The Northwestern economic region includes the following entities:
- - Saint Petersburg
- - Leningrad region
- - Novgorod region
- - Pskov region
The area of the region is 1.15% of the area of Russia - 195.2 thousand sq. km. This is the smallest district in terms of the number of constituent entities Russian Federation. The area borders Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Belarus, and also has access to the Baltic Sea.
The North-Western region is located in the northern part of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation, north of 57` N. sh., southern border the area runs for almost 800 km north of the border USA. Most of the area's territory is occupied by hilly lowlands adjacent to the Gulf of Finland. The area is located on the Russian Plain.
The most striking feature of the Northwestern region is the discrepancy between historical role district and a very modest territory of the district. This discrepancy is due to the following features:
1. The location of the area is on the outskirts, distance from the center of Russia.
This situation prevented the area from Tatar-Mongol yoke. As you know, Novgorod is the cradle of the Russian land, a nature reserve ancient Russian history and culture.
- 2. The area is sharply pushed towards Europe. Here are Pskov and Veliky Novgorod - the most notable cities, long associated with European countries through trade as part of the Banza (medieval alliance of the Baltic states).
- 3. Coastal and border location of the area.
The North-Western region is inferior to most economic regions of the Russian Federation in terms of population and territory, which is why it is called the region of one city - St. Petersburg. It contains 59% of the region's population and 68% of its urban population.
In the Northwestern region, inhabited by ancient Slavic tribes, trade and crafts developed, concentrated in St. Petersburg international trade, industry and qualified personnel, and the outlying location of the area contributed to the development of the economy. All these reasons played a certain role in the formation of the modern image of the area.
The main incentive for social economic development The region at all stages of history was its favorable economic and geographical position. He is link between inland areas the European part of Russia and European countries. The proximity to the Northern region rich in natural resources and industrially developed Central region, highly developed European countries.
The region occupies one of the leading places in terms of economic development, scale and diversity industrial production, research and development products, training of highly qualified specialists National economy, the pace of formation of market relations, the scale of participation in Russia’s world economic relations.
Compound Republics: Karelia (capital - Petrozavodsk) and Komi (Syktyvkar). Arkhangelsk (including Nenets autonomous region), Vologda and Murmansk regions.
Economic-geographical location (EGP) This is the most northern one in Europe. parts of the Russian Federation ER. Terr. large - 1643 thousand km 2. Washed by the waters of the North. Arctic Ocean. Important ports of the Russian Federation are located here - Murmansk (non-freezing), Arkhangelsk. Part of the Barents Sea, warmed by a branch of the warm North Atlantic Current, does not freeze. Quite a significant part of the region's territory is located in the north. Arctic Circle in the cold zone. The district's EGP is unique. On the territory The location of the farming district was influenced by many factors, including the proximity of the North. The Arctic Ocean, the severity of the climate, the complex configuration of the coastline of the White and Barents Seas, as well as the immediate proximity to the Central and Northwestern regions - highly developed regions of the Russian Federation.
Natural conditions and resources Features of natural conditions and climate of this region- unusual lighting and heating earth's surface in different seasons of the year ("polar day" and "polar night"). In the middle of winter, the duration of the “polar night” at the latitude North. Arctic Circle is 24 hours, and in districts located on the parallel 70 degrees N. sh. - already 64 days a year.
Natural zones are represented - tundra, forest-tundra and taiga. Forests occupy 3/4 of the territory.
Geologically, the Baltic Shield and the north of Rus are distinguished. plains (between the Baltic shield and the Urals), where the vast Pechora lowland stands out. and the Timan Ridge. The rivers of the region (Pechora, Mezen, Onega, Northern Dvina) belong to the Northern basin. Arctic Ocean.
To Balt. the shield stands out low mountain ranges Kola Peninsula (Khibiny). The peninsula slowly continues to rise (earthquakes up to magnitude 5 occur). The originality and complexity of the relief C are due to the action of glaciers (in Quaternary period). Karelia is called the “land of blue lakes”, noting their large number.
The region is very rich in a variety of minerals. The extraction of granite, marble and other building materials began during the construction of St. Petersburg.
Deposits of iron and non-ferrous metal ores, as well as apatite-nepheline ores, are located on the Kola Peninsula. Thickness sedimentary rocks The Timan-Pechora basin is rich in coal (including coking coal), oil and gas (Komi Republic and the Barents Sea shelf). Rich in bauxite ( Arkhangelsk region.), as well as ores of titanium, tungsten, molybdenum and other metals.
