Does the ability to justify mean thinking or just relying on facts? How to prove that you are right? Lowest in rank. What does it mean to “comment” on an issue?

Personal position must be justified. The reader's experience serves as arguments.

The structure of the argument highlights two component

1). Original thesis, which provides a compositional and semantic connection with the previous parts of the essay.

2). Factual information(quote, example) which provides evidentiary strength.

An example of introducing an argument. Thesis is an example.

1). Many writers of both the nineteenth and twentieth centuries addressed the problem of betrayal. Dishonor and disrespect, deception and betrayal have always been the subject of their condemnation.

2). Let us remember the story by A.S. Pushkin’s “The Captain’s Daughter”, in which... (the human essence of Shvabrin is further examined in the aspect of the above thesis).

Another possible argument: thesis – example – conclusion.

It is important to understand whether this or that fragment becomes an argument in the system complete written statement, if it occupies a strictly defined place in the composition of the work and performs its intended function.

Working on the conclusion

The conclusion should make up about one-sixth of your text.

Typical conclusion goals:

Summarize, summarize what has been said

Summarize the thoughts, draw a conclusion;

Evaluate what was said;

Give an answer to the question posed in the introduction;

Increase the persuasiveness of the text using additional strong arguments;

Draw attention again to the problem in question and emphasize its relevance.

Let's look again at the typical way of unfolding an essay. .

1). One of the issues raised by the author of the original text stands out.

2). Her comment is being executed.

4). Argumentation of the expressed opinion is carried out.

5). A conclusion is drawn.

Problems of texts on the Unified State Exam:

1. Man and nature (the topic of ecology, the influence of nature on the spiritual world of man).

2. Human moral choice.

3. Spiritual values. True values.

4. The theme of feat during the Great Patriotic War.

5. Honor and dignity.

6. The role of books in human life.

7. The role of art in human life.

8. Man's place in the world.

9. Personal self-esteem.

10. Self-improvement.

11. Active life position.

12. Search for truth. Loyalty to truth and fatalism.

13. The role of childhood in a person’s life.

14. Raising the younger generation.

15. Love is the main force of life.

16. Friendship is the spiritual kinship of people.

17. Compassion and mercy.

18. Heroism. Heroism and false heroism.

21. Patriotism. Patriotism of creative people.

22. Betrayal.

23. The ambiguity of human nature.

24. Unity and disunity of people.

25. Self-affirmation of the individual in society.

26. Conflict of public and personal interests.

27. The role of personality in history.

28. Human memory. Historical memory.

29. Patterns of historical development of the state.

30. Moral lessons of history.

31. The role of a teacher in a person’s life.

32. The theme of “fathers and sons”, conflict of generations.

33. The role of the mother (father) in the life of the child. Attitude towards parents is an expression of a person’s moral essence.

34. About the meaning of life.

Human moral choice.

Main problems:

1). Betrayal

2). Honor as the highest human value.

3). Moral nobility of man.

4). Conflict between personality and society.

Theme of betrayal

Original text .

I don't remember what his name was. He lived on Sortirovochnaya and moved to our school temporarily because his mother was admitted to the hospital, and his grandmother lived here, in the third microdistrict. They put the new guy with me, and I didn’t like it: it means that when I asked to be put with Kolka Lykov - it’s impossible, put me with Sanya Tabukhov - again it’s impossible, but here, it turns out, it’s possible!

The new guy turned to me several times with some stupid questions: “What’s your name?”, “Where do you live?”... I answered reluctantly, through clenched teeth, and he let go.

And after lessons they took him to beat him. This is called "registration". They beat not seriously, more for form, as they say, nothing personal, it’s just a tradition. The newcomer, seeing the crowd that surrounded him, rushed to Seryozhka Romanov standing next to him, threw him aside with a blow and, deftly dodging Kolka Lykov, disappeared into the courtyards like the wind. They ran after him, but could not catch up. Seryozha, sobbing, wiped the blood from his broken lip, and we looked at him gloomily. We decided not to wait for tomorrow, but to settle accounts with the new guy today, no matter what.

