Central Russia is divided into three economic regions: Central, Central Black Earth and Volga-Vyatka.
The largest in area - 486 thousand km2 - is the Central region, which includes 12 regions (including the Moscow region and the federal city of Moscow), the smallest - 167 thousand km2 - Central Black Earth. The most profitable capital EGP has the Central district, located in the interfluve and Oka at the crossroads of the most important highways.
The natural conditions of the regions are generally similar; they are located in the center of Russian.
In the Central and Central Black Earth regions, the Volga Upland stands out in the Volga-Vyatka region.
The regions are located in the temperate continental region; the territory of the Central Black Earth region is located in an area of unstable moisture and is subject to periodic droughts.
The Central region is dominated by mixed forests; the Central Chernozem region is also located with large tracts. The Volga-Vyatka region is divided into the forest Trans-Volga region and the forest-steppe Right Bank.
Natural resources are quite scarce. The main wealth is the large iron ore deposits of the KMA and the Central Chernozem region. The Volga-Vyatka region has large reserves of spruce-fir and water resources (Volga, Vyatka, Vetluga). The Central region is the poorest in resources; there are small reserves of phosphorites, limestone, and sand.
Population. Historically, a large number (more than 20% of the country's population) and a concentration of highly qualified population have developed in the Central region, which has the lowest and highest levels. In the autonomous republics of the Volga-Vyatka region - Mordovia, Mari El, as well as in the Central Chernozem region, the proportion of rural residents is large: 40 - 60%.
Farming. Central Russia is based on and. The central region occupies a leading position, being the political, economic and cultural center of Russia. The region is a leader in science-intensive, precision engineering, electronics, computer technology, instrument making, as well as. The products of organic synthesis predominate.
The oldest traditional industry is the textile industry. In the Central region there is a well-developed network with a radial-ring structure, as well as branches of the intangible sphere: science, education, healthcare, culture. The leading industry belongs to the Moscow agglomeration and regional centers. The Central Black Earth region specializes in ferrous metallurgy and the production of metal-intensive equipment for the mining, metallurgical industry and agriculture.
It produces a variety of products. One of the leading industries is , producing 60% of sugar beets, 20% of sunflowers, 15% of the country’s grain; well developed. Large centers: Kursk, Voronezh, Lipetsk, Belgorod. The Volga-Vyatka region is a leader in transport engineering, producing cars, ships, all-terrain vehicles, etc.
The chemical industry is developed. One of the leading ones is based on its own resources. The industry produces lumber, plywood, furniture, and paper. Centers: Kirov, Cheboksary.
The regions of Central Russia are the main economic core of the country, their further development is connected with the solution of the fuel and energy problem and the intensification of all sectors of the economy.
The area has a favorable geographical position, located at the intersection of the Volga and its tributary Oka with railways and highways. In the inter-district territorial division of labor, the region is distinguished by its engineering products, as well as its forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries.
Natural resource potential
The Volga-Vyatka economic region has significant reserves of forest resources. The forested area makes up 50% of the district's territory. The main forest areas are located in the Nizhny Novgorod and Kirov regions. The forests are dominated by conifers - spruce, pine, fir. In the process of long-term exploitation, the forest resources of the region, especially coniferous species, are significantly depleted and the removal of wood from the region is reduced.
Among other European regions of Russia, the Volga-Vyatka region has a high supply of water resources. The main water source is the Volga and its tributaries. Groundwater reserves are significant.
The climate is moderate continental with fairly warm summers and moderately harsh winters. The soils are podzolic, requiring enrichment; to the south of the Volga, fertile soils predominate - gray forest, degraded and leached chernozems. Soil and climatic conditions are generally favorable for the development of agriculture.
There are phosphorite reserves in the region - the Volgo-Kama deposit in the Kirov region with reserves of 2 billion tons (20% of all-Russian reserves). Peat deposits are located in the Kirov region, as well as in the Nizhny Novgorod region and the Mari El Republic.
The economic region has fairly large resources of raw materials for the production of building materials: gypsum, clay, dolomite, cement raw materials, glass sand, building stone.
Population and labor resources
The average population density is 29.1 people per 1 km2. The territory of the region is unevenly populated, for example, in the Chuvash Republic it is 69.9, and in the Kirov region - 11.6 people per km 2.
The industrialization of the area and the high outflow of population from rural areas contributed to the urbanization of the population. The largest urban agglomeration in the country is Nizhny Novgorod, which includes Nizhny Novgorod and satellite cities adjacent to it: Dzerzhinsk, Bor, Kstovo, etc., as well as urban-type settlements.
The population of the region is multinational. Most of it is represented by Russians; other nationalities are dominated by Chuvash, Mordovians, Mari and Tatars.
One of the most important prerequisites for the development and location of production is the provision of the region with labor resources. For a long time, the region experienced an excess of labor resources and served as a source for replenishing labor resources in other regions of the country.
The economic crisis has currently led to an increase in unemployment, especially in small and medium-sized cities with a mono-industry economic structure.
Location and development of the main sectors of the economy
The Volga-Vyatka region represents a large industrial complex with a developed diversified industry, but the negative consequences of economic reforms have led to a decrease in industrial production, indicators of living standards of the population, and disruption of economic ties.
The main branch of specialization of the region is mechanical engineering and metalworking. The region supplies cars, ships, machine tools, engines, instruments, electrical and electronic equipment to the all-Russian market. Transport engineering is especially developed in the region, which was facilitated by the presence of qualified personnel and a research and production base.
Nizhny Novgorod is home to OJSC GAZ, the main enterprise of Russia's largest automobile manufacturing holding, GAZ Group. The activities of GAZ Group are divided into 7 areas represented by the company’s divisions:
- division "Light commercial and passenger cars" - OJSC "GAZ";
- Division "Bus" - Pavlovsk Bus Plant (PAZ), Likinsky Bus Plant (LiAZ), Golitsinsky Bus Plant (GolAZ), Kurgan Bus Plant (KAVZ), Kanash Automobile Unit Plant (KAAZ);
- Division "Trucks" - automobile plant "Ural" (UralAZ). Saransk dump truck plant;
- division "Special equipment";
- Division "Power Units";
- Division "Automotive components";
- Technopark LLC.
Shipbuilding is developed in the Volya-Vyatka region, represented by the country's leading enterprise "Krasnoye Sormovo" in Nizhny Novgorod, which produces hydrofoils, modern passenger ships, river icebreakers, and sea railway ferries. Shipbuilding enterprises are also located in the cities of the Nizhny Novgorod region.
In 2004, the group of companies “Marine and Oil and Gas Projects (MNP)” was created. which manages projects in the field of shipbuilding. The group consists of three interconnected areas: shipbuilding - Krasnoye Sormovo plant, ship design - Volga-Caspian Design Bureau, mechanical engineering - Sormovo Mechanical Engineering LLC.
Enterprises of the electrical industry are located in the capitals of the republics: in Saransk - the Elektrovypryamitel plant, an enterprise for the production of cable products; in Cheboksary - electric power plant.
Machine tool building and tool production are of interregional importance.
Among agricultural engineering enterprises, the Cheboksary Tractor Plant (OJSC Promtractor) stands out.
Mechanical engineering focuses on imported metal. The problem of supplying metal is solved by supplying it from Kazakhstan, Western Siberia and the Urals.
The chemical and petrochemical industry uses both local and imported raw materials. Chemical industry enterprises produce a wide range of products, including ammonia, caustic soda, synthetic resins, and plastics. Raw materials for the development of the chemical industry come from the Nizhny Novgorod and Kstov oil refineries. Among the centers of the chemical industry, the city of Dzerzhinsk stands out, where the largest chemical complex for the production of polymer materials has been formed. In Kirov, Saransk, and Cheboksary, the tire and rubber industry has developed, which has close economic ties with the automotive industry.
One of the most important sectors of market specialization is the forestry industry, focusing on the local raw material base. The development of the timber industry is of great importance for the surrounding areas, especially for the Volga region, which does not have industrial timber reserves. The main logging activities are carried out in the Kirov and Nizhny Novgorod regions. Enterprises for primary wood processing gravitate towards logging areas, and deep wood processing with waste disposal is organized at wood processing plants in Kirov, Yoshkar-Ola, and Novovyatsk. The largest enterprise in the pulp and paper industry is the pulp and paper mill (PPM), which uses not only coniferous wood, but also deciduous wood. Pulp and paper mills are also located in Volzhsk and Pravdinsk.
In the fuel and energy balance of the region, a significant share is occupied by expensive coals coming from Pechora and Kuzbass. Changes in the structure of the fuel and energy balance were associated with the commissioning of the Nizhny Novgorod oil refinery and the supply of gas from Urengoy. The bulk of electricity is generated by small thermal power plants. There are two large hydropower stations operating in the region - Cheboksary and Nizhny Novgorod, which are part of the Volga-Kama cascade.
The industries that complement the industrial complex of the region include ferrous metallurgy, which is represented by processing plants in Vyksa, Kulebaki, Omutninsk, Nizhny Novgorod, and small metallurgy of large machine-building enterprises.
