GOST R7.0.5 2008
NATIONAL STANDARD RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Information standards system
library and publishing
Date of introduction – 2009–01–01
· quoting;
· borrowing provisions, formulas, tables, illustrations;
· the need to refer to another publication where the issue is more fully stated;
Section 6.1. Interlinear bibliographic reference - is drawn up as a note taken from the text of the document to the bottom of the page.
How to format notes
According to GOST 7.32-2001, notes are placed immediately after the text, figure or table to which they relate. If there is only one note, then after the word “Note” there is a dash and the text of the note appears. One note is not numbered. Several notes are numbered in order using Arabic numerals without a period.
Note – _____
Notes
1 ________________
2 ________________
3 ________________
Notes can be formatted as footnotes. The footnote sign is placed immediately after the word, number, symbol, sentence to which an explanation is given. The footnote sign is performed in superscript Arabic numerals with a parenthesis. It is allowed to use asterisks “*” instead of numbers. More than three stars are not allowed on a page. The footnote is placed at the end of the page with a paragraph indent, separated from the text by a short horizontal line left.
Rules for formatting references to literary sources
Depending on which method of constructing a bibliographic list is chosen, you should use one of two methods for formatting references in the text.
When using a numbered bibliography, the reference in the text is formatted as the source number in the list, enclosed in square brackets: .
When using an unnumbered list of references, the reference in the text is formatted as the author’s last name and, separated by a comma, the year of publication, enclosed in square brackets: [Weber, 1918]. If the work being referenced has more than two authors, then square brackets The surname of only the first author is indicated, and instead of the surnames of the others it is written “et al.” - in the case of a Russian-language source, and “etal. " - when literary source on English language: [Almond et al., 1995] , . In the case when the list contains works by different authors with the same surnames, the surname with initials is given: [Petrov V., 2000]. If several works by the same author were published in one year, then lowercase letters are added to the link, corresponding to the order of the works in the bibliographic list: [Bolotova, 2007b].
Literary sources must be referenced in the text different situations: direct quotation, presentation of original thoughts without citing, citing not from the original source, listing authors who worked on a similar problem, citing a figure, diagram, table from another literary source (examples of links for different situations see Example 2.1).
Direct Quote
When direct quotation the text contains a phrase or part of a phrase from some other source. The quotation must be enclosed in quotation marks. After the quotation in the text, the following is indicated in square brackets:
the author's surname, the year of publication of the cited work and, separated by a comma, the page number on which the quoted text is located in this source.
In the case of a numbered bibliography: number of the source in the list of references and, separated by commas, the number of the page on which the quoted text is located in this source.
General rules citations
The text of the quotation is enclosed in quotation marks and is given in the grammatical form in which it is given in the source, preserving the peculiarities of the author’s writing.
Quoting must be complete, without arbitrary abbreviation of the quoted fragment and without distortion of the meaning. The omission of minor words that do not affect the meaning is indicated by an ellipsis.
If, when citing a quotation, it is necessary to highlight some words in it, important For Your his text, then after such allocation must be indicated initial letters your first and last name: (my italics - I.F.), (underlined by me - I.F.), etc.
You should not overuse quotes. The optimal number of citations in the text is no more than two per page.
Each the quotation must be accompanied by a link to the source from which it was borrowed.
Presentation of original thoughts without citation
In the case of retelling someone’s ideas, thoughts, concepts, but without direct quotation, it is also necessary to refer to the source in which these ideas, thoughts, concepts are presented. Retelling/presentation of ideas, thoughts, concepts is not enclosed in brackets. After the retelling/statement, the following is indicated in square brackets:
In the case of an unnumbered bibliography: the name of the author, the year of publication of the work in which these ideas, thoughts, and concepts are presented.
source number in the list of references.
Quoting not from the original source
In the case where the original source is not available, but there is another source available that provides the necessary quotation, then this quotation can be cited in the text, citing the available source. The quotation is formatted in the same way as in the case of direct quotations, but after the quotation in the text it is indicated in square brackets:
In the case of an unnumbered bibliography: at the beginning they quote the words: “Cit. by: "(quoted from), then the author's surname, the year of publication of the work from which the quotation is given, and separated by a comma - the page number on which the quoted text is located in this source.