- Dimon, you were sitting with him! Go to him, invite him to your home to listen to music there or something else... - Kolka asked me. “You’re smart, somehow trick him into going outside.”

I was flattered that Kolka turned to me, that he called me smart in front of everyone, that in his opinion only I could complete an assignment that required ingenuity and resourcefulness.

Half an hour later I was already ringing the doorbell of the apartment where the new guy lived.

- What do you need?

- Like what? Look into your eyes! – I said mockingly. “You rushed off like a fleet-footed deer, and I got the full price for you.”

- What do you have to do with it?

- What does it have to do with it? – I was surprised. “We’re sitting together, which means we’re friends, so they broke me in for you!” My ribs still hurt... Is it possible to walk?

- Come on in...

We drank tea, he showed his drawings... He drew well. Then I looked at my watch and invited him to visit me.

- Come on, just not today!

Everything inside me fell: the guys from our class were already waiting for us in ambush near the unfinished house.

- You see, my brother is sick, and I wanted you to draw him some picture, he loves different fairy tales...

- Well, if that’s the case, then let’s go...

I remember that path down to the centimeter, as if I was walking barefoot on nails. The new guy was saying something to me, and I hastily nodded my head. Unfinished house. I see broken asphalt, rolls of roofing felt, the edge of a bag where album sheets and paints lie... The hot air, like a file, cuts my chest. I stopped. And the new guy took a few more steps. The bushes moved. All! Kolka Lykov slowly came out to meet us and smiled ominously.

The worst thing was to come. Fate, apparently, decided to take me to the last circle of my hell. The newcomer suddenly squealed, grabbed a stone and shouted: “Dimon, run!” But, seeing that we were already surrounded and that I couldn’t escape, he attacked Tolka Vlasov, clearing the way for me.

- Dimon, run! What are you worth?

And then I smiled, and the others laughed. Only then did he understand everything and look at me. Surprised, incredulous. At that second it seemed to me that the skin burned by this gaze, like a stocking, slipped off my body...

… For many years now I have been dreaming of saving someone: I dream of pulling a drowning man out of the water, protecting a girl from hooligans, carrying a wounded man from the battlefield, and I even agree to die performing a heroic act. But no one on my way drowns, no one burns, no one asks me for help. In my pitifully outstretched palms I carry my bleeding heart: I still hope that someday I will see the boy I have betrayed and he will forgive me. Or at least he will understand. Or, at least, he will listen... But he lives somewhere on Sortirovochnaya, he was transferred to our school temporarily, and our life paths still cannot intersect.

(According to V. Nadyrshin)

Nadyrshin Vasily Mikhailovich is a modern publicist.

Text information

Main problems	Author's position
1. The problem of betrayal. (Is it possible to sacrifice sincere friendliness, trust, and safety of another person for the sake of imaginary “traditions”? What internal changes occur in the soul of the one who committed betrayal?)	1. It is impossible to understand and justify someone who betrayed the sincere friendliness and trust of another person. It is difficult for someone who has committed treason to drown out the voice of his conscience; Betrayal of friendship and trust leads to human self-destruction.
2. The problem of self-affirmation of the individual in a team. (What causes respect or contempt for a person in a team? How to earn the approval of others?)	2. You need to follow the laws of honor, and not be a slave to someone else’s will, trying to earn the approval of others; real recognition in a team is achieved by a person who is courageous, capable of defending his moral principles, and able to take responsibility

Composition.

What does betrayal lead to?

Traitors They betray themselves first of all.

Plutarch

Vasily Mikhailovich Nadyrshin raises the problem of betrayal. It makes us think about what internal changes occur in the soul of the one who committed betrayal.

The hero-narrator describes an incident that happened to him while studying at school. With regret, bitterness and a sense of shame, he remembers how, succumbing to the influence of friends and his fear, he did not protect the new kid in the class. The narrator betrayed him, deceived him, although he did nothing wrong to him. The hero wanted to think about saving his comrade, but his fear turned out to be stronger.