Population Us. - 5.9 million people; average density- 4 people per 1 km 2 (in the north. p-x yet less). Prevails urban population(urbanization coefficient - 76%).
The population and economic development of the region is significantly less than in other regions of Europe. parts of the Russian Federation. The region is poorly supplied with labor resources. Prevails Russian population. Other nationalities also live in S. In the Republic. Komi (1.2 million people) The Komi people make up 23% of the population; in the Republic Karelia (0.8 million people) Karelians make up about 10% of the population. And in the Nenets Autonomous District. env. Nenets - 6.5 thousand people (12% of the district's population).
Farm Indigenous us. (Komi, Nenets, etc.) have long been engaged in hunting, fishing and reindeer herding. Currently At the time, the region's specialization is determined by the presence of the richest natural resources, as well as by the peculiarities of its geographical location.
The areas of specialization in the region are fuel, mining and forestry industries. Non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering and chemical industry have been developed (based on local resources). industry .
C is the main raw material and fuel energy. base for many regions in Europe. parts of the Russian Federation. A third of the wood, paper and pulp of the Russian Federation is produced here (Arkhangelsk, Kotlas (Arkhangelsk region), Syktyvkar, Kondopoga, Segezha (both Karelia).
Developed mining prom. On the Kola Peninsula and Karelia, 1/4 of the iron supply is produced. ores, 4/5 of the raw materials for the production of phosphate fertilizers (apatites), a significant part of non-ferrous metal ores mined in the Russian Federation.
In 1930 they were explored large deposits oil on the Ukhta River and coal near Vorkuta. Currently Nowadays, thick mine oil is extracted in Drog (on the right bank of the Ukhta). In the middle reaches of the Pechora it is being developed gas condensate field Vuktyl. The reserves of the modern Pechora coal basin amount to billions of tons (production is about 20 million tons). The quality of coking coals from Vorkuta and Vorgashor is the best in the country. Most of them go to the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant, as well as to St. Petersburg and Tula.
FEC. Fuel industry district is one of the branches of its specialization. The fuel industry is associated with the production of electricity. In the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions. and Rep. In Komi, all power stations operate on coal from the Pechora basin (Vorkuta) and gas from the Vuktylskoye field. The largest is the Pechora State District Power Plant.
In Karelia and Murmansk region. electricity production in to a greater extent concentrated on hydroelectric power plants built on a number of rapids small rivers. These hydroelectric power plants largely ensure the development of energy-intensive industries in this part of the region.
The development of non-ferrous metallurgy and other industries was the reason for the commissioning of the Kola Nuclear Power Plant (Murmansk region). Natural resources are also used to produce electric energy; the Kislogubskaya tidal power station was built.
Ferrous metallurgy represented by the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant. The technological fuel is Pechora coking coal, and the raw material is iron. ores of the Kola Peninsula (Kovdorskoye and Olenegorskoye deposits) and Karelia (Kostomukshekiy GOK).
Non-ferrous metallurgy is represented by enterprises in Monchegorsk (copper-nickel plant on ores from deposits of the Kola Peninsula) and Nikel. On nephelines of the Kola Peninsula and bauxites of the Arkhangelsk region. There is an aluminum plant in Nadvoitsy (Karelia).
Developing oil refining and chemical prom . There is an oil refinery in Ukhta, a gas processing plant in Sosnogorsk, and a chemical plant in Cherepovets. plant
An auxiliary industry in the region's economy is machinery (Petrozavodsk, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Murmansk).
APK. The Malozemelskaya (between the Timan Ridge and the Pechora Bay) and Bolshezemelskaya (east of the mouth of the Pechora) tundra are the best pastures in the north. deer. Hunting and fishing are developed.
Livestock farming still predominates over agriculture (for the development of which in most of the territory conditions are unfavorable; the cultivation of feed and grain crops predominates). Flax is grown in the southern region (Vologda region). Floodplain water meadows (along the rivers) have long served, in the southern part of the region, as a base for the development of dairy farming. The butter-making industry is developed.
The fishing industry occupies a significant place in the C economy. (fish canning factory in Murmansk).
