History of the Moscow region: from the Moscow principality to the province. Large industrial centers

The territory of the modern Moscow region, according to archaeological data, was inhabited by humans about 20 thousand years ago and since then has been actively used by humans. This is confirmed by archaeological finds: Zaraisk site - the oldest monument Upper Paleolithic era (early stone Age); Neolithic sites in the village. Fishermen of the Dmitrovsky district, the village of Zhabki of the Egoryevsky district, the village of Belivo of the Orekhovo-Zuevsky district, the village of Nikolskoye of the Ruzsky district, etc.; burial grounds of the Fatyanovo culture of the Bronze Age (mid-2nd millennium BC); Shcherbinskoye settlement in Domodedovo on the right bank of the Pakhra River ( iron age, end II – beginning 1st millennium BC e).

History of the Moscow region at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. rich and varied. A monument was discovered on the territory of Podolsk in the bend of the Pakhra River federal significance Lukovnya settlement. There have been settlements here since the 5th century BC. e. to the 17th century AD e. Not far from Domodedovo, on the left bank of the Pakhra River, is the Starosyanovskoe settlement of the 6th–15th centuries. The cultural layer of the settlement contains ceramics from the Dyakovo culture - the ancestors of the Meri and Vesi tribes. It is worth noting the Vyatichi burial mound necropolis of the 12th–13th centuries. near the Gorki Leninskie estate; archeological monument of federal significance Akatov kurgan group of the 12th–13th centuries. near Balashikha, associated with the settlement of the Pekhorka valley; the disappeared city of the 11th–12th centuries, Iskona, inhabited by Krivichi, stood on the river of the same name in the territory of the modern Mozhaisk region.

Until the 9th-10th centuries, the lands of the future Moscow region were inhabited mainly by the Finno-Ugric peoples Meryan and Meshchera. The Slavs began to penetrate into this territory from the Dnieper region in the 4th-6th centuries; the active development of these lands by the Slavs began only in the 10th century (Odintsovo mounds, Akatovskaya mound group). The population was engaged in hunting, beekeeping, fishing, farming and cattle breeding.

Moscow region during the formation and development of statehood

The history of state formation in Russia is inextricably linked with the lands modern Moscow region. Yes, with mid-XIII centuries they were part of the great Vladimir-Suzdal principality. In 1236 Grand Duke Vladimirsky Yuri Vsevolodovich allocated the Moscow principality as an inheritance to his son Vladimir. The center of the principality was the city of Moscow, founded by Yuri Dolgoruky presumably in 1147. The foundation of the other first cities of the lands of the future Moscow principality dates back to the same time: Volokolamsk - 1135, Zvenigorod - 1152, Dmitrov - 1154. Crafts and trade were concentrated in the cities, they became strongholds princely power.

In the first half of the 13th century, the entire Vladimir-Suzdal land, including the lands near Moscow, was conquered by the Mongol-Tatars; during Tatar-Mongol yoke The territories near Moscow were repeatedly plundered. From appanage principalities During the years of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, the Vladimir-Suzdal land was most elevated in Moscow; it was the center of the unification of Russian lands into XIV-XVI centuries and a stronghold in the fight against the Mongol-Tatar yoke. It should be noted that the territories of the current southern (Zaoksky) districts of the Moscow region were part of the Ryazan Principality, which was finally annexed to Moscow only in 1520.

In 1238, North-Eastern Rus' was devastated by the invasion of Khan Batu, and the territories near Moscow were repeatedly plundered. Against the backdrop of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, the Moscow princes struggled for power with neighboring principalities.

It was Moscow, of the appanage principalities of the Vladimir-Suzdal land, that became the head of the fight against the Mongol-Tatar yoke and the center of the unification of Russian lands and received the greatest development. At the beginning of the 14th century, the Moscow Principality expanded to include Kolomna, Pereslavl-Zalessky and Mozhaisk. Under Dmitry Donskoy, in 1376, the principality established its influence in Volga-Kama Bulgaria.

And in 1380, the troops of the already united Russian lands, led by the Moscow prince Dmitry Donskoy, came out to meet the army of Mamai and then won a victory on the Kulikovo field. The Battle of Kulikovo (September 8, 1380) ended with the defeat of the Horde, which became turning point in the fight against the Mongol-Tatars.

The cities of Kolomna, Mozhaisk, Serpukhov, Zaraysk and other cities of the present Moscow region became fortress cities in the fight against the Horde, Lithuania and Crimean Tatars. In addition to the cities, monasteries near Moscow played a significant defensive role - Joseph-Volotsky near Volokolamsk, Savvino-Storozhevsky in Zvenigorod and the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.

The defense of the Moscow principality on the southern borders was also carried out by fortresses in Zaraisk and Serpukhov; the fortresses in Vereya and Mozhaisk were designed to take attacks from the Poles and Lithuanians from the west (in 1600, near Mozhaisk, on the orders of Boris Godunov, the Borisov Gorodok fortress was also built, which has not survived to this day.

Cities retained a defensive function until the 18th century.

The protracted internecine war in the principality in the second quarter of the 15th century ended in the victory of Grand Duke Vasily the Dark. At that time, the territory of the Moscow Principality was 430 thousand square meters. km. with a population of 3 million people.

In the 15th–16th centuries, under Ivan III and Vasily III, a single Russian state, including Yaroslavskoe, Rostovskoe, Tver Principality and the Novgorod and Pskov republics. At this time, agriculture continues to develop on Moscow lands, especially three-field crop rotation. The importance of feudal, landownership also increased, and corvée farming developed. Non-agricultural activities are also undergoing positive changes, trade is booming. Cities near Moscow have been known since then for crafts, for example, Serpukhov - leather production and metalworking, Kolomna - brick production.

Events of the Time of Troubles (from 1598 to 1613), first and second people's militia also unfolded on the territory of the modern Moscow region. It is worth noting the unsuccessful siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery by the troops of False Dmitry II, which lasted 16 months - from September 1608 to January 1610. At that time, the monastery had already become an influential religious center and a powerful military fortress with 12 towers.

Another famous monastery, dating back to the 17th century: the New Jerusalem Monastery - founded on the territory of present-day Istra in 1656 by Patriarch Nikon. The idea of the monastery was to recreate a complex of holy places in Palestine near Moscow. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the monastery became a popular center of pilgrimage. In 1920, a museum was created in the monastery. In 1991 it was named “Historical, Architectural and Art Museum” New Jerusalem"". Today the museum is one of the largest in the Moscow region. The stock collection includes archaeological, historical, ethnographic and art collections and numbers more than 180 thousand items.

IN XV-XVI centuries Trade flourished on Moscow lands, the development of agriculture continued - in particular, three-field crop rotation spread. The importance of feudal, landownership also increased, and corvée farming developed. There was an increase in non-agricultural activities. Moscow became the center of the emerging all-Russian market. Crafts developed in cities (for example, in Serpukhov - metalworking and leather production, in Kolomna - brick production).