Many years have passed since then. And the narrator still remembers the boy’s look: “At that second it seemed to me that the skin that had been burned by that look, like a stocking, slipped off my body...” The hero repents of his betrayal, his conscience torments him. For many years now he has only dreamed of saving someone, helping someone, performing a heroic act.

He speaks bitterly about how he hopes to meet that boy and ask him for forgiveness, but life still does not bring them together: “In my pitifully outstretched palms I carry my bloody heart...”

Many writers of both the nineteenth and twentieth centuries addressed the problem of betrayal. Dishonor and disrespect, deception and betrayal have always been the subject of their condemnation. One of the most striking images of a traitor in Russian literature remains Alexey Shvabrin, one of the heroes of the story by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter".

Shvabrin betrays his friend, the inhabitants of the Belogorsk fortress, and his homeland. All this characterizes him as a cynical, empty, low and two-faced person, capable of treason, cowardice, and betrayal. Shvabrin forgets about such important concepts for a Russian officer as duty to the fatherland, honor, and loyalty to the oath. Here is one example of the behavior of a traitor: “Shvabrin fell to his knees... At that moment, contempt drowned out all feelings of hatred and anger in me. I looked with disgust at the nobleman lying at the feet of the runaway Cossack.”

The biblical character Judas was also a well-known traitor. The Argentine author H.L. writes about him in his stories. Borges (“Three versions of the betrayal of Judas”), Leonid Andreev (“Judas Iscariot”). The name Judas became a household name. Perfidious and base traitors are often called “Judas.”

Thus, betrayal is the most terrible and base act, the most terrible sin. The traitor becomes a soulless and empty person. He loses all the best qualities in himself, his personality is destroyed.

The theme of honor.

Original text.

On the evening of January 27, 1837, terrible news spread across St. Petersburg: Pushkin was wounded in a duel! .

And now the crime has been committed. Near the capital, near the Black River, in a pine grove at five o'clock, when twilight had just begun to envelop the ground covered with a thick layer of snow, and the growing wind began to drive white dust from the snowflakes, Dantes' fatal shot was heard. Seriously wounded, the poet fell face down into the snow...

These days, everyone who cared about the glory and greatness of Russia lived with one thought, one hope: if only he survived! Crowds of people stood outside the poet’s house, rushing to everyone coming out of the entrance with the same alarming question. For two nights the lights did not go out in Pushkin’s house. In one of the rooms there were the poet’s friends - Zhukovsky, Vyazemsky, Dal... On January 29, 1837, according to the old calendar, at 2:45 a.m. his heart stopped beating...

During these difficult hours, the cornet of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment, Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov, for whom fate had prepared a similar end several years later, composed the lines of his now famous poem “On the Death of a Poet.” Words full of bitterness and anger were passed from mouth to mouth:

The poet is dead! - slave of honor -

Fell, slandered by rumor,

With lead in my chest and a thirst for revenge,

Hanging his proud head!..

Both Pushkin and Lermontov died in a duel, one defending the honor of his family, the other his own. More than a century has passed since then. We live in a different era. Much of the past has sunk into oblivion. (17) There were no more duels. But this does not mean that today people should no longer take care of their dignity and maintain their honor! And sometimes, unfortunately, this happens.

An elderly writer was traveling home on a train, and sitting next to him was a man who, for no particular reason, was trying to insult humanity in general and the two women sitting opposite him in particular. The writer could not stand it and said that if the hooligan did not calm down immediately, he would be forced to take him to the police.

Come on, you had a desire to do so - he says, and let him say to himself, we’re used to it... - the women objected.

And it’s a pity,” the writer noted sadly.

What's a pity? - asked one of the women.

Your dignity, since you are used to it...

The writer, in whom the moral principles he professed developed a sensitive and unyielding civic conscience, began to defend the dignity and honor of those around him, that is, moral values that seem to stabilize the integrity of the individual, and thereby society as a whole. Thanks to the development of these moral qualities in us, we are able to maintain our moral positions, to clearly see the boundary between good and evil, between truth and falsehood, between momentary utilitarian benefit for ourselves and the enduring true good of the people, society, and humanity.

