Description of the presentation by individual slides:

1 slide

Slide description:

2 slide

Slide description:

About the country Canada is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system. Area - 9984 thousand square meters. km. (second place in the world). It is washed by the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic oceans. It borders the USA, Denmark and France. Population - 34 million people. The capital is Ottawa. It is a federal state consisting of 10 provinces and 3 territories. Official languages: English and French. Economy: diversified, based on rich natural resources and trade.

3 slide

Slide description:

Geography Canada occupies almost the entire northern half of the North American continent and numerous adjacent islands. In the east the coast of the country is washed by the Atlantic, in the west by the Pacific, and in the north by the Northern Arctic Ocean. The country's territory extends from 83 degrees north latitude in the north (Cape Columbia on Ellesmere Island) to 41 degrees north latitude in the south (Mild Island on Lake Erie). The area of ​​the country is 9984 thousand sq. km.

4 slide

Slide description:

Relief The main part of the country is occupied by prairie plains and the Canadian Shield plateau. To the west of the prairies are the continental lowlands British Columbia and the Rocky Mountains, while the Appalachians rise from Quebec south to the Maritime provinces. The continental lands of the Canadian North are bordered to the north by a large archipelago, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, which includes the largest islands in the world. In this region covered polar ice, between the Queen Elizabeth Islands is the magnetic north pole. The most populated area of ​​the country is the Quebec-Windsor corridor along the lowland shores of the St. Lawrence River and the southeastern Great Lakes.

5 slide

Slide description:

Rivers and lakes Canada has more lakes than any other country in the world and has a significant supply of fresh water. In eastern Canada, the St. Lawrence River flows into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, having the largest estuary in the world, where the island of Newfoundland is located. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia are separated by the Bay of Fundy, which is famous for the highest tides in the world. North of the 60th parallel are numerous lakes (the largest being the Great Bear Lake and the Great Slave Lake) and are crossed by the longest river in the country, the Mackenzie River.

6 slide

Slide description:

The Great Lakes are a system of freshwater lakes in North America, the United States and Canada. Includes a number of large and medium-sized reservoirs connected by rivers and straits. The area is about 245.2 thousand km², the volume of water is 22.7 thousand km³. The Great Lakes proper include the five largest: Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie and Ontario. Several medium-sized lakes are associated with them. Lakes belong to the basin Atlantic Ocean. St. Lawrence River flow. Great Lakes

7 slide

Slide description:

Niagara Falls - common name three waterfalls on the Niagara River, separating the American state of New York from the Canadian province of Ontario. Niagara Falls are Horseshoe Falls, sometimes also called Canadian Falls, American Falls and Veil Falls. Although the difference in height is not very great, the falls are very wide, and in terms of the volume of water passing through it, Niagara Falls is the most powerful in North America. The height of the waterfalls is 53 meters. The foot of the American Falls is obscured by a pile of rocks, which is why its apparent height is only 21 meters. The width of the American Falls is 323 meters, the Horseshoe Falls is 792 meters. The volume of falling water reaches 5700 or more m³/s. MyGeography.ru Niagara Falls

8 slide

Slide description:

Climate From the Pacific Ocean in the west to the Atlantic in the east, a temperate climate belt stretches in the southern part of the country. Average January and July temperatures vary for each area. Winter can be very harsh in some regions of the country, with average monthly temperatures reaching 15˚C below zero in the southern part of the country, and sometimes as low as −45˚C with strong icy winds. The minimum temperature ever observed in Canada is −63˚C (in the Yukon). Every year the level of snow cover can reach several hundred centimeters (for example, in Quebec the average is 337 cm). The coast of British Columbia, especially Vancouver Island, is an exception and has a temperate climate with mild and rainy winters. Summer temperatures can reach 35˚C, even 40˚C, given the humidity index.

Slide 9

Slide description:

Flora Vegetation is represented by: deciduous forests, mixed forests, taiga, tundra, arctic deserts of the North. The northern part of Canada is covered with tundra, which extends far to the south. Heathers, sedges, shrubby birch and willow grow here. To the south of the tundra lies wide band forests Coniferous forests predominate; the main species are black spruce in the east and white spruce in the west, pine, larch, thuja, etc. Less common deciduous forests consist of poplar, alder, birch and willow. Forests in the Great Lakes region are especially diverse (American elm, Weymouth pine, Canadian tsuga, oak, chestnut, beech). On the Pacific coast, coniferous forests of Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, Alaskan and red cedar are common); Arbutus and Oregon oak are found near Vancouver. In the coastal Atlantic provinces - Acadian forests with balsam fir, black and red spruce; also cedar, American larch, yellow birch, beech.

10 slide

Slide description:

Fauna In the tundra zone there are reindeer, arctic hare, lemming, arctic fox and the original musk ox. To the south, the fauna is more diverse - forest caribou, red elk, elk, and in mountainous areas - bighorn sheep and bighorn goats. Rodents are quite numerous: the Canadian chikari squirrel, chipmunk, American flying squirrel, beaver, jumper from the jerboa family, muskrat, porcupine, meadow and American hare, pika. Among the cat predators for Canada are the Canadian lynx and the puma. There are wolves, foxes, gray bears - grizzlies, and raccoons. Mustelids include sable, pecan, otter, wolverine, etc. There are many nesting migratory birds and game birds. The fauna of reptiles and amphibians is not rich. There are a lot of fish in freshwater bodies of water.

11 slide

Slide description:

Government Canada is a member state of the British Commonwealth, and formally the head of state is British Queen. The Queen's official representative in Canada is the Governor General. Canada is a parliamentary federal system with a democratic tradition. Legislature presented by Parliament. Executive power is exercised by Her Majesty's Government - the Privy Council. Supreme bearer executive power is the queen. Judicial power in the country belongs to the Queen and the Royal Courts.

12 slide

Slide description:

Economy Canada is one of the richest countries in the world with a high per capita income, and is a member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the G8. Canada has a mixed economy. The largest importers of Canadian goods are the United States, Great Britain and Japan. The Canadian economy is dominated by the service sector. The primary sector of the economy is very important, in which logging and oil industry are the most important industries. Canada is one of the few industrialized countries that are net energy exporters. Atlantic Canada has vast offshore natural gas deposits and major oil and gas resources. Huge tar sands reserves make Canada the world's second largest oil reserves country after Saudi Arabia. Canada is one of the world's largest suppliers of agricultural products: wheat, canola and other grains. Canada is the largest producer of zinc and uranium, and is also a source of many other natural resources such as gold, nickel, aluminum and lead. Canada also has a developed manufacturing industry, the industries of which are concentrated in the south of Ontario (automotive industry, represented by American and Japanese factories) and Quebec (national aerospace industry).

Slide 13

Slide description:

Population Canada is relatively sparsely populated. The population density (about 3.5 people per 1 km²) is one of the lowest in the world. The population of Canada is about 34 million people. The most populated area of ​​the country is the Quebec-Windsor corridor along the lowland shores of the St. Lawrence River and the southeastern Great Lakes. The bulk of the population are descendants of immigrants from Europe: Anglo-Saxons, French Canadians, Germans, Italians, Ukrainians, Dutch, etc. The indigenous population - Indians and Eskimos - were pushed north during colonization.

Slide 14

Slide description:

Religion Canadians practice a large number of religions. According to the latest census, 77.1% of Canadians consider themselves Christians, the majority of them are Catholics (43.6% of Canadians). The most important Protestant church is the United Church of Canada (Calvinists); approximately 17% of Canadians do not associate themselves with any religion, and the rest of the population (6.3%) professes religions other than Christianity (most often Islam).

15 slide

Slide description:

Administrative division this moment Canada is divided into 10 provinces and 3 territories. The newest administrative unit of Canada is the territory of Nunavut (created in 1999). Provinces and territories differ in their degree of autonomy. The provinces are effectively given powers by the Constitution Act.

16 slide

Slide description:

Major cities Toronto is Canada's largest city, located at the intersection of water and land routes. Population - 2518 thousand inhabitants. The cities of Toronto, Brampton, Mississauga, Markham and others form the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) with a population of 5,715 thousand. About 1/3 of Canada's population lives in Toronto and its surrounding areas. Montreal is the most Old city in the country and the largest city in the province of Quebec with a population of 1,812,800 people. The city is inhabited mainly by French-Canadians, which is why the city is called “French Canada” or “Paris of North America”. Montreal is industrial center country, as well as its huge transport hub. Montreal is a major river port. Vancouver is located in southwestern Canada, on the border with the United States. The population of the city itself is 600,000 people. (2006), but Greater Vancouver, including more than 20 suburbs, is home to over 2 million people. Vancouver - largest port on the west coast of Canada, which is one of the largest business and industrial centers in the world. Calgary. Population - 1,230,248 people. As of 2002, Calgary ranks 31st in terms of living standards among 130 major cities in the world, and in 2002 it was recognized as the cleanest city on the planet. It is believed that here is the most pure water, the freshest air and the most blue sky. The city has more than 8,000 hectares of parks, 460 km of alleys and rivers.

