Russia's defeat in Crimean War exposed the extreme backwardness of the country, which was under conditions of serfdom and autocracy. The second half of the 50s is marked by the strengthening revolutionary movement in the country, the need for socio-economic changes is becoming increasingly tangible.
Under pressure liberation movement and needs economic development many representatives ruling class begin to express ideas about the abolition of serfdom through reforms from above. The ideas of Belinsky and his associates about the need to abolish and destroy serfdom become common property. Now the struggle is unfolding around the conditions for the liberation of the peasants. Russian journalism had to play here important role.
The peasant reform of 1861, despite its semi-serf nature, gave a certain scope for the development of the productive forces of society. The peasantry ceases to be a single class - estate, and becomes stratified, separating itself from the rural proletarians and the bourgeoisie. However, there is no improvement in the situation of the peasantry and workers. The amateur reader, interested in a little of everything, but nothing in particular, for the sake of business, disappeared. The periodical press, from being an attribute of the wealthy sections of society, is turning into the press of the literate sections of the population. A new mass reader appeared - artisans, officials, cab drivers, and servants. And with him new type newspapers are massive. This led to the expansion of press rights and an increase in the number and importance of private newspapers. Publishing mass newspapers becomes a commercial enterprise. There is a noticeable increase in interest in newspapers among the townspeople, merchants and other segments of the population. The Russian government, having abolished in 1861 serfdom, moved on to other reforms: zemstvo, judicial, military, etc., among which was the reform of the press.
The reform of 1861, which the tsarist government was nevertheless forced to carry out and abolish serfdom, at first pleased Herzen, but an analysis of the conditions of liberation once again opened Herzen’s eyes to the anti-people policy in peasant question government. The peasant uprisings against the conditions of liberation, which again enslaved and dispossessed them of land, forced Herzen to wage more decisive propaganda revolutionary struggle for freedom and land. Herzen and especially Ogarev criticize peasant reform 1861 “The people have been deceived by the Tsar,” writes Kolokol in July 1861. Herzen provides extensive information and commentary on the uprisings in Russia against the reform. “Russian blood is being shed,” Herzen writes about the punitive measures of the tsarist government. He was especially shocked by the uprising in the village of Bezdna, where peasants were shot and their leader Anton Petrov was killed.
Now Herzen and Ogarev directly appeal to the Russian people and revolutionary youth with a call for an uprising against the autocracy. Herzen condemns the government for the arrest and exile of the leader of Russian democracy - N.G. Chernyshevsky. Ogarev writes a number of proclamations addressed to the army and youth. “Start a printing press!” they advise revolutionaries in Russia. Herzen decisively breaks with the liberals (Turgenev and others) who sided with the government. The revolutionary convictions of Herzen and Ogarev manifested themselves especially clearly in connection with the Polish uprising of 1863. Russian society, including the liberal one, was engulfed in patriotic chauvinism, royal troops brutally dealt with the rebels.
Under these conditions, Herzen took the side of the rebels. He attracted V. Hugo to the Bell for support Polish uprising. V. Hugo wrote fiery words addressed to the Russian troops: “Before you is not an enemy, but an example.” He sharply condemned Kolokol, the leader of conservative Russian journalism, Katkov, who demanded reprisals against the rebellious Poles. Katkov, in turn, began to publicly discredit Herzen’s ideas. The success of “The Bell” during all the years of publication was extraordinary. Russia, according to contemporaries, was flooded with this revolutionary newspaper.
However, in Russia revolutionary situation the late 50s - early 60s did not develop into a revolution - spontaneous peasant riots could not lead to success. Tsarism managed to cope with the crisis, isolate the leader of Russian revolutionary democracy, Chernyshevsky, exiling him to distant Siberia. Due to this situation in the country, Kolokol began to be published less frequently and in 1867 it ceased publication altogether.
In 1865, the first law on the press was adopted in Russia, which was not yet final and was called “Temporary Rules on the Press.” In its content, the press reform was liberal - preliminary censorship was abolished for metropolitan (St. Petersburg, Moscow) magazines and newspapers, books with a volume of more than 10 printed pages.
This innovation did not apply to satirical publications with caricatures and the entire provincial press. General observation was transferred from the Ministry of Education to the Ministry of Internal Affairs behind the periodical press. The Ministry of Internal Affairs retained the right to give permission to new publications, approve or not approve editors, issue warnings to publications; with the third warning, a magazine or newspaper could be closed for up to six months. The responsibility of the press before the court was established. However, legal prosecutions of the press did not become widespread: administrative measures were more convenient for the government. In connection with the assassination attempt on the Tsar Russian government switched to a particularly harsh policy: in 1866 it closed the two best progressive magazines: Sovremennik and Russian word».