Even the thinkers of the ancient world accumulated in their judgments and conclusions the universal human desire to understand the grounds that give positive significance to the motives of behavior and the actions themselves, to establish by what kind of life and what actions the respect of people and the right to be human are won.

The heroes of the great singer of Ancient Greece, Homer, entered into the war known as the Trojan War because of an insult to the honor of one of their comrades; his other heroine, Penelope, the wife of Odysseus, protected her feminine dignity for many years of separation from her husband. Socrates' student Xenophon said that the Athenians had a highly developed sense of honor...

From era to era, the idea was formed that the true value of human life is affirmed by moral acts, that the most important attribute of a person should be the consciousness of one’s own dignity, the ability to take care of one’s honor.

(According to T.M. Jafarli)

Text information

Main problems	Author's position
1. The problem of honor and dignity. (Aren’t such concepts as nobility, honor, dignity outdated today? What does the loss of moral values lead to?)	1. Self-esteem and the ability to take care of one’s honor remain the most important personality characteristics today. The loss of moral values can lead to the loss of the ability to distinguish between good and evil, truth and falsehood.
2. The problem of self-esteem. (Why is it unacceptable to violate the honor and dignity of a person?)	2. Moral values, such as dignity, honor, “stabilize the integrity of the individual, and thereby society as a whole.”
3. The problem of an active life position. (Is it necessary to speak out in defense of people whose honor and dignity are being violated?)	3. Everyone should have a sense of self-worth, so it is necessary to speak out in defense of people whose honor and dignity are being violated; the true value of human life is affirmed by moral actions.
4.The problem of true values. (What can be considered true values? How are they established?)	4.Honor and dignity are true values that are affirmed by moral actions

Honor.

Take care of your honor from a young age.

Russian proverb

Aren't such concepts as nobility, honor, and dignity outdated today? What does the loss of moral values lead to? It is these problems that T. M. Jafarli raises.

The publicist discusses the importance of honor in the lives of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin and Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov. Both writers “died in a duel, one defending the honor of his family, the other his own.” Although more than a century has passed, this does not mean that nowadays honor and dignity have lost their importance and their determining role in people’s lives. With a feeling of bitterness T.M. Jafarli says that sometimes people do not take care of their honor and their dignity.

The author talks about a writer who stood up for women when a man traveling with them on a train insulted them. However, the women objected to the writer that they were already accustomed to such treatment. The writer sadly notes that he is very sorry for the dignity of the people around him, which they do not protect. It is important for a journalist to convince the reader that moral values “stabilize the integrity of the individual” and society as a whole. Thanks to this, we clearly distinguish the boundary between good and evil, between truth and falsehood.

From the author’s point of view, self-esteem and the ability to take care of one’s honor remain the most important personality characteristics today. The loss of moral values can lead to the loss of the ability to distinguish between good and evil, truth and falsehood. One cannot but agree with this.

Issues of honor and morality have always been fundamental in relationships between people. One of the important places is given to this topic in Russian literature of the 19th century. Russian writers of this period created works that not only fully reflected life, but also had enormous moral and educational significance, bringing out the best that is in the people.

Honor is that high spiritual force that keeps a person from meanness, betrayal, lies and cowardice. This is the core that strengthens the choice of action when conscience is the judge. Life often tests people, presenting them with a choice - to act honorably and take the blow, or to be cowardly and go against their conscience. The path of honor is difficult, but retreat from it, the loss of honor is even more painful. Dishonor is always punished.

The concept of honor is brought up in a person from childhood. Yes, in the story
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" we see how this happens and what results it leads to.

The main character of the story, Pyotr Andreevich Grinev, was brought up from childhood in an atmosphere of high everyday morality. His father had a negative attitude towards easy but dishonest ways to make a career at court. He did not want to send his son to serve in St. Petersburg. In his parting words to his son, the father especially emphasizes the need to maintain honor: “Take care of your dress again, and take care of your honor from a young age.” This parting word from his father stays with Grinev for the rest of his life and helps him not to stray from the right path.