Pei ion has a developed construction complex base. Enterprises producing building materials are located mainly in the Nizhny Novgorod region and the Republic of Mordovia.
The agro-industrial complex of the Volga-Vyatka region has significant potential. The region specializes in dairy and meat farming, grain growing, potato and flax growing.
Intradistrict differences
The production profile of the Nizhny Novgorod region is determined by the automotive industry, shipbuilding, machine tool manufacturing, diesel engineering and related enterprises of other industries.
Industrial hubs have been formed on the territory of the district: Saransk-Ruzaevsky, based on the production of lighting equipment, instrument making and mechanical engineering; Cheboksary industrial hub based on the Cheboksary hydroelectric power station, a tractor plant and a chemical plant with related production; Volga industrial hub based on the development of woodworking and various types of mechanical engineering (Republic of Mari El).
Main problems and development prospects
Stimulating the development of export and import-substituting industries will strengthen external and internal economic ties of the Volga-Vyatka region.
Economy and economy of the Volga-Vyatka economic region
Composition of the district(five subjects of the federation) - republics: Mari El, Mordovia, Chuvash; Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov regions.
Conditions for economic development. The Volgo-Vyatsky district has a small area, but borders on five other economic regions. The area is crossed by many railways and roads. The Volga River is of great importance. The area is well supplied with water resources, but poor in mineral resources. It is possible to highlight only phosphorite resources in the Kirov region, as well as peat deposits in the north of the region. The region has significant reserves of forest resources. The forested area of the district makes up 50% of the territory. The main forest areas are located in the Nizhny Novgorod and Kirov regions.
Population. The population density is relatively high - 31 people/km2, but the territory is populated extremely unevenly: from 74 people/km2 in Chuvashia to 13 people/km2 in the Kirov region. The national composition of the population is heterogeneous. The average share of Russians in the region reaches 75%. In the regions, Russians undoubtedly make up the majority. In the republics of Mordovia and Mari El, their share is also large (60.8% and 47.5%, respectively); in the Chuvash Republic, indigenous nationalities rank first in number (67.8%, which is one of the highest indicators in the European part countries). Tatars settled throughout the region.
The urban population is approximately 5.9 million people, or 70% of the total. This is slightly below the Russian average. The Nizhny Novgorod agglomeration stands out for its size with a total population of more than 2 million people.
The region has a surplus of labor resources. The economic crisis of recent years has led to an increase in unemployment; it is more typical for small and medium-sized cities with a mono-industry economic structure.
Industry. The economy of the region is dominated by three leading industries: transport engineering (shipbuilding and automotive), electrical engineering and instrument engineering. The Nizhny Novgorod industrial hub plays a leading role. The largest enterprises of the region are concentrated here: the Krasnoye Sormovo shipyard, the GAZ automobile plant. These factories have cooperative connections with many enterprises in the region. Some factories that were part of the GAZ association are now independent and produce a variety of products (buses, tractors, vans, engines). The Volga-Vyatka region also specializes in aviation engineering, including military engineering. Electrical engineering and instrument making were most developed in the capitals of the republics. By radio industry Nizhny Novgorod, Arzamas, Cheboksary, Yoshkar-Ola stand out. At the end of the 1980s, an industrial tractor plant was built in Cheboksary, producing bulldozers and pipe layers.
Chemical complex is represented by industries focused on its own phosphorite resources (north of the Kirov region), but to a greater extent works on imported raw materials. Among the branches of basic chemistry, the production of mineral fertilizers stands out. Two large oil refineries (Kstovo, Dzerzhinsk) operate on oil supplied to the region through pipelines, the products of which, in turn, together with the natural gas that comes here, are the raw material for several organic chemical enterprises.
Forest complex- one of the leaders in the economic structure of the region. There is no longer enough own forest, so some of the raw materials have to be imported. The enterprises produce a variety of products: lumber, plywood, furniture, skis. In terms of paper production, the Volga-Vyatka region is the third in the country. The largest pulp and paper mills are located in Balakhna, Volzhsk, and Pravdinsk. There are forest chemical enterprises (turpentine, feed additives).
Other industries represented in the area include: ferrous metallurgy(mainly processing plants in Vyksa, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod, Omutninsk), light industry (leather and fur industries have become more developed, there are textile enterprises). A special place is occupied by artistic crafts, developed everywhere: Khokhloma painting (Semyonov), Dymkovo toys (Kirov), wood carving and painting (Gorodets).
Agro-industrial complex. Agriculture and the food industry are diverse and primarily focused on providing the urban population with food. Therefore, dairy-meat and vegetable-potato specialization was formed near the cities. There is a significant share of grain crops in the crops. In the southern regions, with a high density of rural population, labor-intensive crops are grown (sugar beets, hops, hemp); in the north, long flax is cultivated. In terms of milk production per capita, the region ranks first in the country (350 kg). Most agricultural products are processed within the region.
Transport. The territory of the Volga-Vyatka region is crossed by three railway lines in the latitudinal direction and one in the meridional direction. They are roughly duplicated by highways. River transport plays a significant role in ensuring external and internal connections of the region.
Main problems and development prospects. Aligning the levels of economic and social development of the national entities of the Nizhny Novgorod and Kirov regions is one of the most important tasks of regional policy.
Stimulating the development of export and import-substituting industries will strengthen external and internal economic ties of the Volga-Vyatka region.
The economic region has great potential for creating technopolises as regional centers for introducing the achievements of domestic and world science.
2.5. VOLGO-VYATSKY ECONOMIC REGION
Composition: Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov regions; Republics of Mari El, Chuvash, Mordovian.
Territory - 263.4 thousand square meters. km.
Population - 8.444 million people.
The share of the Volga-Vyatka Economic Region (VVER) in the output of industrial products, the value of fixed assets and the number of industrial production personnel of the Russian Federation exceeds its share in the total population and area on a Russian scale.
In the all-Russian territorial division of labor, VVER stands out for its production of a variety of products from the mechanical engineering, chemical and petrochemical, oil refining, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries. VVER is distinguished by its developed agriculture: the share of agricultural land is about 5%, arable land - 5% of all Russian land; the share of agricultural production is 5.7% of the all-Russian total.
NATURAL CONDITIONS AND RESOURCES
The territory of the region stretches from southwest to northeast for 1000 km and is located in different natural zones: the northern part is in the forest taiga and the southern part is in the forest-steppe. The region is located in Central Russia, in the basins of the navigable rivers Volga, Oka, Vyatka, borders and is in close economic connection with the Central, Volga, Ural and Northern regions, which are powerful economic complexes.
The main natural resources of the region: phosphorites of the Vyatsko-Kama deposit (explored reserves of phosphate rocks - 47% of all-Russian reserves, forest resources (40% of the entire territory of the region is covered with forest, which is about 2% of all forest plantations in Russia, conifers predominate), building materials - gypsum , limestones, glass sands, clays, cement raw materials, water resources, rock salt (Kerzhenskoye deposit), peat and oil shale. A limited set of mineral resources and fuel determined the dependence of the region’s economy on other territories: industry and the electricity sector are based on imported raw materials and fuel.
The climate of the region is continental, favorable for agriculture. The western part of the region has the most fertile soils (chernozems are also found), while the forest part is dominated by poor podzolic soils.
POPULATION
The population of the district is multinational: Russians (about 80%), Ukrainians, Belarusians, Mari, Chuvash, Mordovians, Tatars, Udmurts, etc. The urban population predominates (6.6%) (in the regions of the district about 70%, in the republics only 30%) . The greatest concentration of population is observed in large cities: Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov and the capitals of the republics. The distribution of the region's population is uneven with the highest density in the Chuvash Republic (75 people/sq. km) and the Nizhny Novgorod region (about 50 people/sq. km) and the lowest in the Kirov region (14 people/sq. km) with an average density 32 people/sq. km.
The deep crisis in the country's economy and difficult socio-economic living conditions led to a sharp reduction in the birth rate in the region - to 8.6 people. per 1000 people and increased mortality - 15.8 people. per 1000 people In 1995 alone, the reduction (loss) of the population in the Volga-Vyatka economic region amounted to 60,412 people. (in Russia - about 1 million people).
The working population makes up more than 50% of the region's population. Significantly more than half of the region’s total labor resources are employed in industry and construction, and about 25% in agriculture and forestry. In recent years, the number of unemployed in the Volga-Vyatka economic region has increased sharply, by 1995 - about 400 thousand people, or more than 7% of the entire working population of the region (in Russia - more than 12%). There are about 170 secondary and higher educational institutions in VVER; they are located in large and medium-sized cities and towns. Universities, technical schools, schools, research, design and engineering organizations are concentrated mainly in Nizhny Novgorod, Arzamas, Kirov, and in the capitals of the republics. VVER has developed a qualified workforce of workers in traditional professions (metalworkers, tanners, stove makers, river workers, woodworkers).