Transport. In conditions of poor transport development of the territory. big role rivers play (in the valleys of which most of the population lives). Timber is floated along rivers, cargo and passengers are transported.
The railways are laid in the meridional direction from the center. regions of Europe parts of the Russian Federation to Murmansk, Arkhangelsk and in the north-east, to Vorkuta.
A major transport hub is Cherepovets. Ports: Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Onega, Mezen (both Arkhangelsk region), Naryan-Map. Murmansk (the largest of the world's polar cities - 400 thousand inhabitants) is the most important ice-free port of Russia in the north.
Composition: Leningrad, Pskov and Novgorod regions, city federal significance Saint Petersburg.
Area - 196.5 thousand. km 2.
Population - 7 million 855 thousand people.
The area is characterized by favorable EGP, since it is located on the border between Eastern Europe and Russia; The northern part of the route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” passed along the rivers and lakes of this swampy forest region. The emergence and flourishing of Mister Veliky Novgorod and the founding of the new capital - St. Petersburg - are associated with an advantageous transport and geographical position. On the territory of the region there are ancient centers of the Russian Orthodox Church.
For 2 centuries, St. Petersburg was the official capital Russian Empire, which enhanced the development of the entire area. Currently, the North-Western region is located between the eastern and European states- Finland, Estonia, Latvia and the Central and Northern economic regions of Russia. This situation between economically developed territories and the resource and raw material base Northern region has great benefits for the North-West region. Its access to the Baltic is also important.
Natural conditions and resources
The territory of the Northwestern region was greatly influenced by repeated glaciations. On its low-lying plains, a rugged moraine-glacial topography with various moraine hills, lake depressions and hollows of glacial meltwater runoff is clearly expressed. The area is heavily swamped; there are about seven thousand lakes of various sizes. The largest are Ladoga, Onega, Chudskoye, and Ilmen. The river network is dense, but the rivers are relatively short and young; Among them, the Neva stands out - one of the most abundant rivers in the European part of the country.
The climate of the area is characterized high humidity, varies from marine temperate on the coast to continental temperate. The soils are mostly podzolic; peat-bog soils are also found everywhere. Natural vegetation (spruce-pine forests with the participation of birch, etc.) has been heavily cut down (by 50%) and modified. In the northeast, forests are better preserved.
Significant mineral resources include refractory clays, quartz sands, oil shale, phosphorites, limestones, salt springs, and bauxites.
Population
The population of the district is about 6% of the population of the Russian Federation, the average density is about 40 people. per 1 km 2, but in peripheral areas only about 2-4 people. per 1 km 2. The rural areas of the Pskov and Novgorod regions have the oldest population in all of Russia, so the average family size here is only 2.8-2.9 people (the Russian average is 3.2 people).
The majority of the population is Russian. Urbanization rate - 87%. About 5 million people live in the northern capital of Russia.
Farm
North-West - industrial district with a powerful complex of manufacturing industries, which mainly focuses on imported raw materials and fuel.
Branches of specialization - mechanical engineering, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, light.
The mechanical engineering complex is characterized by the development of industries requiring skilled labor. Power engineering, electrical engineering, shipbuilding, instrument making, machine tool building, and tractor manufacturing are represented. The area also produces modern means automation and turbines.
The main centers of mechanical engineering are St. Petersburg (generators and turbines for hydroelectric power stations, state district power stations, nuclear power plants, shipbuilding, instrument making, radio engineering, electrical engineering, electronics), as well as Novgorod, Pskov, Velikiye Luki, Staraya Russa, Vyborg, Kaliningrad.
In the North-Western region, on local Tikhvin bauxite, the first production of aluminium, in Russia, arose. Metallurgical plants are also located in Volkhov (aluminum plant), Boksito-gorsk and Pikalyov (alumina plants).
Chemical industry developed primarily in St. Petersburg, which became a pioneer in the production of polymers and plastics, and is also a major pharmaceutical center.
In Kingisepp (modern Kuresaare), mineral fertilizers are produced from local phosphorites.
Light industry is historically highly developed. The shoe and textile industries stand out.
The district's agro-industrial complex specializes in dairy farming, pig farming, poultry farming, and the production of vegetables and potatoes. In the south and southwest, flax is grown, which serves as raw material for factories and combines in Pskov and Velikiye Luki.
The fuel and energy complex of the region operates mainly on imported fuel (oil, gas, coal). Electricity is generated by powerful thermal power plants in St. Petersburg and Kirishi.