Revolutionary democracy tried to revive progressive journalism, and it succeeded, overcoming a number of difficulties. The former editor of Russian Word, Blagosvetlov, began publishing the democratic magazine Delo from the end of 1866, and Nekrasov, editor of Sovremennik, began publishing the magazine Otechestvennye Zapiski in 1868, renting it from Kraevsky. The type of socio-political and literary monthly with a developed journalism department, designed for thinking people and the intelligentsia, finally emerged. Therefore, the history of such magazines is closely connected with the history of social thought. At the same time, the newspaper business is growing, the number of daily publications is increasing different types, meeting the information needs of a growing audience. The needs of the revolutionary movement, the reactionary policy of tsarism in relation to the opposition the printed word forced Russian revolutionaries already in 1868 to begin publishing a number of uncensored illegal revolutionary newspapers and magazines, first in exile, and then in Russia itself.
Thus, the Russian press system became even more branched and complex. As before, it consisted of three main directions: conservative-monarchist (Katkov “Russian Bulletin”, “Moskovskie Vedomosti”, etc.), liberal-bourgeois (“Bulletin of Europe”, “Golos”, “St. Petersburg Vedomosti”, “ Russian Vedomosti”, etc.) and democratic (“Iskra”, “Otechestvennye zapiski”, “Delo”).
The monarchist and later bourgeois-monarchist press took the position of unconditionally defending the monarchy, the nobility, and national and social oppression of the working people. The liberal press was declared, perhaps, the largest number publications, a significant part of the provincial press. This group was joined by those that appeared in the second half of the 19th century. mass, cheap publications for the common people: “Petersburg leaflet”, “Entertainment”. The mass audience gave rise to various weeklies (humorous, illustrated, sports, theatrical). However, still leading position(of course, not in terms of the number of publications, but in content) the democratic press was occupied, since it most consistently defended the interests of the bulk of the working people of the city and countryside. The struggle against the remnants of serfdom, feudalism, against the landowners-latifundists, national oppression, the struggle against the new capitalist exploiters, kulaks, the tsarist bureaucracy, reactionary tendencies in art and literature constituted the main content of advanced democratic journalism, and above all, “Domestic Notes” - the best magazine of the post-reform era.
The fall of serfdom meant the beginning of a new, capitalist period in the history of Russia. Capitalism has brought significant changes to the life of society: it transformed the economic system, changed the social and spiritual appearance of the population, its way of life, living conditions, and contributed to the growth of cultural needs. In culture Russia XIX centuries there have been changes of great importance. They formed the cultural heritage of the country. Cultural heritage is the most important form in which continuity in the historical development of society is expressed.
The character of Russian literature of the 19th century was kept silent for a very long time. At the end of the 90s of the 20th century. Through the efforts of scientists from Petrozavodsk, St. Petersburg and Moscow universities, it was found out Orthodox Christian character of Russian literature. She was Easter , That's why salutary .
The main problem of Russian literature is the problem of the rebirth (resurrection) of the human soul. Russian literature is Orthodox in its worldview and understanding of the world. The heroes' way of life is Orthodox. Writers sought to awaken man's conscience, to decide philosophical questions. They thought about how to achieve happiness and justice for everyone, they recognized personal responsibility for your life. They tried to think not about violent changes to the existing system. They thought about purifying their souls.
In Russian literature, spiritual achievement is important. All Russian literature is based on the action of Tatyana Larina. All Russian writers recognized their work as prophetic, and therefore the attitude towards them was spiritual, prophetic. According to Berdyaev, all Russian literature is “wounded” Christian theme. The purpose of our life is to regenerate the soul. Existence on earth is temporary, so you need to cleanse yourself of sins. Russian literature cannot be understood without Christianity.
Now there is a process of renewed historical knowledge of Russian literature. Researchers move on to religious and philosophical analysis, trying to understand the connection between Russian literature and Orthodoxy and Christianity in general.
The ideological basis for defining the conflict in Russian literature were the words of Christ: “Do not lay up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moth and rust destroy and thieves steal, but lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven...” (Gospel of Matthew, chapter 6, pages 18 – 20 ).
There are two concepts of the meaning of life: heavenly and earthly. Two types of culture: soteriological (Savior) and eudaemological (path). The interaction of these two types of cultures is the basis of the conflict in Russian literature.