Moscow region during the Russian Empire

In 1708, by decree of Peter I, the Moscow province was created consisting of 50 districts, which, along with the current territory, included the territories of modern Vladimir, Ivanovo, Ryazan, Tula, almost the entire Yaroslavl, parts of the Kaluga and Kostroma regions.

In 1719, the Moscow province was administratively divided into 9 provinces, one of which included modern territory Moscow region.

In 1766, in order to establish the exact boundaries of land ownership in the Moscow province, it was started general survey; in the second half of the 18th century, the first master plans, which marked the beginning of regular planning.

In 1781 there were significant changes in administrative division Moscow province: Vladimir, Ryazan and Kostroma governorships were separated from the former territory of the province, and the remaining territory was divided into 15 counties. This scheme existed, without undergoing any major changes, until 1929.

Many events took place on the territory of the Moscow province important events Patriotic War 1812. On September 7, one of the largest battles of the war took place on the Borodino field near Mozhaisk - the Battle of Borodino. On September 14-18, the Russian army under the command of M.I. Kutuzov, after leaving Moscow, undertook the famous march-maneuver; Having left Moscow along the Ryazan road, behind the Borovsky transportation, the army crossed the Moscow River and entered the old Kaluga road, blocking the path of Napoleonic army to the southern grain-producing regions of the country. In Moscow, abandoned by the inhabitants, a fire raged for six days - the invaders received neither shelter nor food, and after retreating from Moscow, having suffered heavy losses in the battle of Maloyaroslavets, they went through Borovsk and Vereya to the old Smolensk road.

In the second half of the 19th century, especially after peasant reform 1861, Moscow province experienced a strong economic growth. The formation of the railway network dates back to this time. In 1851, the first railway line appeared on the territory of the province, connecting Moscow and St. Petersburg; in 1862 traffic on the line was opened Nizhny Novgorod, in 1863, traffic began to Sergiev Posad, in 1866 the Moscow-Ryazan road was put into operation, in 1866-68 a railway from Moscow to Kursk was built, in 1872 a railway from Moscow through Smolensk to Warsaw was opened.

The second stage of intensive railway construction occurred in the 1890s - 1900s - then lines to Rzhev, Savelovo, Pavelets, Bryansk were built. Finally, on the eve of the First World War, the 11th beam of the Moscow junction, Lyubertsy - Arzamas, was put into operation. Settlements, who found themselves near the railways, received a powerful incentive for development, while the location of settlements away from the railways often contributed to their economic decline.

The main industry of the province in the second half of the 19th century continued to be textiles. Mechanical engineering also developed, the development of which was greatly facilitated by intensive railway construction. Thus, in the second half of the 19th century, the large Kolomna Machine-Building Plant was opened, and in the same period the carriage building plant in Mytishchi began operating. In 1883, the Klimovsky weaving machine factory was opened; The production of agricultural machinery began in Lyubertsy. At the same time, the size of arable land in the Moscow province was decreasing (for example, during the years 1860-1913, the arable area decreased by 37%).

Such industries have risen Agriculture like market gardening, suburban gardening, dairy farming. The population of the Moscow region has grown noticeably (and if in 1847 there were 1.13 million people living in the province, then in 1905 there were already 2.65 million; Moscow, on the eve of the First World War, was a city with a population of one million.

Moscow region during the USSR

In November 1917, a Soviet authority. The transfer of the capital from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918 contributed to the economic growth of the province. After the Civil War, most businesses were rebuilt; The sectoral structure of industry was generally preserved, however, along with the textile industry, the knitting and clothing industries developed, and heavy industry enterprises appeared.

The electric power industry began to develop - in 1922 the Kashirskaya State District Power Plant produced its first current; In the 1920s, the large Elektrostal plant was founded.

In the 1920s - 1930s, during the anti-church activities of the state, many churches near Moscow were closed; subsequently, religious buildings performed various functions unrelated to the original ones (warehouses, garages, vegetable stores, etc.), many were empty and destroyed, some cultural monuments were completely lost; The restoration of most of the damaged churches began only in the 1990s.

On January 14, 1929, the Moscow province was transformed into the Moscow region, consisting of 144 districts united into 10 districts. The capital was transferred to Moscow.

In 1931, the city of Moscow was withdrawn from the Moscow region and acquired administrative and economic independence. The modern borders of the Moscow region were finally formed in the post-war period.

Perestroika began in the 1930s sectoral structure farms of the Moscow region. Greatest development received heavy industry (primarily mechanical engineering). The importance of the chemical industry has increased (for example, a large plant for the production of mineral fertilizers and the Gigant cement plant were built in Voskresensk). Peat mining developed in the east of the region. Several dozen large enterprises of various profiles were built in Moscow. At the same time, the development of cities was slow, where industry was poorly developed even before the revolution. In 1935, a forest park protective belt with an area of 35 thousand hectares was allocated for recreational purposes around Moscow.

In 1941-1942, one of the most significant military operations of the Great Patriotic War took place on the territory of the Moscow region - the Battle of Moscow. It began in late September - early October 1941. The Mozhaisk line of defense was put into operation. Industrial enterprises were evacuated to the east. The fighting near Moscow flared up with particular force in mid-October. October 15 State Committee Defense of the USSR decided to evacuate Moscow. On October 18, the German army entered Mozhaisk; on October 19, by decree of the State Defense Committee, a state of siege was introduced in Moscow and nearby areas. Tens of thousands of residents of the Moscow region joined the militia. The enemy's advance was stopped.

However, already in mid-November the general offensive of German troops continued; the battles were accompanied by heavy losses on both sides; These days, near Volokolamsk, 28 guardsmen from General Panfilov’s division performed a military feat. November 23 German army managed to capture Klin and Solnechnogorsk, there were battles in the area of Kryukov, Yakhroma, Krasnaya Polyana. On December 5-6, the Red Army launched a counteroffensive. During December, most of the occupied cities of the Moscow region were liberated from fascist troops. The front line was moved 100-250 km from Moscow. Military actions caused significant damage to the population and economy of the region. It took several years to restore the farm. During the war, some cultural monuments were also damaged (for example, significant damage was caused to the New Jerusalem Monastery, where, in particular, the largest architectural structure, the Resurrection Cathedral, was blown up in 1941.

In July 1944, the Kaluga region was formed, from the Moscow region the Borovsky, Vysokinichsky, Maloyaroslavetsky and Ugodsko-Zavodsky districts were transferred to its composition. In the same year it was formed Vladimir region, from the Moscow region the Petushinsky district was transferred to its composition. In 1946 in Ryazan region and in 1957 in Tula region the areas transferred from these regions to the Moscow region in 1942 were transferred. Last thing major change behind Soviet time happened in 1960, when a number of territories of the Moscow region were transferred to Moscow.