Pugachev appreciated the man of honor in Grinev; he liked the nobility of the young officer. Grinev's morality influenced Pugachev. He freed Masha and offered to be seated by his father at their wedding. Having received Grinev’s polite refusal, Pugachev managed to understand him, since he was also a man of honor.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin showed an understanding of honor and duty from the positions of completely different people standing at different levels of society.
Moral qualities are cultivated in a person regardless of his education and social status. An interesting remark by V. Belinsky, who said about Pushkin that “by reading his works, you can excellently educate a person within yourself.”

In September 1836, Pushkin finished work on The Captain's Daughter. And in January 1837, defending his honor and the honor of his wife, he stepped towards the deadly barrier.

Human and nature.

1).The topic of ecology.

2). The influence of nature on the spiritual world of man.

3) The beauty of nature as an enduring value.

Ecology theme.

Original text.

I have been to many places and have been interested in how humans interact with nature. The “crown of creation” has caused mischief everywhere. The kings of the Universe have nothing to boast about: they hunted poorly, fished poorly and behaved in relation to nature like conquerors...

Have you noticed the discrepancy between how much we talk about preserving nature, we talk passionately, poetically, and how little effect these correct words have? They never became the conviction of everyone and did not penetrate the heart and consciousness. But man is a particle of nature, cognizing itself. This idea precisely defines man's relationship to the environment: man is inseparable from nature. Moreover, they cannot be in the position of slave and master. If such an unnatural state arises, then both peace and the balance between them are disrupted. Nature is not a raw material for civilization, but a beautiful sunny palace, into which man must make improvements through his labor, will, and mind. There is no greater crime than to mutilate and pervert nature. Nature, the unique cradle of life in the Universe, is the mother who gave birth to and nurtured us, and therefore we must treat her as our mother, with the highest degree of love.

Do we always observe moral laws in relation to nature? Unfortunately no. It’s not for nothing that prohibitions and “severe” punishments appeared... Everyone knows about them, and yet...

So, it’s not about prohibiting laws, not about punishments. In general, punishment has never been a strong means of solving any problem.

Fines, and large fines, must be taken for a boorish attitude towards nature. But at the same time, it is necessary to strengthen propaganda in defense of nature, and not only conduct it in a pathetic manner. You need to achieve the realization that nature is your life, that a tree, a flower cannot be on its own, and you cannot be on your own, that if you destroy nature, you yourself will disappear. For nature is air, and without air there is no life. It's time to understand that our health and that of our children completely depends on the green, blue, fragrant, flowing, blooming world, that this world can do without us, and we can never do without it. One must go without getting tired to overcome stubborn deafness, mental bad manners, and lack of enlightenment.

Nature has a happy way of regenerating itself. I got the feeling that the world around us is straining against death, and we need to help it. Each of us needs to participate in this matter. We all, regardless of what we do, must serve to protect defenseless, trusting and powerful nature, without which we are nothing. (According to Yu. Nagibin)

Information about the text.

Main problems	Author's position
1. The problem of imbalance between man and nature. (What is the manifestation and what does the violation of interaction between man and nature lead to? Is it necessary to observe moral laws in relation to nature?)	1. Violation of the interaction between man and nature is unnatural, immoral and leads to irreversible consequences that endanger human life and the surrounding world. A person must observe moral laws in relation to nature, because he is part of Nature - the “cradle of life”, which must be treated as “your mother - with the highest degree of love”.
2. The problem of instilling respect for the environment. (Is it necessary to specifically instill in a person respect for the world around him?)	2. It is necessary to cultivate in people respect for the world around them, of which they are a part, it is necessary to cultivate the desire to preserve it.

Composition.

Human and nature.

Happiness is being with nature

see her, talk to her.

L.N. Tolstoy

What does disruption of interaction between man and nature lead to? Is it necessary to observe moral laws in relation to nature? It is these problems that Yu. Nagibin raises.