Central question Russian literature and development of Russia in the mid-19th century. – the question of the paths of historical development of Russia. Some believe in gradual reforms, others in a revolutionary path.
Socio-political struggle is a manifestation of the confrontation between two types of worldviews: spiritual and atheistic (or nihilism and anti-nihilism). Hence the socio-philosophical polemics in society.
In the 70s 19th century the concept of soulless nihilism was reflected in populism (Lavrov, Tkachev, Bakunin).
1868 – “ Historical letters» P.L. Lavrova. He offers his way of changing Russia - the way of propaganda work (going to the people to prepare a revolution).
M.A. Bakunin talks about the need for anarchic rebellion (“Statehood and Anarchy”). According to him, the people are rebels. The inconsistency of this path was shown by Nechaevism (Nechaev’s society was called “Bloody Massacre”), which was reflected in Dostoevsky’s novel “Demons.” Dostoevsky shows that revolution is demonic.
P.N. Tkachev develops a conspiratorial method. He notes that the peasantry is not yet ready for revolution, therefore political terror is needed.
The most important thing in the activities of nihilists is denial, violence, disbelief. At the heart of all this is godlessness.
In the 60s Strakhov called nihilism a monstrous perversion of the soul. He was supported by Soloviev and Korkov.
In the middle of the 19th century. Russian religious philosophy begins to take shape: V.S. Soloviev “Criticism of Western European Positivism” (1874), Leontiev, N.F. Fedorov. All of them influenced Dostoevsky's work.
Dostoevsky, Leskov, Pisemsky contrasted nihilism with anti-nihilism.
Conceptual framework anti-nihilism in Russia – Christianity and Orthodoxy.
The anti-nihilistic movement is an expression of the national mentality of Russia, an affirmation of positive principles. This is the original essence of Russian literature. The main thing is not a person with his pride, but the Creator. The perception of the world is theocentric.
The dualistic nature of man is recognized. The basis of human life is faith.
Anti-nihilists relied on the doctrine of the image of God in man (Orthodox anthropology). The ideal is to draw closer to the person of Christ.
All Russian Orthodox Christian writers understood that man is endowed with the gift of freedom. He must show free will. The choice must be free.
In their attitude to society, anti-nihilists were conservatives. This is thinking that protects a person from unreasonable actions.
November 2) Beijing Treaty of Russia and China. Securing the Ussuri region to Russia. Establishing the border between China and Russia
Notes:
* To compare events that took place in Russia and Western Europe, in all chronological tables, starting from 1582 (the year of the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in eight European countries) and ending with 1918 (the year of transition Soviet Russia from Julian to Gregorian calendar), in the DATE column indicate date only according to the Gregorian calendar , and the Julian date is indicated in parentheses along with a description of the event. In chronological tables describing the periods before the introduction of the new style by Pope Gregory XIII (in the DATES column) Dates are based on the Julian calendar only. . At the same time, no translation is made to the Gregorian calendar, because it did not exist.
Literature and sources:
Russian and world history in tables. Author-compiler F.M. Lurie. St. Petersburg, 1995
Chronology Russian history. Encyclopedic reference book. Under the direction of Francis Comte. M., "International Relations". 1994.
Chronicle of world culture. M., " White City", 2001.
In the 60-70s of the XIX century.
| Parameter name | Meaning |
| Article topic: | In the 60-70s of the XIX century. |
| Rubric (thematic category) | Policy |
Russia's struggle to revise the terms of the Treaty of Paris. The main task of Russian diplomacy in the second half of the 50s - 60s years XIX c. - abolition of the restrictive conditions of the Paris Peace Treaty. The absence of a navy and bases on the Black Sea made Russia vulnerable to attack from the south, which actually prevented it from occupying active position in solving international problems. The fight was led by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Prince A.M. Gorchakov, a major diplomat with a broad political outlook. He formulated a program, the essence of which was the refusal to interfere in international conflicts, an energetic search for allies and the use of contradictions between powers to solve the main foreign policy problem. His historical phrase: “Russia is not angry, it is focused...” - figuratively expressed the basic principles of Russia’s domestic and foreign policy of that time.
