The “Get an A” video course includes all the topics you need to successful completion Unified State Examination in mathematics for 60-65 points. Completely all tasks 1-13 of the Profile Unified State Exam in mathematics. Also suitable for passing the Basic Unified State Examination in mathematics. If you want to pass the Unified State Exam with 90-100 points, you need to solve part 1 in 30 minutes and without mistakes!
Preparation course for the Unified State Exam for grades 10-11, as well as for teachers. Everything you need to solve Part 1 of the Unified State Exam in mathematics (the first 12 problems) and Problem 13 (trigonometry). And this is more than 70 points on the Unified State Exam, and neither a 100-point student nor a humanities student can do without them.
All necessary theory. Quick ways solutions, pitfalls and secrets of the Unified State Exam. All current tasks of part 1 from the FIPI Task Bank have been analyzed. The course fully complies with the requirements of the Unified State Exam 2018.
The course contains 5 big topics, 2.5 hours each. Each topic is given from scratch, simply and clearly.
Hundreds of Unified State Exam tasks. Word problems and probability theory. Simple and easy to remember algorithms for solving problems. Geometry. Theory, reference material, analysis of all types of Unified State Examination tasks. Stereometry. Tricky solutions, useful cheat sheets, development spatial imagination. Trigonometry from scratch to problem 13. Understanding instead of cramming. Clear explanations of complex concepts. Algebra. Roots, powers and logarithms, function and derivative. Basis for solution complex tasks 2 parts of the Unified State Exam.
The Unified State Examination in social studies is very popular among schoolchildren. The exam is considered easy: no calculations are required, no time-consuming calculations are required. This ease is deceptive, and passing the exam can be difficult for two reasons. Firstly, the social studies course consists of several sections that are only conditionally related to each other, so structuring the knowledge gained can be difficult. Secondly, during the test you will have to quickly switch between different sections, which will require composure and the ability to concentrate.
Item Features
Social science is a discipline that includes a complex of sciences that are somehow related to society. This is sociology, psychology, social philosophy, history, history, cultural studies, political science, economics, jurisprudence, ethics, etc.
The training course is divided into several topics:
- Human and society
- Right
- Policy
- Economy
- Social relations
You will be asked questions on all of these topics in the exam. Coping with tasks without preparation will be very difficult even for those who have received good grades in social studies lessons from fifth to eleventh grade. It is necessary to refresh your knowledge, remember definitions, systematize what you have learned. This requires studying theory in social science.
Exam
Every Examination ticket contains four types of tasks:
- with the need to choose one or more correct answers;
- to identify structural elements concepts;
- knowledge of terminology, definition of concepts;
- to establish the correspondence of positions.
20 tasks require a short answer, 9 require a detailed answer. Graduates will also have to write an essay. When passing an exam, it is impossible to do without knowledge of theory.
Preparation for the Unified State Exam in Social Studies
- Start preparing early. The subject only at first glance seems easy: to obtain highest mark not so easy.
- During the preparation process, you will have to memorize many terms and definitions. You shouldn’t just mechanically cram the wording, facts, events, names proposed in the textbook. Try to understand the essence, and then it will be easier for you to remember the material.
- Write everything you need to memorize in a special notebook.
- Start with tasks that seem easy to you. You shouldn’t skip them - even if you are confident in yourself, it won’t hurt to brush up on your knowledge.
- After that, move on to more difficult topics. Study the theory, repeat the definitions several times, and then proceed to practical exercises. Finally, again make sure you remember the terminology exactly.
- Carrying out trial options, practice reading the questions carefully. Practice shows that misunderstanding of questions is one of the common causes of errors.
- Experienced tutors recommend starting your preparation in December-January by studying economics. This section is small in volume.
- After this, you should take on the most difficult thing - law. Practice shows that it is this section of social studies that causes the greatest difficulties for graduates. Spend more time studying law.
- Social relations, man and society - comparatively simple sections. You can tackle them last.
- Ideally, theory studies should be completed in April. After that, give yourself a little rest and do the repetition. Make sure you remember all the wording and definitions, and can repeat all legal acts by heart.
n1.doc
Society1.1 . Society - specialPartpeace.Society - complex,dynamicallydevelopingsystem.