Slide 17

Slide description:

Ottawa Ottawa is the capital of Canada. Ottawa is the fourth largest city in the country and ranks 6th in terms of living standards in the world. Ottawa is located on the banks of the Ottawa River and the Rideau Canal. The city was founded in the 1820s. Until 1855 it was called Bytown. Since 1867 the capital of Canada. Population 875 thousand inhabitants. City government is carried out by the municipal council headed by the mayor. The climate is temperate continental. average temperature January −11 °C, July 20.3 °C. Precipitation is 873 mm per year. The appearance of Ottawa is characterized by an abundance of water and greenery, a checkerboard system of streets associated with developed system park roads. Residential buildings are mostly two-story.

18 slide

Slide description:

Culture Many elements of Canadian culture are very similar to US culture, including film, television, clothing, housing, private transportation, consumer goods and food. Despite this, Canada has its own unique culture. In recognition of Canada's diversity of peoples, the country has had a multiculturalism policy since the 1960s. Elements from cultures around the world can be found in Canadian cities; in many cities there are neighborhoods with a predominance of a national minority (for example, Chinese, Italian, Portuguese neighborhoods in Toronto and Montreal), festivals dedicated to cultures are regularly held different countries. The Maritime provinces preserve the Celtic folklore of the Irish and Scots, which at the same time fits well with the Gallo-Roman themes of Celtic Gaul, prevalent in Acadia and Quebec. The influence of Canada's indigenous population is also noticeable, with huge totem poles and other indigenous art found in many places. Canada's French-speaking population stands out significantly. It gives a special character to Canada; Montreal is the most important center of French-speaking culture in America.

Physico-geographical location of Canada

Based on its physical-geographical location, Canada can be divided into five parts: the Appalachian-Acadian region (southeast), the Canadian Shield, the Interior Lowlands, the Great Plains (in the center) and the Cordillera (to the west).

The lands of Canada have a complex geological structure with rocks of various ages. The young Cordilleras are located near the ancient Canadian Shield.

More than half of the country is occupied by the Laurentian Plateau, which is part of the Canadian Shield. It still bears traces of recent glaciation: smooth rocks, moraines, chains of lakes. Plateau gently undulating plain.

This is the most unsuitable part of the country for human habitation, but has huge mineral reserves.

Both from the north and from the south, the Laurentian Plateau is surrounded by extensive lowlands Interior Plains, the Laurentian Lowlands and the Hudson Strait Lowlands. They represent a typical picture of the Canadian landscape and it is they who brought fame to Canada as a spacious country with favorable climatic and geographical conditions.

The prairies are mostly located in southern Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, which are called the prairie provinces. The Laurentian Lowland enjoys favorable climatic conditions: a temperate climate and fertile soil. The economic center of the country is located here.

The Appalachian Mountains are located in southeastern Canada. They are rich in minerals. Average height the mountain range does not exceed 600 m. To the northwest of the Appalachian Mountains lies the Canadian Shield, consisting mainly of granites and gneisses. There are many swamps, lakes, and rapids rivers. On the west and south, the Canadian Shield is bordered by a chain of lakes from the Great Bear to the Great Lakes.

To the west of the Canadian Shield are the Great Plains. Their southern part Internal lowlands is the agricultural center of the country, 75% of all cultivated land. On the Pacific coast, the Cordillera stretches for 2.5 thousand km from north to south and 750 km from west to east. In the east they are called the Rocky Mountains, in the west they are called the Coast Range. The average height of the mountains is 2-3 thousand m above sea level.

Although most of the land is occupied by lakes and forested lowlands, Canada also has mountain ranges, plains and even a small desert. The Great Plains, or prairies, cover Manitoba, Saskatchewan and parts of Alberta. Now this is the main agricultural land of the country.

Western Canada is known for its Rocky Mountains, while the east is home to the country's most important cities, as well as Niagara Falls. The Canadian Shield, an ancient mountainous region formed more than 2.5 billion years ago, covers much of the country's north. In the Arctic region you can only find tundra, which further north is divided into islands covered with ice almost all year round.

The highest point in Canada is Mount Logan at 5950 m above sea level. The main natural resources are nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, silver, coal, oil, and natural gas.

Only 5% of Canada's land area is suitable for cultivation. Another 3% of the land is used for pasture. Forests and forest plantations occupy 54% of Canada's total territory. The irrigated land is only 7100 sq. km.

Canada is officially a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy, in fact it is a federal state located on the North American mainland, bordering the United States in the south and northwest (Alaska Territory), has a maritime border with Greenland in the Atlantic Ocean and the French territories of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon in Cabot Sound, south of Newfoundland.

The country is part of the British Commonwealth: Queen Elizabeth II Windsor is formally the head of state. Again, formally its representative in the country is the Governor-General. Rideau Hall and the Quebec Fortress are his residences.

Today, David Lloyd Johnson has served as Governor General since 2010. Legislative functions are performed by Parliament, which also includes the House of Commons, the Senate and Queen Elizabeth. The representative of the party who receives the most votes in the elections becomes the prime minister.

Geographical position

The capital of the country is Ottawa. The largest cities, as well as cultural and economic centers, include Montreal, Calgary, Toronto and Vancouver.

It is technically and industrially advanced and has a diversified economy that is based on trade (most of its imports go to the US and is facilitated by various trade agreements (Canada-US Free Trade Agreement, Automobile Treaty and North American Free Trade Agreement) and natural resources.

Canada is divided into 13 provinces (Ontario, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Prince Edward Island, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Saskatchewan, Newfoundler and Labrador) and 3 territories (Nunavut, Yukon, Northwest Territories).

One of Canada's mottos is from sea to sea. Firstly, the country is washed by three oceans: the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic. Vancouver is considered the largest Canadian port.

The country's largest inland port is Montreal. Canada is a country of rivers and lakes. The largest are the Mackenzie, Fraser, Nelson, Columbia, St. John and St. Lawrence rivers and the Great Lakes Ontario, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Superior, Great Bear Lake and Great Slave Lake.

Climate

Canada's climate is characterized by cold winters and cool, windy, humid summers due to winds from the Arctic Ocean and the Rocky Mountains.

But the climate varies depending on the region of the country: in the north it is polar, in the prairie areas it is milder and more temperate with frequent temperature fluctuations, and in the west the weather in winter is rainy and mild, and the climate is maritime due to the proximity of the Pacific Ocean, in the south there are moderate summers and continental climate.

Water and forest resources

In addition to the water resources that serve as the source of the country's hydropower, which is also facilitated by sparsely populated areas (the province of Quebec is the center of the country's hydropower, and the Churchill, La Grande and Manicouagan rivers are the centers of powerful dams), Canada is rich in other minerals.

Various types of forests help Canada support its timber industry and import it to other countries. On the territory of the state there are deposits of: potassium salts, oil, uranium, cobalt, asbestos, sulfur, natural gas, zinc ores, platinum group metals, gold, silver, copper ore and lead ores.

Characteristics of the Canadian economy

Thriving in Canada and Agriculture. Due to the diversity of the climate, the types of soils are also different: in Ontario and British Columbia there is vegetable gardening, Quebec is a dairy center, in the west grain crops are grown, and Prince Edward Island grows most of the country's potatoes.

The video tutorial allows you to get an interesting and detailed information about Canada. From the lesson you will receive a complete description of Canada, the features of its geographical location and economy. The teacher will tell you in detail about national composition country, the standard of living of the population.

Topic: North America

Lesson: Canada. Socio-economic characteristics

Canada- a state in North America, it ranks second in the world in terms of area (almost 10 million sq. km) after Russia. It is washed by the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic oceans, bordered by the USA in the south and northwest, Denmark (Greenland) in the northeast and France (Saint-Pierre and Miquelon) in the east. Canada's border with the United States is the longest shared border in the world. In addition, Canada ranks first in the world in terms of total coastline length. The capital is Ottawa.

In terms of its level of development, the country is one of the highly developed countries of the world; it is a member of numerous organizations, including a member of the G7.

The economic and geographical position of Canada is determined, first of all, by the fact that it has access to three oceans and borders the United States.

Canada is part of the Commonwealth, so the English monarch is nominally considered the head of the country, although in reality Canada is an independent state.

Canada is a federal state consisting of 10 provinces and 3 territories. The province with a predominant French-speaking population is Quebec, the rest are predominantly English-speaking provinces, also called "English Canada" in comparison with French-speaking Quebec. As one of nine predominantly English-speaking provinces, New Brunswick is the only officially bilingual Canadian province. The Yukon Territory is officially bilingual (English and French), while the Northwest Territories and Nunavut Territory recognize 11 and 4 official languages, respectively. Canada is officially a bilingual country.