Initially, Russia, changing its traditional course of relying on German states, tried to focus on France. In 1859 ᴦ. a Russian-French alliance was concluded, which, however, did not lead to the result desired by Russia. In this regard, its new rapprochement with Prussia and Austria began. Russia began to support Prussia in its desire to unite all German lands under its leadership, and in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871. took a position of neutrality. Taking advantage of the moment, in October 1870 ᴦ. A.M. Gorchakov sent out a “circular note” notifying the great powers and Turkey that Russia did not consider itself bound by the obligation not to have a navy in the Black Sea. Prussia supported her in gratitude for her neutrality. England and Austria condemned the unilateral decision of the Russian government, and defeated France did not have the opportunity to protest.
London Conference of the Great Powers 1871 ᴦ. consolidated the cancellation of the neutralization of the Black Sea. Russia returned the right to have a navy, naval bases and fortifications on the Black Sea coast. This made it possible to recreate the defensive line southern border states. At the same time, foreign trade through the straits expanded, and the Novorossiysk Territory, the Black Sea region of the country, developed more intensively. Russia was again able to provide assistance to the peoples of the Balkan Peninsula in their liberation movement.
Union of Three Emperors. In the 70s of the XIX century. The international situation in Europe has undergone significant changes. France was greatly weakened after Franco-Prussian War. A new state has emerged in the center of the European continent, strong economically and militarily. respect, - German empire. From the very beginning of its existence, it carried out an aggressive foreign policy, wanting to ensure dominant influence in Europe, create and expand their colonial possessions. Between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Great Britain, on the other, a complex of contradictions has developed. Austria-Hungary intensified its foreign policy in the Balkans.
Under these conditions, Russia, trying to avoid isolation and not relying on France, which had lost its international prestige, began to seek rapprochement with the Central European states. Germany willingly entered into an alliance with Russia in the hope of finally isolating France. In 1872 ᴦ. A meeting of the emperors and foreign ministers of Russia, Germany and Austria-Hungary took place in Berlin. An agreement was reached on the terms and principles of the future union. In 1873 ᴦ. A trilateral treaty was signed between Russia, Germany and Austria-Hungary - the Alliance of the Three Emperors. The three monarchs promised each other to resolve differences among themselves through political consultations, and if there was a threat of an attack by any power on one of the parties to the Union, they would agree on joint actions.
Germany, inspired by this diplomatic success, prepared to defeat France again. The German Chancellor, Prince O. Bismarck, who went down in history as the conductor of German militarism, deliberately escalated tensions in relations with France. In 1875 ᴦ. the so-called “war alarm” broke out, which could have caused a new European conflict. At the same time, Russia, despite its alliance with Germany, came out in defense of France. Great Britain actively supported it. Germany had to retreat.
France was saved from defeat, but mistrust and alienation grew in Russian-German relations. Although the three emperors later confirmed their commitment to the alliance several times, Russian diplomacy I was increasingly inclined to think about the extreme importance of acquiring other partners. Gradually, the possibility of Russian-French rapprochement emerged.
In the 60-70s of the XIX century. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "In the 60-70s of the 19th century." 2017, 2018.
The development of portraiture in the 19th century was predetermined by the Great French Revolution, which contributed to the solution of new problems in this genre. In art, a new style - classicism - is becoming dominant, and therefore the portrait loses its pomp and sweetness works XVIII century and becoming more... .
For several centuries the cathedral continued to stand unfinished. When in 1790 Georg Forster glorified the upwardly slender columns of the choir, which was already considered a miracle of art in the years of its creation, Cologne Cathedral stood as an unfinished frame...
Option No. 1 Instructions for students STUDENT ASSESSMENT CRITERIA Grade “5”: 53-54 points Grade “4”: 49-52 points Grade “3”: 45-48 points Grade “2”: 1-44 points 1 is required to complete the work hour 50 min. – 2 hours. Dear student! Your attention... .
Socialist realism Neoplasticism Purism Cubo-futurism Art... .
Objective of the lesson: describe historical development Russia in the first and second half of the 19th century, give a general description of the literature of the 19th century, identify the main stages in the development of Russian classical literature, show evolution literary trends and genres, artistic methods, Russian literary criticism
Periodization of Russian literature of the 19th century century general characteristics period Development of the main literary genres I. I quarter () Development of the ideas of noble revolution. Decembrism. The struggle of literary movements: classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, early realism, naturalism. The mid-20s saw the birth of the method of critical realism. Leading artistic method romanticism Ballad, lyric epic poem, psychological story, elegy
Periodization of Russian literature of the 19th century General characteristics of the period Development of the main literary genres II. Literature of the 30s () Deepening of the general crisis of serfdom, public reaction. Fidelity to the ideas of Decembrism in the works of A. Pushkin. The heyday of M. Lermontov's revolutionary romanticism. The transition from romanticism to realism and social satire in the works of N. Gogol. Leading value acquires realism, although most writers create within the framework of romanticism. Strengthening democratic tendencies. The government is actively promoting the theory " official nationality" Development of prose genres. Romantic stories Realistic aesthetics in critical articles by V. Belinsky. Romantic character historical novels, dramaturgy, lyrics. The struggle of progressive and democratic forces in journalism.
