IN " Orange Book» approaches to ranking information systems by degree of reliability (security) have been identified.
For the first time, the criteria introduced four levels of trust - D, C, B And A, which are divided into classes. There are only six safety classes - C1, C2, B1, B2, VZ, A1(listed in order of stricter requirements).
Level A has the highest security. Each class expands or complements the requirements specified in the previous class and represents significant differences in the trust of individual users or organizations.
As you move from level WITH To A Increasingly stringent requirements are being placed on system reliability. Levels C and B are divided into classes ( C1, C2, B1, B2, VZ) with a gradual increase in reliability. Thus, a total of six safety classes are practically used - C1, C2, B1, B2, VZ, A1. In order for a system to be assigned to a certain class as a result of the certification procedure, its security policy and warranty must satisfy the following requirements. Since, when moving to each next class, requirements are only added, then only new ones are added, which is inherent in this class, grouping the requirements in accordance with the previous presentation.
Each security class includes a set of requirements, taking into account security policy elements and assurance requirements.
Level D
This level is intended for systems recognized as unsatisfactory.
Level C
Otherwise - random access control.
Class C1
The security policy and level of assurance for a given class must satisfy the following essential requirements:
the trusted computing base must control named user access to named objects;
users must identify themselves, and authentication information must be protected from unauthorized access;
the trusted computing base must maintain an area for its own execution, protected from external influences;
hardware or software must be available to periodically check the correct functioning of the hardware and firmware components of the trusted computing base;
protective mechanisms must be tested (there are no ways to bypass or destroy the protection of the trusted computing base);
The security approach and its application to the implementation of a trusted computing base must be described.
Class C2
(in addition to C1):
Access rights must be granular to the user. All facilities must be subject to access control.
When allocating a stored object from the resource pool of a trusted computing base, it is necessary to eliminate all traces of its use.
Each user of the system must be uniquely identified. Each logged action must be associated with a specific user.
a trusted computing base must create, maintain, and protect a log of credentials related to access to objects controlled by the base.
testing should confirm that there are no obvious deficiencies in the resource isolation and registration information protection mechanisms.
Level B
Also called forced access control.
Class B1
(in addition to C2):
the trusted computing base must manage the security labels associated with each subject and stored object.
the trusted computing base must provide enforcement of access control for all subjects to all stored objects.
the trusted computing base must provide mutual isolation of processes by separating their address spaces.
a team of specialists who fully understand the implementation of the trusted computing base should subject the architecture description, source and object codes to careful analysis and testing.
there must be an informal or formal model of the security policy supported by the trusted computing base.
Class B2
(in addition to IN 1):
All system resources must be tagged (for example, ROM), directly or indirectly available to subjects.
a trusted communication path must be maintained to the trusted computing base for the user performing the initial identification and authentication operations.
it must be possible to register events related to the organization of secret channels of exchange with memory.
the trusted computing base must be internally structured into well-defined, relatively independent modules.
The system architect must carefully analyze the possibilities of organizing secret memory exchange channels and evaluate the maximum throughput of each identified channel.
the relative resistance of the trusted computing base to intrusion attempts must be demonstrated.
The security policy model must be formal. A trusted computing base must have top-level descriptive specifications that accurately and completely define its interface.
in the process of developing and maintaining a trusted computing base, a configuration management system should be used to ensure control of changes in top-level descriptive specifications, other architectural data, implementation documentation, source code, running version of object code, test data and documentation.
tests must confirm the effectiveness of measures to reduce the capacity of secret information transmission channels.
Class VZ
(in addition to AT 2):
1) for random access control, access control lists must be used indicating the allowed modes.
Level A
It is called verifiable security. Class A1
(in addition to the EOI): 1) testing must demonstrate that the implementation of the trusted computing base complies with the formal top-level specifications.
In addition to descriptive ones, formal top-level specifications must be presented. It is necessary to use modern methods of formal specification and verification of systems.