Rice. 2. Map of administrative divisions of Canada ()

The population of Canada at the beginning of the year is more than 34 million people. Despite its large area, approximately 3/4 of Canada's population lives within 160 km of the US border. Canada is a relatively sparsely populated country on the globe: per 1 sq. km there are 3.4 people. Most population growth is due to immigration.

Canada is a very diverse country from an ethnic point of view. The majority of the population is English-Canadian and French-Canadian. A large proportion of Irish, Scots, Italians, Chinese, Russians.

Indigenous people of Canada:

1. Indians.

2. Eskimos.

3. Indian-European mestizos.

The most common religions in the country are Protestantism and Catholicism.

HDI leaders by year (according to Wikipedia and UNDP)

2013 - Norway

2011 - Norway

2010 - Norway

2009 - Norway

2008 - Iceland

2007 - Iceland

2006 - Norway

2005 - Norway

2004 - Norway

2003 - Norway

2002 - Norway

2001 - Norway

2000 - Canada

1999 - Canada

1998 - Canada

1997 - Canada

1996 - Canada

1995 - Canada

1994 - Canada

1993 - Japan

1992 - Canada

1991 - Japan

1990 - Canada

1985 - Canada

1980 - Switzerland

Currently, Canada ranks 10th in the ranking of countries in terms of living standards. Some people believe that Canada is the most favorable country for people to live in.

Largest cities in Canada(more than 1 million people (Ottawa and Vancouver - together with their suburbs)):

2. Montreal

3. Vancouver

4. Calgary

Canada is one of the richest countries in natural resources.

The country ranks 3rd in terms of forest resources (after Russia and Brazil). More than 50% of Canada is covered coniferous forests. The country occupies a leading position in the production of paper and lumber, and 1st place in the production of newsprint.

Rich and soil resources Canada; favorable agroclimatic resources in the southern regions of the country; huge water resources (10% of the world's fresh water reserves).

In terms of the quantity and variety of its mineral resources, Canada is one of the great mining countries.

Rice. 4. Structure of the Canadian mining industry ()

The most important feature of Canada's mining industry is its export orientation: more than 4/5 of all mining industry products are supplied to the world market. Canada is the world's leading exporter of uranium, nickel, copper, zinc, titanium, molybdenum, silver, platinum, asbestos, and potassium salts. In value terms, about 60% of Canada's mineral exports go to the United States, 25% to Western Europe and 10% to Japan.

More than 4/5 of all reserves of potassium salts of Western countries, about 2/3 of reserves of nickel and zinc, 2/5 of lead and uranium reserves, about 1/3 of reserves of iron and copper ore, titanium, and tungsten are concentrated in the depths of the country. To this list we can add quite large reserves of oil and natural gas, coal, cobalt, platinum, gold, silver, asbestos and some other minerals.

This diversity is explained primarily by the peculiarities of the geological and tectonic structure of Canada. Basins and deposits of iron, copper, nickel, cobalt ores, gold, platinum, and uranium are genetically associated primarily with the Precambrian Canadian Shield, which is composed of crystalline rocks exposed to the surface. Occupying an area of ​​4.6 million square meters. km, it stretches from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago to the Great Lakes and the river. St. Lawrence. In the west of the country, where there is mainly an area of ​​Mesozoic folding and the Cordillera belt passes, basins and deposits of copper, polymetallic, molybdenum, tungsten, and mercury ores are especially common. And oil, gas, and coal basins on the tectonic map of Canada should be sought within the marginal trough of the Cordillera and smaller intermountain troughs.

Almost all sectors of the economy have developed in Canada. Canada's fuel and energy complex is one of the most developed in the world. Hydroelectric power plants are leaders in electricity generation.

The main areas of oil and natural gas production are in the western provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and British Columbia. The largest deposits are located here - Pembina, Redwater, Zama.

Mechanical engineering accounts for less than 30% of manufacturing output and employment, which is lower than in other developed countries. The main industry is transport engineering (production of cars, airplanes, diesel locomotives, ships, snowmobiles), dominated by American capital, located in the southern part of the province of Ontario. Agricultural engineering, production of power equipment, equipment for the mining and forestry industries are also developed. The machine tool industry has received little development. The main centers of mechanical engineering are Toronto, Montreal, Windsor, Hamilton, Ottawa, Halifax, Vancouver.

Production in the iron and steel industry, which is in the hands of national capital, has stabilized. Leading metallurgical centers are located in the Lake District - Hamilton, Welland, Sault Ste. Marie, as well as along the Atlantic coast of the city of Sidney.

In the non-ferrous metallurgy, the positions of American and British capital are strong. The smelting of non-ferrous metals - especially copper, nickel and aluminum - has reached large volumes. The world's largest centers included Sudbury, Thompson, Sullivan, Arvida, Kitimat and Port Colborne. Most enterprises use local raw materials. Large-scale aluminum production has been created using imported raw materials.

Canada has a developed oil refining industry. The most important centers are in Montreal, Sarnia, Vancouver and Edmonton.

The chemical industry is well developed and, in particular, the production of sulfuric acid, mineral fertilizers, synthetic rubber, and plastics. Main centers chemical industry- Montreal, Toronto, Niagara Falls.

The timber and paper industry uses the richest forest resources. Canada ranks 5th in timber harvesting and 3rd in the world in lumber and paper production (provinces: Quebec, Ontario). The country's role in the export of lumber and paper is even more significant: Canada is a world leader. 2/3 of the paper and pulp production is located in the east, near the hydroelectric power station - on the St. Lawrence River. Large timber and paper mills are also located in the taiga zone in the north of the Steppe provinces and especially in British Columbia, where 2/3 of the sawmill industry is concentrated.

The food, clothing and textile industries are also well developed, with major centers in Montreal, Toronto and Quebec City.

Agriculture is a highly developed sector of the Canadian economy. It is characterized by a high level of marketability, mechanization and specialization of production. About 4/5 of the area of ​​agricultural land is concentrated in large farms, 50 hectares or more in size. A significant part of farms is an integral part of large agribusiness. Agricultural products on farms are produced on the basis of contracts with enterprises of the largest monopolies Food Industry. Central Canada is distinguished primarily by industries that meet the needs of the urban population: suburban vegetable growing, horticulture, dairy farming and poultry farming.

Rice. 5. Dairy products of Canada ()

At the end of the last century, the steppe provinces began to turn into one of the leading areas of grain specialization. And currently, grain cultivation determines Canada's specialization in the global agricultural market.

Fishing is also important, developing on the basis of rich biological resources coastal waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Inland fishing, like hunting, plays a lesser role.

Canada is one of the world's leading exporters of agricultural products.

Homework

Topic 9, P. 3

1. What are the features of Canada's geographic location?

2. Tell us about the Canadian economy.

Bibliography

Main

1. Geography. A basic level of. 10-11 grades: Textbook for educational institutions / A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.

2. Economic and social geography world: Textbook. for 10th grade educational institutions / V.P. Maksakovsky. - 13th ed. - M.: Education, JSC "Moscow Textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.

3. Atlas with a set of outline maps for grade 10. Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: FSUE "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012. - 76 p.

Additional

1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., map.: color. on

2. Kulyshev Yu.A. Canada. - M.: Mysl, 1989. - 144 p. - (At the world map). - 100,000 copies.

3. Nokhrin I.M. Social and political thought of Canada and the formation of national identity (last third of the 19th - early 20th centuries). - Huntsville: Altaspera Publishing & Literary Agency, 2012. - 232 p.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

1. Geography: a reference book for high school students and applicants to universities. - 2nd ed., rev. and revision - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.

Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam

1. Thematic control by geography. Economic and social geography of the world. 10th grade / E.M. Ambartsumova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 80 p.

2. The most complete edition typical options real tasks Unified State Exam: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.

3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Unified State Exam 2012. Geography: Textbook / Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2012. - 256 p.

4. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2010. - 223 p.

5. Geography. Diagnostic work in the format of the Unified State Exam 2011. - M.: MTsNMO, 2011. - 72 p.

6. Unified State Exam 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 272 p.

7. Geography tests: 10th grade: to the textbook by V.P. Maksakovsky “Economic and social geography of the world. 10th grade” / E.V. Baranchikov. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 94 p.

8. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2009. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2009. - 250 p.

9. Unified State Exam 2009. Geography. Universal materials for preparing students / FIPI - M.: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 240 p.

10. Unified State Exam 2010. Geography: thematic training tasks/ O.V. Chicherina, Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 144 p.

11. Unified State Exam 2012. Geography: Model exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National education, 2011. - 288 p.