In the case of a numbered bibliography: at the beginning they quote the words: “Cit. by: "(quoted from), then the number of the source in the list of references from which the quotation is given, and separated by a comma - the page number on which the quoted text is placed in this source.
In the case of an unnumbered bibliography: the names of the authors and the year of publication of their works in which their ideas are presented, separated by a semicolon.
In the case of a numbered bibliography: numbers of their works in the list of references, separated by semicolons.
Bringing a picture, diagram, table from another source
In the case when the text contains figures, diagrams, tables from other literary sources, it is necessary to indicate where they were taken from. In this case, after indicating the name of the figure, diagram, table, the following is indicated in square brackets:
In the case of an unnumbered bibliography: at the beginning they quote the words: “Drive. by: "(given by), then the author's surname, the year of publication of the work from which the drawing, diagram, table was taken, and separated by a comma - the page number on which this drawing, diagram, table is placed in this source.
In the case of a numbered bibliography: at the beginning they quote the words: “Drive. according to: "(given according to), then the number of the source in the list of references from which the figure, diagram, table was taken, and separated by a comma - the page number on which this figure, diagram, table is placed in this source.
Numbered |
Unnumbered |
|
Direct Quote |
[Ryabinin, 2008, P. 175] |
|
Presentation of original thoughts without citation |
[Weber, 1918] |
|
Quoting not from the original source |
[Cit. from: 14, p. 236] |
[Cit. from: Andreeva, 2008, P. 236] |
[Kadirbaev, 1993; Krivushin, Ryabinin, 1998; Damier, 2000; Shcherbakov, 2001] |
||
Citation of a drawing, diagram, table from another literary source |
[Reference: 14, p. 236] |
[According to: Andreeva, 2005, P. 236] |
At everyone When mentioning the names of the authors of the works under discussion, their initials must be indicated. In this case, it is necessary to make a non-breaking space between the initials and the surname so that the initials and surname are always located on the same line. When referring to a work not yet published in Russian, at the first mention in the text of the name of its author after Russian transcription its original spelling is indicated in brackets. For example: J. Levine
.
2. This section compiled in accordance with GOST R 7.0.5-2008. System of standards on information, librarianship and publishing. Bibliographic reference. General requirements and drafting rules. [Effective from 01/01/2009].
· A quotation at the beginning of a sentence (after a period ending the preceding sentence) should begin with capital letter, even if the first word in the source begins with lowercase letter.
· A quotation placed after a colon begins with a lowercase letter if in the source the first word of the quotation begins with a lowercase letter (in this case, an ellipsis must be placed before the quoted text), and with a capital letter if in the source the first word of the quotation begins with a capital letter ( in this case, there is no ellipsis before the quoted text).
· Quotes are saved grammatical form and punctuation marks that appear in the cited source.
· If a sentence is not quoted in full, then instead of the omitted text, an ellipsis is placed before the beginning of the quoted sentence, or inside it, or at the end. Punctuation marks preceding omitted text are not preserved. If, when quoting two paragraphs, the first sentence of the second paragraph is omitted, then the latter must begin with an ellipsis. If, when quoting two paragraphs, the last sentence or its end in the first paragraph and the first sentence or its beginning in the second paragraph are omitted, an ellipsis should be placed at the end of the first paragraph and at the beginning of the second paragraph.
· If the research sentence ends with a quotation, and at the end of the quotation there is an ellipsis, interrogative or Exclamation point, then after the quotation marks they do not put any sign if the quotation is an independent sentence, or they put a period (or another necessary sign), if the quotation is not an independent sentence (included in the text of the sentence of the cited source).
· If in any research you find a quotation from a work that is fundamentally important to you, which is inaccessible to you for one reason or another (the author refers to a foreign or pre-revolutionary publication, etc.), then you can include this quotation in your text, Be sure to indicate not only the author of the words cited, but also the source of the citation. The link in this case is formatted as follows: “Cit. from: "or "Quoted from the book." or “Cit. according to Art.:".