IN post-war years continued expansion economic potential Moscow region; Relations between production and science strengthened, a number of science cities were founded (Dubna, Troitsk, Pushchino, Chernogolovka). The main industries were chemistry, mechanical engineering, precision instrument making, and electric power. By the early 1980s, the leading industries of specialization in the Moscow region were manufacturing and science.

The development of transport continued: a system of main gas pipelines and high-voltage power lines was created, electrification of main railway lines was carried out, and a network of main roads was being formed (one of largest projects was the construction of the Moscow Ring Road). The population of cities grew rapidly; a powerful Moscow urban agglomeration. To provide the growing population of the agglomeration with food products, large poultry farms and livestock complexes were built in the Moscow region; In 1969, on the Moskovsky state farm, one of the largest greenhouse complexes in the country was organized.

Moscow region in the Russian Federation

The economy of the Moscow region experienced a deep crisis in the 1990s; in 1996, the volume of industrial production amounted to only 30% of the volume of 1990; the number of employed people decreased by almost 500 thousand people; Manufacturing industries suffered the greatest losses. Science also found itself in a deep crisis.

Economic growth that began in 1997 was stopped by the 1998 crisis. However, from the first half of the 2000s it began fast recovery economy after the crisis, gross regional product grew at a fast pace, but at the same time, a complete restoration of industrial production relative to the pre-crisis level did not occur (in 2002, the volume was only 58% of the 1990 level).

In the 2000s, as a result of administrative transformations of existing urban-type settlements and villages, new cities were formed (Moskovsky, Golitsyno, Kubinka, etc.).

Since July 1, 2012, a significant part of the territory of the Moscow region, including three cities (Troitsk, Moskovsky and Shcherbinka), was transferred to the so-called. New Moscow; as a result of this transfer, the territory of the Moscow region decreased by 144 thousand hectares, and the population - by 230 thousand people. with corresponding growth in Moscow.

In 2014-2015, the cities of Korolev and Yubileiny, the cities of Balashikha and Zheleznodorozhny, the cities of Podolsk, Klimovsk and the urban-type settlement of Lvovsky were united, respectively.

The modern appearance of the Moscow region is determined by large industrial centers - Podolsk, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Lyubertsy, Mytishchi, Dmitrov. Heavy and light industries are well developed, in particular chemical and petroleum chemical industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering and metalworking, as well as textile, food, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries.

Moscow region during Kievan Rus

Already in the middle of the 11th century ancient Rus' Signs of fragmentation into independent principalities and lands began to appear. More and more new principalities appeared. The Rostov-Suzdal, Galicia-Volyn, Turov-Pinsk principalities, the Novgorod and Pskov feudal republics became significant feudal states of this period.
The influx of population contributed to the rise Rostov-Suzdal land. Local princes began a stubborn struggle to take possession of the great reign. Prince Yuri Dolgoruky founded new cities - Moscow, Dmitrov, Kostroma, etc. Under Andrei Bogolyubsky and Vsevolod Big Nest There was the emergence of new feudal centers, the fragmentation of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, within which in the 13th century the principalities of Pereyaslavl, Rostov, Suzdal, Yaroslavl, Tver, Moscow and others appeared.
Karamzin gives different information: by order of Khan Mengu-Timur, the Moscow churchyard was forcibly populated by fugitive Mordovian-Finnish people and noble Tatars wandering in the forests.
The first appanage prince in Moscow was the son of Alexander Nevsky, Daniil Alexandrovich, who received the label in 1277. Since the 1330s, the Moscow princes, with rare exceptions, have been holders of the khan's grand-ducal label. With the further expansion of the lands of the Moscow princes and the centralization of power, by the end of the 15th century it became the center of a unified Russian Kingdom.

Moscow region in the XIII-XV centuries.

In 1247 the Principality of Moscow went to the prince. Mikhail Yaroslavich Khorobrit. From 1267, Daniil, the son of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky, reigned in Moscow. At the beginning of the 14th century. The Moscow principality expanded significantly due to the annexation of Kolomna (1301), Pereslavl-Zalessky (1302), and Mozhaisk (1303). Relying on growing material forces, the Moscow princes waged a stubborn struggle for political supremacy in the Russian lands. Prince Yuri Danilovich, relying on the support of Novgorod the Great, as well as using the Golden Horde khans, became the Grand Duke of Vladimir in 1318, but from 1325 the great reign was transferred to the Tver prince. Ivan Danilovich Kalita acquired great confidence Khan and in 1328 became the Grand Duke of Vladimir. The skillful policy of Ivan Kalita provided the Moscow principality with a long respite from Mongol invasions, which contributed to the rise of its economy and culture. Kalita's heir, Grand Duke Semyon Ivanovich Proud (1340 - 1353), called himself "Grand Duke of All Rus'." In the 1360s, after the struggle with the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod prince, the great reign was established with Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy (1359 - 89). Moscow became the center for gathering forces against the Mongol-Tatar conquerors; Moscow troops repelled the attacks of the Mongol-Tatars in the Nizhny Novgorod and Ryazan principalities, and in 1380 Dmitry Ivanovich led the all-Russian forces that moved towards the troops of Temnik Mamai. The victory in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380 consolidated the leading position of the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the Russian lands. Dmitry Ivanovich for the first time transferred the Great Reign to his son Vasily Dmitrievich (1389-1425) as his “fatherland”, without the sanction of the Golden Horde Khan. Territory of the Grand Duchy of Moscow in end of the 14th century- early 15th century consistently expanded, in 1392 Nizhny Novgorod was annexed, and the influence of the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the possessions of the Novgorod feudal republic increased significantly. Inside the Grand Duchy of Moscow back in the 1st half of the 14th century. inheritances were formed, but the superiority of material forces in relation to other Moscow princes was always concentrated in the hands of the eldest heir. The long war in the Grand Duchy of Moscow, which took place in the 2nd quarter of the 15th century, ended with the victory of Grand Duke Vasily II Vasilyevich the Dark (1425 - 1462). By this time, the territory of the Grand Duchy of Moscow was 430 thousand square meters. km with a population of about 3 million people. In the 2nd half of the 15th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow became the main core of the emerging Russian centralized state. By annexing territories Novgorod Republic(1478), the Grand Duchy of Tver (1485) and other lands, the Moscow princes became the grand princes of “all Rus'”.