12. Unified State Exam 2011. Geography: Standard exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2010. - 280 p.

Materials on the Internet

1. Federal Institute pedagogical dimensions ( ).

2. Federal portal Russian Education ().

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.site/

1. Geographical position

2. Natural conditions

4. Tourist resources

5. Recreational resources

canada relief resource tourism

1. Geographical location

Canada is located in the north of the American continent and has total area 9976 thousand sq. km. (the second largest country in the world). Capital is Ottawa. It is washed by the waters of the Arctic, Atlantic and Pacific oceans, as a result of which it has the largest coastline in the world. In the south it borders with the USA, and in the north, thanks to its polar islands, it goes 800 km deep. beyond the Arctic Circle.

Canada owns a number of islands - Baffin Island, Victoria, Ellesmere, Devon, Banks, Newfoundland, etc. The highest point is the city of Logan in the northwest (5951 m).

The rocky Pacific coast of the country is indented by fjords and fenced off from the main territory by the powerful mountain range of the St. Elijah Mountains, the Beregovoy and Boundary ridges. The famous Canadian prairie stretches across the entire south of the country to the Atlantic coast. The Atlantic regions of the country are occupied by low hilly ridges interspersed with vast plains. The Polar and Hudson Bay regions are vast low-lying plains crossed by thousands of rivers and lakes, often swampy or tundra-like.

2. Natural conditions

The relief of Canada is very diverse and varied. Most of the country is occupied by a hilly plain, bounded on the west and east by mountain ranges along the coasts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In the west, along the entire Pacific coast lies the huge Cordillera mountain range. The width of this mountain belt is about 600 kilometers. The Canadian Cordillera reaches an altitude of 2,700 meters and begins with a series of small mountain ranges in Alaska. To the south of the Liard River basin are the Rocky Mountains, divided by rivers into two ranges.

The western slopes here are covered with dense coniferous forests, while the eastern slopes are rocky and bare; the height of individual peaks exceeds 4000 meters. The northern part of the mountain of the western range is called Caribou, to the south it is divided into several branches (Purcell, Selkirk, Golden Mountains). West of the Rocky Mountains is the volcanic plateau of the Columbia and Fraser Rivers. The highest areas in the western belt of mountains in the south are the coastal islands of Queen Charlotte, Vancouver, and in the north are the wide massifs of Mount St. Elias and Logan, 5959 meters high. This is the highest point in all of Canada's terrain. The mountain slopes are covered with powerful glaciers, smoothly descending to the sea.

Mountain ranges stretch along the Atlantic coast, which are a continuation of the Appalachian Mountains of the United States. These also include the Notre Dame Mountains, located on the right bank of the St. Lawrence River, the Kibkid Mountains, passing northeast of the Bay of Fundy, and the New Brunswick Highlands. The height of the local mountains does not exceed 700 meters. The surface of Newfoundland rises to 805 meters.

North of Lake Superior and the St. Lawrence River to the shores of the Arctic Ocean lies a huge area of ​​the Canadian Shield, consisting of hard crystalline rocks (granite, gneiss and slate). On the surface of the shield, traces of recent glaciation are visible, processed by ice into curly rocks, the so-called “ram's foreheads”. Rapid rivers pass through the Canadian Shield, there are numerous lakes, and the surface is covered with a thin layer of soil.

In Canada's topography, it is also worth noting the Labrador Peninsula, which is distinguished by bare stone hills and cliffs. The elevation of the terrain on the southern and western coasts of Hudson Bay does not exceed 200 meters; in the east, near Lake Superior, the terrain rises to 500 meters. The low-lying strip stretches along the entire northern coast and goes inland. West of the Canadian Shield to the Rocky Mountains is a plain that extends to the Mackenzie River basin. In the south of the country lie the flat-topped Cypress and Wooded Mountains, up to 1,100 meters high.

Climate of Canada

The main factors of the Canadian climate are the variation in latitude (from the parallel of 43° N to 80° N), the obstruction of westerly oceanic winds by the Rocky Mountains, the extent of continental territories at relatively high latitudes, leading to strong cooling in winter, and the proximity Arctic Ocean, which makes summers cool. The Canadian climate is characterized by cold winters and cool to moderate and humid summers with long daylight hours. The climate and temperatures vary greatly depending on the region, so in the north the climate is polar, in the Prairies there is a large range of temperature fluctuations at different times of the year or even days, while in the west, in British Columbia, the climate is milder and more temperate, since the Arctic air does not is passed there by the Canadian Rockies. The West Coast and Vancouver Island have a maritime climate with mild and rainy winters due to the influence of the Pacific Ocean.

Average monthly winter temperatures can drop to -15°C even in the southern part of the country, although temperatures of -40°C with strong icy winds can be expected there. Average annual precipitation in the form of snow can reach several hundred centimeters (for example, in Quebec - 337 cm). In summer, actual temperatures can rise to 35 °C, and in the Canadian Prairies even up to 40 °C.

The humidity index is often high in the summer in the east of the country. In some villages in the far north of the country, temperatures of up to -50 °C were recorded in winter. Temperatures in Alert rarely reach 5°C in summer. In addition, strong icy winds can sharply drop temperatures even to 60 degrees below 0.

In most of the territory the climate is continental (cold or very cold in winter, type Dxx according to the Köppen classification), in the southern part, close to the American border, summers are relatively warmer and longer, in the north they are shorter and cooler. Humidity varies from negligible in the prairies to moderate in the north and center throughout the year, with summer precipitation predominating.

According to Köppen's classification, such a summer in the south is marked Dfb (temperate summer), in the north - Dfc (cool summer). In the southeast, the Atlantic influence slightly softens the winter, but it increases atmospheric disturbances and precipitation, which leads to heavy snowfalls, while the distribution of precipitation varies slightly in different areas: they can be distributed evenly throughout the year (Quebec) or even predominate in winter in close proximity to the ocean (Newfoundland and Nova Scotia). In the west, continental climate bags with moderate and dry summers (rare Dsb species) are located in the mountainous regions of the Canadian Rockies, Coast Range, and Mackenzie Mountains.

Also near the Rocky Mountains on the American border in Saskatchewan, in Saskatoon, there are pockets of cold semi-desert climate (mark Bsk), protected from westerly winds.

On the west coast - a narrow area west of the Rocky Mountains - the climate is milder and more moderate, due to oceanic influences. The winter there is very humid, in the south the summer is moderate (Cfb mark), in the north it is cool (Cfc mark). However, this climate does not extend deep into the continent, as the Rocky Mountains prevent it.

On the shores of the Arctic Ocean and the islands of Northern Canada with their Arctic climate (Köppen ET mark), the highest average monthly temperature does not reach 10 °C, winter is about the same cold as in the continental region.

Resources Canada

In terms of natural conditions and natural resource deposits, Canada is often compared to Russia. Canada's mineral resources are very rich and diverse. Canada has significant reserves of non-ferrous metals (copper, nickel, lead, zinc), uranium, oil, iron ore, potassium salts, asbestos, coal and natural gas. Therefore, Canada is the largest supplier of mineral raw materials to various countries of the world, and primarily to the USA. The country has very diverse climatic conditions.

Much of Canada has a harsh climate, making economic activity difficult. Canada differs greatly in precipitation. In the steppe regions Great Plain up to 250-500 millimeters of precipitation falls per year, and up to 1000-2000 millimeters falls on the coast of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. A significant part of Canada is covered with coniferous forests (about 45% of the territory). The country ranks third in the world in terms of timber reserves. Wildlife reserves are of great importance for the country's economy - these are commercial fish (herring, halibut, cod, salmon), fur-bearing animal. Its water resources occupy a special place. In terms of total fresh water reserves, Canada ranks third in the world after Russia and Brazil. The St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes are important for energy and transportation purposes. The peculiarities of natural conditions led to uneven economic development and development of territories.

Hydropower

Canada is rich in rivers with high consumption water, which makes the use of hydropower possible. In addition, vast areas are uninhabited. This simplifies implementation major projects, providing for large reservoirs.

Between 2000 and 2002, Canada was the world's largest producer of hydroelectric power, producing approximately 337 billion kilowatt-hours annually. Brazil followed with 286 billion kilowatt-hours. The main producing provinces were Ontario, Manitoba, Quebec, British Columbia and Newfoundland and Labrador. The last three used mainly electricity from their own hydroelectric production.

Quebec was also the largest producer of energy, about three times larger than British Columbia (the second largest hydropower-producing province).

La Grande, Manicouagan and Churchill are three Canadian rivers on which the country's most powerful dams are located.

In other provinces, other methods of generating electricity predominate. The province of Ontario depends on atomic energy, as well as from fossil fuels such as coal.

Timber

The Canadian forestry industry produces timber. It is especially developed in British Columbia, where the humid oceanic climate is moderately influenced by the Pacific Ocean.