FEATURES OF THE FARM
The region's economy is characterized by uneven distribution of production forces due to the heterogeneity and diversity of conditions for the economic development of individual territories. The specialization of the Volga-Vyatka region is closely connected with its historical past - handicraft and trade industries: commercial, industrial and metal (Nizhny Novgorod, Pavlovo), tanning (Bogorodsk), artistic, spoon (left bank of the Volga), leather and fur crafts and production (Vyatsko-Slobodskaya) based on furs supplied from Siberia in exchange for agricultural products.
The leading specialized industries of the Volga-Vyatka region are mechanical engineering and metalworking (more than 37%), petrochemistry (about 10%), forest chemicals, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries (about 6%). The share of light and food industries exceeds 16%. The listed industries employ more than 66% of all industrial labor resources in the Volga-Vyatka region.
The main branch of specialization of the region is mechanical engineering with the complex specifics of intra-district and inter-district cooperation, represented primarily by the Nizhny Novgorod machine-building complex. The leading industry in the region is the automotive industry, with its center in Nizhny Novgorod, where the production of more than 10% of passenger cars and 30% of trucks in Russia is concentrated. It is characterized by broad cooperative production ties with numerous branch factories and related companies (in small and medium-sized cities) engaged in the production of spare parts, components, engines, tracked tractors, automobile tires and tires. Labor-intensive industries provided with highly qualified personnel are presented: non-metal-intensive and medium-metal-intensive mechanical engineering, closely connected with the Urals, Central Black Earth, Northern regions and with Ukraine for metal, as well as with local metal production plants in Omutninsk, Vyksa, Kulebaki and with steel and rolling plants in Nizhny Novgorod, in Kirov.
In addition to the automotive industry, the region has developed shipbuilding, the production of diesel engines, hardware, milling machines and numerically controlled machines, semiconductor rectifiers and devices (Nizhny Novgorod, Saransk, Yoshkar-Ola), measuring equipment (Kirov), tool industry (Pavlovo, Kirov, Saransk ), a variety of electronic engineering in regional centers and capitals of republics, instrument making, electrical engineering. The Nizhny Novgorod and Sormovsky machine-building complexes are closely connected with the river shipyards in Gorodets, Navashino, with the dump truck plant in Saransk, with the aircraft engine plant in the Volga region, with the bus plant in Pavlov, lighting and electrical enterprises in Chuvashia, Mordovia, tire, rolling (non-ferrous rolled) production in Kirov and a number of chemical, tanning, forestry and food industry enterprises.
The production of lifting and transport, gas compressor equipment, for pipeline transport, aircraft engineering, the production of excavator (Saransk), mining and crushing and grinding equipment (Belaya Kholunitsa), tractor construction (Cheboksary), the production of woodworking machines (Kirov), automatic sheet stamping lines has gained widespread development. (Ruzaevka), electro-automatic medical equipment, control and measuring instruments. The repurposing of military-industrial enterprises of the defense complex, the further improvement of the electronics industry further complicates the composition of mechanical engineering in the region due to high-tech, knowledge-intensive, highly labor-intensive, non-metal-intensive industries - the basis of technical progress in the Russian national economy.
One of the leading branches of specialization of the Volga-Vyatka economic region is the diversified chemical industry, which operates mainly on imported raw materials and supplies, producing hundreds of intermediates and final products for basic and organic polymer chemistry (polyacrylates, capralactam, plant protection products, polyvinyl chloride resins, plastics, fibers, dyes, leather substitutes, tires, caustic soda, mineral fertilizers). The development of the chemical industry in the region was caused primarily by the great needs of the automobile industry and other industries for chemicals. The share of chemical production in industry in 1995 decreased to 9.7% (from 10.5% in 1990). In the structure of the chemical industry, the share of production of mineral fertilizers based on local Verkhne-Kama phosphorites (Kirov region), oil refining products at the Nizhny Novgorod and Kstov petrochemical plants, in Novocheboksarsk, as well as the production of rubber products at the Saransk industrial enterprise has increased. The share of petrochemical production in the total volume of production in chemistry and petrochemistry decreased and amounted to about 9% in 1995, and the share of production of synthetic resins and plastics in the industry structure also decreased compared to 1985 and 1990. Despite the growth in the share of production of mineral fertilizers, the need for them in the region's agriculture is not fully satisfied. The raw material base for the oil refining, petrochemical industry and organic chemistry is oil and oil products supplied through oil pipelines from the Volga and West Siberian oil-producing and oil-refining regions. The centers of production of chemical and petrochemical products are Kstovo, Nizhny Novgorod, Dzerzhinsk and a number of other cities in the regions and republics of the region.
The share of VVER regions and republics in the production of marketable products of the chemical and petrochemical industry in 1995 in the region is: Nizhny Novgorod region - about 60%, Kirov - 9.2%, Chuvash, Mordovian and Mari republics - 21.4, respectively; 7.3; 2.1%.
Centers for the production of artificial leather - Bogorodsk, Yoshkar-Ola, Kirov, rubber products - Saransk, car tires - Kirov. The production of forest chemical products based on logging and wood processing waste is located near the corresponding logging and wood processing enterprises, mainly in the Kirov and Nizhny Novgorod regions (Balakhninsky timber industry complex, the villages of Vakhtan, Vetluzhsky).
Forestry, wood processing and pulp and paper industries The Volga-Vyatka economic region is specialized; in 1996 it accounted for about 6% of the forest industry of the Russian Federation; industrial production using its own wood raw materials predominates. About 90% of wood in VVER is harvested in the Kirov and Nizhny Novgorod regions. In the area there is an overcutting of the estimated logging area.
Wood processing industries are located both in places of logging and in places of consumption.
Woodworking production in the structure of the forest industry in 1995 amounted to almost 50%. These include sawmilling, house building, furniture production, match production, production of sports equipment, fiberboard and chipboard. The production of paper and cardboard is mainly concentrated at the Balakhna Timber Processing Plant (LPK). According to this indicator, the district ranks third in the country. Paper production accounts for more than 50% of the region's total production, located in Zuevka, Volzhsk, Novocheboksarsk, Kondrovka. Timber industry products are sent to the Volga, Central, North Caucasus regions and Ukraine due to the presence of a dense transport network and convenient rafting rivers (Volga, Vyatka, Vetluga).
The main task of the development of the forest industry is the fullest use of forest raw materials, increasing mechanical and chemical processing of wood and strengthening work to expand reforestation and protection of forests in the region.
Construction materials industry The district does not fully satisfy the region's need for construction materials. Production of cement, glass, reinforced concrete products, and bricks in the region remains in short supply.
Light industry The Volga-Vyatka economic region is represented by clothing, cotton, linen, wool, leather and footwear, fur industries, and folk crafts. In the industrial structure of the region in 1995 it amounted to 3.9% (in 1990 - 12%) and ranked second after mechanical engineering. The region produces cotton fabrics (Cheboksary) using imported cotton, and linen fabrics (in the Kirov and Nizhny Novgorod regions and Mordovia) using its own raw materials. Leather and sheepskin production is located in Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov, Bogorodsk, Yoshkar-Ola, Slobodskoye, Vakhrushi. Artistic crafts have reached a high level - the production of decorative and applied products from wood (“Khokhloma painting”), wood carving, the art of inlay, the production of Dymkovo toys from clay (Kirov), metal art products, the production of table sets (Pavlova), embroidery, supplied largely on an industrial basis.
Food industry The district, along with the light industry, in 1995 occupied second place after mechanical engineering. In general, food production in VVER does not fully satisfy demand; on a per capita basis it is below the average level for the Russian Federation. The food industry is located throughout the region, including meat, butter, cereals, mushrooms, and wild berries. The food industry is based primarily on its own agricultural production.
Fuel and energy balance The Volga-Vyatka economic region is in acute shortage. The region's significant needs for electrical and thermal energy are far from being satisfied by local peat resources. The fuel and energy economy is formed mainly on imported fuel and energy resources (FER): coal from the Pechora, Podmoskovny, Kuznetsk basins (coal is delivered by rail) and natural gas and oil coming from the Volga and West Siberian regions via main pipeline transport arteries . Gas comes from Urengoy, Yamburg (via the gas pipelines Urengoy - Center, Urengoy - Pomory - Uzhgorod, Urengoy - Punga - Kirov, Yamburg - Punga - Kirov, Yamburg - Punga - Nizhny Novgorod); oil comes from Western Siberia (via the Middle Ob region - Izhevsk - Nizhny Novgorod, Omsk - Chelyabinsk - Ufa - Kstovo oil pipelines) and from the Volga region (Almetyevsk - Kstovo). Thermal power plants operate on coal, gas and fuel oil obtained from oil refineries in Nizhny Novgorod and Kstovo. The largest thermal power plants and combined heat and power plants are Balakhninskaya, Gorkovskaya, Dzerzhinskaya, Kirovo-Chepetskaya, hydroelectric power stations - Gorky, Cheboksary, nuclear heat supply station - Gorky ACT.
So, along with the industries of specialization in VVER, service industries also developed: fuel and energy, ferrous metallurgy (on waste from scrap metal and machine-building plants - Nizhny Novgorod, Vyksa, Kulebaki, Kirov region), construction materials industry (Alekseevsky cement plant in Mordovia> production wall materials in all republics and regions of the region, alabaster - in the Nizhny Novgorod region, technical glass in the city of Bor), food industry, handicrafts, artistic wood processing (the city of Semenov in the Volga region) (Table 2.5.1).