The theory of official nationality State ideology during the reign of Nicholas 1, the author of which was S.S. Uvarov. It was based on conservative views on education, science, and literature. The basic principles were set out in the report “On Some general principles who can serve as guidance in the management of the Ministry National Education“Later, this ideology became briefly called “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality.”
The theory of official nationality According to this theory, the Russian people are deeply religious and devoted to the throne, and Orthodox faith and autocracy constitute the indispensable conditions for the existence of Russia. Nationality was understood as the need to adhere to one's own traditions and reject foreign influence. The term was a kind of attempt to ideologically substantiate the government course of Nicholas I in the early 1830s. Within the framework of this theory, the head of the III department, Benkendorf, wrote that Russia’s past is amazing, the present is beautiful, and the future is beyond all imagination.
Periodization of Russian literature of the 19th century General characteristics of the period Development of the main literary genres III. Literature of the 4050s () Strengthening the crisis of the feudal system, the growth of democratic tendencies. Development of the ideas of revolution and utopian socialism. Growing influence on social life advanced journalism. The ideological struggle between Slavophiles and Westerners. The rise of the “natural school.” Priority of social issues. Development of the theme " little man" The confrontation between the literature of the Gogol school and the romantic lyric poets. Reactionary protective measures of the government in connection with revolutions in Europe. The main genres of the “natural school”: physiological essay, social story, socio-psychological novel, poem. Landscape, love-aesthetic and philosophical lyrics romantic poets.
Westernism was a direction of Russian social and philosophical thought that developed in the 1830s – 1850s, whose representatives denied the idea of the originality and uniqueness of the historical destinies of Russia. The peculiarities of the cultural, everyday and socio-political structure of Russia were considered by Westerners mainly as a consequence of delays and lags in development. Westerners believed that there was the only way development of humanity, in which Russia is forced to catch up the developed countries Western Europe.
Slavophilism, a nationalist direction of Russian social and philosophical thought that developed in the 1830s-1850s, whose representatives advocated cultural and political unity Slavic peoples under the leadership of Russia and under the banner of Orthodoxy. The trend arose in opposition to Westernism, whose supporters advocated Russia's orientation towards Western European cultural and ideological values.
« Natural school» Code name initial stage the development of critical realism in Russian literature of the 1840s, which arose under the influence of the work of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. The term “Natural School” was first used by Thaddeus Bulgarin as a disparaging description of the work of Nikolai Gogol’s young followers in “Northern Bee” on January 26. This term was polemically rethought by Vissarion Belinsky in the article “A Look at Russian Literature of 1847”: “natural”, then is an unartificial, strictly truthful depiction of reality.
Periodization of Russian literature of the 19th century General characteristics of the period Development of the main literary genres IV. Literature of the 60s () The rise of the democratic movement. Confrontation between liberals and democrats. The crisis of autocracy and the propaganda of the ideas of the peasant revolution. The rise of democratic journalism and its opposition to conservative journalism. Materialistic aesthetics of N. Chernyshevsky. New themes and problems in literature: commoner heroes, passivity of the peasantry, showing the hard life of workers. "Soilism". Realism and truthfulness in the depiction of life. Democratic story, novel. Activation of the genres of literary criticism and journalism. Lyrical genres in the works of romantic poets
Pochvenism is a movement of Russian social thought, akin to Slavophilism, opposite to Westernism. Originated in the 1860s. Adherents are called pochvenniks. The Pochvenniki recognized the salvation of all humanity as the special mission of the Russian people, and preached the idea of bringing the “educated society” closer to the people (“national soil”) on a religious and ethical basis.
