Population migration
Migration (from the Latin “migration”) is the movement of people between individual territories and settlements associated with a permanent, temporary or seasonal change of their place of residence. main reason migration is economic, but political, national, religious and other reasons also play a significant role. The forms of migration are very diverse: every day hundreds of millions of people participate in pendulum (shuttle) work trips due to the large distance between their places of residence and people's work, there is a great range of seasonal movements associated with seasonal work, trips for recreation and treatment, tourism, as well as religious pilgrimages to holy places.
Population migration is the leading cause of the most important changes that have occurred in the settlement of people on Earth over the past centuries.
Internal migrations
Internal migrations include the movement of population from rural to urban areas, which in many countries is the source of their growth (it is often called the “great migration of peoples of the 20th century”). Territorial redistribution of the population also occurs between large and small cities. Both of these species are very widely represented, particularly in our country.
Colonization and development of new lands are associated with migrations. This type of migration is typical primarily for large countries with sharp contrasts in population density - Russia, Kazakhstan, Canada, Brazil, Australia, China and others.
Although internal migration is typical for all states, in different countries they are at different stages of development. In developing countries flows rural residents who do not have land and work, flock to the cities in search of a better life, and in the most developed countries ah - “reverse” population migrations predominate (from cities to suburbs, and partly to rural areas).
External migrations
External migrations are divided into emigration (from the Latin “emigro” - moving out) - the departure of citizens from their country to another permanent residence or a more or less long period and immigration (from the Latin “immigro” - I move in) - the entry of citizens into another country for permanent residence or a more or less long period.
External migrations that arose in ancient times greatest development received in the era of capitalism. In countries where external migrations of the population are becoming widespread, they can have a significant impact on their numbers (for example, in the USA, Canada, Australia, Israel). Intercontinental migrations that prevailed in the past (including forced ones - the export of tens of millions of slaves from Africa to America in the 16th century - 19th centuries) have now decreased in volume, but inland migration flows have increased. Moreover, especially wide use received so-called labor migration. This especially affected Western Europe, which from a center of emigration (existing for several centuries) has turned into a center of attraction work force from Mediterranean and Asian countries. Important centers labor immigration is the USA and oil-producing countries of the Middle East.
In the second half of the 20th century there appeared new form external migration, called “brain drain”. It first appeared after World War II, when several thousand scientists were exported from Germany to the United States. Nowadays, along with the outflow of “brains” from Europe, there is an outflow of them from developing countries.
Along with economic ones, external migrations are often caused by political reasons. Examples of this series are the emigration of citizens from fascist Germany, Italy, Francoist Spain, Chile (after Pinochet came to power), the outflow of the white population from former colonies in the metropolis after the crash in the 50-70s colonial system etc.
IN last years, due to the growing number of territorial conflicts, national and religious strife, famine, the number of refugees has increased sharply (in many countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America, as well as in Europe - in Yugoslavia and Russia, for example).
People were constantly moving from place to place - pioneers discovered new lands, representatives of persecuted religions fled persecution, nomads looked for water and food.
Britain is an island, but despite this, waves of immigrants rolled in there, century after century. These were representatives different nations– Romans, ancient Celts, Vikings, Anglo-Saxons, Huguenots, Normans, Jews, and Lately– immigrants from Pakistan, India, and the West Indies.
And each people contributed to the culture and life of Britain. This process took place even more actively in continental Europe(you can learn more about this part of the world), and it never stopped.
What is migration?
Population migration(Latin migration, from migro - moving, moving) is the movement of people, usually associated with a change in place of residence.
Migration is divided into temporary (relocation for a fairly long but limited period), irrevocable (with a residual change in place of residence), and seasonal (movement during certain periods of the year).
There are external (across the country's borders) and internal migration; external includes immigration, emigration; Internal includes inter-district relocations, movements from village to city.
Immigration (from Latin immigro - moving in) is one of the types of ethnic migration of the population: entry into the country for permanent or temporary residence of citizens of another country.
Emigration is the departure of people from their own country to another for permanent residence.
Sometimes migration is also referred to as so-called pendulum migration (regular trips to a place of study or work outside the borders of one’s home country). settlement).
The mobility of society has increased sharply with the development of transport. The average US resident (more about the country), for example, moves 13 times in his life.
Migrants are predominantly young people who move in search of better work or just work.
But the number of migrants has been growing in recent decades due to wealthy older Americans who are looking for favorable places to live after retirement.
Migrations are also forced. Forced migration – This is a temporary or permanent change in the place of residence of people, for reasons beyond their control, usually against their wishes ( ecological disasters, natural disasters, military operations, industrial accidents, violation of the rights and freedoms of citizens).