Moscow region during the time of Peter I

On December 29, 1708, Peter I issued a Decree according to which all of Russia was divided into eight provinces (Moscow, Ingria (St. Petersburg), Smolensk, Kiev, Arkhangelsk, Kazan, Azov and Siberian). This is how the Moscow province was created for the first time. It turned out to be quite extensive. Along with the Moscow region proper, the province included the territories of modern Vladimir, Ivanovo, Ryazan, Tula, almost all of Yaroslavl, partly Kaluga and Kostroma regions, about 50 counties in total. It was difficult to manage such a territory, therefore, according to the next reform of 1719, an intermediate territorial unit was introduced - the province. The Moscow province included nine provinces. The lands near Moscow became part of the Moscow province. The remaining provinces were located outside the modern Moscow region. The Moscow province, as the central one in its province, was under the control of the governor. The remaining provinces were governed by voivodes. The governor exercised administrative, police and military power in the territory entrusted to him. The first Moscow governor was appointed in 1708, boyar Tikhon Nikitich Streshnev. Relative royal family, he was the educator (“uncle”) of Peter I, and was invariably part of his inner circle. In 1711 T.N. Streshnev became a senator, and vice-governor Vasily Semenovich Ershov, who came from the courtyard people of the Cherkassky princes, was appointed “governor” of the Moscow province. Then the governors were M.G. Romodanovsky, K.A. Naryshkin. In subsequent years, the Moscow province was already headed by a dignitary in the position of governor-general. Sometimes he was called the commander-in-chief of Moscow. Among the Moscow governors-general, the most famous are S.A. Saltykov, who played a prominent role in the accession of Anna Ioannovna, Z.G. Chernyshev, hero Smolensk War, Governor of Belarus, S.A. Golitsyn, M.N. Volkonsky and others.

Moscow region in the XVIII-XIX centuries.

A new page in the history of the Moscow province opens during the reign of Catherine II. In 1775, the “Institution for the Administration of the Provinces of the All-Russian Empire” was published. The vast provinces that arose during Peter's era were abolished. On the basis of the previous provinces, about 50 new provinces were established with approximately the same population. The province was directly divided into districts. Thus, the foundations of a two-tier system of local government were laid, which lasted until 1917. The new Moscow province, in accordance with this reform, was established in 1781. In terms of territory, it was somewhat smaller than the modern Moscow region.
Before the reform, there were only 10 cities in the Moscow region. Several more cities should have been created as new county centers. For this reason, on Vladimirskaya road the city of Bogorodsk (formerly the village of Rogozhi) arose. The palace village of Bronnitsy also became a city. To the south of Moscow, 2 more cities arose on the Pakhra River: Podolsk - on the site of the former village of Podol, and Nikitsk, transformed from the village of Kolycheva. At the same time, the large village of Voskresensk near the New Jerusalem Monastery became the city of Voskresensk.
The Moscow province, according to the reform of Catherine II, consisted of 15 districts: Moscow, Zvenigorod, Ruzsky, Mozhaisk, Voskresensky, Volokolamsk, Klinsky, Dmitrovsky, Bogorodsky, Bronnitsky, Kolomna, Nikitsky, Podolsky, Serpukhov, Vereisky. Subsequently, Nikitsky and Voskresensky districts were abolished. And therefore, in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Moscow province had only 13 districts. At the same time, on the territory of the neighboring Tula province, the Kashira district was formed, and within the Ryazan province - Zaraisky and Yegoryevsky, which later became part of the modern Moscow region.
In the 18th-19th centuries, the development of light industry(especially textile); Bogorodsk, Pavlovsky Posad, and Orekhovo-Zuevo became its important centers. In 1851, the first railway line appeared on the territory of the province, connecting Moscow and St. Petersburg; in 1862 traffic was opened along the line to Nizhny Novgorod.

Moscow region during the Civil War

In the fight against foreign invaders and White Guards, the Moscow province occupied one of the first places. The Moscow Committee of the Bolshevik Party and the Moscow Council devoted a lot of effort to strengthening the Soviet government, combating sabotage, and organizing the city economy.
The summer of 1918 was difficult for the Soviet country. Ring of Fire fronts surrounded the Soviet Republic.
IN hard days After the intervention of the German imperialists began in Moscow, regiments and battalions were hastily formed and immediately went to the front. By February 24, 1918, about 60 thousand people had signed up for the Red Army in the Moscow province. The Moscow Union of Working Youth “III International” called on the youth of the city and province to create detachments to defend the revolution. Moscow youth formed the strong core of the revolutionary army.
Moscow Council trade unions addressed the workers with an appeal: “Everyone join the ranks of the Red Army.” To train commanders of the Red Army, they opened various kinds accelerated courses. In April 1918, Red Army Week was held in all districts of the Moscow province. In May 1918, compulsory military service was introduced in the country.
On November 7, 1918, the Moscow province solemnly celebrated the first anniversary of the Great October Revolution socialist revolution.
One of the remarkable manifestations of genuine labor heroism, firmly ingrained in the life of Soviet people, was born precisely in the Moscow province in 1919. These are communist subbotniks. Devastation is the result imperialist war- severely undermined National economy. Rail transport worked poorly. In the locomotive and carriage depots there were hundreds of “sick” locomotives and carriages, which the country and the front really needed. There were not enough workers to repair them.
April 6, 1919 communist cell of the Moscow-Kazan Sortirovochnaya station railway listened to the message from the chairman of the depot cell, mechanic Ivan Efimovich Burakov, about the current moment in connection with Kolchak’s approach to the Volga and about work railway transport. At the suggestion of I.E. Burakov, a decision was made: on April 12, Saturday, after work, from 8 pm to 6 am on Sunday, to work additionally on repairing steam locomotives.
On April 12 at 8 pm, 15 people (13 of them communists) began work. They worked continuously for 10 hours and repaired three locomotives. These locomotives were used to send military trains to Eastern front. The communist cell of the Sortirovochnaya station decided to continue weekly night work from Saturday to Sunday until the complete victory over Kolchak. The Bolsheviks of the Moscow-Kazan Railway, having learned about this remarkable initiative of the workers, decided to organize a mass subbotnik. The communists believed that they should not spare their health and lives to win the revolution, so they did all the work for free.
On May 10, 1919, the first mass cleanup was held. 205 people took part in it. The work was very exciting. They repaired 4 locomotives and 16 wagons, unloaded and loaded 9,300 pounds of various cargo. Labor productivity reached 270%.
The news of the subbotniks spread like lightning throughout the province. Communist cells took up the initiative of the communists of the Moscow-Kazan Railway. The Moscow Party Committee correctly assessed the importance of subbotniks, obliged all party members to take part in them and created a department of subbotniks under the committee.
In the second half of 1919, the interventionists and White Guards shifted the center of gravity of the fight against Soviet Russia South. Main blow Now Denikin's army had to strike. Yudenich was advancing on Petrograd. Poland moved its troops to Soviet Belarus. The enemy threw all his might into defeating the Red Army and capturing Moscow. The offensive of Denikin’s army was revived by the forces of internal counter-revolution in Moscow itself. A conspiracy led by the National Center was uncovered. Supervisor " National Center“N.N. Shchepkin was arrested at the moment when he received Denikin’s envoy. He was found with notes containing plans for the offensive of the Red Army, a report to Denikin about the location of our troops and other espionage information. The conspirators had at their disposal a large number of weapons and even artillery. The action was supposed to begin in Veshnyaki, Volokolamsk and Kuntsevo, then seize radio and telegraph in Moscow. The arrest of the conspirators thwarted Denikin's plan to rely on the armed uprising of his supporters in Moscow.
In October 1919, Denikin's troops took Orel and were approaching Tula. Never before had the enemy come so close to the Moscow province. All communists were mobilized and divided into groups. The location of each group and its tasks (security, patrolling, etc.) were precisely determined. District Councils began to register those wishing to take part in protecting the city from White Guard uprisings.
The communists were heading from Moscow to Southern Front. The first detachment departed at the beginning of October. Then the second group left, then the third. And so almost every day. Moscow saw off its best sons to the front. In October 1919, 3,628 communists were sent.
By November 7, 1919 - the second anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution - the turning point at the front had already been completed, and the Red Army drove Denikin’s troops south. People, celebrating the holiday, celebrated the elimination of the Denikin threat.
In November 1917, Soviet power was established in the province. As an administrative-territorial unit within the RSFSR, the Moscow Region appeared on January 14, 1929 (until June 3, 1929 it was called the Central Industrial Region) from the abolished Moscow, Ryazan, Tver, Tula, part of the Vladimir and part of the Kaluga provinces, consisting of: Moscow, Orekhovo-Zuevsky , Kolomna, Serpukhov, Tula, Tver, Ryazan, Bezhetsk and Kaluga districts. Moscow became the center of the region. In September 1937, during the disaggregation, the Tula and Ryazan regions were separated from the Moscow region.