Table 2.5.1
Industry structure of the Volga-Vyatka region
(in % of total)
Industries |
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Industry |
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Including: |
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Industries of specialization |
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Including: |
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mechanical engineering and metalworking |
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chemistry and petrochemistry |
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forestry, additional processing equipment, pulp and paper industry |
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Integrating industries |
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Including: |
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fuel and energy complex |
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metallurgy |
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production of building materials |
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Agriculture The Volga-Vyatka economic region does not fully provide the local population with food and the food and light industry with raw materials.
The total land area of the district is 13.6 million hectares, of which 10.2 million hectares are agricultural land (4.7% of the all-Russian total). The share of arable land accounts for 75.9% of the total agricultural land in the region, the share of pastures is 15%, and hayfields are 8%.
The leading branch of agriculture - crop production - is represented by grain crops. More than half of the region’s sown areas are occupied by grains; rye, wheat, barley, and oats predominate; in the forest-steppe zone, mainly cereals—buckwheat and millet.
The main industrial crop is fiber flax (Nizhny Novgorod and Kirov regions); hemp, sugar beets, and hops are also grown (Chuvashia); Potato growing and suburban vegetable growing are located everywhere in the region. In the southern part of the region there are corn crops.
Animal husbandry of VVER is represented by cattle breeding (meat and dairy and dairy and meat production throughout the territory), sheep breeding, pig breeding, as well as rabbit breeding, poultry farming and beekeeping. The fodder base for livestock farming is grasses of floodplain meadows, forest glades, forage crops, and seeded grasses.
In recent years, changes have occurred in the structure of agricultural production in the Volga-Vyatka economic region due to the implementation of reforms in the country. By the end of 1995, in the Volga-Vyatka economic region there were 8.2 thousand farms with an average plot size of 26 hectares (in Russia, respectively, 270 thousand farms with 43 hectares), which amounted to less than 1% of all farms in the region (in Russia about 2%). The share of agricultural production by farms in VVER in 1995 was 2% for grain, 1.5% for sugar beets, 0.4% for meat, 0.5% for milk (in Russia, respectively, 4.7; 3.5; 1.5; 1.5%).
The Volga-Vyatka region has all types of modern transport. Rail transport occupies more than half of the total volume of inter-district transportation (along three transit latitudinal and one meridional railway, which are connected by local railways with high freight traffic). The northern and southern territories of the region are less covered by railways. The density of highways in the region is higher than the Russian average.
River transport provides external and internal communications of the region along such navigable rivers as the Volga, Oka, Vyatka, Vetluga. Large river ports of the region and the country are Nizhny Novgorod and Cheboksary. Timber, coal, metal, salt, engineering products, building materials, vegetables, and grain cargo are transported along the rivers.
Pipeline transport is represented by several gas and oil pipelines that ensure the supply (import) of fuel and energy resources from the Volga, Ural and West Siberian regions. The import of goods - fuel, raw materials, metal, grain - significantly exceeds the export of finished products (cars, machine tools, diesel engines, river boats, tractors, handicrafts, leather and fur products, wood, woodworking products, paper, cardboard, light industry products) . The Volga-Vyatka economic region, importing products, has close economic ties with the Urals and the Central Black Earth regions (metal), the South (coal of the eastern wing of Donbass), the North (apatite), the Volga region (oil, bread, fish, salt), the Center ( engineering products from related enterprises), Western Siberia (fuel). In addition, it has connections with the Southern economic regions, where mainly timber and products of the woodworking industry and mechanical engineering are sent from VVER.
TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE ECONOMY
An analysis of the location of the productive forces of the Volga-Vyatka economic region allows us to divide the territory of the region into three subdistricts (zones): Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov regions and the territory of the republics. The most economically developed zone is the Nizhny Novgorod zone (30% of the region’s territory, 44% of the population, 52.4% of industrial products), which determines the specialization of VVER (automotive, shipbuilding, machine tool building, production of diesel engines, motors, instruments, tools, paper, cardboard , chemical products). The main industrial hub is Nizhny Novgorod and important industrial cities around it - Pavlovo, Dzerzhinsk, Balakhna, Kstovo, Bor, specializing in metalworking, chemistry, forestry, woodworking, pulp and paper, oil refining, petrochemical, glass, light industry. In the Trans-Volga region, the timber industry and wood chemicals are developed. Agriculture specializes in grain production, vegetable and potato growing, and the cultivation of fiber flax. Livestock industries - cattle breeding (dairy and meat), pig breeding.
The territory of the Kirov region (about 20% of the population) makes up 50% of the entire area of the district. In 1995, it provided about 20% of all industrial output. Industries of specialization: mechanical engineering and metalworking, forestry, chemical, light industry with the main industrial centers in Kirov, Slobodskoye, Kirovo-Chepetsk, Novovyatsk. Agriculture is represented by flax growing and grain growing. The Mari-Chuvash-Mordovian zone is more than 20% in area, about 25% in population, and about 30% in industrial production. The main industries: labor-intensive mechanical engineering, forestry, pulp and paper, wood chemical industry, production of building materials, glass, leather (Mari El, Chuvashia), light (Cheboksary, Yoshkar-Ola, Saransk, small and medium-sized cities), food. The leading branches of agriculture are grain growing, potato and vegetable growing, industrial crops (Chuvashia, Mordovia), livestock breeding, and vegetable growing.
MAIN DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT
The socio-economic development of the Volga-Vyatka region is influenced by both favorable factors (geographically advantageous location, transport network, labor resources, accumulated production potential, scientific, design and experimental bases) and negative factors (shortage of fuel, energy and raw materials, insufficiently rational use of accumulated production potential, labor resources, lack of capacity of construction organizations, poor condition of roads, tense environmental situation).
The transition to a market and the reform of the country's national economy make it possible to make a choice of priority sectors of the economy in order to ensure an increase in the region's contribution to the Russian economy. The main attention should be paid to scientific and technological progress, entrepreneurial activity, new effective forms of labor organization, creating prerequisites first for stabilizing the economy, and then for achieving previously lost benchmarks for production development, developing processes of denationalization and privatization, taking into account the interests of workers and the state. An important role belongs to the development of an appropriate mechanism for corporatization, reinvestment of income, transfer of capital into highly profitable industries focused on consumer demand, reliable, well-thought-out repurposing of defense enterprises through conversion and their orientation towards the production of consumer goods. It is important to increase the complexity of the use of low-value hardwood species; forest industry waste.
Mitigating the shortage of fuel and energy resources in the region will be facilitated by strengthening the local energy base by increasing the capacity of thermal power plants and large boiler houses using environmentally friendly fuel - natural gas. At the same time, it is necessary to bring the capacity of construction organizations into line with the volume of construction and installation work, to rapidly increase the production of building materials based on the involvement of local raw materials into economic circulation. Technical re-equipment of the processing industries of the agro-industrial complex, the creation of guaranteed volumes of production of agricultural products (grain, potatoes, vegetables, flax, livestock products) based on new progressive forms of management, improving the use and redistribution of labor resources, implementing measures for employment and professional retraining will create opportunities for improvement socio-economic living conditions of people.
2.6. CENTRAL CHERNOZEM ECONOMIC REGION
Composition: Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk and Tambov regions.
Territory - 167.7 thousand square meters. km.
Population - 7761 thousand people.
The Central Black Earth region is located in the center of the European part of the Russian Federation. Neighborhood with such developed industrial regions as the Central and Volga regions of the Russian Federation and the Donetsk-Dnieper region of Ukraine has a beneficial effect on its economic development.
In the federal division of social labor, the Central Black Earth Region specializes in the mining, metallurgical, mechanical engineering, chemical, food industries and the production of certain types of building materials, as well as in intensive agricultural production. Grains, sunflowers, sugar beets, potatoes, vegetables are grown here, and there is a significant share of livestock farming (dairy and meat, pig farming, poultry farming).
In the intra-industry structure of industrial production, ferrous metallurgy accounts for 34.6%, mechanical engineering - 15.8%. Other industries include food - 16.5% and electricity production - 13.7%. A relatively large share in the structure of industrial production is occupied by such industries as chemical and petrochemical (6.7%), as well as the building materials industry (5.8%).
NATURAL CONDITIONS AND RESOURCES
The main natural wealth of the region is the iron ores of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, which lie on its territory in two stripes: Orel - Shchigry - Stary Oskol - Valuiki with a width of 1 to 25 km and Lgov - Belgorod with a width of 2 to 40 km, with a thickness of layers from 70 to 350 m.