Man lives in a world of people. His desires and interests cannot be realized without the help and participation of those who surround him and are nearby. For each of us, these are, first of all, parents, brothers, sisters, teachers, classmates, neighbors, and together they make up closest circle communication.
Please note: not everything we want can be achieved if it (our desires, interests) goes against the interests of other people. We must coordinate our actions with other people, and this requires communication with them - others. After the first circle of your communication there are subsequent circles, they are increasingly expanding. Outside our immediate circle, we are waiting for meetings with new people, organizations, and institutions. Each of us is not only a family member, a resident of the house, but also a citizen of the state - Russian Federation. We can also be members of political parties, interest clubs, professional organizations etc.
We live in a world of people, organized in a certain way, making up society. What is society? Can any group of people be designated by this word? Society develops through the process of people interacting with each other. The signs of a society can be considered the presence of overall goals and objectives set for it, as well as activities aimed at their implementation.
So, society is not just a chaotic multitude of people. It has a core, integrity; he also has a clearly defined internal structure.
The concept of "society" is fundamental to social knowledge. IN Everyday life We come across this concept quite often. For example, “he fell into a bad society,” or “these people constitute the elite today - high society" This is an interpretation of society in an everyday sense. Obviously, the key meaning of this concept is certain group people, distinguished by special features and characteristics.
How is it understood society V social sciences? What is its basis?
In solving this question, science reveals different approaches. The first approach is to assert that the original cells of society are living active people, whose joint activities shape society. Thus, from this point of view, the individual is the primary particle of society. Based on the above, we can construct the first definition of society.
Society - is a collection of people who carry out joint activities.
But if society consists of individuals, then the question naturally arises whether society should be considered as simple sum individuals?
Posing the question in this way casts doubt on the existence of such an independent social reality as society as a whole. Individuals really exist, and society is the fruit of the mentality of scientists: philosophers, sociologists, historians, etc.
Therefore, in interpreting society, it is not enough to point out that it consists of individuals, but it should be emphasized that the most important element The formation of society is their unity, community, solidarity, connection between people.
Society - This universal method organizations social connections, interactions and relationships of people.
According to the degree of generalization, the broad and narrow meanings of the concept of society are also distinguished. In the most wide In the sense of this word, society can be interpreted as:
separated from nature in the process historical development, but a part of the material world closely connected with it;
the totality of all relationships and interactions of people and their associations;
a product of the joint life activity of people;
all of humanity as a whole, taken throughout human history;
form and method of joint life activity of people.
Narrow meaning This concept, therefore, presupposes any group of people with common features and characteristics, for example, a society of amateur fishermen, a society of defenders wildlife, an association of surfing athletes and so on. All “small” societies, as well as individuals are the building blocks of a large society.
2. Society as complete system. System structure society. Its elements.
Human - highest level development of living organisms on Earth.
Origin theories:
1) Religious. Divine origin.
2) Man is an unearthly creature, aliens from outer space, having visited the Earth, left on it human beings.
3) Man appeared as a result of evolution (C. Darwin)
Human - biosocial being:
1) Biological in humans: anatomy, physiology, has circulatory, muscular systems. Adapts to living conditions.
2) Social in a person: inextricably linked with society, capable and ready for socially useful work, possesses consciousness and intelligence.
The main differences between humans and animals:
1) Possesses thinking and articulate speech.
2) Capable of conscious purposeful creative activity.
3) Not only adapts, but also transforms the surrounding reality.
4) Able to make tools and use them as a means of production material goods.
5) Spiritual needs are present.
Need - this is a person’s need for what constitutes necessary condition his existence.
Types of needs:
1) Biological (primary, congenital):
A) physiological (food, sleep, rest)
B) Existential (security of existence)
2) Secondary (purchased)
* social (communication, social activity, public acceptance)
* spiritual (in knowledge, creativity)
Capabilities - this is a set of human properties that ensure his activity.
Levels of ability development:
Capabilities
Giftedness
Genius
Human activity
Activity - a person’s way of relating to the outside world, which consists in transforming and subordinating it to the person’s goals.
Activity components: Subject (the one who carries out the activity)
Object (what the activity is aimed at)
Activity structure:
Goal - means of achieving goals - actions - result
Types of activities in which each person is involved in the development process:
A game – the goal is not the result, but the process (entertainment), occurs in conditional situation(imaginary environment), which changes rapidly, uses substitute objects, aims to satisfy the interests of the participants, and promotes personal development.