· When it is necessary to emphasize that the source to which reference is made is only one of many where the position of your text is confirmed or illustrated, then in such cases you can use the words “See, for example:”, “See. in particular:"
· It should be remembered that fragmentary use of individual parts of the text threatens errors in understanding and distortion of the meaning of the source. Therefore, context must be taken into account when quoting.
· Excessively extensive quotations are unacceptable; they must be replaced by a paraphrase in your own words with references to relevant literature. You can use a monolithic quotation of several sentences only in cases of special importance exact expressions quoted text. It makes sense to include large periods of the text of the source material in appendices. Citation should be neither excessive nor insufficient, since both the first and second reduce the level of scientific work: excessively extensive citations create the impression of a compilation of research, and an insufficient amount of cited material reduces the scientific value of the work. Quoting must be logically justified and inextricably linked with the text, sufficiently convincing and meeting the requirements of the rules for formatting citations.
· When quoting, it is not allowed to combine several passages taken from different places quoted source, even logically related to each other. Each such passage should be formatted as a separate quotation.
· When quoting indirectly (retelling, presenting the thoughts of other authors in your own words), you should be extremely accurate in presenting the thoughts of the author (authors) and correct when evaluating what is being stated, and provide appropriate links to the source.
· We must not forget about the need to unambiguously define the basic concepts used in the work. This or that concept in scientific literature may be interpreted differently by different authors, but throughout the entire text of your research, from beginning to end, it should have only one meaning, clearly defined by the author. It is advisable to specify the meanings key concepts in the Introduction.
When quoting, each quotation must be accompanied by an indication of the source, a link to which is provided in accordance with established standards.
Rules for linking. Bibliographic references are a necessary part of scientific work. Links are made not only when directly quoting (in this case, the borrowed fragment of text is enclosed in quotation marks), but also in cases where important data, new facts, digital material, etc. are borrowed. It is customary to make references when mentioning or analyzing the works of a particular author, and also, if necessary, to direct the reader to works that discuss this issue.
Exist different ways design of footnotes.
Textless formatting of footnotes is the most convenient for the author. Immediately after mentioning a work or quotation, two numbers are given in square brackets: first in bold write the number corresponding to the number of this document in the list of sources and literature, and separated by a comma indicate the page on which the quote used is contained or the opinion given in the text is expressed (For example,[4, p. 241]). WE RECOMMEND USING THIS METHOD OF FORMATING FOOTNOTES.
Endnotes, i.e. links to sources or literature are given at the end of the work. In this case, immediately after the quote or place in the text that requires a link or comment, numbers (starting from one) are placed in the upper half of the line (For example,"...""). At the end of the work, after the Conclusion, there is a Notes section, in which references are placed in numbering order (1, 2, 3, ...n).
Page-by-page or interlinear formatting of footnotes is most convenient for the reader. In this case, links to sources and literature are provided below the text on the same page on which the link is made.
References are numbered in sequential order (1, 2, 3,...n) within each page, chapter, or entire text. Please note that this method of linking may pose technical difficulties. If, when finalizing the text, you insert any fragments, new quotes, etc. into it, or, on the contrary, shorten the text, then the arrangement of the footnotes on the page may be disrupted, they may disappear, move to another sheet, etc.
Attention! Regardless of which method of formatting footnotes you use in your work, Bible reference always is given in the following way: immediately after the quotation, the abbreviated title of the book is given in parentheses (for example, Genesis - Gen. or John - John), chapter number and verse separated by a colon; if several verses are quoted, a hyphen is added (For example, Matt. 22:14 or Matt. 22:41-46). At references to the Koran the number of the sura and verse are indicated: ( For example, Koran.10:33).
At end and page When completing the link, the link is formatted as follows: the author's surname, a comma, first and patronymic initials, title of the work, place and year of publication, page (or pages) from which the information was taken. Published sources are described like books and articles.
Usually, when laying out texts for the web, not enough attention is paid to the formatting of quotations. Trying to fix it unfortunate misunderstanding, we will touch upon two issues: the typographic design of quotes (in the part where errors are most often made during layout) and the implementation of this design in HTML code.
We will also not touch upon verification issues. semantic accuracy citations, correct use notes, abbreviations and additions - the “Directory of the Publisher and Author” by A.E. Milchin and L.K. Cheltsova awaits all those interested.