Moscow region during the Great Patriotic War

At dawn on June 22, 1941 fascist Germany, treacherously attacking the USSR, interrupted the peaceful work of the Russian people. The Great Patriotic War began. The forces of socialism entered into mortal combat with the forces of fascism. All Soviet people stood up to defend the freedom and independence of his homeland.
On July 2, at a meeting of the first secretaries of Moscow district committees, it was decided to form militia divisions. On the same day, in the evening, numerous rallies took place in all districts of Moscow, at which people signed up for the people’s militia divisions. Everyone who could bear arms joined the detachments. July 4th State
The Defense Committee adopted a special resolution “On the voluntary mobilization of workers of Moscow and the Moscow region in the people’s militia divisions.”
In accordance with the resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated July 2, 1941 “On General mandatory training population to air defense”, under the leadership of the Moscow Party organization, the system of local formations was reorganized and expanded air defense. All district commands of the MPVO of Moscow were now separate personnel battalions created in each district of Moscow and in the twelve largest cities in the region. In addition, by decision of July 9, a regiment was organized
restoration of roads and bridges, energy sector restoration regiment and separate battalion to restore the urban economy.
Mass evacuation from Moscow and the Moscow region began after on October 10 the State Defense Committee decided to relocate metallurgical plants and all major enterprises that produced military equipment, weapons and ammunition from the capital to the rear. In a month and a half, about 500 were evacuated to the east
largest factories and factories, more than a million skilled workers, engineers and scientific workers, many institutions, theaters, museums. Utility companies, workers of municipal services, transport, trade, bakeries, and medical institutions remained in the city.
As a result of the evacuation of factories, the production of ammunition and weapons sharply decreased for some time, and the need for them was exceptional. The army especially needed new types of weapons: machine guns, rocket launchers and shells for them, latest systems anti-tank guns.
The Moscow Council took the most urgent measures to rebuild local industrial and municipal enterprises for the production of ammunition and weapons. For a time, we had to abandon the repair of urban transport and the production of consumer goods. But the production of machine guns, mortars, grenades, mines and shells was established even in crockery and haberdashery factories. Toy factories began producing flammable bottles.
On November 15-16, 1941, Nazi troops attacked Moscow with attacks from the 3rd and 4th tank groups; on November 18, the 2nd Tank Army resumed its offensive southeast of Tula. A huge blow struck in the first days of the offensive brought success to the enemy. Soviet troops were forced to withdraw on a broad front to the Volga southeast of the city of Kalinin (Tver) and from the line of the Lama River south of the Moscow Sea. As a result, the enemy had the opportunity to develop success in the Klin direction. The Germans hoped to break through the defenses, break out onto the Volokolamsk Highway and move towards Moscow. 1077th Tank Destroyer Group rifle regiment The 316th Division performed its immortal feat at the Dubosekovo crossing on November 16. 28 people took on the attack from 50 enemy tanks. The attack was repulsed by their rifle and machine gun fire. The 20 tanks and a new group of machine gunners thrown into battle by the enemy were also stopped. With grenades, bottles with a flammable mixture and fire from anti-tank rifles, the brave Panfilovites knocked out 14 tanks, the rest turned back. After this, two more attempts were made to overcome this line, but they failed to break through the defense. This battle lasted 4 hours, the enemy lost 18 tanks and dozens of soldiers here. Subsequently, in Moscow the street was named after the Panfilov Heroes. The Germans were also stopped at many lines near Moscow and, even taking into account that the advantage in guns and shells was on the side of the Nazis, by the beginning of December the Nazi offensive near Moscow was stopped. The enemy's hopes of capturing Moscow did not come true. Having exhausted and weakened the enemy, Soviet troops went on a counter-offensive and, having defeated Army Group Center, forced it to go on the defensive. The victory near Moscow had a huge strategic and political significance. The front was moved west by 100-250 kilometers. The Battle of Moscow had a great influence on changes in the situation on other fronts of the Great Patriotic War and on the entire course of the Second World War.
Hundreds of thousands of patriots took part in the unfolding partisan and underground struggle in enemy-occupied areas. Only in the Moscow region in 1941 there were 41 partisan detachment and 377 sabotage groups.