Communication – exchange of information, emotions and ideas. Promotes socialization person (the assimilation of norms accepted in society), has an impact on mental condition, helps to carry out joint activities.
Teaching – a person’s acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities. Can be carried out in an organized manner (in educational institutions) and unorganized (as an additional result), may have the character of self-education.
Work – aimed at achieving a practically useful, pre-expected result, carried out in the presence of certain knowledge, intelligence
Activities (by objects and results):
Material (creation of material wealth)
Material and production (transformation of nature)
Socially transformative (transformation of society)
Spiritual (creation of cultural values)
Cognitive
Value-oriented (formation of positive or negative attitude people to the phenomena of the surrounding world)
Prognostic (planning or foresight possible changes reality)
Creation - this is a type of activity that generates something qualitatively new, never existing before (for example, new goal, new result, or new means of achieving a goal). May be a component of an activity, or independent activity(for example, the activities of scientists, inventors, writers, artists).
Cognitive activity person
Cognition – human activity. The result of which is the acquisition of new knowledge about the world around us.
Cognition has two levels:
1) Sensory cognition - carried out by the senses (vision, hearing, smell, touch, taste)
2) Rational cognition - inherent only to man, carried out through thinking
Types of knowledge:
1) Scientific (reliable generalization of facts)
2) Unscientific:
* mythology * life experience * folk wisdom* parascience (pseudo-scientific knowledge)
True – correspondence of our knowledge about the subject to the subject itself
Absolute (exhaustive reliable knowledge)
Relative (incomplete, imprecise knowledge)
Individual. Individuality. Personality.
Individual – single representative human race.
Individuality - the unique identity of a person.
Personality – subject conscious activity, having a totality of social significant features, which he implements in public life.
The formation of personality is influenced by: family (upbringing), environment (communication), society, historical era, a person’s personal desire for self-improvement.
The personality has the following traits: active life position, willpower, responsibility, realistic self-esteem (not too low or too high).
Personality is formed in the process of socialization. Socialization – the process of assimilating accepted norms in society and mastering social roles. Socialization can be primary (childhood) and secondary (lasts a lifetime).
Self-knowledge - a process during which each person comprehends his abilities, desires, opportunities, interests.
Self-realization – the process of the most complete identification and implementation by an individual of his capabilities to achieve his goals in a personal decision significant problems, allowing for the fullest possible implementation creative potential personality.
The spiritual world of man
Structure spiritual world person:
1) Cognition (based on intelligence)
2) Emotions – short-term experiences about situations and phenomena of reality (surprise, joy, anger, fear)
3) Feelings – emotional states, longer lasting than emotions (friendship, love, longing, patriotism)
4) Worldview - system common views to the world. Worldview can be: religious, everyday, scientific.
Freedom and responsibility
Liberty – the ability to act on the basis of choice, realizing responsibility for it.
Human freedom in society is limited by the freedom of other people. Freedom manifests itself in the ability to control one’s behavior. The regulator of such behavior is conscience.
In a broad sense - a part of the world isolated from nature.
In a narrow sense - a circle of people united by a common goal, interests, origin; -- historical periods development of society.
Main spheres of public life
Activities of people and relationships between them
Institutions
(organizations)
Economic
(ensures satisfaction of material needs)
Production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods, and related relationships
Factories, firms, exchanges, banks.
Social
(ensures satisfaction of needs for communication, collectivity)
Relations between classes, estates, nations, professional and age groups; state activities to ensure social guarantees
Health systems, social security, public services
Political
(satisfies the need for organization, discipline, peace, law and order)
Organization state power, relations between civil society and the state, between the state and political parties
Parliament, government, parties, public organizations
Spiritual
(ensures satisfaction of the need for self-realization, in moral improvement, in cognition)
Relationships arising in the process of creating spiritual values, their preservation, distribution, consumption
Schools, universities, theaters, museums, libraries, archives, churches.
Society– a complexly organized, self-developing system (the system includes individuals and social groups, there are coordinated connections between them), which is characterized by dynamism, alternativeness and incomplete development. Society is characterized by unpredictability and nonlinear development.
Nature:
In a broad sense - the whole world.
In a narrow sense -all material world, with the exception of society.