We hope that this post will be convenient to use as a reference for frequently encountered issues of citation formatting.
Typographic design of quotationsQuotes Quotes inside the text, typed in the same way as the main text, are enclosed in quotation marks. If the quotation is highlighted in color, font size, a different font, italics, or the quotation is placed in a separate graphically highlighted block of text, then quotation marks are not placed. Also, quotation marks are not used to highlight epigraphic quotes unless they are accompanied by unquoted text.Quotation marks are placed only at the beginning and end of a quotation, regardless of the size of the quotation or the number of paragraphs in it.
Quotations are enclosed in quotation marks of the same design as those used as main ones in the main text - in the vast majority of cases these are herringbone quotation marks “ ”.
If there are words (phrases, phrases) inside the quotation, in turn enclosed in quotation marks, then the latter should be of a different design than the quotation marks that close and open the quotation (if the outer quotation marks are Christmas trees “ ”, then the internal ones are paws “ “, and vice versa ). For example: Vasily Pupkin said in a recent interview: “The Pupstroytrest company took an honorable six hundred and twelfth place in the ranking construction companies Zaporozhye".
If in a quotation there are quotation marks of the “third stage”, that is, inside the phrases of the quotation enclosed in quotation marks there are, in turn, words taken in quotation marks, the quotation marks of the second picture, that is, paws, are recommended as the latter. Example from Milchin and Cheltsova: M. M. Bakhtin wrote: “Trishatov tells the teenager about his love for music and develops the idea of the opera for him: “Listen, do you like music?” I really love... If I were composing an opera, then, you know, I would take the plot from Faust. I really love this topic." But in general, it is better to try to rearrange the formatting of the quotation so that such cases do not arise.
Punctuation marks after a quotation at the end of a sentence If a sentence ends with a quotation, then a period is always put after closing quote. The period is not put in the following cases.Pechorin wrote: “I don’t remember a bluer and fresher morning!”
Pechorin admitted: “I sometimes despise myself...”
Pechorin asks: “And why did fate throw me into the peaceful circle of honest smugglers?”
If there are no punctuation marks at the break in the quotation, or the break occurs at the site of a comma, semicolon, colon or dash, then the quoting words are separated on both sides by a comma and a dash “, -” (do not forget that there must be a non-breaking space before the dash! ).
| In the source | In text with quote |
| I have become incapable of noble impulses... | “I,” Pechorin admits, “have become incapable of noble impulses...” |
| ...My heart turns to stone, and nothing will warm it up again. | “... My heart is turning into stone,” Pechorin concludes hopelessly, “and nothing will warm it up again.” |
| Too one-sided and strong interest increases tension excessively human life; one more push and the person goes crazy. | “Too one-sided and strong interest excessively increases the tension of human life,” reflects D. Kharms, “one more push, and the person goes crazy.” |
| The goal of every human life is one: immortality. | “The goal of every human life is one,” writes D. Kharms in his diary, “immortality.” |
| Genuine interest is the main thing in our life. | “Genuine interest,” says D. Kharms, “is the main thing in our lives.” |
| In the source | In text with quote |
| I sometimes despise myself... is that not why I despise others?.. I have become incapable of noble impulses; I'm afraid to seem funny to myself. | “I sometimes despise myself... isn’t that why I despise others?..” admits Pechorin. “I have become incapable of noble impulses...” |
| ...Forgive me love! my heart turns to stone, and nothing will warm it up again. | “...Forgive me love! - Pechorin writes in his journal, “my heart turns to stone...” |
| This is some innate fear, an inexplicable premonition... After all, there are people who are unconsciously afraid of spiders, cockroaches, mice... | “This is some kind of innate fear, an inexplicable premonition... - Pechorin is looking for an explanation. “After all, there are people who are unconsciously afraid of spiders, cockroaches, mice...” |
So, to highlight quotes, two elements are used: block blockquote and inline q . Additionally, the cite inline element is used to describe the source from which the quotation was taken. Please note that cite is used only and is necessary to indicate a link to the source; the quote itself is not included inside the cite element!