Moscow region in the post-war years

After the defeat fascist invaders near Moscow, rapid restoration of the affected areas of the Moscow region began. Moscow plants and factories provided great assistance in this. New factories are being built in the region and old ones are being revived. The output of heavy industry increases significantly. With the rapid development of heavy industry, attention is also paid to great attention growth of light industry.
The main branches of mechanical engineering in the Moscow region are transport, machine tool building and agricultural engineering. These include: the Kolomna Plant named after V.V. Kuibyshev, which produces diesel locomotives, the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant, the Komsomolets machine-tool plant in the city of Yegoryevsk and others.
Machine tool factories are located in Kolomna and Dmitrov. A large enterprise is the Lyubertsy Agricultural Machinery Plant named after Ukhtomsky. In Elektrostal there is a heavy engineering plant that produces equipment for the metallurgy and coal industries.
Enterprises in the Moscow region produce equipment for various industries industry: road machines in Dmitrov - Dmitrov Excavator Plant, equipment for the food industry in Bolshevo and others.
A textile engineering base has been created: in the Podolsk region - the Klimovsky weaving machine plant, in the textile regions - factories for the production of parts for textile equipment. There is also a sewing machine production plant in Podolsk.
A high-quality steel plant, Elektrostal, was built in the region, and a powerful chemical industry was created, using phosphorite deposits in the Voskresensk-Egoryevsk area. Thus, in the city of Voskresensk there is a chemical plant that produces mineral fertilizers.
In connection with the huge construction ongoing in Moscow and in the region, production is of particular importance building materials from local raw materials. They work in the region cement factories(Podolsky, Novo-Shchurovsky), lime (Podolsky, Shchurovsky, Gzhelsky), refractory brick (Podolsky, Lobnensky, Kudinovsky), sand-lime brick (Lyuberetsky, Korenevsky, Mytishchi), gypsum products(Pavshinsky), Novomoskovsk ceramics plant.
After the expulsion of the occupiers from the Moscow region, the Moscow regional party committee and the executive committee of the regional council made a decision to restore agriculture in a short time. In the difficult conditions of the post-war period, collective farmers and state farm workers overcame numerous difficulties.
Collective farms of Kolomna, Lukhovitsky, Ramensky and other districts that were not subject to occupation actively helped the affected collective farms. For example, the Kolomna collective farms transferred several thousand heads of cattle to the collective farms of the Vereisky district, and hundreds of new houses were built in the villages of the Mozhaisk district. Moscow took patronage over the devastated areas of the region, workers from factories and factories in the capital helped restore collective farms. The Moscow Energy Institute, with the help of teachers and students, built a power plant in the Lotoshinsky district.
By the end of the war, collective and state farms in the Moscow region had sown almost the entire pre-war area of arable land, and in 1948 the sown area exceeded the pre-war level. The number of cattle and pigs in the region has increased, and the productivity of public livestock farming has increased. However achieved level agriculture was far from meeting the growing needs of the population.
In 1960, collective farms were consolidated in our country. This created conditions for better use of technology and more successful development of the social economy.
The strengthening of collective farms by leading personnel was also important. The Moscow Party Committee recommended 710 specialists and practitioners from factories and construction sites in Moscow as chairmen of collective farms.
The September Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee in 1953 and subsequent decisions of the party and government on agricultural issues contributed to the steep rise of collective and state farms in the Moscow region. In 1954-1955 alone, collective and state farms in the region received 1,892 tractors, 545 grain and 582 silage combines, and a significant number of other agricultural machines.
At the beginning of 1956, on the eve of the 20th Congress of the CPSU, agricultural workers in the Moscow region entered into socialist competition with Kyiv region Ukrainian SSR, took on high obligations to increase the production of milk, meat and vegetables. Under the leadership of party organizations, workers of the Moscow region achieved a significant increase in agricultural production in 1956. For the high level of production of livestock products and increasing their sales to the state, the Moscow Region was awarded the highest award - the Order of Lenin - in 1956. At the same time, 2,383 agricultural workers in the region were awarded orders and medals.
In response to the high award, workers of collective and state farms in the Moscow region committed themselves to achieving an even greater improvement in all sectors of agriculture. One of the measures to quickly increase grain production was the development of virgin and fallow lands.
The Soviet people perceived the development of virgin and fallow lands as their own, dear cause. Thousands responded to the call of the party and government Soviet patriots who traveled to new places to take part in solving the most important state problem.

14 city-regional centers;
43 cities of regional subordination;
1 closed city - Krasnoznamensk;
12 cities of regional subordination, which are under the administrative subordination of districts;
3 cities that are administratively subordinate to cities of regional subordination.

List of cities in the Moscow region by distance from Moscow

The cities of Lyubertsy, Kotelniki and Reutov top the list; they are located 2 km from the capital, Dzerzhinsky and Khimki - 3 km, Krasnogorsk - 4, Vidnoye and Odintsovo - 5 km, Dolgoprudny - 6, Balashikha and Shcherbinka - 8 km, Mytishchi - 9 km , Yubileiny - 10, Moskovsky - 11 km, Zheleznodorozhny, Lytkarino and Korolev - 12 km, Lobnya - 14 km, Domodedovo - 15 km, Podolsk - 16 km, Troitsk - 18 km, Ivanteevka, Pushkino and Shchelkovo - 19 km, Dedovsk - 20 km, Zhukovsky, Staraya Kupavna and Elektrougli - 23 km, Klimovsk - 24 km, Aprelevka - 25 km, Fryazino - 27 km, Golitsino and Ramenskoye - 28 km, Krasnoznamensk and Losino, Petrovsky - 29 km, Istra - 36 km, Noginsk - 37 km, Krasnoarmeysk - 39 km, Bronitsy and Zvenigorod - 41 km, Elektrostal - 42 km, Chernogolovka - 43 km, Solnechnogorsk - 44 km, Dmitrov, Yakhroma and Kubinka - 48 km, Chekhov - 50 km, Khotkovo - 53 km, Sergiev Posad - 55 km, Naro-Fominsk - 57 km, Pavlovsky Posad - 59 km, Elektrogorsk - 64 km, Klin - 66 km, Peresvet - 71 km, Drezna - 72 km, Serpukhov - 73 km, Krasnozavodsk - 74 km, Voskresensk - 76 km, Vysokovsk and Orekhovo-Zuevo - 78 km, Kurovskoye - 79 km, Likino-Dulevo - 86 km, Ruza - 87 km, Stupino - 88 km, Mozhaisk - 89 km, Kolomna - 91 km, Volokamsk - 94 km, Pushchino - 96 km, Dubna - 98 km, Vereya, Protvino, Kashira - 99 km, Yegoryevsk - 100 km, Ozherelye - 105 km, Taldom - 107 km, Lukhovitsy - 112 km, Ozery - 119 km, Zaraysk - 137 km, Shatura - 138 km. The most remote city of Roshal closes the list of cities in the Moscow region, its distance to Moscow is 147 km.

This includes the territory and cities of Moscow located from the Moscow Ring Road at a distance of 40 km towards the region. What cities are in the nearest Moscow region? The list is small: Mytishchi, Kotelniki, Lyubertsy, Lobnya, Zhukovsky, Podolsk, Odintsovo, Domodedovo, Khimki, Krasnogorsk, Dzerzhinsky, Balashikha, Reutov, Korolev, Pushkino and others. All these cities are known to almost every resident of our country.