Not without irony, the writer calls man “the crown of creation” and “the king of the Universe.” With a feeling of bitterness, he notes that man behaves in relation to nature as a conqueror. It is important for the author to convince the reader that nature “is the mother who gave birth and nurtured us, and therefore we need to treat her as our mother, with the highest degree of love.”

Yu. Nagibin asks the question: “Do we always observe moral laws in relation to nature?” No! Not always! And the reason for this is our “stubborn deafness” and “mental bad manners.” Nature is our life. Life! Air! Why don’t we understand that “our health and that of our children depends entirely on the green, blue, fragrant, flowing, blooming world?”

From the author’s point of view, disruption of the interaction between man and nature is unnatural, immoral and leads to irreversible consequences that endanger human life and the surrounding world. It's hard to disagree with this.

We call the earth mother, mother, nurse, but this is only in words. In fact, we treat her immorally and cruelly. We have long forgotten that she is alive. Like all living things, she awaits mercy. But everything happens differently. Man proclaimed himself the “king of nature,” and this led to disastrous results.

Do you remember how responsible the Little Prince Exupery felt for his planet? Let each of us, the inhabitants of planet Earth, be imbued with this responsibility! After all, environmental disaster - the most terrible danger for humanity - threatens everyone.

The Aral Sea is dying. The once clear waters of Lake Baikal are becoming cloudy. In a few minutes, the fallen snow on the streets of the mining villages of Donbass turns gray. Nuclear power plant units and main gas pipelines explode. New reservoirs and overpopulated cities are swallowing up millions of hectares of arable land, meadows, forests, and thousands of villages. Let us recall the project of turning northern rivers to the south that almost failed to materialize, the densely populated territory of Ukraine, and the fields and gardens of Moldova poisoned by pesticides. The image of a man-made desert has already moved from the pages of science fiction books to the pages of daily newspapers.

Nature is part of the concept of “Fatherland”, and therefore we are talking not just about protecting nature, but about the destruction of the “ecology of nature and soul”. Hundreds of books have been written about this, appealing to our conscience, reminding us that man is not the master of nature, but a part of it. I’ll name the novel by B. Vasiliev “Don’t Shoot the White Swans”, “The Sad Detective” by V. Astafiev, “The Scaffold” by Ch. Aitmatov. I was especially struck by V. Rasputin’s story “Farewell to Matera.” This is a story about the last weeks of a small island on the Angara, which is destined to disappear forever under the waves of a new artificial sea. The writer, with particular heartache, showed how inextricable the connection between man and nature is, how difficult and sometimes even criminal it is to break this connection.

Even worse things happen. The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant led to a nationwide catastrophe, which had already consumed thousands of human lives, enormous material resources, turned the most fertile, flourishing lands of several regions of Ukraine and Belarus into a deadly zone, sowing in the souls of millions of people a feeling of hopelessness and fear, uncertainty about the future.

It should be remembered that man and nature are concepts inseparable from each other. By killing nature, man dooms himself to death. People must remember that they are responsible to those who lived on this earth, and even more so to those who will live after them.

The influence of nature on the spiritual world of man.

Original text .

A sense of nature is innate to all of us, from the rude savage to the most educated person. Unnatural education, violent concepts, false direction, false life - all this together strives to drown out the powerful voice of nature and often drowns out this feeling or gives it a distorted development.

Of course, there is almost no person who would be completely indifferent to the so-called beauties of nature, that is, to a wonderful location, a picturesque distant view, a magnificent sunrise or sunset, to a bright moonlit night; but this is not yet love for nature; this is a love of landscape, scenery, and prismatic refractions of light; This can be loved by the most callous, dry people, in whom any poetic feeling has never arisen or has completely died out: but their love ends with this. Lead them into the mysterious shade and coolness of a dense forest, onto the plain of the vast steppe, covered with thick, tall grass; place them on a quiet, hot summer night on the bank of a river sparkling in the silence of the night, or on the shore of a sleepy lake overgrown with reeds; surround them with the incense of flowers and herbs, the cool breath of waters and forests, the incessant voices of night birds and insects - for them there is no beauty of nature here, they will not understand anything! Their love for nature is external, visual, they love pictures, and even then not for long; looking at them, they are already thinking about their vulgar affairs and rush home, into the dusty, stuffy atmosphere of the city, onto their balconies and terraces, to breathe in the evening fumes of the pavement, hot from the daytime sun... And God be with them!