According to the HTML 4.01 specification, the blockquote and q elements can use the attributes cite="…" , which points to the URL where the quote was taken from (not to be confused with a separate cite element), and title="…" , whose contents will be floated as a tooltip when hovering over the quote with the mouse.
Unfortunately, browsers don't yet handle these HTML elements very well. Thus, the cite="..." attribute is not rendered by any browsers at all. In order to get around this flaw, there is a script by Paul Davis that displays a tooltip in a separate layer with the link specified in the cite attribute.
The second global flaw related to the display of inline quotes is related (surprise, surprise!) to the browser family Internet Explorer. Again, according to the specification, the document author should not type quotes when using the q element. Quotes must be rendered by the browser, and in the case of nested quotes - also different designs. Okay, let's say Opera doesn't comply with the last requirement, and nested quotes have the same quotation marks. But IE up to version seven inclusive does not render them at all!
In addition, IE does not understand the CSS properties quotes , before , after and content , which, the bastard, completely buries hopes of solving the problem with the help of semantically correct layout using CSS.
This problem can be solved in several ways:
- using the proprietary behavior CSS property (Paul Davies's solution), which triggers JavaScript to place quotes in IE, with the nested quotes pattern alternating;
- using conditional comments, simple execution JavaScript on page load (solution by Jez Lemon from Juicy Studio), while the nested quotes pattern is constant;
- or by nulling quotes in CSS using the quotes property and placing quotes in the text manually, but (attention!) outside the q element, so as not to violate W3C recommendations (Stacy Cordoni's solution at A List Apart).
Therefore, choosing the second method from the first two, we use Jez Lemon’s script, slightly modified for the Russian language. Yes, with JavaScript disabled, the IE user will be left without quotes, we accept this as a necessary evil.
Our solution for formatting quotes So, in order to adequately layout text with quotes, you need to download the “quotes.js” script, and then connect it inside the head element using conditional comments:
In addition, for browsers that adequately render quotes, you need to specify the quote pattern for the Russian language in the CSS file. Fortunately, in Russian typography, nested quotation marks have one image, regardless of the level of nesting (which is easy to implement in CSS without involving additional classes), but we once again strongly recommend avoiding deeply nested quotation marks at the stage of writing text.
// Add to CSS file
// External quotes-herringbones
q ( quotes: "\00ab" "\00bb"; )
// Nested quotes
q q ( quotes: "\201e" "\201c"; )
It is clear that this mechanism, if necessary, can be complicated in the case of an alternating pattern of quotes with deep nesting, by introducing classes, for example, q.odd and q.even, and specifying the class manually directly when laying out the quote.
Now we can easily and semantically type out the following quote: “The success of the Zalgiris campaign,” Vladimiras Pupkins said in an interview with Russia Today, “is due not only to the choice of toothpaste vendors, but also to what Mark Twain called “a leap beyond the door that leads inward.”
The success of the Zalgiris campaign, Vladimiras Pupkins said in an interview with Russia Today, is due not only to the choice of toothpaste vendors, but also to what Mark Twain called the leap outside the door leading inward.
The best part is that the title="..." attributes for nested tags are processed correctly by browsers.
Writing an example for correct sharing nested elements blockquote , q and cite are left to the reader as homework. :)
Update: Correction from besisland - of course, to set the quote pattern in CSS, you do not need to describe nested styles, the standard functionality of the quotes property is enough: q (quotes: "\00ab" "\00bb" "\201e" "\201c";)
Tags: Add tags
The article is devoted to the rules of citation in scientific works Oh. We will tell you about the general rules of citation, about special cases and common mistakes that authors make.
IntroductionThe topic of proper design of borrowed elements has recently become quite controversial. Greater focus on plagiarism and several dissertation scandals famous people, have led to stricter citation requirements in scientific papers.
Scientific work without citation is impossible. The fine line between plagiarism and citation lies in compliance with the rules described in GOSTs and methodological manuals. Unfortunately, some manuals do not provide precise answers to citation questions, leaving gaps. The publishing house "Young Scientist" continues to talk about correct design your works and this material will remind you of the basic rules of scientific citation.