The configuration management mechanism must extend to the entire life cycle and all security-related components of the system.
The correspondence between the formal top-level specifications and the source codes must be described.
In the German language, there are several levels of knowledge of the German language (levels of the German language), which indicate the level at which a person speaks it. As you probably already know, these levels are designated by the following abbreviations: A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 and C2. Let's consider the meaning of each level:
A– basic language skills (A1 and A2)
IN– independent language proficiency (B1 and B2)
WITH– competent language skills (C1 – fluency in German, C2 – proficiency in the language almost like a native one).
The following concepts are also very common:
A– basic stage (Grundstufe)
IN– middle stage (Mittelstufe)
WITH– highest level (Oberstufe)
These levels of German language proficiency got their start with the creation of the so-called “General European Reference Framework for Language Proficiency” (Gemeinsamer Europaeischer Referenzrahmen fuer Sprachen - GERs). To fully understand, you should imagine this as a fairly large book, which clearly states what kind of knowledge of the German language a German language teacher should have in its various areas (Auditory, Reading, Speaking, etc.).
Accurate description of levels
Below we provide a precise description of each of the levels according to GERs:
Level | Detailed description |
|---|---|
A1 | The ability to express elementary, everyday words and phrases. The ability to introduce yourself and others, and ask people questions about their personality. For example: “Where do you live”, “What other people do you know”, “What hobbies do you have”, etc. Also the ability to answer these questions. The ability to carry on simple conversation, provided that the interlocutor speaks slowly and clearly, and is ready to help in case of difficulty understanding or expressing a thought. |
A2 | The ability to understand individual expressions and specific phrases that are interconnected by areas of immediate meaning. For example, information about an individual and his family, his work, close circle, etc. The ability to express oneself in simple, familiar situations in which there is a direct exchange of information about familiar things. The ability to describe one’s origin, education, immediate environment and simple, everyday things. |
B1 | The ability to understand the main points when standard and correct language is used, and when we are talking about familiar and familiar things, such as work, study, free time, etc. Ability to cope with most situations that may be encountered when traveling in German-speaking countries. The ability to express oneself in a simple and coherent manner when dealing with familiar and mundane topics and areas of personal interest. The ability to talk about personal life experiences, various events, dreams, hopes, goals and plans. And also justify what was said. |
B2 | The ability to understand the main content of fairly complex texts that describe relatively specific and abstract topics. Ability to participate in discussions on familiar topics. The ability of spontaneous and free self-expression, which makes it possible to have a normal conversation with a native speaker. The ability to express oneself clearly and in detail over a wide range of topics, expressing one's own opinions and points of view, providing evidence and types of personal beliefs. The ability to justify the advantages and disadvantages of various things of material and spiritual origin. |
C1 | Ability to understand a wide range of different complex and long texts, using very specific and implicit words and phrases. The ability to express yourself spontaneously and freely, without noticeable language difficulties or searching for suitable words. The ability to effectively and rationally use language in everyday life, at work and in study. The ability to express oneself clearly, structuredly and accurately to the point, using a variety of appropriate language to support what is said. |
C2 | The ability to understand almost anything he or she reads or hears. The ability to analyze and use any information from written or oral sources, with the ability to substantiate and explain their relationships. Language proficiency is almost native-like. The ability to express oneself spontaneously and very freely and correctly even when dealing with difficult things. |
Friends, if you want to learn more about levels A1 and A2 in learning English, we suggest you read this material carefully; Perhaps you will learn a lot of interesting and useful things for yourself.
As you already know, learning English is divided into stages or levels, each level has a certain degree of difficulty, specific tasks and exercises, reading, grammar, etc. Today we are taking a closer look at the initial or survival levels, that is, Beginner and Elementary , as well as the Pre-Intermediate threshold level.
It would seem that the Beginner and Elementary stages of English proficiency are in many ways similar. However, significant differences can be observed here. You cannot proceed to the Elementary level without first preparing Beginner.