Low and medium power hydroelectric power stations have been built on numerous rivers in the region.
One of the largest nuclear power plants in Russia, the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant (with a capacity of 4 million kW), operates in the region.
Transport. The transport hub of the St. Petersburg agglomeration is second only to Moscow in terms of freight and passenger turnover. St. Petersburg is the largest foreign trade seaport in Russia. The Volga-Baltic Canal provides connections between the region and other regions of the country, and the White Sea-Baltic Canal provides access to the White and Barents Seas.
Construction of three new Russian ports is currently underway in the Gulf of Finland, which is associated with the need to restore its position in the Baltic after the loss of trade and military bases in the now sovereign states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
University: Penza State University
Year and city: Penza 2014
Content
Introduction
Chapter 1: Geographical characteristics region
1.1. Geographical location and area
1.3. Climatic conditions
Chapter 2: Population of the region
2.1. Demographic situation
2.2. National composition
2.3. The quality of life
Chapter 3: Regional Economy
3.1. Natural resource potential
3.2. Industry structure
3.3. Territorial structure
3.4. Transport connections
Chapter 4: Ecological situation in the region12
Chapter 5: Problems and prospects for the development of the region
Chapter 6. Appendix
Chapter 7. List of sources used
Introduction
Economic-geographical position of the North-West economic region warned of a number of advantages compared to other areas of the country: open exit to the Baltic water basin, providing sustainable economic ties With foreign countries Europe, America; border position with the Baltic and Scandinavian countries; proximity to developed economic regions of the country (Central, Northern).
The North-Western region was formed by decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000. The center of the district is the federal city of St. Petersburg. This area includes the following constituent entities of the Russian Federation:
- Republic of Karelia
- Komi Republic
- Arhangelsk region
- Nenets Autonomous Okrug
- Vologda Region
- Murmansk region
- Leningrad region
- Novgorod region
- Pskov region
- Kaliningrad region
- Federal city of St. Petersburg
- Geographical characteristics of the region
1.1 Geographical location and area
The North-Western economic region is one of 11 large economic regions of Russia. It occupies an area of 0.2 million km 2, which is 9.87% of the entire territory of Russia. Population - 13,800 people (9.61% of the Russian Federation). The Northwestern economic region is located in the northern part of the Non-Black Earth zone of the Russian Federation, on the Russian (East European) Plain.
The economic development of the region is associated with its favorable economic and geographical position on the Baltic Sea and its proximity to developed European countries - Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus and the Central Economic Region of Russia. Its role is enormous in the region of St. Petersburg - the largest seaport and industrial center of the country. (Fig.1)
The Northwestern region is located on the Russian Plain, which is a lowland with traces of glacier activity (moraine-ridge, hilly terrain). Low-lying areas of the relief are occupied by numerous lakes and peat bogs.
1.2 Climatic conditions
Climatic conditions are characterized by high humidity, relatively warm winters and cool summers, which is explained by the influence of the Atlantic. Natural opportunities for agricultural development in the area are determined by high air humidity, relatively moderate temperatures and a fairly long growing season. This provides favorable conditions for ripening wheat, rye, vegetables and potatoes. River valleys with rich herbaceous vegetation contribute to the development of dairy and dairy-meat animal husbandry. The fish resources of the inland waters and seas of the region are of particular importance to the economy.
The ancient trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” passed along the rivers and lakes of this area, on which the Novgorod Rus'. For two centuries, St. Petersburg was the capital of Russia. Now it is designated as a “free enterprise zone” and occupies central position near. The region is located between developed European countries - Finland, Estonia, Latvia and the Central Economic Region, as well as next to the Northern Economic Region of the Russian Federation (with its rich resource base). Currently, three new Russian seaports are being built in the Gulf of Finland.
- Population of the region
2.1 Demographic situation
More than 5.6% of the Russian population lives in the North-Western region. The region is characterized by an increased rate of urbanization. The share of the urban population is the highest in the country at 87%. Within the region, the St. Petersburg Region was formed urban agglomeration, where 80% of the urban population lives. The region is provided with highly qualified labor resources, a powerful system of design, development and experimental institutes and factories and is the second largest after Moscow. scientific base countries.