General rulesWhat is citation? Quoting is called:
- borrowing a fragment of the author's text;
- borrowing formulas, provisions, illustrations, tables and other elements;
- non-verbal, translated or paraphrased reproduction of a text fragment;
- analysis of the content of other publications in the text of the work.
The most important rule citation consists of accompanying the quotation with a link to a specific source from. The absence of a link in a quotation or the absence of a quotation in the presence of a link is a gross error in the design of the work. For example, at the Young Scientist publishing house, this may be a reason to return your article for revision.
In scientific papers, a common type of citation is paraphrase. This is what is called retelling a quote in your own words. In this case, reference to the author is also required, as is preservation of the meaning when retelling. Paraphrase is appropriate in the following cases:
- providing summarized information with reference to several sources;
- summary volumetric theoretical concept;
- voluminous quotations not applicable for direct mention.
Changing a quote is only permissible special cases. As a rule, this is undesirable, but there are cases when GOST R 7.0.5_2008 “Bibliographical reference” and methodological manuals allow copyright changes to be made to a citation:
Exist special options text citations used in special cases. Such options include citation from secondary sources, mention of foreign authors and terms, self-citation and citation of legislative acts.
Quoting from secondary sources is possible only at the stage of familiarization with the topic and problems of the study, as well as to determine conceptual apparatus work. All quotes used In a similar way, must be carefully verified against primary sources. You also need to be sure that there are no errors in the secondary source. Cases in which citation from a secondary source is possible:
- the original source is lost or inaccessible (for example, located in closed archives or libraries);
- the original source is written in a language difficult to translate;
- the text of the quotation is known from the recording of the words of their author in the memoirs of other persons;
- the quotation is provided to illustrate the author's train of thought and argumentation.
When mentioning the names of foreign authors, as well as when citing foreign sources, the text of the source is also given not in the original language, but in the language of the scientific work (for example, in Russian). If the correctness of the translation is in doubt, you can use a paraphrase. In the event that the author is not widely known in Russian science, you must additionally write his original last name and initials in brackets.
It is important to correctly transliterate the author's last name. To do this, you can turn to Russian-language sources and publications on this topic. With a high degree of probability, the source of the quote has already been indicated and translated into Russian. Please note that in the list of sources used, foreign publications are indicated in the original language.
Self-citation is a common practice in Russian scientific works. The author's previously published research may be the source of the citation. This type of citation will avoid duplication of information and self-plagiarism, and will also help direct the interested reader to previous and related works. Own quotations must be formatted according to all citation rules. It must be remembered that quoting own works must be relevant and reasonable, complementary to scientific work and consistent with its objectives.
Citation of legislative acts should be carried out strictly according to primary sources, especially since all legal and by-laws are public and publicly available information. Quoting from secondary sources will appear inappropriate and completely unjustified. You need to make sure that the current version of the law is used and that the law has entered into force. This can be checked using some legal system, for example, “ConsultantPlus” (http://www.consultant.ru).
Common mistakes made when quotingDespite the conciseness and unambiguousness of the citation rules, authors of scientific papers periodically make mistakes. Let's figure out how the most common errors occur.
In the article we examined the main features of scientific citation. Usually it is enough to know these simple rules in order to strictly comply with copyright and be insured against unintentional plagiarism. If you want to delve deeper into the problem and find out more details and subtleties, we recommend the excellent Toolkit THAT. Kulinkovich.
The rules of the citing technique are very simple:
1. The text of the quotation must exactly correspond to the source from which it was taken. Only minor changes can be made to it.
First tolerance from the original - it is allowed to modernize spelling and punctuation using modern rules. So, it is customary to translate into modern spelling and punctuation of quotes from pre-revolutionary publications. The difficulty of such a translation is that one must be able to separate the features of the old-time spelling and punctuation system from the individual features of the spelling and punctuation of the author of the quoted text (the latter cannot be leveled out and cannot be destroyed). When we're talking about about yats, about the hard sign at the end of nouns, the question is clear. But here it is necessary to distinguish the intonational, author's comma from the comma placed according to outdated ones, accepted only before the rules punctuation. Here you really need to study the rules of that time, study the specific individual characteristics punctuation of the author and decide on this basis. It is impossible to touch upon the forms characteristic of the era.