Everything starts with the basics, and learning a language even more so. The Beginner level is perfect for those who have never studied English before and don’t have the slightest idea about it. This stage of English language proficiency allows you to construct several simple sentences, master the basics of grammar and reading rules, and acquire a small vocabulary. Also, it makes it possible to move on to the next level - Elementary.
The knowledge that the initial level provides is very extensive for this stage of learning English: mastering three simple tenses of verbs (present, past, future), the concept of articles, the ability to compose several simple sentences, the ability to characterize an object in simple words; vocabulary ranges from 500 to 700 words, ability to get acquainted, answer simple questions, write short text from simple sentences.
The Elementary level is a more serious level of knowledge and proficiency in English. And the range of opportunities and skills it provides is much wider. When approaching this level, a person learning English must have basic knowledge of the Beginner stage.
The knowledge acquired at this stage is sufficient to communicate in English at an everyday level. For example, while abroad, you can ask for directions, rent a hotel room, do some shopping, etc.
Your knowledge of grammar, speaking, reading, your vocabulary at this level is much wider and deeper. Of course, such proficiency in English cannot be called professional, but you are no longer a beginner in mastering the language.
What skills does this stage of training provide? Here they are: a clear understanding of the verb to be, mastering the tenses of verbs, including continuous and perfect ones; use of articles and modal verbs, pronouns and possessive case; expansion of vocabulary from 1000 to 1500, the ability to communicate on simple everyday topics, the ability to write a short story about yourself, family, hobbies, work, etc.
As we have already said, these levels belong to the category of Survival Levels or survival levels. This means that these levels of knowledge of the English language will help you navigate various everyday situations where English is needed.
We believe that in modern life it is not only useful, but also very important to speak English at least at these two levels, because such knowledge of English is required by modern technologies, the Internet, travel, etc.
Category A2 or pre-threshold level
Pre-threshold or intermediate level (Pre-Intermediate) is like a bridge between the basic stages and more advanced levels of English language proficiency. Why is this so? The fact is that this English language course begins with simple constructions learned during the training at the two previous levels. The Pre-Intermediate stage is an excellent opportunity to repeat, consolidate and systematize previous levels and acquired skills, as well as move on to a more complex stage of learning English Language.
By studying English at the Pre-Intermediate level, you gain even greater skills in the language: a clear understanding of verb tenses and the ability to distinguish them, understanding the conditional mood, replenishing your vocabulary with modal verbs that were not previously known; understanding of the passive verb, the ability to transform direct speech into indirect speech, understanding of pronouns and degrees of comparison of adjectives; vocabulary ranges from 1500 to 2000 words; the ability to speak in English on various topics and talk about yourself; understanding the main idea of the text; ability to write essays, essays, letters.
All this suggests that at this level you are ready to perceive and master a more complex English language than at the previous two.
This stage of training allows you to work on the gaps and weak points in your English, improve it, and move on to a more complex level.
Friends, we want to wish you good luck in learning English Language. Don't give up, boldly move forward, and, step by step, level by level, you won't notice how English will become your second native language! See you again!
1.1A 2B 3B 4B
2. 1B 2a 3a 4c
3.1B 2B 3B 4A
4. 1B 2B 3A 4A
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1. Structure of the Supreme Court: |
A. Presidium; Judicial panels for civil cases, criminal cases |
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2. Structure of the Supreme Economic Court: |
B. Plenum; Presidium; Judicial panels for civil cases, criminal cases, intellectual property cases; Military Collegium |
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3. Structure of the regional (Minsk city) general court; Belarusian Military Court: |
V. Plenum; Presidium; Judicial panels to consider cases as a court of first instance, to consider cases with the participation of tax authorities; for consideration of cases of economic insolvency (bankruptcy); Cassation Board |
|
2. 1B 2B 3A |
5. A b c d
BlockX.
Constitutional and legal foundations of local government and self-government in the Republic of Belarus.
Test A.