Minerals

Alberta and the north are home to non-metallic minerals such as petroleum. Potash salts are mined in the Saskatchewan Basin.

Canada has the richest mineral resources and ranks first in the world in the production of uranium, cobalt, potassium salts and asbestos; second place in the extraction of zinc ores and sulfur; third - natural gas and platinum group metals; fourth - copper ore and gold; fifth in lead ores and seventh in silver mining.

Fresh water

Canada has significant fresh water reserves for which the United States makes payments in the Great Lakes region. Canada's freshwater exports to the United States are the subject of recurring discussions.

Agriculture

The diversity of Canadian soils and climates accounts for the great variation in Canadian agriculture.

British Columbia and Ontario are known for their intensive vegetable gardening.

The steppes in the west of the country contain large areas of extensive grain crops.

Quebec is the largest producer of dairy products.

Most of Canada's potatoes are grown on Prince Edward Island.

and much more

Flora and fauna of Canada

Flora and fauna A significant part of Canada's lands is tundra and taiga. Only 8% of the land is cultivated, and more than 50% of the territory is covered with forests, which contain many valuable types of wood. Conifers of particular value are: Douglas fir, giant thuja, balsam fir, black and white fir. The south and southeast of the country are characterized by poplar, yellow birch, oak and maple, a symbol of Canada.

Fur-bearing animals, which the taiga is rich in, are of industrial importance. In terms of timber reserves, Canada is inferior to Russia and Brazil, and in per capita forest reserves it ranks first in the world. Mosses, lichens, grass and flowers grow in the tundra in summer. In the forest-tundra there are dwarf trees. The prairies and plains are covered with bearded vulture, sagebrush, and feather grass. Canada's fauna is also diverse. The tundra is home to reindeer, tundra wolf, mountain hare, polar bear, arctic fox, in the forests - bear, wolf, fox, lynx, squirrel, hare, marten, beaver, elk, deer, in the steppes - field mice, moles and gophers. Lakes and Arctic islands are home to millions of migratory birds.

In the reserves of Canada you can find bison, which were almost completely exterminated with the arrival of European settlers to the mainland. Coastal waters are rich in fish: in the west - salmon (chinook salmon, chum salmon, pink salmon), and in the east - cod and herring. Climate The country's climate varies from arctic in the north to temperate in the south. Most of Canada has a continental climate, on the western and eastern coasts it is maritime, in the south it is temperate, close to subtropical. The average January temperature in the far north is 35 0 C, in the south - 20 0 C, on the east coast - 5 0 C, in the west - 4 0 C, July - from 5 0 C in the far north to 22 0 Near the US border. Precipitation occurs most in coastal areas(up to 2,500 mm per year), and the least in the central part of the country (200 - 500 mm).

In winter, all of Canada is covered with snow, and most rivers and lakes freeze.

Cold air masses from the Arctic coast easily reach the south of the country, while cooled air masses reach the temperate latitudes. Canada's mountain ranges are located along the meridians and do not protect the southern part of the country from the influence of Arctic cold. Only the southwestern and southeastern regions of the country are distinguished by their dark maritime climate. Rivers and lakes Canada is famous for its dense and deep network of rivers. Canada is crossed by such mighty rivers as the Mackenzie, Columbia, Niagara, St. Lawrence River and many others. The Mackenzie is the longest river in the entire northern part of the continent: its length is more than 4.5 thousand km.

Almost 2/3 of all Canadian rivers belong to the Arctic Ocean basin. Everywhere except the southernmost part of the country, rivers are covered with ice for a period of 5 to 9 months a year. Rivers such as the Niagara and St. Lawrence Rivers play an important role in Canada's economy. They serve as transport routes between Canada and the United States, as well as sources of electricity generated by hydroelectric power plants built on them.

Nature and landscape

Prime Minister W.L. Mackenzie King, complaining about the vast territory of the country, once remarked: “If there are countries in the world with great history, then we are a country with large geography" The territory of Canada occupies 10 million square meters. km. It is in second place among all countries in the world in terms of territory, second only to Russia. Cape Pili on Lake Erie is at the same latitude as Italy, while Canada's northernmost point is 800 km from the North Pole. If you travel from Cape Spears in the east to the Alaska border in the west, you will cover a distance of approximately 5,633 km and six time zones.

Canada is famous for its harsh winters, but along the ocean coast or near the Great Lakes the climate is milder in winter and cooler in summer. The barren land above the Arctic Circle is literally uninhabited, with the Canadian Shield covering at least half the country. The vast majority of the population lives along the US border, in cities and towns. Residents of the Maritime Provinces are much closer to Europe than to their fellow citizens in British Columbia.

Canadian shield

A distinctive feature of the geographical map of Canada are the mountains that were formed in ancient times by the melting of glaciers. They occupy an area of ​​approximately 5 million square meters. km. The shield is located in the form of a giant arc around Hudson Bay in a direction from northwest to northeast.

In the south it borders the Great Lakes and reaches the outskirts of the cities of Ontario and Quebec. The long-settled provinces of Canada in the east, such as southern Ontario and Manitoba, are separated from the more recently settled provinces in the west by this formidable barrier thousands of kilometers wide.

The rocks that make up the shield are some of the oldest on Earth. They were formed more than four billion years ago and consist mainly of granite and gneiss. During ice ages The glaciers then advanced and then retreated, eroding the upper layers of soil to their current level, forming numerous lakes and destroying almost the entire fertile layer. At the southern end of the shield, mountain ranges formed, such as, for example, the Laurentian Upland, the highest point of which, Mont Tremblant, reaches 968 meters in height. The elevation then gradually declines to sea level along the Hudson Bay coast. In the east, the Torngat mountain range rises above the Labrador Sea by more than 1524 meters. To the north of the forested areas lies a huge swath of tundra: a bleak landscape of dwarf birch and willow trees, moss and lichen. During the short summer months, small flowering plants bloom here. In the south, the tundra turns into taiga (arctic forest) with coniferous trees. In large areas of the taiga, peat bogs are ubiquitous.

Clay soils are common in some regions at the southern tip of the shield, but attempts to use these soils for agricultural purposes have not met with much success. The natural resources, flora and fauna of the entire region helped the indigenous people to survive. For example, they traded fur from ancient times. Some resources have begun to be used by electricity generation companies, one of which is the large corporation Hydro-Quebec. A large part of this territory is logging, and trees are floated down many rivers and mountain streams.

Appalachian Mountains

The northernmost regions of the Appalachian mountain range reach eastern Quebec and the Maritime provinces, and they also extend into Newfoundland. Much of the Appalachian Mountains are folded mountains, eroded by the glaciers that once covered them. There are also lowlands along river valleys and the coast.

The mountains and highlands are mostly round in shape, reaching heights of over 1,200 meters on the Gaspé Peninsula. In Newfoundland their height is approximately 762 meters, and on Cape Breton Island it is only 533 meters.

Main distinctive feature region is the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Previously, the route connecting settlements distant from each other ran more by sea than by land. Until recently, the region's economy depended only on the sea and the majority of the population lived on it. The expansion of the coastal shallows, the so-called Great Newfoundland Bank, is the richest place for fishing, one of the largest in the world. The coastline is well defined here, and there are both cold and warm currents in the sea. Although the cod are no longer present, there is a variety of marine life here, including some species of whales. One of the region's most important resources is onshore oil.

Atlantic region

This region contains part of the Appalachian Mountains, but is most associated with Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and the Prince Edward Islands. Agriculture is associated with the cultivation of soils of average fertility. Prince Edward Island is enjoying a bumper potato harvest. The Annapolis Valley in Nova Scotia is famous for its orchids.

Great Lakes

More than half of Canada's population lives in relatively favorable climatic conditions - along the coast of the Great Lakes and in the valley of the St. Lawrence River. Between Windsor, near Detroit, and Quebec City, approximately 1,126 km to the northeast, there are quite a few mountain communities. This includes the two most significant cities - Toronto and Montreal.

Much of the country's history unfolded here. As cultural heritage distant eras are preserved here ancient buildings(for example, in the city of Niagara-on-the-Lake in Ontario) and beautiful rural landscapes (for example, the Richelieu Valley in Quebec).

Although winters are cold6 and summers are hot, the climate in the regions is not as harsh as in the rest of the country, allowing for a variety of crops to be grown here. In many areas the soils are quite fertile. They were formed due to the fact that sedimentary rocks lie above older rocks on the Canadian Shield. A variety of crops, even grapes, are grown here, mostly in the Niagara area, but also in other parts of Ontario and even southern Quebec. The town of Pili on Lake Erie with rich nature, a remnant of the natural woodland that was once located here, is the northernmost part of the Carolina Forests. Southern plant species such as tulip tree and hackberry tree are common here. The forest in Canada is well preserved. This is why Canada chose the maple leaf as its national symbol: tourists admire autumn leaves, and Canadians extract the sap to produce maple syrup.