It is advisable to modernize spelling and punctuation also in quotations from post-revolutionary publications, which is not always accepted. If, when quoting from pre-revolutionary publications, spelling and punctuation are modernized mainly so that the quotation is easier to read, then when quoting post-revolutionary publications - in order not to have a destructive influence on the literacy of the reader with unestablished spelling and punctuation skills, not to confuse him, to consolidate today's norms. If the word Western European changed its spelling several times after the revolution from hyphenated to continuous, then, of course, there will be little benefit if this discrepancy is maintained.
Second tolerance from the original - arbitrarily abbreviated words can be written in full. The supplemented part of the word is enclosed in straight brackets: “because]”.
The same with typos - next to them in direct brackets it is allowed to put the right word. Words omitted by the author, but necessary for a better understanding of the quote, are also placed in straight brackets.
Third tolerance from the original - it is allowed to omit one or more words and even sentences if they are not needed by the person quoting, and if the thought of the author of the quotation is not distorted in any way.
The reader must be made aware that the quotation does not reproduce the text in full, and that in one place or another text is omitted. A gap is indicated, as is known, by an ellipsis. Are words omitted at the beginning of the quoted sentence, in the middle, at the end - everywhere, instead of the omitted words, an ellipsis is placed.
The omission of several sentences, one or more paragraphs is usually indicated by an ellipsis in angle brackets.
The ellipses are not used only in cases where they are quoted individual words or phrases. It is already clear to the reader that in the text from which these words enclosed in quotation marks are extracted, they are preceded or followed by other words.
2. You need to quote the author only from his works. Only in exceptional cases, when the original source is completely inaccessible or finding it is fraught with enormous difficulties, it is allowed to quote the author from excerpts from his works given by another author.
There are several reasons for the restriction. There is a danger of inaccurate quoting. You have to rely only on the thoroughness of the one who quoted first, which is problematic. The reader's path to the source is difficult.
3. As a rule, it is impossible to quote an author from older editions of his works if there are later, more refined ones. If a classic work is cited, then a textually authoritative publication should be chosen as the primary source.
The works of the founders of Marxism-Leninism are usually quoted from latest edition collections of their works: works by V. I. Lenin - according to To the full meeting works (5th edition), works of K. Marx and F. Engels - according to the 2nd edition of the Works.
Editorial, or editorial-technical, formatting of quotations is subject to the following rules:
1. The quotation is enclosed in quotation marks, except when it (after the text warning about the following quotation and a colon) is typed in a font different from the font of the main text in size or design. Typical example- poetic quote; it is usually typed in a smaller font than the main text and is not enclosed in quotation marks. Font highlighting quite clearly shows the boundaries of the quoted text and thereby replaces the quotation marks.
Epigraphs and quotation marks are not enclosed in quotation marks. They are highlighted by position, typing format (already the main text) and signature - a link to the author.
2. The text of the quotation should be divided into paragraphs in the same way as in the source.
3. The text of the quotation is written with capital letter:
a) if the quotation after the colon in the middle of the phrase began with a capital letter in the source;
b) if the quotation omits the first words of the quoted sentence, but it begins a phrase, comes after a period, or opens the text.
In the source - a letter from A.P. Chekhov:
If I am a doctor, then I need patients and a hospital; if I am a writer, then I need to live among the people, and not on Malaya Dmitrovka, with mongooses.
In the text with a quote:
a) Chekhov wrote: “If I am a doctor, then I need patients and a hospital...”;
b) Chekhov spoke well about how necessary a writer’s connection with the people is. “...If I am a writer, then I need to live among the people, and not on Malaya Dmitrovka, with mongoose,” we read in one of his letters.
4. The text of the quotation is written with lowercase letter:
a) if the first words are omitted from the quotation, but it does not begin the phrase, but stands in its middle;
b) if in a quotation-sentence the first word is not omitted, but the quotation is included in syntactic structure phrase - stands in its middle, but not after the colon; in this case, despite the fact that the source text of the quotation is written in capital letters, the quotation itself is written in lowercase letters.
In the source - text by S. I. Vavilov:
It is necessary by all means to rid humanity of reading bad, unnecessary books.