2.2 National composition
By ethnic composition The population is multinational (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Tatars, Karelians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Jews, Germans, Finns, Chuvash, Lithuanians, Gypsies, Poles, Uzbeks, Tajiks), but is represented mainly by Russians.
2.3 Quality of life
Indicators of the quality and standard of living of the population of the North-Western Federal District
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PS income (quantity sets of PM) |
poverty by income, |
Coefficient fractions of a unit |
GRP at PPP, dollars |
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Saint Petersburg |
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Vologda region |
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Nenets |
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Arkhangelsk region |
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Murmansk region |
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Novgorod region |
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Leningrad region. |
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Kaliningrad region |
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Pskov region |
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Economy of the region
3.1 Natural resource potential
The Northwestern region is not particularly diverse or rich in mineral resources. There are reserves of fuel resources in the northwestern part Leningrad region. There are industrial reserves of bauxite (near the city of Tikhvin), which are valuable raw materials for the production of aluminum. Phosphorites located in the Leningrad region are becoming increasingly significant for the economy, the reserves of which amount to about 200 million tons. Construction Materials- limestones, refractory clays, glass sands, granites (Karelian Isthmus).
Are important forest resources. Forests occupy 45% of the region's territory. In the northern part of the region, coniferous species (spruce, pine) predominate, in the southern part - mixed species. The main forest areas are located in the Leningrad and Novgorod regions, where forested areas account for 50%.
The North-West has significant water resources. The hydrographic network is well developed here. Largest rivers- Neva, Volkhov, Svir, Lovat, Velikaya, etc. Hydroelectric power stations were built on the rivers Vuoksa, Svir, Meta. Largest lakes- Ladoga, Pskov, Chudskoye, Ilmen. Rivers and lakes are widely used for shipping, fishing, and ensure the development of water-intensive industries.
Land resources are small, but their density economic development quite high. The main agricultural lands are located in the Pskov region. Currently, reclamation work is being carried out in the area to drain the swamps for use as agricultural land.
3.2 Industry structure
The multi-industry complex of the economic region ensures production the most important species products for the national economy of the entire country. Industries of specialization - mechanical engineering, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and light industry, forestry and production of building materials. The mechanical engineering complex of the region is characterized by developed intra-industry connections. The following branches of mechanical engineering are represented: energy, electrical engineering, shipbuilding, instrument making, machine tool building. The region is a major supplier of instruments, automation equipment, turbines, and tractors. The chemical industry of St. Petersburg was a pioneer in the production of polymers, plastics, and pharmaceutical industries in Russia. Light industry is developed (footwear, textile, food). The development of the textile industry was facilitated by the region's great need for fabrics, as well as the concentration of highly qualified personnel in St. Petersburg. A number of industries in the Northwestern region are based on local natural resources. This is the extraction of phosphorites and the production of mineral fertilizers from them (Kingisepp, modern name city - Kuressaare), production of refractory bricks from local clays (Borovichi), mining and production of building materials, mining of shale (Slantsy). The north-west is the birthplace of the aluminum industry (based on local Tikhvin bauxite). Non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are located in Volkhov (aluminum smelter), Boksitogorsk and Pikalevo (alumina refineries). Agriculture specializes in dairy farming, pig farming, poultry farming, vegetable and potato production. Flax growing has retained its importance in the south and southwest of the region. Flax is processed in numerous small factories and large flax mills in Pskov and Velikiye Luki. The fuel and energy base of the region is focused mainly on imported fuel (oil, gas, coal). The region is a large consumer of electricity. It is produced by powerful thermal power plants using imported energy resources. Powerful state district power stations and thermal power plants are located in St. Petersburg, its environs and in the city of Kirishi (to which an oil pipeline from the Volga region approaches). A noticeable share of electricity comes from hydroelectric power plants of medium and low power, built on the rivers Svir, Volkhov, Vuoksa, etc. To more reliably supply the region with electricity, one of the largest in Russia, the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant, was built and is operating near St. Petersburg.