The largest cities in the Moscow region: list of cities by population

In the list of 20 most major cities The Moscow region in terms of population living in them includes:

Balashikha - 215,350 people;
Khimki - 208,560 people;
Podolsk - 187,960 people;
Korolev - 183,400 people;
Mytishchi - 173,340 people;
Lyubertsy - 171,980 people;
Elektrostal - 155,370 people;
Kolomna - 144,790 people;
Odintsovo - 139,020 people;
Zheleznodorozhny - 132,230 people;
Serpukhov - 126,500 people;
Orekhovo-Zuevo - 121,110 people;
Krasnogorsk - 116,740 people;
Shchelkovo - 108,060 people;
Sergiev Posad - 105,840 people;
Pushkino - 102,820 people;
Zhukovsky - 102,790 people;
Noginsk - 102,080 people;
Ramenskoye - 101,200 people;
Klin - 93,420.

The most ancient cities

In the era of ancient Rus' (period before Tatar-Mongol invasion) on the territory of the modern capital region there were about 17 ancient Russian cities. But only 9 of them are mentioned in the ancients written sources and only they retained their names and did not turn into dead cities. List of ancient cities of the Moscow region: Moscow, Zaraysk (Osetr), Mozhaisk, Dmitrov, Volokolamsk, Dubna, Zvenigorod, Lobynsk, Kolomna.

Most of the cities of the ancient Moscow region are mentioned in chronicles starting from the 12th century. The very first mention of the city of Dubna is in 1134, the second mention of Volokolamsk is in 1135. List of ancient cities of the Moscow region and the year of their first mention in the chronicle:

Dubna - 1134;
Volokolamsk - 1135;
Moscow, Lobynsk - 1147;
Dmitrov - 1154;
Kolomna - 1177;
Zaraysk (Sturgeon) - 1225;
Mozhaisk -1231

Touristically attractive cities of the Moscow region

1. Sergiev Posad. One of the main attractions and decoration of the city is the Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul. Also famous are the Ascension Church, Pyatnitskaya, Uspenskaya, Vvedenskaya, ancient shopping arcades and the monastery hotel.

2. Wedge. Of tourist interest are the ancient church on the territory of the former Assumption Monastery, the Resurrection Church, shopping arcades, and the Demyanovo estate. In the village of Boblovo there is a museum of D.I. Mendeleev.

3. The city of Kubinka. Invites guests to the famous military-historical armored tank museum.

4. Old Kupavna. Holy Trinity Church attracts many pilgrims.

5. Mozhaisk. The majestic earthen Kremlin, Yakimansky and St. Nicholas Cathedrals are all attractions of the small town.

The most favorable cities for living in the Moscow region

An analysis of cities located at a distance of 30 km from the Moscow Ring Road was carried out. 21 criteria were taken into account when compiling the rating: infrastructure development, affordability of housing, availability of jobs, quality of services provided to the population, quality medical care, social protection of the population, ecology and cleanliness of the city and many others. etc. The first place in the list of the most favorable cities for the population of the Moscow region was taken by Klimovsk, the top five included Ivanteevka, Vidnoye, Dolgoprudny, Lobnya.

In terms of transport accessibility, among the cities near Moscow we can distinguish such cities as Khimki, Lobnya, Reutov, Lyubertsy, Mytishchi, Kotelniki, Krasnogorsk, Dolgoprudny and Vidnoye.

List of cities in the Moscow region with the highest level atmospheric pollution: Elektrostal, Zheleznodorozhny, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Klin, Serpukhov, Mytishchi, Noginsk, Balashikha, Kolomna, Yegoryevsk, Podolsk, Lyubertsy.

Cities with high levels of radioactive contamination: Troitsk, Dubna, Khimki, Sergiev Posad.

Of the most built-up cities in the Moscow region, Reutov is in first place, Yubileiny is in second, then Zheleznodorozhny, Podolsk, Krasnoznamensk, Fryazino, Lyubertsy, Dolgoprudny, Ivanteevka.

Moscow is surrounded by a real ring of ancient fortified cities. We have collected for you all the surviving kremlins of the Moscow region. You can visit each of them in one day, simultaneously seeing the city itself - all these places are ancient, interesting, with their own unique history and monuments.

Vereya. Kremlin of the 14th century, with high earthen ramparts. Its walls have always been wooden. The hero of the war of 1812, General Dorokhov, is buried in the Kremlin Nativity Cathedral. Highway M1, 98 km from MKAD.
Volokolamsk Kremlin of the 12th century. The city of Volok on Lama was founded by the Novgorodians; it was besieged more than once by either Moscow or Vladimir troops. The city was fortified: a wooden Kremlin was built on a high hill on earthen ramparts; the total height of the fortifications reached approximately 25 meters. The ancient Resurrection Cathedral of the 15th century has been preserved in the Kremlin. Highway M9, 100 km from MKAD.
Dmitrov. Kremlin of the 12th century. Historical Center city - the Kremlin, surrounded by a ring of powerful earthworks. At the end of the 16th century, the top of the ramparts was reinforced with a high wooden wall. IN Time of Troubles the fortifications burned down and were never restored, but the rampart remained and now serves as a favorite walking place for townspeople and tourists. In the center of the Kremlin stands the ancient Uspensky Cathedral XVI century. Highway A104, 54 km from MKAD.
Zaraysk 16th century Kremlin. By decree of the Grand Duke Vasily III A stone fortress was built in Zaraysk in 1528-1531. Even before her, the city was fortified with ramparts and wooden fortress- Prison. Powerful walls and 7 towers have survived to this day. Highway M5, 140 km from MKAD.
Zvenigorod. Kremlin of the 14th century. On the high bank of the Moscow River, Prince Yuri Zvenigorodsky built fortifications - a high rampart and a wooden wall with towers, and built a cathedral inside, which has survived to this day. At the foot of the hill there is a spring where the locals get very tasty water. Highway A107 between M1 and M9, 46 km from MKAD.
Kolomna. Kremlin of the 16th century. Initially, Kolomna was fortified with a wooden wall with ramparts. The powerful stone walls of the Kolomna Kremlin, about 2 km long, 4-5 meters wide and up to 20 meters high, were built in 1525-1531 by order of Grand Duke Vasily III. This is the largest Kremlin in the Moscow region, housing 2 active monasteries, a cathedral complex and several streets where people live to this day. Highway M5, 92 km from MKAD.
Mozhaisk Kremlin of the 13th century. The city on a high hill above the Mozhaika River was fortified partly with a wooden, partly adobe wall, later rebuilt in stone. In 1802, the brick walls were dismantled. But the magnificent neo-Gothic St. Nicholas Cathedral remained on the hill, visible from afar. Highway M1, 93 km from MKAD.
Ruza. Kremlin XV-XVII centuries. Ruza was not an independent principality. The high hill, surrounded on three sides by rivers and on the fourth by a moat, was an excellent fortification, on which only in the Time of Troubles, in 1618, a wooden tyn was erected, which allowed the city to repel the attack of the Poles. This fortification can be attributed to Kremlins with a great degree of convention. Highway A108, between M1 and M9, 93 km from the Moscow Ring Road.
Serpukhov. Kremlin of the 14th century. Initially, the Kremlin, like in other cities, was made of wood and earth; fortifications were built during appanage prince Vladimir the Brave. The stone fortress with wide, low sandstone walls was built in 1556. During Soviet times, the walls of the fortress were almost completely dismantled - the stone blocks were used for the construction of the Moscow metro. Highway M2, 85 km from MKAD.