Forced migration must be distinguished from forced migration, which is based on orders from the military or civil administration(deportation, eviction, etc.).
Victims of forced relocation are classified as refugees and internally displaced persons.
In the XVIII – XIX centuries. thousands of Africans were forcibly transported to New World and sold into slavery. In 1947, one of the largest migrations in history took place: after the partition of British India into Pakistan and India, the number of refugees from this region amounted to about 17 million.
After the declaration of Bosnia and Herzegovina (formerly part of Yugoslavia) in 1992, Serbian authorities expelled Muslims from their homes and repopulated the area with Serbs. This policy was called “ethnic cleansing.”
People often migrate wanting to improve or change their lifestyle. They, writing to their friends and relatives, talk about the advantages of their new country.
Immigration policy.
Countries in need of labor different ways attract immigrants. For example, they offer to cover the costs of purchasing housing and moving, and promise high-paying jobs for people in a specific specialty.
Australia, when it needed population growth to ensure its development, pursued such a policy. As a result of chain migration, many moved to Australia, especially from Southeast Asia.
Today, not all migrants are accepted by developed countries. But even there there is a constant demand for scientists, masters high class, nurses and doctors.
The departure of a large number of qualified specialists from the country is often called “brain drain”.
However, migration is rarely one-way. In the 1960s, in search of higher wages, North America Doctors were coming from Britain, and at the same time, this same Britain was receiving a stream of qualified doctors from Pakistan and India and nurses from the West Indies.
Many overpopulated countries impose immigration quotas. In this case, knowledge of the language, age, education, specialty and other factors are carefully taken into account.
Mass migrations.
Mass migrations can be fast or slow. For example, the settlement of peoples was a slow process language family Bantu from central Africa South. This process lasted several hundred years.
Over the past 200 years, the world's population map has changed dramatically. This occurred as a result of mass migration from Europe to Australia and North America, tens of millions of people.
The United States of America began to be called a “nation of immigrants.” Most of them arrived from Europe in the 19th century. And recent waves have poured in from Latin America and Asia.
Mostly, migration from Europe took place for economic reasons. However, religious persecution also played a role.
In the 19th century, many Jews fled Russia and eastern Europe to escape pogroms. And in the 30s of the 20th century - from Nazi Germany.
Due to wars, mass migrations also often occur. After World War I (1914-1918), about 7.7 million people moved within Europe, and during and after World War II - 25 million people.
Immigration problems.
Residents of poor countries Southern Europe, after World War II, they moved to the industrialized countries of the northwest in search of work.
Immigrants have contributed to the prosperity of their host countries. But they often caused outrage local population, because because of them they aggravated social problems, including in the areas of education, health and housing.
Recent waves of migration from former republics Soviet Union And of Eastern Europe, reawakened these fears in the West.
Largest quantity migrants over the past 40 years were those who moved within the same country. These were mainly migrations from rural areas to the city, and more recently from the languishing urban center to the suburbs.
In poor, developing countries, urbanization has become widespread, and the population of many cities in Latin America, Asia (you can read more about this part of the world) and Africa (more about this continent) has grown rapidly.
Problems of assimilation.
The situation always causes difficulties when a large number of foreigners arrive in the country in a short period. Often, immigrants stick together, especially in situations where local society is hostile to them. Social problems are getting worse.
This situation occurred in Britain, when masses of immigrants from the Caribbean, Asia and Africa poured into the country in search of work.
Often they took on work that local residents refused. But as unemployment rose, immigration fell sharply.
Immigration to Britain was facilitated by economic forces. But social problems that arose, such as a housing shortage, had the opposite effect.
Moreover, migrants faced open hostility from the local population, which was often born of racial prejudice.
The government, as a result, was forced to take action against discrimination against immigrants.
Assimilation rarely occurs without difficulties, especially if migrants do not know local language. It is believed that at least two generations must pass for complete assimilation.
Assimilation (from Latin assimilatio - merging, likening) is one of the types ethnic processes, which represents the interaction of two. During this process ethnic groups or ethnic groups perceive the culture and language of another ethnic group, and gradually merging with it, they lose their ethnic identity.
Thus, dear readers, I think the difference between these similar terms has become clear to you, and most importantly, we have found out the most important points migration.
Population migration
Population and economy
Topic 7. Economic and socio-political aspects of population reproduction
7.1. Population and economy.
7.2. Population migration.
7.3. Effective reproduction indicators.
7.4. Replacement rates.
7.5. Generation length and true natural reproduction rate.
7.6. Demographic situation and demographic policy.
The population is an active participant economic processes. On the one hand, the population acts as an object of the economy, which the economy studies and on which it tries to influence - the labor force, consumers. But on the other hand, both the workforce and consumers, through their behavior, in which there is always room for choice, themselves can and do influence the development of the economy. Thus, a population consisting of various social groups people is also a subject of the economy.