3.3 Territorial structure
The territorial structure of the economy is characterized by an extremely high level of industrial development in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, and a relatively low development of farms in the Novgorod and Pskov regions, in which the agricultural sector is pronounced. St. Petersburg (4.8 million inhabitants) and the Leningrad region, located at the mouth of the Neva (near the Gulf of Finland), have concentrated a powerful manufacturing industry, many of which are of national and export importance. As part of the North-Western region, the Leningrad region accounts for 20.5% of the population, 15% of industrial products and 60% of agricultural products. Mechanical engineering plays a special role. More than 5% of the republican production of turbines and generators, a significant share of the production of powerful compressors for gas pipelines, sea vessels, printing equipment, forging and pressing machines, instruments and automation equipment are concentrated here. Among the cities that are part of the St. Petersburg industrial agglomeration, Kolpino stands out, where such well-known enterprises as the Izhora Heavy Engineering Plant are located, as well as Gatchina and Vyborg. The share of the Novgorod and Pskov regions in the industrial production of the region is small. Their industrial development is largely associated with St. Petersburg. Branches and departments of St. Petersburg production associations are located in many cities of these regions. Large industrial centers here are Veliky Novgorod (more than 234 thousand inhabitants) with developed electrical and radio engineering production, Pskov (more than 208 thousand inhabitants) with developed electrical engineering, production of communications equipment, flax processing and food industries, and Velikiye Luki (111 thousand inhabitants) with electrical - and radio engineering, light industry.
3.4 Transport connections
The Northwestern economic region has a developed transport system, which is focused on solving three main tasks:
- Access to the Baltic through Moscow to the entire southern and southeastern part of Russia and adjacent CIS countries;
- Access to the Baltic Sea for Belarus and Ukraine and connection between the Baltic and Black Sea basins;
- Connection with the Baltic of the northern regions of Russia.
Several railway directions originate from St. Petersburg: to Moscow, the Urals (via Cherepovets - Vologda), Belarus and Ukraine (via Vitebsk - Orsha - Kharkov). Railways connect the North-West with the North (St. Petersburg - Petrozavodsk - Murmansk, Vologda and Kotlas - Syktyvkar and Vorkuta), the Baltic states (St. Petersburg - Tallinn, St. Petersburg - Pskov - Vilnius and further to Kaliningrad).
Of particular importance to the railway network is the connection with the Baltic. The “input” of the Mariinsky water system into the Baltic Sea also takes place here, providing a direct connection between the northern seas of Russia and its southern seas.
Currently, a significant scale of new transport construction is planned in the North-Western region: a system of Russian ports (expansion of the ports of Vyborg and Vysotsk, construction major ports at the mouth of the river Luga and in the area of Lomonosov) and the implementation of a high-speed communication line project between Moscow and Scandinavia; reconstruction and modernization of Oktyabrskaya railway; construction of an intersectoral transport system.
Exports from the region are dominated by products from the mechanical engineering, chemical, woodworking and pulp and paper industries. Fuel and energy resources, timber, metal, building materials, and food are imported. Imports prevail over exports.
IN modern conditions The North-West region for Russia is practically the only direct access to the Western sphere of the world market.
Ecological situation in the region
The environmental situation in the North-West region today is quite difficult. The Gulf of Finland and rivers are actively polluted by untreated sewage, the condition of the soil is very deplorable as a result harmful influence solid industrial and household waste, the atmosphere of the North-Western region is polluted not only by internal emissions, but also by the arrival of harmful substances from other countries.
Air pollution
Industrial enterprises in St. Petersburg, Leningrad, Kaliningrad, Novgorod and Pskov regions regularly pollute the atmosphere with emissions of harmful substances. To a greater extent, the air in the North-Western region suffers from the harmful effects of such stationary sources as electric power, engineering, pulp and paper and chemical enterprises. But harmful emissions into the atmosphere from industrial facilities - that’s not so bad. About 70% of total volume Air pollution is caused by car exhaust gases.
Due to border position, environmental situation in the North-Western region, the flow of pollutants from neighboring countries is worsening. For example, the ecology of the Novgorod region emissions harmful compounds sulfur from abroad pollutes 40 times more than evaporation from our own enterprises, and the intake of nitrogen oxide from outside is 160 times higher than the intra-regional one.
The ecology of the North-Western region is especially actively polluted by sulfur compounds in such countries as Poland, Germany, Belarus, Estonia and Ukraine. Almost 50% of nitrogen oxides coming from abroad come from Poland and Germany. The remaining 50% of the import of harmful substances into the atmosphere of the North-Western region is shared by Finland, Sweden and the UK.
Water pollution
The ecological situation of the North-Western region is seriously worsened by the discharge of dirty Wastewater into surface waters Baltic Sea. The cause of water pollution here is mainly the ineffective operation of outdated treatment facilities. The share of regulatory purified water in the entire North-Western region is less than 1%.