Inland Plains

The plains are a continuation of the chain of lowlands that run throughout the United States from the Rio Grande River northward. In Canada, their length is more than 2414 km. They are located between the shield and the Rocky Mountains, where the Mackenzie River flows into the Arctic Ocean. On the territory of the plains there are southern outskirts Manitoba and Saskatchewan, most of Alberta and the southwestern part of the Northwest Territories. Along the border of the Shield Plains are huge natural reservoirs of water, such as Lake Winnipeg, Lake Athabasca, and Great Slave Lake. The territories of the north are dominated by arctic forests and tundra, while the south is dominated by fertile soils. They were once meadows, but now agriculture is developed here. The bulk of Canadian grain is produced here. Along with the ruthlessly exploited prairie grasslands, countless buffalo that once grazed the plains were literally wiped out.

Initially, settlers came to the lowland areas to engage in livestock farming and grain cultivation. But the pace of economic development is now determined by oil and natural gas resources. This industry is mainly developed in Alberta.

Cordilleras in Canada

The Cordillera is represented by part of a mountain chain 14,500 km long, stretching from Tierra del Fuego to Alaska, and many small chains and mountain plateaus up to 800 km wide. They are located throughout the Yukon and most of British Columbia. And the ridge of the Rocky Mountains forms the border with Alberta. Home to some of Canada's most stunning scenery and highest Mountain peaks. Until recently, many researchers tried to conquer them. The highest peak in the Canadian Rockies is Mount Robson (3954 meters). Some peaks in the Mackenzie mountain range in the Yukon exceed 2,500 meters, but Canada's tallest mountain and the second highest in North America is Mount Logan (6,050 meters) to the northwest in the St. Elias mountain range.

The mountains were formed as a result of a complex process of folding that began 70 million years ago. But glaciers have worked on the modern relief of the mountains. This process is still ongoing. The alpine climate contributes to the heaviest snowfall in the country - up to 940 cm per year (in Glacier National Park). By comparison, the area around the Strait of Georgia on the Pacific coast has a fairly mild climate and frequent rainfall.

Fur traders often settled in the area, as the area was rich in diverse fauna, which in some places still survives today. The alpine forests in the east and the tropical forests in the west are home to brown bears and grizzly bears. Once upon a time there were salmon in the reservoirs, but their numbers have decreased significantly over the years. last years. Logging remains a vital industry.

3. History of the formation and development of Canada

1. Post-war situation Canada

Canada, which was a British dominion, took an active part in the Second World War on the side anti-Hitler coalition. It became a real arsenal of England. More than 800 thousand military trucks, 50 thousand tanks, 18 thousand aircraft, 4 thousand warships were produced here. Its troops took part in combat operations on almost all fronts of the war. The war gave impetus to Canada's economic growth: in terms of development rates it came out on top among Western countries. Canada became an industrial power. The economic recovery that began during the war continued in post-war years. The incentive for this was rapid growth population (mainly due to emigrants), and, accordingly, an increase in the domestic market, development of the north and far west. In 1949, New Foundland and the iron ore-rich northeastern part of Labrador became part of Canada. Were open large deposits oil in Alberta and Saskatchewan. The strengthening of Canada's economic and political position weakened traditional ties with Great Britain. An important step towards eliminating the remnants of colonial dependence was the adoption in 1947 of the Canadian Citizenship Act and the recognition of the Canadian Supreme Court as the highest court. appellate authority countries. In 1952, V. Massey, a Canadian by birth, became the governor of Canada for the first time.

Prime Ministers of Canada in the post-war period

Prime Minister	Years in power	Party affiliation
		Liberal
L.Saint Laurent		Liberal
D. Diefenbaker		Progressive Conservative
L. Pearson		Liberal
P. E. Trudeau		Liberal
		Progressive Conservative
P. E. Trudeau		Liberal
B. Mulroney		Progressive Conservative
J. Chrétien		Liberal

2. Political and economic development in the 50-60s of the twentieth century.

In domestic political life, the traditional rivalry between the leading political parties - liberal and conservative - continued. From 1935 to 1957, liberals were invariably in power, whose policies contributed to the economic rise of the country (until 1948 the government was headed by Mackenzie King, and until 1957 by Louis Saint Laurent), as well as strengthening strategic relations with the United States.

Conservatives, eager to come to power, turned to serious reform within the party. Since 1956, the party began to be called the Progressive Conservative. The party was led by the energetic politician John Diefenbaker, who initiated changes in the party program. The new election program envisaged the solution of many economic and political issues: the development of the North, the restoration of traditional ties with England and the British Commonwealth, the “Canadianization” of the economy and culture, the elimination of unemployment, and the improvement of relations between the federal authorities and the provinces. Thanks to the renewal of the program, the Conservatives won the elections in 1957 and created a government. The new government increased the amount of assistance to the disabled and the elderly, reduced taxes, provided loans to farmers for the future harvest, and carried out other social reforms. In August 1960, the Citizens' Bill of Rights was adopted, but most of the election promises failed to be fulfilled. In particular, the program for the development of the North, “Canadianization,” and the elimination of unemployment has not been completed. The position of the ruling party began to weaken.

In foreign policy, the Diefenbaker government continued to strengthen Atlantic solidarity within NATO (Canada has been a member of this organization since 1949). On some issues, its representatives had a different opinion from the position of the United States. Thus, Canada refused to join the Organization of American States (OAS), did not break off diplomatic and trade relations with Cuba, and supported the demand for recognition of the PRC. In the early 60s, a heated debate flared up in Canadian society regarding the placement of the American nuclear weapons in the country and the presence of Canadian troops in Europe. Prime Minister Diefenbaker was categorically against it, but the majority of his cabinet ministers were in favor. This caused a government crisis, which resulted in the dissolution of parliament and the calling of new elections. IN political struggle Two new political parties joined - the New Democratic Party and the Social Credit Party. Although the 1963 election was won by the Liberals with 42% of the vote, it turned out that the two-party system had collapsed, with the Conservatives gaining 32% of the vote and the new parties 25%.

The new government was formed by Lester Pearson, who was in power until 1968. Without a majority in parliament, the Liberals were forced to pursue a cautious policy, avoiding sharp political corners. Among the notable actions of the Liberal government was the adoption in 1965 of a new Canadian flag with a red maple leaf on a white field and the conclusion of the Auto Pact, which united the automobile industries of Canada and the United States.

3. Problems in Quebec. Development of Canada in the 70-80s. Constitutional reform 1982

While pursuing a cautious policy, the Liberals were unable to avoid Canada's most pressing problem - the national one. It was caused by the dissatisfaction of the French-speaking population of Canada with its economic situation, social and political status. The roots of this problem lie in the history of the formation of the Canadian state and the characteristics of its national composition. Canada's population is divided into Anglo-Canadians - 40%, French-Canadians - 27%, who are descendants of the first settlers from England and France, and immigrants from other countries in Europe, Asia and Africa.

The majority of Canada's French-speaking population lives in the province of Quebec, where they make up 82% of the population. Therefore, the French-Canadian problem is primarily a “Quebec problem.” The leading positions in the economic life of the province belong to Anglo-Canadian and American companies. Thus, Anglo-Canadians, who make up 10% of the population here, occupy 80% of all management positions in industry, while among workers their share is 7%. The incomes of Anglo-Canadians exceeded the average income level in the province by 40%. Along with this, Quebec had the highest unemployment rate in the country. An important factor that became an incentive for French-Canadian separatism was the dominance of the English language: knowledge of English gave an advantage in hiring and promotion social status while ignorance of French did not entail a decrease in social status. The dominance of the English language caused new immigrants to prefer the English language and thereby increase the proportion of Anglo-Canadians in the province. Reasons given led to mass movement the French-speaking population for equal rights. The reluctance of governments to solve this problem led to the emergence of a movement among French Canadians for the province to secede from Canada and form an independent state. In 1968, the Parti Québécois was formed, led by René Lévesque. The Liberals, given the seriousness of the problem, made changes in the leadership of the party (French-Canadian Pierre Elliott Trudeau became its leader) and developed a program of reforms throughout the country.

Having achieved victory in the elections in 1969, the Trudeau government passed a law through parliament that stated the equality of English and French languages ​​at all levels of the government apparatus and provided for the introduction of bilingualism in regions where a minority speaking one of the official languages ​​constitutes at least 10% of the population.