State and level of economic development in to a large extent influence the reproduction of the population, its natural and mechanical movement.
All countries of the world according to the level of economic development are divided into developed and developing. Moreover, these two camps not only have different economic indicators, but also demographic ones. At the same time, as the economy develops, demographic indicators also change.
For example, developed countries are characterized by such demographic processes:
Reducing infant and child mortality rates;
Increased life expectancy;
Declining birth rate;
Increased flows of immigrants (entering the country).
On the contrary, developing countries are characterized by:
High level of child and especially infant mortality;
Low life expectancy;
High birth rate:
Increasing flows of emigrants (leaving the country).
The previous topics discussed issues related to natural reproduction (fertility, mortality). It was also noted that population reproduction is the result of more than just natural movement. Population reproduction also significantly depends on the migration movement associated with population migration.
Population migration – moving around various reasons people across the borders of certain territorial entities for residence purposes (recorded in Federal program 1997)
Migrant– a person who has moved to a new place of residence.
Migration flow (turnover) – the total number of migrants with general areas arrivals and departures to this segment time.
There are migration flows:
Direct and reverse;
Dominant and less intense.
Basic reasons for migration:
Political (flight of citizens from their country due to coups d'etat, shape change government);
Socio-economic (movement of the population in search of work, the so-called “brain drain”);
Natural (due to natural Disasters: earthquakes, floods, etc.);
Environmental (due to radiation contamination, for example, due to the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant);
Religious (due to persecution based on religion);
National (due to national persecution).
Distinguish three stages of migration:
Stage I – initial – the process of formation of territorial mobility;
Stage II – main – actual movement;
Stage III – final stage – migrants take root in a new place.
If we consider migration from various points point of view, we can highlight the following types (types) of migration:
1. In relation to the borders of the state:
External, incl. emigration – departure of citizens from their country;
immigration – entry of citizens into this country;
Internal – migration of citizens within their country.
2. Based on time:
Temporary, or returnable (seasonal, pendulum);
Irrevocable.
3. Depending on the level of the organization:
Organized;
Spontaneous (unorganized).
4. From the position of choice:
Voluntary (for example, “brain drain”);
Forced (seeking refuge);
Forced (forced displacement of citizens).
5. From the standpoint of legality:
Legal;
Illegal.
6. Based on motives (reasons):
Political;
Socio-economic;
Religious, etc.
The history of mankind knows many major territorial movements, one of which was called the “great migration of peoples.” There are many reasons for population migration: religious reasons, political, family, demographic, national reasons; as well as natural disasters and wars. Based various reasons highlight migration economic, social, cultural, political, military, etc.
There is internal migration of labor that occurs between regions of the same state. It is indirectly reflected in the balance of payments of labor exporting and importing countries. International population migration in the past manifested itself mainly in such forms as nomadism and colonization resettlement. IN modern conditions International migration is characterized by features related primarily to the fact that all big role Labor migration plays a role in this process. International labor migration occurs mainly for economic reasons. However, there are also non-economic reasons for international labor migration: political, religious, unification and collapse of states, natural disasters, war, environmental problems, personal reasons. They often have the same economic consequences, as well as international labor migration for economic reasons, which are understood mainly as inter-sectoral differences in wages.
But the main reason for migration is still economic reason, namely, cross-country differences in wages and living standards.
Within the framework of general migration of the population, migration of its individual groups is distinguished: social, ethnic, gender and age, etc. For example, they highlight labor migration.
International labor migration- moving process labor resources from one country to other countries in order to ensure their employment.
International labor emigrant - a person who has traveled abroad with the aim of earning money through employment or economic activity.
Labor importing country - a country that constantly receives labor from other countries.
Labor exporting country - a country from which labor resources constantly leave for other countries. There are countries that play both roles simultaneously: in relation to more developed countries they act as labor exporters, and in relation to less developed countries they act as labor importers.
Factors influencing slave migration. forces are divided into:
1. non-economic - political and legal, religious, ethnic, environmental, educational, cultural, psychological.
2. economic – difference in level economic development countries, state national market labor, structural restructuring of the economy, scientific and technical progress (development is accompanied by an increase in the need for qualified labor), export of capital, functioning of TNCs.
International labor migration is primarily due to economic reasons. These reasons are:
ü different level economic development of individual countries. Labor is moving from countries with more low level GDP per capita in countries with more high level life;
varying degrees provision of countries with labor resources. It affects the volume of production, the difference in levels wages. If there is an excess of labor resources in a country, this creates an incentive for emigration;
foreign activities of TNCs. There is a movement of workers to jobs in foreign branches of TNCs;
the presence of unemployment in the country (increases labor migration).