Presentation on the course “Native Moscow Region” The emergence, development and advancement of Moscow. The emergence of ancient cities in the Moscow region Moscow. Moscow!.. I love you like a son, Like a Russian, - strongly, passionately and tenderly, I love the sacred shine of your gray hairs And this serene serene Kremlin M.Yu. Lermontov Author of the presentation: Vinichenko E.V. Geography teacher, Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School 8, Ramenseoe

Let's remember 1. What are the main features of the peoples belonging to the Vyatic tribes? 2. Name what is common in the clothing and jewelry of the peoples inhabiting the north and south of the Moscow region? What are the differences? 3.Where it takes place conditional boundary between the Vyatichi and Krivichi tribes? 4.What are the main occupations of residents of the Moscow region? 5.What did the people called brickmakers do? 6. Since what centuries did the custom of burying noble people under mounds cease in Rus'? 7.Which line did the Vyatichi follow? social stratification society?

The emergence of cities in centuries. Whole line settlements, thanks to the development of crafts and trade, turn into craft and trade centers - cities arise. (The chronicles mention up to 20 cities: Kolomna, Vorotynsk, Masalsk, etc.). Moscow also became such a city in the century. G. Kolomna

The legend about the emergence of Moscow The founding date of Moscow is generally considered to be 1147, when the Suzdal prince Yuri Dolgoruky invited his ally, the prince of Novgorod-Seversk Svyatoslav Olgovich, on a date. Then, on the site of the future urban area along the Neglinka and Yauza rivers, there were several villages belonging to the boyar Kuchka. The entire territory was originally called Kutskova. The village where the princes met was called Moscow. As historians note, the village was then a rural princely estate or, more precisely, a stationary courtyard, where the Suzdal prince stayed during his trips to the south of Kiev and back. According to the Tver chronicle, in 1156 “prince great Yuri Volodimerich founded the city of Moscow at the mouth below Neglinnaya, above the Yauza River,” that is, he surrounded his Moskvoretsky courtyard with wooden walls - “a city house.” This settlement began to be called “Moscow-grad”. The town was small and occupied only the southwestern part of the modern Kremlin. Around the town there was a rustling forest, the memory of which was preserved in the name of the Borovitsky Gate, and dense forests and swampy swamps stretched beyond the river. It is believed that the swamps gave the river its name, and the river its name. Finno-Ugric Maskava, Makuva, Maskva – swamp, mud. The ancient Slavic word “moski” means “swampy area”. The town arose as a border town at the crossroads between the Dnieper south and the Upper Volga north.

Profitable geographical position With its upper tributary, the Istra, the Moscow River comes close to the Lama, a tributary of the Shosha, which flows into the Volga. Thus, the Moscow River connected the upper Volga with the middle Oka using a lama portage. On the other hand, the city of Moscow arose at the very bend of the river, at its turn to the southeast, where it, with its tributary Yauza, almost came close to the Klyazma, along which a transverse route ran through Moscow from west to east. On the third side, a road ran through Moscow from Lopasnya (a village 70 versts from Moscow to the south along the Serpukhov road). The border of Chernigov and Suzdal principalities, the road from the Kyiv and Chernigov south to Pereyaslavl-Zalessky and Rostov. Thus, the city of Moscow arose at the intersection of three major roads.

In the 14th century, Moscow became the capital of the Moscow principality. In every Russian city, big or small, there were always detinets, posad and bargaining. The first Moscow Kremlin of the century covered only the center, and outside there were unfortified settlements where artisans and merchants lived. Built in the 12th century, Detynets served the city for about 200 years. Built in 1358, the white stone Kremlin of Dmitry Donskoy had the most modern weapons at that time. In the quarries near the village of Myachkovo, they cut down this stone, loaded it onto a sleigh and transported it across the ice of the river to the city. They carried them in the winter so as not to pull loaded barges against the current in the summer. Since the Muscovites built this city of white stone, people began to call Moscow White Stone.

The new Kremlin was built from 1485 to 1495. The two walls of the Kremlin were still washed by the Neglinnaya and Moskva rivers. And where there was no this reliable barrier - from the side of Red Square, a huge ditch was dug 8 m deep (about the size of a two-story house), up to 35 m wide. It was filled with water, and thus the Kremlin turned into an island, equally difficult to reach the enemy from any side. Moscow was called the most glorious of all cities, both in terms of its position (middle in the country), and due to the convenient location of the rivers, its fame for its fortified fortress and abundance of dwellings.

The emergence of ancient cities in the Moscow region. The oldest written information about cities in the Moscow region that have survived to this day dates back to the 12th century: the chronicle first mentions Volokolamsk (1135), Moscow (1147), Dmitrov (1154), Kolomna (1187), Mozhaisk (1231). Archaeological materials indicate the existence of Zvenigorod, Ruza

Basic principles of the emergence of the first cities Most of the Slavic cities of the Moscow region arose in a new, previously uninhabited place. Individual towns were built on the site of fortified settlements of the Iron Age, which belonged to tribes of Finno-Ugric origin. Kremlins of Slavic cities were built on uninhabited steep coastal capes, which happened mainly in the southern part modern Moscow region In the upper reaches of rivers that came close to each other, boats were pulled ashore and dragged overland to another river. The portages sometimes stretched for tens of kilometers. Cities grew near such portages, sometimes retaining the word “portage” in their names, etc.

G. Dubna: which is located at the confluence of the river. Dubny to Volga. The city was built on the site of a settlement of local tribes at the end of the 10th or beginning of the 11th century. Suzdal princes. Lobynsk: arose on the site of an Iron Age settlement of a Slavic fortified settlement.

The first cities and how they arose. The city of Vyshgorod on the Yakhroma River - a city with a Kremlin layout in the form of a circle or oval. The city of Peremyshl Moskovsky on the banks of the Mocha River, a tributary of the river. Pakhra (in Podolsk region). This is one of the largest and well-fortified cities in the Moscow region in ancient times. The city of Vyshgorod on Protva was built at the end of the 12th century, but is mentioned in written sources later - in 1352. The city had a settlement and settlements.