Questions with one correct answer
1. Local Councils of Deputies:
1.Elected by citizens of the relevant administrative-territorial units
2. Appointed by the Council of the Republic
3. Appointed by the President of the Republic of Belarus
4. Appointed by the House of Representatives
2. Executive and administrative body in the territoryria district in the city is:
1.District executive committee with the rights of a legal entity
2.Local administration with the rights of a legal entity
3. Municipal committee with the rights of a legal entity
4.District government with the rights of a legal entity
3. Executive and administrative body in the territory
region, city, town, village council is:
1. Executive committee with the rights of a legal entity
2. Local administration with the rights of a legal entity
3. Territorial government with the rights of a legal entity
4. Head of Administration
4. Which Councils of Deputies belong to the base territoryal level?
1. Rural and township Councils of Deputies
2.City Councils of Deputies (cities of regional subordination)
3. City (cities of regional subordination) and district Councils of Deputies
5. Which Councils of Deputies belong to the primary territoryal level?
1. Rural, town, city (cities of regional subordination) Councils
2. District Councils of Deputies (cities of regional subordination)
3.City (cities of regional subordination) Councils
4. Regional Councils of Deputies, Minsk City Council of Deputies
6. Tips:
1. Elected for a term of four years
2. Elected for a term of five years
3. Elected for a term of 2 years
4. Appointed by Presidential Decrees
7. Who can relieve the chairman from his position?holder of the Council of Deputies?
1.President of the Republic of Belarus
2.Chairman of the higher Council of Deputies
3.House of Representatives of the National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus
4. The Council of Deputies who elected him to the position
8 . In case of systematic or gross violation of the requirements of the law by the local Council of Deputies, it may be dissolved:
President of the Republic of Belarus
House of Representatives
Council of the Republic
Higher Council of Deputies
9. Regional (Minsk city) executive committees
accountable and controlled:
1. To the President of the Republic of Belarus and the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus on issues within the competence of the Government of the Republic of Belarus
2. Council of the Republic
3. House of Representatives
4. Presidential Administration
10. Decisions of local Councils of Deputies, executive and administrative bodies that limit or violate the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens, as well as in other cases provided for by law:
1. Can be appealed in court
2. Are final
3. Subject to repeal by the Constitutional Court
4. Repealed by the House of Representatives
Test B.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Unified system of local government bodies in the territory
The Republic of Belarus consists of:
1. Regional executive committees
2. District and city executive committees
3. Township and rural executive committees and local
administrations
4. Council of the Republic and executive committees subordinate to it
2. The local government system includes:
1. Local Councils of Deputies
2. Bodies of territorial public self-government
3. Political parties
4. Public organizations
3. Economic basis of local government and self-government
are:
1. Private property
2. Natural resources (land, its subsoil, water, forests, flora and fauna)
3. Communal property
4. Other property serving as a source of income for local government and self-government and meeting the social and economic needs of the population
4. Citizens residing in the relevant territory
carry out local government and self-government through:
Adviсe
Executive and administrative bodies
Bodies of territorial public self-government, local referendums, meetings
Primary organizations of political parties
Heads of local executive and administrative bodies:
1.Appointed to and dismissed from office by the President of the Republic of Belarus or in the manner established by him
2. Confirmed in office by the relevant local Councils of Deputies
3. Elected by the relevant local Councils
4.Elected by the population of the relevant administrative-territorial units of the Republic of Belarus
6. The exclusive competence of local Councils of Deputies includes:
1. Deciding on self-dissolution
2. Approval of economic and social development programs, local budgets and reports on their implementation; calling local referendums
3. Establishment of local taxes and fees in accordance with the law
4. Determination, within the limits established by law, of the procedure for managing and disposing of communal property
7. Decisions of local executive and administrative bodies that do not comply with the law are canceled:
1. Relevant Councils of Deputies
2. Higher executive and administrative bodies
3. President of the Republic of Belarus
4. Supreme Court of the Republic of Belarus
8. The Executive Committee reports on its activities to the Council:
1. Daily
2. As needed
3. At least once a year
4. Once every 4 years
9. Advice in your activities:
1. Accountable to citizens living in the relevant territory
2.Responsible to citizens living in the relevant territory
3. Accountable to the Council of the Republic
4. Responsible to the House of Representatives
10. Adviсe:
1.They cannot form their own bodies, establish their structure and powers without the consent of the President.