Pochvennichestvo The term “Pochvennichestvo” arose on the basis of the journalism of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky with its characteristic calls to return to “one’s own soil”, to popular, national principles. Pochvennichestvo was ideologically akin to the Slavophiles (including their moral orientation towards the Russian peasantry); At the same time, representatives of this trend recognized the positive principles in Westernism. Pochvennichestvo opposed the feudal nobility and bureaucracy, called for “the merging of education and its representatives with the people” and saw this as the key to progress in Russia. The soil workers spoke out for the development of industry, trade, and freedom of the individual and press. Accepting “European culture,” they simultaneously denounced the “rotten West” for its bourgeoisness and lack of spirituality, rejected revolutionary, socialist ideas and materialism, contrasting them with Christian ideals; polemicized with the Sovremennik magazine.
Periodization of Russian literature of the 19th century General characteristics of the period Development of the main literary genres V. Literature of the 70s () Development of capitalism in Russia. Democratic ideas of populism, their utopian socialism. Activation of secret revolutionary organizations. Idealization of peasant life in the literature of populist writers, showing the decomposition of the communal way of life. The leading role of the journal Otechestvennye zapiski. Realistic trends in creativity. Essay, story, story, novel, fairy tale.
Populism Ideology of the intelligentsia in Russian Empire in the 1860s-1910s, focused on “getting closer” to the people in search of their roots, their place in the world. The populism movement was associated with the intelligentsia's feeling of losing their connection with folk wisdom, people's truth. In Soviet historiography, populism was considered the second, revolutionary-democratic (“raznochinsky”) stage of the revolutionary movement in Russia, replacing the “noble” (Decembrists) and preceding the “proletarian” (Marxist) stage.
Utopian socialism A designation accepted in historical and philosophical literature for the doctrine that preceded Marxism about the possibility of transforming society on socialist principles, about its just structure. The main role in the development and introduction into society of ideas about building socialist relations in a non-violent manner, only through the power of propaganda and example, was played by the intelligentsia and layers close to it.
Periodization of Russian literature of the 19th century General characteristics of the period Development of the main literary genres VI. Literature of the 80s () Gain reactionary politics tsarism. The growth of the proletariat. Propaganda of the ideas of Marxism. Ban on advanced magazines. The growing role of entertainment journalism. Critical realism in creativity. Updating the topic in literature: the image of the “average person”, an intellectual professing the theory of “small deeds”. Motives of disappointment and pessimism in creativity. Criticism of the prevailing order and denunciation social inequality in creativity. Story, story, novel. Romantic genres in poetry, social motives in poetry revolutionaries-narodnaya Volya
The “small deeds theory” “Abramovism” was put forward in Russia during the reaction period of the 1880s on the pages of the liberal-populist newspaper “Nedelya” by the liberal populist publicist Ya. V. Abramov. Supporters of the “Small Deeds Theory” called on the intelligentsia to go to zemstvo institutions, work as teachers and doctors, in order to serve the people’s good. They put forward an improvement program economic situation people by organizing public credit, insurance, facilitating the purchase of land by peasants, and distributing improved agricultural implements. Denying "all forced improvement social forms", preaching "quiet cultural work", supporters of the "Small Deeds Theory" sought to distract the progressive forces of society from revolutionary activities. “The theory of small deeds” is one of the symptoms of the ideological crisis of populism, its liberal degeneration.
Periodization of Russian literature of the 19th century General characteristics of the period Development of the main literary genres VII. Literature of the 90s () Development of capitalism in Russia. The growth of Marxist ideas. Confrontation between realistic and decadent literature. Ideas of heterogeneous democracy in creativity. The birth of proletarian literature. Story, story, novel. Journalistic genres. Genres in the traditions of revolutionary poetry. Dramatic genres
Decadence (from Late Latin decadentia decline) common name crisis phenomena European culture 2nd half of the 19th century the beginning of the 20th century, marked by moods of hopelessness, rejection of life, and trends of individualism. A complex and contradictory phenomenon that has its source in crisis public consciousness, the confusion of many artists in the face of the sharp social antagonisms of reality. Decadent artists considered art’s refusal of political and civil themes to be a manifestation and an indispensable condition for creative freedom. Constant themes are the motives of non-existence and death, longing for spiritual values and ideals.
Dictionary Individualism (French individualisme, from Latin individuum indivisible) is a moral, political and social worldview (philosophy, ideology), which emphasizes individual freedom, the paramount importance of the individual, personal independence and professes the principle of “relying on oneself.” Individualism opposes the idea and practice of suppression of the individual, especially if this suppression is carried out by society or the state. Thus, individualism is the opposite of ideologies that insist on the subordination of the individual to society. Antagonism (from ancient Greek ανταγωνισμός “dispute, struggle”) rivalry, characterized by an intense struggle between hostile forces and tendencies.