In the text with a quote:
a) S.I. Vavilov demanded “...by all means to rid humanity from reading bad, unnecessary books”;
or in the version with Chekhov's text:
a) Chekhov wrote: “...if I am a writer, then I need to live among the people”;
b) S.I. Vavilov wrote that “it is necessary by all means to rid humanity of reading bad, unnecessary books.”
5. The ellipsis also replaces all punctuation marks that precede it. Commas, dashes, semicolons, and colons are discarded before the omitted word(s). For example:
In the source:
In general, each Chekhov short story is so laconic, so dense in its consistency, the images in it are so meaningful that if anyone decided to comment on any of them, the comments would turn out to be much more extensive than the text, for another fugitive and inconspicuous image occupying two lines in the text , one would have to devote five or six pages to at least partially find out what idea is in it (Chukovsky K. Chekhov. - In the book: Chukovsky K. Contemporaries. Portraits and sketches. M., "Mol. Guard", 1963, p. 112).
In quote:
Right:
As K. Chukovsky writes, “... each Chekhov short story is so laconic, so thick in its consistency... that if anyone decided to comment on any of them, the comments would be much more extensive than the text...”
"...so thick in consistency...what if..."
"...so thick in consistency... that if..."
However, if in a quotation of several sentences a complete sentence is followed by a sentence at the beginning of which one or more words are omitted, then the period before the ellipsis is retained, separated from the ellipsis by a space and starting the sentence in which the first words are omitted with a capital letter. For example:
In the source:
Tolstoy “chopped” his manuscripts and proofs not because he sought special aesthetic perfection, as, for example, Flaubert did. The main reason was that he... continuously reacted to everything he learned and saw, and constantly came to new decisions and conclusions (Eikhenbaum B. Creative stimuli of L. Tolstoy. - In the book: Eikhenbaum B. About prose. Collection of articles. "P., "Khudozh. lit.", 1969, p. 80).
In quote:
B. Eikhenbaum explained it this way: “Tolstoy “chopped” his manuscripts and proofs not because he sought special aesthetic perfection, as Flaubert did, for example. ... He ... continuously reacted to everything he learned and saw, and constantly came to new decisions and conclusions" (Eikhenbaum B. About prose. Collection of articles. Leningrad, "Khudozh. lit.", 1969, p. 80).
The dot is also preserved before the ellipsis enclosed in angle brackets:
Offer. Offer.
If a word or several words are omitted at the end of the sentence preceding a large bill, this is indicated by an ellipsis, regardless of the ellipsis in angle brackets:
Offer... Offer.
6. It is recommended to start a quotation that continues the text after a colon on a new line:
a) when it consists of two or more paragraphs;
b) when it represents poetic lines;
c) when it is necessary to highlight it from the text.
In other cases, the quotation, as a rule, is included in the text, unless, of course, it begins a new paragraph. It is advisable to adhere to uniform decisions within one publication.
7. Large quotes with text divided into paragraphs should be highlighted from the text using a font (usually a smaller size) or indentation. Retracts are undesirable when quotes take up a page or more (the highlighting in this case is hardly noticeable).
8. Such author's and editor's notes to the quotation, such as semantic explanations necessary during its reading, instructions on the selections made by the quoting person, are placed inside the quotation. They are usually enclosed in parentheses, starting with a lowercase letter, ending with a dot, a dash, and the initials of the citing person’s first and last name in bold font—usually in italics. For example:
“There are cockroaches in my brain (from reading - K. Ch.).”
“In everything, almost everything that I wrote, I was guided by the need for a collection of thoughts linked together to express myself...” (our italics - M. Sh.).
Identical in-quote notes, if there are many of them, are replaced with interlinear notes at the first quote, for example:
It is easier for the reader to find a footnote if he, not reading the book from the very beginning, wants to inquire about who owns the highlights in the quotes.
If in quotations there are emphases of both the author’s and the citing one, then it is advisable to format them differently (for example, the author’s – in space, the quoting – in italics), specifying only the quotation’s emphases: Everywhere in quotes italics are mine.- I.I.
Thus, working with quotations requires the editor to be subtle semantic analysis and great technical equipment, without which the culture of the publication may suffer.