legislation of the country. Significant achievements have been made

successes in foreign policy: peace treaties were signed with many

countries (for example, the Treaty of Kardis in 1661 with Sweden, Andrusovskoe

truce with Poland in 1667), in 1654 there was a reunification of Russia and

Ukraine, the territories of Russia in the East have been significantly expanded

(exploration of Eastern Siberia by Russian pioneers and traders

But, on the other hand, it was under Alexei Mikhailovich that what happened

final registration of serfdom (1649), significantly

The tax burden on the country's population has increased. Many happened

social protests (for example, the Salt Riot of 1648 .,

Copper Riot of 1662, the first peasant war led by Stepan

Razin 1670–1671 and etc.).

The figure of Alexei Mikhailovich itself is also ambiguously assessed

domestic and foreign historians of both the past and

modernity.

The image of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in historiography is quite contradictory.

In addition, the assessment of Alexei Mikhailovich’s personality often becomes

an attempt to justify the nickname “the quietest” attributed to him. This

characteristic quite quickly became almost the only one

an indisputable assessment of the ruler’s personal qualities.

In the study by S.M. Solovyov’s “History from Ancient Times” almost three

volumes are devoted to the reign of the king, but the author does not identify the personality of the ruler himself

considered fateful for Russian history. If we talk about how

Solovyov evaluates Alexei Mikhailovich, then the tsar, from his point of view,

was distinguished by “kindness” and “gentleness,” like his father, Mikhail

Fedorovich.