Since 1971, the implementation of a government program began - teaching a second language in secondary and higher educational institutions. These measures somewhat changed the situation for the better, but there were no fundamental changes. Previously, the government's concept of "One Country, One Nation" caused protest among French-Canadians. The political expression of this protest was “Law No. 22” (1974) of the Quebec parliament, proclaimed French the only one official language provinces. The situation worsened after the Parti Québécois came to power in the province in 1976 and announced a plan for Quebec's gradual withdrawal from the federation. In 1980, the Parti Québécois organized a referendum to achieve Quebec independence, but only 40% of voters supported the idea. The slogan of independence was temporarily withdrawn, but the problem became chronic.

The Quebec problem was only a manifestation of the general crisis of the Canadian federation. A significant part of the provinces sought to limit the functions of the central government. In addition, the functions of federal and provincial authorities were not clearly delineated. The situation was complicated by the fact that the federal government did not have the constitutional ability to limit the centrifugal tendencies of the provinces, since the role of the Canadian constitution was performed by the British North America Act adopted by the British Parliament in 1867, changes and additions to which had to be approved by the British Parliament. This anachronism forced the Trudeau government to turn to London in 1980 with a request to grant Canada full sovereignty in the constitutional sphere. In March 1982, the British Parliament passed the last legislation regarding Canada - the Canada Act, which suspended the UK's legislative powers for this dominion. On April 17, 1982, the Canadian Parliament passed the Constitution Act. Thus, in its 115th year of existence, Canada lost its colonial past. The Constitution Act significantly expanded the powers of the provinces, but did not solve the problem of the status of Quebec, which retained the possibility of deepening the crisis of the federation.

In the early 80s, the economic situation in Canada worsened, which for some time pushed back the problem of federal-provincial relations. There was a decline in production. The government deficit was C$24 billion. 12% of the working population found themselves unemployed.

Economic difficulties led to the defeat of the liberals and the coming to power in 1984 of the Progressive Conservative Party, led by Brian Mulroney. He carried out a number of reforms in the spirit of the "Conservative Revolution" and brought the country out of economic crisis. The Conservative government considered achieving national harmony and maintaining the unity of the state to be one of the main political tasks. The “Problem of Quebec” was again difficult, as it refused to join the 1982 constitution and demanded that it be given special status. After lengthy negotiations, a draft constitutional treaty was prepared, which determined the special status of Quebec. But this time too, some English-speaking provinces refused to ratify the treaty. The problem again reached a dead end, which raised a new wave of separatism. Its apogee was the referendum in November 1995 on the independence of Quebec. The separatists were defeated once: 44% voted for independence, 46% voted against.

Canada at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st centuries.

Since 1993, liberals have been in power in the country, led by Jean Chrétien (in 2000, he was elected prime minister for the third time), who are trying to solve the national problem.

During their period in power, the liberals carried out a number of reforms and transformations. Thus, the country's financial system was improved. Since 1998, the fiscal year has ended with a surplus. Additional funds are used for various programs and debt repayments. The socio-economic programs of the Chrétien government included two programs: “Strategy of equal opportunities” (development of education and science) and “Creating a safe society” (expansion of social programs). An important step by the government was tax reform: a gradual reduction in taxes and stimulation of business activity. These advances began to produce tangible results; in 1997, unemployment began to decline. Growth in business activity. The period of Liberal rule marks the completion of the structural restructuring of Canada's economy towards knowledge-intensive industries due to the reduction of primary industries (forestry, mining, agriculture, etc.). Integration processes with the United States deepened - the creation of the NAFTA free trade area (USA, Canada, Mexico) in 1994. The integration process has achieved unprecedented results: 40% of Canada's GDP is exported, of which 80% goes to the USA. The turnover of Canadian-American trade is the largest in the world - 1 billion. dollars per day. Canada's successes in economic development are impressive: it currently ranks seventh in terms of economic development and first in the world in terms of living standards.

Stadium in Toronto

In December 2003, Canada experienced a change in leadership: Paul Martin became the new leader of the Liberals and Prime Minister. Significant changes are also noticeable in the opposition camp. As a result of the merger of the Canadian Alliance and the PCP in 2004, the Conservative Party was renewed and intends to challenge the Liberals in the next elections.

5. Foreign policy countries

For a long time, Canada's external political course was in the shadow of the United States and Great Britain.

In the 80s, Canada intensified its own foreign policy. She came out with the intention of acting as a mediator in relations between the USA and the USSR and the USA with the countries of the “third world”. Particularly active mediation activities were launched during the settlement regional conflicts. In 1986, Canada strongly advocated ending civil war in Nicaragua, condemning the interference in it of other states, including the United States. In 1989, she provided practical assistance in holding general parliamentary elections in this country. The Mulroney government played a positive role in the elimination of the apartheid regime in South Africa. Canada contributed to resolving the conflict in Cambodia. Canadian military contingents are participating in peacekeeping activities UN in many hot spots of the planet.

After the collapse of the USSR, Canada welcomed the formation of new independent states and contributed to their entry into the UN. One of the first - on December 2, 1991, she recognized the independence of Ukraine and established diplomatic relations with it. In January 1999, Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien visited Ukraine. The visit ended with the signing of seven two-party agreements and memorandums.

4. Tourist resources

Canada is one of the leading countries in the world, ranking 11th in 2003 in terms of incoming tourist flows and tourism income and 12th in terms of spending by Canadian tourists abroad. Canada's share of the world's tourist arrivals and departures is 2.5%, and its share of tourism income and expenditure is 2.1%. Hereinafter, statistics and statistical calculations are given on the official tourism and statistical websites of the World Tourism Organization (WTO), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), Canada and other Asia-Pacific countries. It should be noted that in terms of a number of features of the recreational-geographical position and recreational resources, Canada should be considered as the closest analogue of Russia (northern location, access to three oceans, disproportions in the development of the country).

Canada's share in the tourism industry of the Asia-Pacific region in tourist flows is 8.7%, in tourist foreign exchange turnover - 5.0%. The importance of Canada in the tourism system of the Asia-Pacific region Lately is reduced due to very rapid development tourism in the Asian sector of the Asia-Pacific region. In addition, Canadian tourism was greatly affected by the terrorist attack in the United States on September 11, 2001 and the SARS epidemic in 2003. Both inbound and outbound tourists decreased significantly during these periods. If in 2000 Canadians spent 12.1 billion dollars abroad, in 2001 - 11.6 billion, then in 2003 - 9.9 billion dollars. In terms of tourism spending, Canada during this time moved from 8th to 12th place in the world. In 2003 alone, Canada's world ranking for tourist arrivals dropped from 8th place to 11th.

In the Asia-Pacific region, Canada has long been second only to the United States in terms of the number of foreign tourists. The rapid development of inbound tourism in China has brought it to 5th place in the world and second in the region. In the coming years, China will take first place in the region, and perhaps in the world by 2020. In the coming years, Canada will give up third place to Mexico, whose potential for inbound tourism is higher. Other Asia-Pacific countries are still significantly inferior to Canada in inbound tourism, but it should be taken into account that the pace of development of the tourism industry in Thailand, Hong Kong and especially Malaysia is much higher

Canada's position in tourism income in the Asia-Pacific region is more modest. The absolute leader in tourism income is the United States, which is two times ahead of Spain, which ranks second in the world ranking, and three times ahead of China. In terms of tourism income, Canada has been surpassed by China and Hong Kong, and several other Asia-Pacific countries should overtake it in the next decade. The main reason for the low specific gravity Canada's tourism income is associated with the short duration of trips to the country, because the bulk of arrivals come from border areas of the United States.

Although outbound tourism predominates in Canada, as in other highly developed northern countries, the country’s position in the Asia-Pacific region in terms of tourism spending is even more modest. This is also due to the prevalence of short-term travel by Canadians to US border areas. Recall that Canadians' spending abroad has decreased significantly since 2001.

Canada's tourism balance is consistently negative. It grew in the 1980s and early 1990s. reaching 6.4 billion Canadian dollars in 1992. dollars (more than 5 billion US dollars). Subsequently, the balance improved and currently stands at -$0.2 billion. USA.

Inbound and outbound tourism in Canada has a clearly defined seasonality, determined by the climatic conditions of the country. Canada's visitation peaks in the warmest months of July-August, with more than 3 million foreigners arriving in each of these months, compared with only 0.7 million tourists in January. The seasonality of Canadians traveling abroad depends on the direction of travel. Canadians head to the northern border states of the United States mainly in the summer, and to the southern states (Florida, California and Hawaii) in the winter. Although in quantitative terms summer accounts for a third of the annual outbound flow, winter tourism expenditures in Canada are 1.5 times higher due to the distance of travel.