The relationship between nature and society:
Society
1) with the help of tools, influences nature, changing it, i.e. purposefully,
2) the development of science increases the influence of society on nature
3) the impact can be improving (creation of nature reserves, tightening environmental legislation) or worsening (depletion natural resources)
Nature: 1) creates conditions for the existence of society
2) natural conditions influence the economy and way of life of society
3) in response to human actions, nature can also “worse”
life of society ( natural disasters)
Typology of societies
comparisons
Agrarian
(traditional)
Industrial
Post-industrial
(informational)
Economy
The main value is land, 75% of the population is employed agriculture
The main value is capital, 85% of the population is employed in industry, mass industrial production
The main value is knowledge, 66% of the population is employed in the service sector, production automation, computerization of society
Social structure
Society is divided into classes, classes are closed (difficulty of transition)
Society is divided into classes, they are open and mobile
Division of society into classes in accordance with the level of knowledge, qualifications, growth of the middle class
Policy
Monarchies prevail, human rights and freedoms are absent
Political rights and freedoms, equality before the law, election of government
Political rights and freedoms, equality before the law, election of government,
Strong civil society
Spiritual life
Traditional values (family, religion) dominate, few educated people
The values of progress, personal success, science develops, spreads Mass culture
High level education (and its continuation throughout life), the special role of science, the leading role of information
Society can develop in the following ways:
1) Evolution– gradual development, reforms are the way to transform.
2) Revolution– indigenous, qualitative change all or several aspects of social life ( scientific and technological revolution leads to transformation production sector, a revolution in politics leads to a change in the form of government).
Progress- a direction of development, which is characterized by a transition from lower to higher, movement forward to a more perfect one. (Regression - reverse movement)
Distinctive feature development modern society is globalization.
Globalization– a process during which the mutual influence and interdependence of peoples and states in different areas activities (economics, culture...)
Global problems humanity:
1) Caused by the activities of people around the world.
2) Create a threat to the further existence of humanity
3) Can be resolved through joint efforts
Global problems:
Environmental (depletion of natural resources, environmental pollution)
Uneven development individual regions(underdevelopment of developing countries)
Demographic (population growth)
The problem of peace and disarmament, preventing a new world war
Threat of international terrorism
RIGHT
A set of generally binding, formally certain rules behavior established by the state and enforced by its coercive force
Public Law – area of public affairs (constitutional, administrative, criminal, financial)
Private right– sphere of private affairs (civil, family, labor)
Legal system– internal structure of law. Includes:
1) Branches of law 2) Sub-branches of law 3) Institutes of law 4) Legal norms
Main branches of the system Russian law:
1 ) Constitutional (establishes the form of government, state-territorial structure, rights and obligations of citizens)
2 ) Administrative (regulates public relations in the field government controlled, organization and activities of bodies executive power)
3 )Civil (regulates property, as well as related personal non-property relations)
4 ) Family (regulates relations between spouses, as well as between parents and children)
5 ) Labor (regulates labor Relations)
6 ) Criminal (determines the criminality and punishability of acts)
Sources of law:
1) Laws and regulations ( vary in legal force, highest legal force has Constitution)
2) Legal custom
3) Legal precedent
4) Agreement with normative content (based on the mutual expression of will of the parties)
Offenses: crimes and misdemeanors
Main types of legal liability:
1 ) Disciplinary (labor violation, academic discipline)
2 ) Civil (causing property damage)
3 ) Administrative (for administrative violations)
4 ) Criminal (for crimes)
5 ) Material (for damage caused to an enterprise, institution, organization)
Legal culture personality – a set of legal knowledge, values, legal behavior personality.
PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
The method of protecting rights, freedoms and legitimate interests is judicial protection
In case of violation of rights, a person contacts the “main link” - general courts jurisdiction– district courts, considering the majority of court cases. Judicial branch carried out through civil, administrative and criminal proceedings.
Sentences in criminal proceedings and solutions in civil proceedings are made on behalf of Russian Federation. If a person is not satisfied with the decision of a court of general jurisdiction, he can appeal to Supreme Court Russia, in case of disagreement with its decision - to the supranational court - the European Court of Human Rights, which is last resort. The decision of this Court is binding on all member states of the Council of Europe.
Directly aimed at protecting the individual in armed conflicts, international and internal character INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW, War crimes against humanity according to the norms international law have no statute of limitations.