External labor migration flows are divided into
labor emigration, i.e. departure of the working population from the country for long-term or permanent residence in another country;
labor immigration, i.e. arrival of labor to the host country from abroad.
The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants is called migration balance.
The return of emigrants to their homeland, to permanent residence is called re-emigration.
Today, in world practice, the following classification of forms of labor migration has developed:
1) by directions.
Migration from developing countries and former socialist countries to industrialized countries;
Migration within industrialized countries;
Labor migration between developing countries;
Migration of highly skilled labor from industrialized to developing countries;
2) by territorial coverage:
Intercontinental;
inland;
3) by skill level of migrants:
highly qualified workforce;
Low-skilled labor force;
4) by time:
irrevocable (usually intercontinental);
Temporary (usually inland);
Seasonal (associated with annual trips to earn money);
Pendulum (involving daily trips to a place of work outside one’s locality or country);
5) by degree of legality:
legal;
Illegal.
irrevocable - departure of migrants for permanent residence in the receiving country;
temporary-permanent - leaving for work with a limited period of stay in the country of departure from 1 to 6 years;
seasonal migration - short-term departure (up to 1 year) to work in industries that are seasonal in nature (fishing, Agriculture and etc.);
pendulum (shuttle, border) Daily travel and countries abroad to work and back;
illegal - traveling to another country to work illegally (by private invitations for tourists, etc.);
“Brain drain” is the international migration of highly qualified personnel (scientists, rare specialists, “stars” of art, sports).
International migration directions are changing with changing economic conditions V individual countries, regions, in the world economy as a whole.
Total number migrants can only be estimated very roughly. It is believed that in the mid-90s, about 125 million people were constantly living outside the countries of which they are citizens. In recent years, about 20 million people have been moving from country to country around the world. in year. The total number of foreign workers in the United States is 7 million, in Western Europe - 6.5 million, in Latin America- 4 million, in the Middle East and North Africa- 3 million people Entire industries rely on immigrant labor: in France, 25% of those employed in construction and 33% in the automotive industry, in Belgium 50% of all miners, in Switzerland 40% of construction workers are immigrants.
This is the movement of people from one permanent place of residence to another for a more or less long time.
The development and gradual settlement of land by humans marked the beginning of migration. The reasons for migration can be economic, political, national, religious, etc.
Currently, it is customary to distinguish two main forms:
internal (movement of the population within the country, for example, from village to city, from one region to another, etc.);
external (moving from one country to another), where leaving one’s country for permanent residence in another is called emigration, and entering another is called immigration.
Migrations vary:
After World War II, Central turned into a hotbed of immigration, a place of attraction for labor from the countries of Southern Europe, Northern Europe, and. Thus, labor migration became widespread and continues today. But these days, oil-producing countries are especially attractive to foreign labor. In the second half of the 20th century, a new form of external migration appeared - “brain drain”. It consists of luring highly qualified foreign scientists and specialists. It began with an outflow from Western European countries to the United States, but then they also became involved in this process.
In the historical past of Russia, several stages can be distinguished when changes total number the population in the territory was determined not by the migration influx or, conversely, by the outflow of the population: the development of the Oka interfluve in the 8th - 9th centuries; period Invasion XIII- XIV centuries; development of new territories in the southern (“Wild Field”) and (XVI - XVII centuries); further development of the south European Russia and southern Siberia (XVIII - XIX centuries); forced deportations 1930 - 1940s; industrial and eastern and northern regions THE USSR; collapse of the USSR.
IN Soviet period there was a constant movement of population from rural areas to cities; more than 100 million villagers became city dwellers.
In the early 90s. Another direction of migration arose, associated with the growth of nationalism in a number of republics of the USSR. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, this flow (primarily of the Russian population) increased several times. The largest number of refugees were from those areas where armed conflicts arose (the so-called “hot spots”: Srednyaya) or where things turned out to be much worse than in Russia.
The sharp deterioration in the economic situation primarily affected the northern and eastern regions countries. If in previous years people sought to go to these regions in order to earn money (there were so-called “northern allowances”), then due to the closure of many enterprises in the 90s. the population began to return to European part Russia.
In recent years, the highest rates of population influx continue to be in the Russian regions, as well as the adjacent regions of the Central Black Earth and Povolzhsky districts. The most significant outflow of population is typical for the north (Chukchi Autonomous Okrug - 582 people/10,000 people, Koryak Autonomous Okrug - 263, Magadan Region - 276), Evenki District (260 people/10,000 people), as well as Chechnya and Ingushetia.
Migration has a significant impact on the structure of the population. Thus, labor immigration increases the share of the economically active population in the total population, as well as the share male population, because Mostly men migrate in search of work.