The total geological reserves of ores, mainly ferruginous quartzites, reach trillions of tons, the balance reserves are 42 billion tons; In terms of geological reserves, the Kursk magnetic anomaly ranks first in the world; in terms of balance sheet reserves, it ranks first in Russia. The ores occur at depths from 35 - 40 to 400 - 500 m and deeper. The shallow occurrence of ores allows them to be mined in open pits with significantly lower capital and current costs of labor and money. Mine mining of ores at depth is complicated here by the abundant water saturation of the underground horizons. The construction of underground mines is now carried out with the help of special refrigeration units for freezing rocks during the excavation of mine shafts. The quality of high-grade ores at depth can not only offset the costs of this equipment, but also provide significant efficiency to the KMA mining industry. In addition to the high iron content, these ores contain only tenths of a percent of sulfur and hundredths of a percent of phosphorus, and the silica in commercial ores here is 3-4 times less than, for example, in Krivoy Rog ores. The high iron content in ores and their other qualities reduce the cost of their enrichment, and in blast furnaces less coke is consumed, the consumption of water and fuel, which are scarce in the area, is reduced, and the cost is reduced. In addition, underground ore mining eliminates waste rock dumps on the surface, which during open mining occupy vast areas, excluding the most valuable black soils from agricultural use.
Among other mineral resources, the Central Black Earth region has large reserves of chalk and limestone, significant reserves of marl, refractory clays, molding quartz sands, brick clays, especially in the Voronezh and Belgorod regions.
The climate of the region is moderate continental, quite humid in the western part, drier in the southeastern part, droughts are frequent. The average temperature in July is from +19 to +20°C, in January from -9 to -10°C, the amount of annual precipitation is 400 - 500 mm. The duration of the growing season with temperatures above +5°C is 175-200 days, with temperatures above +10°C - 140-170 days.
The hydrographic network is poor. The only major river is the Don with its tributaries Voronezh and Northern Donets. The Don is navigable only in its lower reaches to Pavlovsk. The remaining rivers are shallow, their main use is to supply water to the population and industrial enterprises. Currently, there is a tense water balance in large cities.
The most valuable wealth of the region are the soils: only in the west of the Kursk and in the north of the Tambov regions are gray forest and podzolic soils widespread, throughout the rest of the territory there are various types of chernozems with a humus content from 4 - 6% to 10 - 12%, with the thickness of the chernozem horizon in some areas up to 120 - 130 cm. These are the most fertile soils. Chernozems here formed on loose soils of sandy loams, so they are easily susceptible to water erosion, leading to the formation of ravines. In some places, up to 60% of land is susceptible to erosion, so combating gully formation is the most important task for landowners in the region. An effective means of this fight was special cultivation of fields and artificial forest plantations. Artificial forest plantations account for about half of the forested area of the region. The average forest cover in the region is 8%. Industrial logging is prohibited almost everywhere.
The population of the region is about 8 million people, which is more than 6% of the population of the Russian Federation. The black earth center is a densely populated region of the country. Average population density 46.3 people/sq. km. Due to the rapid industrialization of the region, the urban population was 61.4%, rural - 38.6%. There are 122 cities in the region, but there are few large cities, the largest in number is Voronezh. The ethnic composition of the region's population is homogeneous: the Russian population predominates, in the southern part there is a fairly high percentage of Ukrainians. The region's labor resources account for approximately 6% of the labor resources of the Russian Federation.
FEATURES OF THE FARM
Labor resources and a variety of industrial raw materials create very favorable preconditions for the development of the industry.
The leading branch of national economic specialization of the Central Black Earth region is mining and metallurgy industry. Ferrous metallurgy began to develop at the beginning of the 17th century. It was represented by iron ore mining and iron smelting in the vicinity of Lipetsk. Currently, this city has turned into a major center of metallurgy of interregional importance. Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant specializes in the smelting of cast iron and high-quality steel. The development of a powerful mining and metallurgical industry is facilitated by the development of iron ore deposits in the KMA.
A territorial production complex is being formed on the basis of KMA ores. The geographical location of the complex is extremely favorable. Its territory is crossed both in the latitudinal and meridian directions by railway lines, which provide access to the Central region, industrialized regions of Ukraine, the Volga region, and the North Caucasus. The complex has an extensive network of roads, gas pipelines and power lines.
The KMA basin occupies an area of about 600 km and a width of 2–5 to 40 km. The thickness of iron ore layers in the north and central part of the KMA is 40 - 60 m, in the south - 300 - 350 m.
KMA iron ores are used at metallurgical plants in Lipetsk, Tula, and supplied to Cherepovets, as well as metallurgical plants in the Urals and Ukraine. An electrometallurgical plant is being built in Stary Oskol to produce steel using the direct reduction of iron method, bypassing the blast furnace process.
The expansion of open-pit mining of iron ores contributes to the further growth of the building materials industry (lime, concrete, reinforced concrete structures and products).
The energy base of the KMA region has been strengthened as a result of the construction of powerful nuclear power plants - Kursk and Novovoronezh.
With the development of ferrous metallurgy in the industry of the complex, the share of mechanical engineering increased: the production of mining equipment and steam boilers. Precision engineering, especially instrument making and electrical engineering, predominates in Kursk.
Mechanical engineering and metalworking are important industries in the region. Its factories produce mining equipment, excavators, tractors, agricultural machines, machine tools, chemical equipment, radio engineering and electrical products. In recent years, mechanical engineering has been developing at a faster rate than the national average. In the context of technical re-equipment and increased safety of nuclear power engineering, nuclear mechanical engineering and instrument making can receive additional powerful incentives for its development by participating in the manufacture of basic nuclear power equipment and modern means of monitoring the operation of reactors.
A promising branch of mechanical engineering in the region is the aviation industry. The Voronezh Aviation Plant has begun production of the IL-96M wide-body mainline airliner. The engines for it, considered the most economical and reliable in the world, will be supplied by the American company Iratt-Whitney.
The industrial potential of the region has great opportunities for technical equipment of agricultural sectors. Thus, Lipetsk tractors are the most suitable type of universal machines for equipping both large public and private farms. District enterprises can provide all areas of the agro-industrial complex with equipment and supplies.
Much attention is paid to the development of mechanical engineering in a number of medium and small cities where there are labor reserves. Production facilities for the production of tools, dies, spare parts, parts and assemblies are created here.
The chemical industry of the region is represented by fairly large enterprises producing synthetic rubber and tires in Voronezh, rubber products and aniline dyes in Tambov, synthetic fiber (lavsan) in Kursk, vitamins and detergents in Belgorod and Shebekino, superphosphate in Uvarov, Tambov region. All these industries, with the exception of the production of fertilizers, are of interregional importance. But the Central Black Earth region is extremely deficient in fuel and water resources, which dictates the need to restrain the development of water- and fuel-intensive chemical production. The most promising branches of the chemical industry here should be considered the vitamin industry, which has a rich fruit and vegetable base, as well as the production of mineral fertilizers, which are so necessary for the fields of the region.
Based on local raw materials, the building materials industry has been developed: cement, chalk and lime production - in the Lipetsk, Belgorod, Voronezh regions; refractories - in the Voronezh region. Cement, lime, and refractories are exported to other areas, but there is a shortage of wall and a number of other building materials, which makes it necessary to develop this industry in the area.
Using local and imported raw materials, in the first half of the last century, a wool industry was developed in the Tambov region, which retains inter-regional importance to the present day (Rasskazovo). Leather, footwear, knitwear, clothing and some other light industries are developing in almost all areas to meet the growing needs of the local population.
The weak side of the national economic complex of the Central Black Earth region was its energy economy. Per capita electricity was produced less than in any other region of the Russian Federation. Therefore, great importance is attached to the development of the electric power industry. The Novovoronezh nuclear power plant has been significantly expanded, a powerful nuclear power plant has been built - Kursk, which will also be expanded.
Food industry produces more than 1/3 of the total industrial output in the region, using the rich and varied resources of local agricultural raw materials. The convergence of most sub-sectors of the food industry with raw materials areas is one of the main principles of its location.
The main branch of the region's food industry is beet sugar. It arose in the pre-revolutionary years, since then the production of granulated sugar has increased 6-7 times. There are about 50 large modern beet sugar factories operating here, producing more than half of the granulated sugar in the Russian Federation. The beet sugar industry has received the greatest development in the Voronezh, Belgorod and Kursk regions.
The leading branches of the agro-industrial complex in the region also include the flour and cereal industry with its high concentration in the largest railway junctions - Voronezh and Kursk, the oil mill with the highest development in the Voronezh region, where sunflower is mainly sown; starch and alcohol industries, developing in all areas and using grain and potatoes. In connection with the development of the alcohol industry, a synthetic rubber plant was built in Voronezh, which has now been converted to the use of non-edible alcohol imported from oil refineries in the Volga region. Many distilleries are currently reoriented to the production of starch, carbon dioxide, feed yeast and other valuable food, feed and chemical products. Butter, cheese-making and meat production are becoming new branches of the food industry for the region.
In modern territorial structure of the industry Individual industries in the region have a lot in common, but there are also significant differences. The share of the food industry is high everywhere, especially in the Belgorod, Kursk and Voronezh regions, as well as mechanical engineering - in the Voronezh and Lipetsk regions. In most regions (with the exception of Lipetsk) the share of the chemical industry is high. In the Lipetsk region, the main industry is ferrous metallurgy, in the Tambov region - light industry. The construction materials industry is developed everywhere, and the iron ore industry is in the Belgorod and Kursk regions. The Voronezh region especially stands out in terms of industrial power in the region - the most extensive in territory and largest in population.