.
Social sphere life of society covers relationships between people, groups, and associations. Society has a social structure - an internal structure.
Elements social structure societies:
I. Social groups– stable collections of people who have distinctive characteristics inherent only to them (social status, interests, value orientations).
Kinds social groups:
by number:
Small group(from 2 to 30 people). IN small group people know each other well (personally acquainted), are busy with some common cause. The presence of emotionally charged interpersonal relationships, stability and consistency of composition. For example, family classroom, airplane crew.
Large group. A large group of people who occupy the same position in the structure of society and, as a result, have common interests. For example - nation, class.
by interaction:
Formal(official). Its activities are determined by regulatory documents(school class, Zenit football team)
Informal(unofficial). Its activities are determined by the personal interests of its participants (poetry circle, fan organization football team"Zenith", company of friends)
Family- a small social group based on marriage or consanguinity, whose members are bound by a common life, moral and legal responsibility.
Family functions:
1) Reproductive (biological reproduction of the population)
2) Socialization (raising children, shaping the individual as a personality)
3) Economic - economic ( material support minors and disabled members of society, maintaining household)
4) Emotional ( psychological support)
5) Spiritual and moral (personal development)
Family types:
according to the nature of the distribution of household responsibilities:
Traditional (patriarchal) - the woman performs household duties, the man earns money and is the head of the family.
Partnership – responsibilities are not shared, they are performed jointly or in turn, critical issues Family lives are decided together.
by related structure:
Nuclear, small (married couple with children)
Extended, multi-generational (married couple with children and one of the relatives living with them)
Part-time (one parent with a child or children)
by number of children
*Having many children * few children * childless
II. Social communities – a collection of people characterized by relative integrity and acting as independent subjects of historical and social action.
Ethnic communities- exist in a certain territory, have a common historical experience, historical memory, language and cultural traditions. Varieties: tribe, nationality, nation
Classes– differ in their place in the system of social production, relation to the means of production, role in public organization labor, methods and amounts of wealth obtained. For example: bourgeoisie, working class, or top class, middle class, lower class.
Socially-demographic communities (elderly people, teenagers)
The youth– a group of people from 16 to 25 years old, problems – it is difficult to find a place in life, to get interesting job offers due to insufficient life experience.
Socio-territorial(townspeople, rural population, Siberians)
Professional(miners, teachers, doctors)
Different social groups and communities occupy different social positions.
In society since primitive times there has been inequality– uneven distribution scarce resources(money, power, education and prestige) between different segments of the population.
Indicators social status may be: wealth, income power, profession, education, prestige, lifestyle.
Social status – the position of a person in society, which he occupies in accordance with his age, gender, origin, profession, marital status. (A person can have many statuses; this will be called a status set. Among them there may be basic and non-basic)
Prescribed status – does not depend on the merits of the individual (gender, nationality)
Achieved status - acquired as a result of free choice, personal effort and is under the control of a person
Social role- the behavior expected by society of a person, associated with his position in society and typical for his social group. (One person can have many roles, collectively they are called a role set. For example: at work - an employee, at home - a husband, visiting his parents - a son, in the company of friends - a friend, on election day - a voter, etc. )
It is customary to distinguish between two main forms social interaction :
1) Cooperation – mutual interest, interaction is beneficial for both parties, interaction is aimed at achieving joint goals. Relationships of friendship, partnership, support.
2) Rivalry – the absence of a common goal, but the presence of a similar goal regarding an indivisible object (economic, political competition). Relationships of envy, hostility, bitterness.
When incompatible views, positions and interests collide, rivalry can develop into conflict.
Conflict- a clash between two people or social groups over the possession of something that is equally highly valued by both parties.
Kinds social conflicts:
1) Economic 2) International 3) Political 4) Family
Experts highlight the following solutions social conflicts:
Negotiations (peaceful conversation between the parties to resolve the problem)
Compromise (solving a problem through mutual concessions)
Mediation (using a third party to resolve a problem)
Use of force, authority, law (unilateral use by the side that considers itself stronger)
Social conflicts have both negative consequences (stress, unrest, casualties) and positive consequences(withdrawal social tension, stimulation social change).
A person’s behavior in society can be:
1) Corresponding norms (conformist)
2) Deviant (does not correspond to norms - deviant)