2.They form their own organs independently
3. Define their structure and powers
4. Establish the costs of their maintenance
Test B.
Compare the concepts and choose one of the options:
1. 1AB; 2B G
2. 1B G; 2AB
4. 1V G; 2B V
1. 1B; 2A; 3B
I’ll say right away that I haven’t taken any of this yet and I’m trying to figure it out based on reviews and sample exams.
Why is it needed, since visa problems are solved at level B1? B2 level exams may be needed to study not at the university, but at educational institutions of a lower rank. Exam B2-C1 "Medicine" is needed for doctors. Exams for C1 are a more specific level, it is needed mainly only for admission to universities (or for some particularly corrosive employer who is trying to cut off unwanted applicants for jobs by demanding a piece of paper with C1). I would say that, even if the paper is not really needed, passing the exam is useful because the preparation structures the knowledge well.
In Germany, they mainly take tests from the Goethe Institute B2 or C1 or Telc tests. Those wishing to study at universities take either DSH or TestDaF - other certificates are usually not accepted. Recently, a new exam from Tels C1 Hochschule has been actively trying to join these two, but its “acceptance” by universities is in question.
As already discussed Deusch Test für Zuwanderer (DTZ,), some of the exams for higher levels are also graded: depending on the results shown, you can get both level B2 and level C1 or something in between. The Goethe Institute tests are at separate levels, the Telc tests are both separate and stepwise (Beruf, Medizin), DSH and TestDaF are stepwise. Each exam has its own characteristics and easy/difficult tasks and its own grading system. Therefore, one person can pass one test and fail another at the same level.
The average opinion in the hospital is that at level B2 Telk is easier than Goethe (as well as at level B1), and at level C1 the difficulty is distributed in increasing order as follows: Goethe, Telk, DSH, DaF. In the Volkshochschul and courses from the Arbeitsamt they usually take Telk, but partly also Goethe.
Differences in levels (again average opinion across the hospital). B2 differs from B1 by doubling the required vocabulary; in terms of grammar, there are not many new topics - those topics that were previously covered “in general” and superficially are deepened (a lot of attention to different types of complex sentences, adjectives, passive). C1 is distinguished by delving into stylistics (you need to know synonyms for words), requirements for the use of formal expressions (typical phrases for discussions, descriptions of graphs and tables) and the need to use complex constructions of literary language (conjunctive, passive in different forms and alternative passive constructions, nominal constructions - the ability to convert them into verbs and vice versa, indirect speech).
Goethe B2 and Telk B2
Goethe B2 is changing from next year, 2019. The old exam will be accepted until the end of the year or until the middle of the next - depending on the place of delivery. Apparently, there will be problems with books for preparation, since publishing houses will not have time to react so quickly. Data on the new exam.
Telk can be retaken in parts, Goethe, perhaps, too.
| Goethe-Zertifikat B2 | Telc B2 |
| 1. Reading 65 minutes. 5 parts - five texts or statements - each part is one A4 page, different topics. Distribute statements by people, insert missing sentences into the text, answer questions about the text, correlate statements and sentences summarizing them, select a title for the text. |
The first part - five texts for one and a half pages in total - correlate with the headings. The second part (2 texts on one page) is to choose answers to the questions. The third part (2 pages of texts) is to correlate the situation and the announcement. The fourth part is to insert the missing words into two texts (there are words to choose from). |
| 2. Listening 40 minutes. 4 texts - the first and third are listened to once, the second and fourth twice. Contents: everyday situation, information, report. Types of tasks: choose the correct answer (three parts), match people and their statements (one part). |
2. Listening 20 minutes All texts are spoken once. Answer questions - right/wrong. |
| 3. Writing 50 minutes + 25 minutes. You need to write two texts: one of 150 words expressing your opinion (for example, on a forum), the second an explanation, description, request or proposal for a task (for example, you can’t do something at work - why, what do you suggest) of 100 words |
3. Writing 30 minutes Select one of the topics (for example, complaint, request for information) and write a letter |
| 4. Oral part 15 minutes. Prepared report (the topic is given, you need to prepare for it by writing down your theses and presenting it in the form of a report with an introductory, main and final part), answer to your partner’s questions - 4 minutes. |