Ecology of St. Petersburg in to the greatest extent suffers from the discharge of polluted wastewater into surface water bodies. By this criterion St. Petersburg ranks second in the country. The ecology of the Neva and other reservoirs is deteriorating daily as a result of the discharge of untreated wastewater from four hundred city industrial and five hundred wastewater from enterprises in St. Petersburg. Environmentalists report a large-scale accumulation of petroleum products, radioactive isotopes, mercury, lead, potassium and benzopyrene on the surface of the bottom of the Neva Bay and the bottom of the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland.
In order to significantly improve the environmental situation in St. Petersburg, it is necessary:
- complete the construction of treatment facilities in the northern and southwestern parts of the city;
- complete the construction of a flood protection system for St. Petersburg;
- improve the system for preventing and eliminating emergency oil spills on Lake Ladoga and the Neva River.
Soil pollution
As for the problem of storing solid industrial and household waste, here too, unfortunately, North-Western region nothing to brag about. Most landfills and landfills where hazardous waste is currently stored do not meet environmental safety standards. And the storage of solid industrial and household waste in unequipped areas is fraught with toxic substances polluting the soil, ground and inland waters.
The problem of hazardous waste disposal industrial waste is especially acute in Kaliningrad region. Due to the lack of a specially equipped landfill, solid toxic waste is stored there in the most ordinary landfills and garbage dumps.
In the Leningrad region there is a specially equipped landfill for storing hazardous waste, but it is located very close to the main water intake of St. Petersburg. So in the event of prolonged heavy rains or floods, leaks of toxic substances from the Krasny Bor landfill can become a real disaster for the city’s population. In addition, in the Leningrad region there is serious problem with the elimination of radiation in landfills and industrial waste disposal sites.
Problems and prospects for the development of the region
The areas of development of the economic region include the following:
Solving problems of structural adjustment, i.e. comprehensive development of the non-productive sphere (tourism, healthcare, culture, organizational and financial activities);
Development of mechanical engineering, providing scientific and technical progress in all sectors of the economy and spheres of social development;
Increasing fuel and energy potential in order to more fully meet the needs of the North-Western economic region for efficient types of fuel, cheap electricity and export of some energy and fuel.
On the territory of St. Petersburg, two special branches are being created economic zone technical-implementation type (in the territory of the Neudorf industrial zone and north of the Novo-Orlovsky forest park). More developed zones is planned in three directions:
Organization of the Center for Nanotechnologies for Biology and Medicine based on the unification of 10 academic and university institutions in St. Petersburg to improve the efficiency of Russian healthcare and the development of nanobiotechnologies in the SEZ to an industrial level;
Formation technology centers in the following areas: optoelectronics, precision, metalworking (precision instrumentation), vacuum processing of semiconductors, nanomaterials, hydrogen energy, solar energy, thermoelectricity;
Creation of a design center, the customers of which will be engineering structures of such enterprises as Avangard, NPO Radar, NPO Svetlana, NPO Elektroavtomatika, NPO Elektropribor, LOMO, etc.
List of sources used
- Economical geography Russia. Second edition. Edited by Professor T.G. Morozova. - 2004.
- Economic geography and regional studies. E.N Kuzbozhev, I.A. Kozyeva. -2014. - pp. 336-340
- Fundamentals of regional economics. Granberg. A. T - 2000.
- Wikipedia. -2014. (digital data).
- Economic portal. Article-Analysis of Doctor of Economics, Professor V. Bobkov, Candidate of Economics A. Gulyugin.
- Regional economy. Economic portal. Article-Analysis of Doctor of Economics, Professor V. Bobkov, Candidate of Economics A. Gulyugin.
- Regional economy. N.D. Eriashvili. Digital library.
- http://bibliotekar.ru/regionalnaya-economika/index.htm
- Ecology of cities and regions. dishisvobodno.ru
- http://lubashevskiy.ru.
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City of St. Petersburg, Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov and Kaliningrad regions.
Economic-geographical location
The area is characterized by a coastal location near the shores of the Baltic Sea and its Gulf of Finland or close to them. The ancient trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” passed along the rivers and lakes of the North-West, on which Novgorod Rus' arose.
This is a compact area (196 thousand km 2). Main city- St. Petersburg, occupies a central position.