Canada's outbound flow is mainly directed to the United States - 73.9% (2001). The overwhelming majority of Canadians head to the border states: New York (2.2 million people), Washington (1.6 million), Michigan (1.2 million). Of the 10 most popular US states among Canadians, 7 are border states. This pattern Only Florida (1.6 million), California (0.9), where Canadians go mainly for seaside holidays, and the state of Nevada (0.6), known for its largest entertainment and gambling center Las Vegas, are violating. The duration of stay of Canadians in border areas in the United States is mainly limited to “weekends” and averages 2-3 days. For a vacation at sea, people go for a long time: Florida (21 days), Hawaii (13), California (9). As a result, Canadian tourists spend $2.1 billion in Florida alone, $0.8 billion in California, and $0.6 billion in Hawaii, which is more than in any other US state.

The main destinations for foreign tourists coming to Canada are the cities of Toronto (3.7 million people), Vancouver and Montreal. The fourth place in popularity among tourists belongs to two small satellite cities of St. Canterines and Niagara and is associated with a visit to Niagara Falls. Niagara is the most famous and visited waterfall in the world, while the Canadian part of the waterfall is more picturesque. This resource It is actively exploited by tourism; numerous hotels, entertainment enterprises, observation decks, and cable cars have been built near the waterfall. Up to 2 million people come to see the waterfall every year. This despite the fact that the cities of Quebec, Victoria, and Ottawa receive less than 1 million tourists per year.

Among the tourist goals of foreign guests, there is a very high interest in nature - 21%. Almost 12% of tourists visit national parks, 2.3% of tourists come for river rafting in kayaks, canoes or rafts. Fishing, outdoor recreation, sports routes, and nature excursions are also popular - 6.7%. One of the main purposes of visiting the country is “sightseeing”, where natural sites, such as Niagara, also make up a significant share. Thus, in terms of the share of the natural component for foreign tourism, Canada is a leader among the highly developed countries of the world. Among the purposes of arrival, “shopping” also stands out (19.7%), which also distinguishes Canada among developed countries. This is due to short-term cross-border trips by US residents. The proportion of people who came to Canada to visit friends and relatives is also high (12.7%), which is natural for a country of immigrants.

Thus, Canada is a country with a highly developed tourism industry, in which the volumes of inbound and outbound tourism are in relative balance. In recent decades, outbound tourism has dominated Canada and is expected to remain dominant until 2020. According to the WTO, Canada will rank ninth among the world leaders in outbound tourism, which will amount to more than 30 million tourists or 2% of the world tourist flow. It is interesting that Russia will take tenth place in the ranking of outbound tourism with indicators close to Canada. In inbound tourism by 2020, it is expected that Canada will move to 15-16th place, while Russia will take 9th place. Russia's advantages will be reflected in its recreational and geographical position (proximity to the European and East Asian tourism markets) and better provision of cultural and historical recreational resources. At the same time, Canada’s experience in the territorial organization of tourism in underdeveloped spaces is very useful for Russia.

5. Recreational resources

The recreational and geographical position of Canada is determined by positive and negative factors. Among the positive ones, the following should be highlighted. Firstly, the situation in the Asia-Pacific region, the most dynamic region in the world in socio-economic and tourism terms. The share of the western sector of the Asia-Pacific region (East and Southeast Asia, Australasia and Oceania) increased from 1-3% to 17-19% of the global volumes of key tourism indicators. The pace of tourism development in the American Asia-Pacific sector is somewhat lower. Secondly, the presence of such a tourism giant as the USA in the neighborhood. The United States of America is the world leader in terms of income and expenses in the international tourism market. Tourist weight of the country in the American sector of the Asia-Pacific region by different indicators is 60-70%. This determines the high dependence of inbound and outbound tourism in Canada on this country. Thirdly, the presence of extensive access to the seas of three oceans. Before the advent of jet planes and airbuses, the sea played an important role in the transport of tourists, especially in the European direction. The development of marine tourism is limited by the northern position of the country. However, the picturesqueness of the sea coasts, the presence of natural and cultural monuments is the basis for the development of cruise tourism, including in the Arctic. Fourthly, the significant size of the country. Dimensions are not only reserves of land resources, they determine the diversity of recreational resources (several natural zones, mountainous, flat and oceanic territories).

Factors such as uneven distribution of population, social and transport infrastructure has both positive and negative meaning. Due to the fact that a significant part of the country’s territory is underdeveloped and “wild” territories, there are excellent conditions for natural species tourism. On the other hand, the local nature of the development of social and transport infrastructure limits the possibilities of organizing tourism activities over vast territories.

Negative factors include, first of all, the relative distance of Canada from the main tourism markets of the world (with the exception of the USA) - Europe (more than half of the world tourist flow) and East Asia (more than 10% of the world flow, mainly from Japan and China). Secondly, the presence land border with only one country (USA). The combination of these two factors limits the geography and size of tourist flows to/from Canada and determines the absolute dominance of the United States in mutual human and monetary tourist flows.

The well-known phrase that “Canada has a lot of geography and little history” briefly and quite accurately characterizes recreational resources. In the world tourism specialization, Canada stands out primarily for the development of natural types of tourism, both mass (visiting national parks) and elite (extreme tourism). Ecotourism is well developed in Canada. It is no coincidence that in 2002, which was declared by UNESCO as the year of ecotourism, the World Summit on Ecotourism was held in Quebec, in which more than 1,000 delegates from 132 countries took part.

The organizational centers of nature tourism are primarily national parks, the most famous being Banff, Dinosaur, Glacier, Yoho, and Buffalo.

6. Development of tourism and recreation

1 Cultural and national traditions

Variety is the most characteristic feature cultural life of Canada, which is natural for such a large country with a relatively sparse population, which is divided into numerous groups along territorial and ethnic lines. The earliest differences began to emerge were between two groups that scholars of Canadian history call the Aboriginals and the First Settlers; There were certain differences within each of these groups. Indigenous people - Indians and Eskimos (Inuit); The first settlers were the French, who settled in Nova Scotia and Quebec in the early 17th century, and the English (that is, the English, Scots and Irish proper), who settled later in the same century in Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and on the shores of Hudson Bay.

French and British elements. Great Britain conquered New France, a French colony located on the banks of the St. River. Lawrence, in 1760. However, in Quebec and Acadia (part of the Maritime Provinces), the French language and different versions of the French tradition were preserved and even developed, which was greatly facilitated by the influence of the Roman Catholic Church. The influx of English-speaking immigrants was small at first; only a quarter of a century later, after the victory American Revolution, thousands of Loyalists left their homes in the United States and settled in the colonies of Upper Canada (later Ontario) and New Brunswick. Loyalists and later settlers from the United States brought with them elements of American culture; these elements were mixed with British culture, the bearers of which were the numerous immigrants who left England at the end of Napoleonic wars. These two sources gave rise to a special culture of English-speaking Canada, which is associated with American and British, but has its own characteristic features.

Similar documents

Territory and geographical location of Ukraine, population estimate, language situation. Analysis of climatic conditions, mineral resources, development of industry and agriculture, transport. Features of the country's foreign economic relations.

abstract, added 03/22/2011


Geographical location of Canada. Founding of a French colony. The period of English colonization and the emergence of the Canadian confederation. Government structure of Canada. Economy and population of the country. Mining development. Flora and fauna of the country.

presentation, added 02/28/2011


Economic and geographical position of Canada. Historical reference. Population and natural resources. Features of the economy sectoral structure. Primary sector: agriculture and forestry. Transport, aviation, tourism. Foreign trade of Canada.

course work, added 04/08/2012


Geographical location of Canada. The influence of history on the development of Canada. Population, natural conditions and agricultural development. Economic assessment of resources and industrial development. Analysis of tourist flows. Human pressure on nature.

course work, added 10/27/2012


Geographical location of India, China, Kazakhstan, Israel, Iraq, Pakistan, Syria, Turkey and Maldives. Characteristics of the relief, mineral deposits, climatic conditions and hydrological network of Asian countries, the state of agriculture.

presentation, added 03/19/2012


Geographical location of Estonia. Features of its relief; water and forest resources of the country. Climatic conditions and their influence on agricultural development. Changes in the population for 1990-2008, its main occupations.

abstract, added 11/21/2010


Position of the region in the country's economy, resource and geographical location. Fuel, energy and mineral resources, industry, transport; Agriculture. Population and features of its settlement, transport and environmental situation.

abstract, added 02/10/2010


Canadian Rockies, their significance and recreational role. Vancouver Island and Johnstone Strait: geographical location, climate and terrain features. Churchill, Manitoba as the polar bear capital of the world. Niagara Falls and Bay of Fundy, Toronto.

presentation, added 05/18/2015


General characteristics and geographical location of China. Description of the climate, topography, water resources, vegetation and mineral resources of the country. A Brief History of the Development of China. Population, language and religion of China. Development of industry and tourism in the country.

abstract, added 11/29/2010


Geographical location of the Indian Ocean. History of his research. Description of the structure of the bottom topography, climatic zones, current systems, minerals, flora and fauna of the ocean. The most important transport routes. Development of marine fisheries.