The main city-forming basis of Voronezh, Tambov, Kursk and Belgorod is mechanical engineering and the food industry, and Lipetsk is ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering. In addition, Yelets and Michurinsk became major centers of the food industry and mechanical engineering in the region, Borisoglebsk and Georgiou-Dej - the food industry and building materials industry, and Lipetsk, Gubkin and Stary Oskol - ferrous metallurgy.
The Central Black Earth region is one of the main agricultural regions of the country. The share of the agricultural sector in the region in the gross social product is almost 25% (the Russian average is 14%). Fertile soils, moisture provided in a significant part of the region, and a long warm period create opportunities for obtaining high yields of agricultural crops here. In terms of the average long-term yield of grain crops, the region is somewhat inferior to the North Caucasus, and in terms of gross production per 100 hectares of agricultural land it ranks first in the Russian Federation.
The region is characterized by high agricultural land development. More than 80% of its territory is agricultural land, including almost 70% of arable land. Therefore, the growth of agricultural production here is based not on the expansion of land used, but on the intensification of existing agricultural land. The sown area of the region is about 11 million hectares, of which more than half of the area is occupied by grain crops, approximately 5% by industrial crops, and over 1/4 of the sown area by forage crops.
The main production crops are winter wheat and rye. They are more productive here than spring wheat. In the Kursk region, rye crops predominate, in the rest - wheat. Vast areas are occupied by millet and buckwheat, and buckwheat is more common in the Kursk and Lipetsk regions, millet - in the Voronezh, Tambov and Belgorod regions. Forage crops are sown everywhere; in the Voronezh and Belgorod regions, large areas are occupied by corn for grain, in other regions - for silage. Barley and oats are sown. Seeded grasses, mainly annuals, are widespread.
The most important industrial crop is sugar beet. For growing this crop, the region has very favorable soil, climatic and economic conditions: highly fertile black soil, a fairly humid and warm climate, a high density of agricultural population, sugar factories. Over 750 thousand hectares are occupied by factory sugar beets. Many farms in the region specialize in its cultivation, especially in the Kursk, Belgorod and Voronezh regions.
The second most important industrial crop is sunflower, but its sown area in the region is narrower than that of sugar beets. The main sunflower crops are located in the Voronezh region, significant ones - in the Belgorod and southern Tambov regions. In the north-west of the region, due to a more temperate and humid climate and less suitable soils, sunflower yields are low.
Other industrial crops grown include: hemp in the Kursk region, hemp and shag in the Tambov and Lipetsk regions, and essential oils (coriander and anise) in the Voronezh and Belgorod regions.
Vast areas are occupied by potatoes and vegetables grown everywhere. Potatoes are used here not only as a food product, but are also used as livestock feed and for processing into starch and alcohol.
In all regions of the Central Black Earth region, gardening has received great development. The district ranks third in the Russian Federation in terms of area of garden and berry plantings.
One of the features of agriculture in the Central Black Earth region was the poor development of livestock farming due to the high arable land. There are few hayfields and pastures here, and food crops predominated in agriculture; little fodder and sugar beets were sown. The restructuring of the agricultural structure, the expansion of crops of sugar beets, sunflowers, corn and sown grasses made it possible to strengthen the feed base of livestock farming. In this regard, the number of cattle in the region has increased much more than in the country as a whole. Livestock production per 100 hectares of agricultural land is almost 2 times, and per capita - 30 - 40% more than the national average.
The Central Black Earth region is one of the main producers of commercial grain and cereal crops, which are exported in large quantities to other regions of the country. Strengthening and deepening this specialization of the region in the all-Russian territorial division of labor is the main task of the long-term development of agriculture and livestock breeding.
Transport and economic relations The Central Black Earth region has its own characteristics. Although there is a developed network of railways and dirt roads, there are few paved roads, especially those connecting sugar factories with beet plantations, which complicates the transportation of sugar beets in the autumn.
The general configuration of the roads is a grid system, which developed mainly before the 1917 revolution and was supplemented later. The main inter-district economic ties are carried out along meridional highways. The roads are almost completely electrified. The main cargo in domestic transportation on railways is ores and fluxes going to metallurgical plants in Lipetsk, and metal, building materials, technical equipment, machinery and a number of other industrial goods exported from there. Road transport plays a significant role in domestic transportation.
In inter-district freight turnover, the import of goods is almost 1.5 times higher than the export. Fuel and coal are imported in large quantities - from the Donbass and partly from the Moscow region; petroleum products - from the Volga region; round timber and lumber - from the Volga-Vyatka region and the Urals. The main goods exported from the region are agricultural products, iron ore, pig iron and steel. A wide range of goods in inter-district transportation characterizes the versatility and growing role of the region in the social territorial division of labor.
The most pressing economic problems of the region are the preservation of the unique land fund, solving problems of rational use of water resources, and the creation of highly efficient production facilities with complex and deep processing of mineral and agricultural raw materials on a modern technological basis.
Thus, the mining industry must begin real large-scale reclamation of land damaged by open-pit mining. At the same time, the withdrawal from economic circulation for the needs of industry of land suitable for agricultural production must be limited to the limit. In the same industry, the problems of increasing the complexity of the use of mineral raw materials and waste disposal must be effectively solved.
Extremely important for the region are measures to preserve water resources from irrational use and from pollution by industrial, domestic and agricultural wastewater. Particular attention should be paid to the introduction of water-saving technologies, recycling water supply, the creation of technological water supply networks, reducing losses in water supply systems, and protecting small rivers.
In solving environmental problems, the concentration of industry in large cities and the more complete realization of the economic and social potential of small towns and settlements are important.
In the future, the leading sectors of the industrial sector of the economy will be mechanical engineering, nuclear energy, and electrometallurgy. In mechanical engineering, priority should be given to knowledge-intensive industries - instrument making, electronics, nuclear engineering.
The region's energy and metallurgy industry has good prospects. The Oskol Energy and Metallurgical Plant was built with the technical assistance of German companies as one of Russia's largest producers of high-quality metal, the demand for which, as global market trends show, will increase. The industrial potential of the region should be realized to a greater extent in the process of material and technical equipment of both large public and private farms.
TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE ECONOMY
Industrial production in the Belgorod region was formed under the influence of the unique iron ore reserves of the KMA, rich resources of building materials, as well as highly productive land. Currently, the region's industry is an emerging complex of mining and manufacturing industries.
In the structure of marketable industrial output, long-term specialization sectors (mining, mechanical engineering, food and some branches of the building materials industry) account for more than 50%.
The level and direction of development of the region's productive forces is largely determined by ferrous metallurgy, the share of which in the future will reach a third of all industrial production. There are all the prerequisites for increasing the production of iron ore, steel, rolled products and carrying out domestic and inter-district supplies of these products.
Mechanical engineering and metalworking will mainly develop in two directions: production servicing the TPK KMA (mining mechanical engineering, equipment repair), and production that have already received significant development and are effective from the point of view of the territorial division of labor (chemical, boiler making, production of automotive and tractor electrical equipment and etc.).
The food industry is based on its own raw material base and will develop through the expansion and reconstruction of existing enterprises in order to meet consumer demand in the area of growing industrial centers of the KMA territorial production complex. At the same time, sugar, meat, fruit and vegetable canning and other sub-sectors of the food industry are being formed.
Of particular importance is eliminating the backlog in the development of light industry, in particular clothing production. The region has a capacious sales market, a stable raw material base and is characterized by the availability of free labor resources.
In the near future, the region's specialization in the production of building materials, primarily cement, based on its own resource base, will increase.
Thanks to highly productive land, the region is one of the leading agricultural producers in the Russian Federation.
The further development of the region's agro-industrial complex is inextricably linked with solving the transport problem. It is important to increase the length of paved roads.
The Belgorod region actively participates in the international division of labor. There are all the prerequisites for strengthening the foreign economic activity of such enterprises as the Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant, Lebedinsky Mining and Processing Plant, etc.
Features of the farm Voronezh region is that the branches of the industrial complex produce over 30% of the total volume of industrial products of the Central Black Earth region. In the inter-district and intra-district division of labor, the region is represented by such highly developed industries as mechanical engineering and metalworking, chemical, petrochemical and food industries, and diversified agricultural production.
Traditional branches of specialization will develop in the industrial complex. Thus, in mechanical engineering this is the production of machines and equipment for the chemical, mining, construction industries, agro-industrial complex, as well as products of the instrument-making and radio engineering sub-industry.
The main task of the chemical and petrochemical industry is to more fully satisfy the region's needs for mineral fertilizers.
The main problems of the region's transport complex should be solved through the reconstruction of railway transport routes, the development of a network of local roads with hard surfaces, which will eliminate losses of agricultural products during transportation.
There are all the prerequisites for the economic development of small towns in the region. Thus, the cities of Liski, Rossosh, Buturlinovka, and Bobrov are preferred for locating workshops and branches of the main mechanical engineering enterprises.