In 1990 St. Petersburg was designated a “free enterprise zone.”
The Kaliningrad region, formed in 1946, occupies a special place in the North-West. on the territory of the former East Prussia, which was transferred to the USSR after the Great Patriotic War (an area of only 15 thousand km2). Kaliningrad is one of the most important ports of Russia, a center of marine fishing and foreign trade.
Natural conditions and resources
The area is characterized by a moraine-glacial topography with hills and ridges. There are especially many moraine hills at higher elevations, where they alternate with lake depressions. The North-West of the Russian Plain is a lake region: there are about 7 thousand lakes. The largest are Ladoga (area 18 thousand km2), Onega, Chudskoye, Ilmen. The river network is dense. The relatively short Neva River (74 km), flowing from Lake Ladoga into the Gulf of Finland, is one of the most abundant in Russia.
The climate of the region is temperate continental, on the coast it is maritime. The Baltic Sea does not freeze only near Kaliningrad. The entire territory is characterized by podzolic and peat-bog soils. Forests occupy slightly less than half the area of the region, and in the northeast the forest cover reaches 70%.
Minerals: refractory clays, oil shale, phosphorites, quartz sands, limestones, salt springs (in the Staraya Rusa area), bauxite (Tikhvin).
Population
The population of the region is 8.3 million people; the average population density is 42 people per 1 km 2, but in peripheral areas the rural population density is only 2-4 people per 1 km 2. The majority of the population is Russian. Urbanization rate - 87%.
Farm
The main socio-economic factors for the development of the region: profitable EGP, qualified personnel, development of science and culture, developed experimental design base.
The North-West is an industrial region with a developed manufacturing industry complex with a high share of mechanical engineering. Focuses on imported raw materials and fuel.
Industries of specialization- qualified mechanical engineering, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and light industry.
The region's mechanical engineering industry has developed intra-industry connections: energy, electrical engineering, shipbuilding, instrument engineering, machine tool manufacturing. The region is a major supplier of instruments, automation equipment, turbines, and tractors.
Power equipment: production of generators and turbines for hydroelectric power stations, state district power stations, nuclear power plants (St. Petersburg Elektrosila plant, Izhora nuclear reactors);
Shipbuilding: “Admiralteysky”, “Baltic” factories in St. Petersburg - nuclear icebreakers, ocean-going bulk carriers, etc.
High-tech industries are represented by instrument engineering, radio engineering, electronics, electrical engineering - a wide range and narrow specialization, close production ties (St. Petersburg, Novgorod, Pskov, Velikiye Luki, Staraya Rusa).
Radio and television equipment and video recorders are produced in Novgorod, Pskov, Vyborg, and Kaliningrad.
The chemical industry of St. Petersburg was a pioneer in the production of polymers, plastics, materials for semiconductor technology, and the pharmaceutical industry.
Light industry (shoe, textile, food) is developed in the area.
A number of industries are based on local natural resources. This is the extraction of phosphorites and the production of mineral fertilizers from them (Kingisepp, modern name - Kuressaare), the production of fire-resistant bricks from local clays (Boroviki), the extraction and production of building materials, the extraction of shale (Slantsy).
The North-West is the birthplace of the aluminum industry. Non-ferrous metallurgy using local Tikhvin bauxite - Volkhov (aluminum plant), Boksitogorsk and Pikalevo (alumina refineries).
Agro-industrial complex. Agriculture specializes in dairy farming, pig farming, poultry farming, vegetable and potato production. Flax growing has retained its importance in the south and southwest of the region. Flax is processed in numerous factories and large flax mills in Pskov and Velikiye Luki.
Fuel and energy base The region focuses (in addition to local) mainly on imported raw materials - oil, gas and coal from the Komi Republic. The country's largest oil refinery and state district power station are located in Kirishi. The electric power industry is represented by thermal and hydroelectric power plants (Volkhovskaya is the first hydroelectric power station in the country). One of the largest nuclear power plants in Russia is the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant.
Transport. The St. Petersburg transport hub is second only to Moscow in terms of freight and passenger turnover. Transport routes radiate from this city in different directions. St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad are the largest sea ports Russia, through which foreign trade is carried out. The Volga-Baltic Waterway begins in St. Petersburg; and the White Sea-Baltic Canal gives access to the Baltic Sea.