4. Oral part 15 minutes.
|
Telk B2 and Telk B2 + Beruf
The parts come in different orders - see numbering. All texts and tasks of the second exam are related to business.
| Telc B2 | Telc B2 + Beruf |
| 1. Reading, grammar, vocabulary 90 minutes The first part - five texts for one and a half pages in total - correlate with the headings. |
1. Reading 60 minutes. Questions on several texts - select an answer from the indicated options (in total, about 5 pages of text to read) |
| 2. Listening 20 minutes All texts are spoken once. Answer questions - right/wrong. |
3. Listening (after rest) 30 minutes Sound texts: news, presentations, projects, interviews, conversation of a group of people. Selecting the correct answers from several options. The texts are played once. |
| 3. Writing 30 minutes Select one of the topics (for example, complaint, request for information) and write a letter |
2. Writing 60 minutes. Two letters: 180-200 words and 60-80 words. Topics from professional life. |
| ---- | 4. Grammar 30 minutes The first part is morphology and syntax, choose the missing word (choice of three words). The second part is a dictionary, insert the missing words into the text (the words are indicated). |
| 4. Oral part 15 minutes. Preparing for the exam using assignments - 20 minutes. |
5. Oral part 15 minutes Preparation - 20 minutes. |
Telc B2-C1 Beruf
The texts and tasks of the test are focused on business (the word Beruf generally implies professional activity, but the tasks are such that not every working person can cope, since it has nothing to do with this at all, i.e. I would define the exam as intended for business - sales , marketing, etc.).
1. Listening 40 minutes
Ordinary situations at work, extended statements, work discussion - choosing the correct answers, correlating statements and people.
2. Reading 50 minutes
Match the statements with the people speaking (1 page of text). Understanding the text (2 pages), understanding the informative text (1 page) - choosing the correct answers.
3. Grammar 20 minutes
The first part is to insert words into the text (words are given). The second part is to insert expressions into the text (choose from those proposed).
4. Writing (after a break) 60 minutes
You need to write three texts: an informal email, a formal email (for example, to a client) and a formal letter within the organization.
5. Oral part
Small talk according to the picture - 4 minutes.
Presentation prepared at home, for work or study - 5 minutes.
Discussion (the picture shows two different opinions) - 6 minutes.
Goethe-Zertifikat C1 and Telc C1
According to reviews, C1 at the Goethe-Institut is easier to pass than B2 at the same place. Both tests can be retaken in parts (written and oral). The retake period is limited.