The region will have to solve problems of environmental protection and rational use of minerals, raw materials and water resources. The most important task is to reduce the volume of industrial emissions into the atmosphere by increasing the capacity of treatment facilities and moving hazardous workshops and enterprises outside the residential area. Rationalization of the use of mineral resources involves the comprehensive development of overburden rocks in granite, clay and chalk quarries, reducing losses during the extraction and processing of minerals. The tension in the water balance of the region requires stopping the intake of groundwater intended for drinking purposes, for irrigation and other water protection measures.
Export products: machine tools, welding equipment, drilling rigs, excavators, electronic and radio products, ammonia, sunflower oil.
Determining role in the economic complex Kursk region Mechanical engineering and metalworking, chemical and petrochemical, mining, light and food industries play a role.
The leading industry remains diversified mechanical engineering and metalworking; the bulk of the products (low-voltage electrical equipment, batteries, computer equipment, instruments, etc.) are produced at large enterprises to meet the needs of the emerging territorial production complex of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly.
The region has unique iron ore reserves (IOR), which are characterized by a multicomponent composition. However, as a result of long-term exploitation, these reserves are depleted, which leads to a change in the type of enterprises: mining and processing plants (GOK) predominate. Thus, the iron ore industry, represented by the Mikhailovsky Mining and Processing Plant, provides metallurgical plants in many regions of Russia with high-quality raw materials.
The chemical and petrochemical industry, which determines the production specialization of the region, is focused on increasing production, in particular, of rubber products, fertilizers, paints and varnishes, and synthetic fibers at the Kursk production association "Khimvolokno".
A slight decrease in the share of light and food industries in the structure of industrial production will occur against the background of a significant increase in the volume of their commercial products.
In light industry, the output of woolen fabrics, outer and underwear knitwear, and clothing industry products will be increased. To develop the food industry, it is necessary to bring its capacity into line with the volumes of agricultural products harvested for processing.
There are all the prerequisites for increasing the capacity of the building materials industry by increasing the complexity of the use of overburden rocks in the development of iron ore deposits in the KMA. Cities recommended for the location of new mechanical engineering enterprises and some other industries include Dmitriev-Lgovsky, Zheleznogorsk, Shchigry, Lgov, Rylsk, Oboyan.
Products for export are supplied by Geomash PA, Kursk Tractor Spare Parts Plant, Elektroapparat, Akkumulyator factories, forging and pressing equipment, etc. The import of the region today is dominated by equipment and spare parts. It is promising to create joint ventures with foreign companies in the metallurgical, mechanical engineering, construction and agro-industrial complexes of the region.
For Lipetsk region The region is characterized by a high level of industrialization: it produces a fifth of the region’s total industrial output. The main share is made up of products from industries of specialization: ferrous metallurgy (cast iron, steel, rolled products), mechanical engineering and metalworking (metal-cutting machines, tractors, sanitary equipment), chemical industry (resins, varnishes, nitrogen fertilizers), as well as the food industry. The presence of our own metallurgical base and the need for mechanical engineering products dictate the need for further development of these industries and especially the production of tractors, components and spare parts for them, as well as the creation of inter-industry production, strengthening the repair base of mechanical engineering. The region has all the prerequisites for this. Great importance is attached to the expansion of the Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works.
To maintain high growth rates in the food industry, it is necessary to eliminate the existing imbalances in the region between the production of agricultural raw materials and the capacity of food processing enterprises.
The region has a stable raw material base and has the labor resources for the development of light industry, especially clothing production.
An important problem is the unreasonably high concentration of industrial production in Lipetsk and Yelets. The solution to the problem may be associated with the development of production, including general mechanical engineering, in small towns - Chaplygin, Lebedyan, Dankov, etc.
The challenges of environmental protection and rational use of natural potential are urgent. Traditional directions for reducing environmental pollution are the construction of treatment facilities, replacement of outdated equipment, increasing the share of gaseous fuel in the fuel balance, and creating sanitary protection zones around enterprises with harmful emissions.
More than 40 enterprises are engaged in foreign economic activity in the region, including the Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant, the Yeletsk Tractor Hydraulic Unit Plant, the Gryazinsky Cultivator Plant, the Lipetsk Leather Association, etc. The structure of exports is dominated by raw materials and materials. There are prerequisites for expanding foreign economic relations of the region and creating joint enterprises with foreign companies in metallurgy, mechanical engineering, light and food industries.
Sectors of industrial specialization Tambov region are mechanical engineering and metalworking, chemical, light and food industries. These industries produce technological equipment for light industry, machinery and equipment for chemical plants, spare parts for cars and tractors, woolen fabrics, mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, dyes, etc.
The primary development of mechanical engineering industries is focused on non-metal-intensive production due to the lack of its own metallurgical base. One of the priority areas should be the creation of inter-industry specialized production facilities. The low level of cooperation between machine-building plants will require the creation of auxiliary areas and small-scale production facilities for the production of tools, containers, etc.
The chemical industry will develop along the path of increasing the production of mineral fertilizers at the Uvarovsky chemical plant, varnishes, paints, enamels at the existing paint and varnish plant, synthetic dyes at the Tambov chemical plant, etc.
There are all the prerequisites for increasing the output of light industry products through the reconstruction of existing enterprises - wool factories in Rasskazov, Morshansk, etc.
The main problem of the region's food industry is the imbalance of storage capacity and the volume of agricultural production. Therefore, the growth rate of production in sub-sectors of the food industry will be determined by the availability of local raw materials and the volume of their industrial processing.
The region is characterized by excessive concentration of industrial production in the regional center, as well as insufficient development of material production industries in medium and small cities. An important task is to locate new industrial enterprises in the following small and medium-sized cities: Morshansk, Zherdevka, Kirsanov, Rasskazov, Kotovsk.
Transport plays an important role in the development of the regional industrial complex. Currently, the Tambov region is provided with a worse road network than other regions of the Central Black Earth Region. This especially applies to road transport, which carries out the bulk of freight and passenger transportation. Therefore, the pace of construction of paved roads should be higher here than in other areas of the region.
In the structure of exports, the share of machinery and equipment accounts for more than 30%, materials, raw materials, consumer goods - more than 60%. In the total volume of export supplies, the share of PA Pigment, the Polimermash plant, the Michurinsky locomotive repair plant, and the Tambov agro-industrial complex is large. It is promising to further develop foreign economic cooperation through the activation of mutually beneficial ties with foreign partners in the areas of specialization - mechanical engineering, chemistry, light and food industries.
Agriculture. The Central Chernobyl Region is one of the largest agricultural regions in Russia. The leading branch of agriculture is farming. Its core industries are the production of grain and potatoes, industrial, vegetable, fruit and berry crops. The most important grain crop is winter wheat. Corn, barley, millet, rye, oats and buckwheat are also grown. The main industrial crops are sugar beets and sunflowers.
Sugar beet crops are most common in the Belgorod, Kursk and Voronezh regions, sunflower - in the Tambov region.
38. Volga-Vyatka economic region: EGP, resources, population
Composition of the region: Kirov and Nizhny Novgorod regions, the republics of Mari El, Mordovia and Chuvashia.
The area of the district is 265.4 thousand square meters. km, population - 8.4 million people,
Branches of economic specialization: precision and transport engineering, forestry and chemical industries, dairy and dairy-meat cattle breeding.
The location of the region on the Volga, between the economically developed Central, Ural and Volga regions, has a beneficial effect on the development of its productive forces.
Phosphorites, peat, oil shale, mineral and construction raw materials (gypsum, limestone, quartz sand, dolomite), water (Volga, Vyatka, Oka and Vetluga rivers) and forest resources are of economic importance.
The population is distinguished by a reduced proportion of Russians (up to 80%), along with whom the Chuvash, Mari, Mordovians, and Tatars live in the region. The average population density of VVER is 31.5 people. per 1 sq. km. About 70% of its inhabitants are concentrated in cities. Labor resources are characterized by high production qualifications.
39. Volga-Vyatka economic region: economy
The leading branch of VVER agriculture is livestock farming. Its core industries are dairy and dairy-meat cattle breeding, pig breeding. Sheep breeding (for meat and wool and fur coats), rabbit breeding, poultry farming and beekeeping are of great economic importance.
In crop production, the share of fodder crops and potatoes is high. The main grain crop is winter rye, the main industrial crop is lendolgun. In the north of the region, oats and barley are also grown, in the south - spring wheat, buckwheat and sugar beets.
40. Volga economic region: EGP, resources, population
Composition of the region: Astrakhan, Volgograd, Penza, Samara, Saratov and Ulyanovsk regions, the republics of Tatarstan and Kalmykia.
The area of the district is 536 thousand square meters. km, population - 16.9 million people,
Branches of economic specialization: transport and agricultural engineering, oil, gas, chemical and food industries, electric power, production of grain, industrial, vegetable and melon crops.
The region is located on both sides of the Volga, along the middle and lower reaches of the river. The location of the region is favorable for economic relations with both neighboring (Volgo-Vyatka, Central Black Earth, North Caucasus, Ural regions and Kazakhstan) and with more remote regions,
There are large reserves of oil and natural gas, table salt, sulfur, building materials (chalk, limestone, marls, dolomite, gypsum, etc.), and water resources.
More than 70% of the Volga region residents are city dwellers. The region is well supplied with labor resources. Density 31.4 people. per 1 sq. km.
Composition of the Volga-Vyatka region Composition of the region: (5 federal subjects) Republic of Mari El, Republic of Mordovia, Chuvash Republic, Nizhny Novgorod region. , Kirov region. Area - 265.4 thousand km 2, population - 8.2 million people. (5.5% of the Russian Federation).
Conditions for economic development The Volga-Vyatka region has a small area, but borders on 5 other economic regions. The area is crossed by many railways and roads. R is of great importance. Volga. The area is well supplied with water resources, but poor in mineral resources. It is possible to highlight only phosphorite resources in the Kirov region, as well as peat deposits in the north of the region.
The profitable EGP of VVR allowed it to become one of the largest shopping centers in Russia, as well as to successfully form the economic sphere.
Population The population density is relatively high - 31 people/km2, but the territory is populated extremely unevenly: from 74 people/km2 in Chuvashia to 13 people/km2 in the Kirov region. The national composition of the population is heterogeneous. The average share of Russians in the region reaches 75%. In the regions, Russians undoubtedly make up the majority. In the republics of Mordovia and Mari El, their share is also large (60.8% and 47.5%, respectively); in the Chuvash Republic, indigenous nationalities rank first in number (67.8%, which is one of the highest indicators in the European part countries). Tatars settled throughout the region. The urban population is approximately 5.9 million people, or 70% of the total. This is slightly below the Russian average. The Nizhny Novgorod agglomeration stands out in terms of its size with a total population of more than 2 million people.
Industry There are three leading industries: transport engineering (shipbuilding and automotive), electrical engineering and instrument engineering. The Nizhny Novgorod industrial hub plays a leading role. The largest enterprises of the region are concentrated here: the Krasnoye Sormovo shipyard, the GAZ automobile plant. These factories have cooperative connections with many enterprises in the region. Some factories that were part of the GAZ association are now independent and produce a variety of products (buses, tractors, vans, engines). The Volga-Vyatka region also specializes in aviation engineering, including military engineering. Electrical engineering and instrument making were most developed in the capitals of the republics. In terms of radio industry, Nizhny Novgorod, Arzamas, Cheboksary, and Yoshkar-Ola stand out.
The center of mechanical engineering is Nizhny Novgorod. It produces about 70% of industrial output. But first of all, the city is based on the automobile industry (GAZ), the production of diesel engines, televisions and aircraft.
Due to the advantageous position of Nizhny Novgorod, chemical (Dzerzhinsk), pulp and paper (Balahna) and oil refining (Kstovo) industries were created near it.
The chemical complex is represented by industries focused on its own resources of phosphorites (north of the Kirov region), but to a greater extent on imported raw materials. Among the branches of basic chemistry, the production of mineral fertilizers stands out. 2 large oil refineries (Kstovo, Dzerzhinsk) operate on oil supplied to the region through pipelines, the products of which, in turn, together with the natural gas that comes here, are the raw material for several organic chemical enterprises.
The Chuvash Republic is engaged in the main industries: chemical, defense, textile and food. At the end of the 1980s. An industrial tractor plant was built in Cheboksary, producing bulldozers and pipe layers.
The forest complex is one of the leading ones in the economic structure of the region. There is no longer enough own forest, so some of the raw materials have to be imported. The enterprises produce a variety of products: lumber, plywood, furniture, skis. In terms of paper production, the Volga-Vyatka region is the third in the country. The largest pulp and paper mills are located in Balakhna, Volzhsk, and Pravdinsk. There are forest chemical enterprises (turpentine, feed additives).
Other industries represented in the region include ferrous metallurgy (mainly processing plants in Vyksa, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod, Omutninsk), light industry (leather and fur industries have become more developed, there are textile enterprises).
A special place is occupied by artistic crafts, developed everywhere: Khokhloma painting (Semyonov), Dymkovo toys (Kirov), wood carving and painting (Gorodets).
Agro-industrial complex Agriculture is especially developed. The Volgovyat region is favorable for agriculture. They produce grain, vegetables, flax, potatoes, and industrial crops. Also meat and dairy farming and poultry farming.
Agriculture and the food industry are diverse and, first of all, focused on providing the urban population with food. Therefore, dairy-meat and vegetable-potato specialization was formed near the cities. There is a significant share of grain crops in the crops. In the southern regions, with a high density of rural population, labor-intensive crops are grown (sugar beets, hops, hemp), while fiber flax is cultivated in the north. In terms of milk production per capita, the region ranks first in the country (350 kg). Most agricultural products are processed within the region.
Transport The territory of the Volga-Vyatka region is crossed by three railway lines in the latitudinal direction and one in the meridional direction. They are roughly duplicated by highways. River transport plays a significant role in ensuring external and internal connections of the region.
The economic and geographical position of the EGP region is one of the most favorable in the country. It borders on the leading industrial region of the country - Central and is conveniently located in relation to the fuel and energy bases of the Volga region, the North Caucasus, and Ukraine. The region has rich natural resources, which are the basis for the development of industry (iron ores, clays, phosphorites) and agriculture (soils), as well as large labor resources, which are fueled by the influx of migrants from abroad. A dense network of various transport routes: railways, roads, pipelines covers the small territory of the Central Chernobyl Region.
Natural conditions and resources The Central Black Sea Region is located in the center of the East European Plain, on the Russian Platform covered with sedimentary cover. The relief of the region is expressed by the Oka-Don lowland and the Central Russian Upland. Here, under the conditions of a temperate continental climate, soils unique in their agricultural qualities - chernozems - were formed. The area is poor in water resources, which is unfavorable for its economic development. 89% of the land fund belongs to agricultural enterprises, and 82% of them are arable land. Among the mineral resources of the region, the most prominent are the iron ore reserves of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA). About 3/5 of the explored reserves of iron ore in Russia are concentrated in the KMA deposits. Mainly, high-quality iron ores (with an iron content of up to 62%) and bauxite are mined in this iron ore province. There are also deposits of copper-nickel ores. Fire-resistant clays and chalk are extracted from non-metallic raw materials in the region. phosphorites. An important drawback of the resource base is the lack of fuel resources, so the region almost completely uses imported fuel.
Population of the region During the formation of the Russian state, the territory of the Central Chernobyl Region was “border” between Slavic tribes in the north and west and nomads in the south and east. Repeatedly the Slavic population was forced to leave for safer areas of the Volga. Oka interfluve. Since the 15th century actively populated by immigrants from other regions of Central Russia. The average population density is 46 people. per 1 km 2. Urbanization coefficient - 62%.
The main industries: mining, ferrous metallurgy, metal-intensive mechanical engineering, chemical and petrochemical industries, as well as the production of building materials, light and food industries.
Economy Historically, the region developed as an agricultural region due to its exceptionally favorable soil-climatic conditions. Currently, the specialization of the region is determined by the combination of highly developed agriculture, as well as the development of metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and food industries. Ferrous metallurgy is developing on the basis of KMA. An important regional industrial complex has developed in the region for the extraction, enrichment of iron ore and metallurgical processing. Large centers of ferrous metallurgy: Novolipetsk full-cycle metallurgical plant and a blast-furnace metal production plant in Stary Oskol.
Machine-building enterprises produce mining equipment, agricultural machines, chemical equipment, machine tools, instruments, electrical products (TVs, refrigerators), equipment for the food industry. The mechanical engineering centers of the region are Voronezh and Kursk. Lipetsk. Tambov, Belgorod, Michurinsk, Yelets.
The chemical industry develops mainly on imported raw materials in Tambov (production of dyes), Voronezh (synthetic rubber, tires), and Kursk (chemical fiber). The building materials industry is represented mainly by cement factories and the production of reinforced concrete structures. The fuel and energy complex is the weak link in the region's economy. Power plants operate on imported fuel; There are also two powerful nuclear power plants - Kursk and Novovoronezh.
The agro-industrial complex of the agro-industrial complex region is highly developed. There are two agricultural zones in the region. In the north (mainly Kursk, Lipetsk, Tambov regions), mainly grain crops (winter wheat, corn, barley, rye) and potatoes are grown. In the south, grain crops are combined with industrial crops (sugar beets, sunflowers) and a variety of livestock farming. Direction of livestock farming - meat and dairy; Pig breeding, poultry farming, and sheep breeding are also developed. Suburban economies have developed around regional centers. The agro-industrial complex supplies a variety of raw materials for the food industry. Powerful flour mills, oil mills, sugar, canning and tobacco factories were built in the area. In the future, the importance of the agricultural sector and its share in the region’s economy will increase even more
The territorial structure of the economy and settlement of the Central Chernozem region is lattice, i.e., transport axes running from north to south intersect with wide transport routes. At their intersection there are large cities and industrial hubs: Voronezh, Lipetsk, Kursk, Tambov, Belgorod.