| Goethe-Zertifikat C1 | Telc C1 |
| 1. Reading 70 minutes Insert the missing words in the text on half a page (words to choose from are not given), find sentences corresponding to the topics in the texts, insert the missing words (choice from those available). |
1-2. Reading and grammar 90 minutes Insert missing phrases (text on 1 page), phrases are given. |
| 2. Listening 40 minutes Listen to the conversation and take notes on it. Listen to a radio broadcast or report - answer questions. The first task is played once, the second - twice. |
3. Listening (after a break) 40 minutes General understanding of what was said (correlate the statement with the person), |
| 3. Writing 80 minutes Statement on the topic (200 words). Statistics are given on the topic and it is indicated what exactly should be reflected in the statement. |
4. Writing 70 minutes Express your opinion (for, against, justification) on some issue (350 words) |
| 4. Oral part 15 minutes Report on the topic, answer to questions. |
5. Oral part 20 minutes Report on a given topic (choice of two, for example, wedding traditions in your country or what current news particularly attracts you now - preparation time 20 minutes). While your partner is talking, you can take notes - then ask questions, retell and draw conclusions. |
DHS (Deutsche Sprachprüfung für den Hochschulzugang)
This test is prepared and conducted by universities, focusing on the general structure and rules of the exam. Therefore, there may be universities that do not accept the results of a test taken at another university, although recently universities seem to have agreed on mutual recognition of test results. The difficulty of the test differs from university to university. In some places the number of retakes is limited. Not everyone is allowed to take the exam - each university has its own access rules. Many universities post samples of their tests online. A convenient option is to enroll in a semester of test preparation, which makes it possible to be considered a student and the oral part can be counted.
The exam is considered easier than DaF in the speaking part, since you need to communicate with the examiner. On the other hand, it has a grammatical part that is not in DaF.
Test level - B2 - C1, to enter a university you need to obtain an average level of DHS 2. Points are calculated for the entire exam on average, and not separately in parts, but some universities do not allow you to take the second part of the exam if the first is not passed at level 2, or they do not issue a certificate if the second part is failed.
Test example.
1. Reading and grammar 90 minutes (60 and 30 minutes respectively)
Leseverstehen. This is a text on 3 A4 pages followed by a block of tasks (complete sentences, answer questions in complete sentences, choose a title).
Grammatik or Wissenschaftssprachliche Strukturen. Consists of 5 blocks, each with 2-3 questions. For example:
Formen Sie das erweiterte Partizip in einen Relativsatz um oder umgekehrt!
Formen Sie die direkte in die indirekte Rede um. Benutzen Sie den Konjunktiv!
Setzen Sie den Aktivsatz ins Passiv / Passiversatz oder umgekehrt!
Formen Sie die Nominalkonstruktion in einen Nebensatz um oder umgekehrt!
Ersetzen Sie das passende Modalverb!
2. Listening (after a break) for about 70-80 minutes.
The text is read 2 times.
3. Writing (after a break) 70 minutes.
Description of a graph or diagram, explanation of a quote, essay using keywords (250 words).
TestDaF (Test Deutsch als Fremdsprache)
This is an old, stable test that has plenty of reviews, prep books, and examples. Test results are accepted at all universities. Compared to the DSH test, many consider this test to be more difficult because the oral portion is spoken into a computer microphone at the same time as other test takers in the same room, and each portion of the exam is scored separately rather than given an average score. Some universities in Germany are guided by the average score of this test, others do not accept its results if at least one part has a grade of 3. On the other hand, the test is standard, taken more often than the DHS, is not tied to a specific university and is taken not only in Germany , but also beyond.
The test covers material from levels B2 - C1. A person who receives TDN3 (TestDaF-Niveaustufe 3) is considered to have level B2, TDN4 - between B2 and C1, TDN5 - full C1.
The test can be repeated any number of times. The certificate is not limited in validity, but universities may have their own opinion on this matter if the student does not live in a German-speaking country.
1. Reading 60 minutes
2. Listening 40 minutes
Listen to the text once (taking notes), write answers to the questions. Listen to the second task 1 time, answer “yes/no”. Third text - write answers to questions twice.
3. Writing 60 minutes
Description of a graph or diagram, expressing your opinion on this issue.
4. Oral part 30 minutes
Answers to questions on situations are dictated into the microphone (7 situations, from everyday situations (recording somewhere, answering a friend on a certain topic) to the need to speak out on a debatable topic).
Telc C1 Hochschule
A new exam that claims to be recognized for university studies (which must be checked at each individual university). The structure is the same as the Telk C1 exam, but scientific topics and topics related to student life are selected. In the “Writing” part you need to comment on the quotes. The oral part includes a short report (preparation on one of the proposed topics - 20 minutes) and a discussion on the quote.