A village, a distant village - only in it can one feel the full life of nature, not insulted by people. Village, peaceful silence, tranquility! The simplicity of life, the simplicity of relationships! Here one must escape from idleness, emptiness of interests; This is where you want to escape from fussy external activities, petty, self-interested worries, fruitless, although conscientious, thoughts and worries! On a green, flowering bank, above the dark depths of a river or lake, in the shade of bushes, under the tent of a curly alder tree, quietly fluttering its leaves in the bright mirror of the water - imaginary passions will subside, imaginary storms will subside, selfish dreams will crumble, unrealistic hopes will scatter! Nature will enter into its eternal rights, you will hear its voice, muffled for a while by vanity, bustle, laughter, screaming and all the vulgarity of human speech! Together with the fragrant, free, refreshing air, you will breathe into yourself serenity of thought, meekness of feeling, condescension towards others and even towards yourself. Imperceptibly, little by little, this dissatisfaction with oneself and contemptuous distrust of one’s own strengths, firmness of will and purity of thoughts will dissipate - this epidemic of our century, this black weakness of the soul, alien to the healthy nature of the Russian person, but also looking at us for our sins...

(According to S.T. Aksakov)

Text information

Main problems	Author's position
1. The problem of the connection between man and nature. (What is the connection between man and nature? What destroys this connection?)	1. The connection between man and nature is manifested in the innate sense of nature, which is inherent in everyone, but is drowned out due to man’s adherence to false values.
2. The problem of perception of nature. (What is love of nature?)	2. Love for nature is not limited to admiring its picturesque views. People endowed with a poetic feeling have access to a deeper understanding of nature, associated with a special worldview that excludes the vanity of perception.
3. The problem of the impact of nature on humans. (How does nature affect humans?)	3. Nature allows you to escape from petty and selfish worries, having a beneficial effect on a person’s thoughts and feelings.

Composition.

Feeling of nature.

Understand the living language of nature -

And you will say: the world is beautiful!

I.S. Nikitin

What is the connection between man and nature? What breaks this connection? It is these problems that S.T. raises. Aksakov.

The author is convinced that the connection between man and nature is manifested in the innate sense of nature that is inherent in each of us. Unfortunately, this natural feeling is drowned out due to a person's adherence to false values.

The writer brings us to the idea that love for nature should not be limited to admiring its picturesque views. Nature is the embodiment of beauty and harmony. “One must escape here from idleness, emptiness of interests!” As soon as a deeper understanding of nature becomes available to a person, “this dissatisfaction with oneself and contemptuous distrust of one’s own strength, firmness of will and purity of thoughts will dissipate.”

From the author’s point of view, the connection between man and nature is manifested in the innate sense of nature. It allows you to escape from petty and selfish concerns, having a beneficial effect on a person’s thoughts and feelings. It's hard to disagree with this.

Nature for each of us is a source of joy, goodness and creativity. She gives us unforgettable moments of beauty and happiness. The beauty of nature exists regardless of a person’s desire, but it strongly influences his consciousness, his spiritual world. Next to nature, the human heart seems to come to life, it begins to feel joy and grief, sadness and hatred, love and happiness more keenly...

For a true artist, the beauty of nature has always been an inexhaustible source of inspiration. The beauty of Russian nature is reflected in the paintings of Levitan, and in the poetry of Fet, and in the beautiful music of Tchaikovsky. One of my favorite works is “The Seasons” by Tchaikovsky. The composer loved the dim beauty of the Central Russian region to the point of heartache, and his music itself seemed to be born from sunlight, the shine of dew and the singing of larks.

She has a soul, she has freedom,

It has love, it has language, -

Tyutchev wrote about Russian nature. Indeed, there is a soul in nature. It is no coincidence that nature influences our spiritual world and awakens goodness and humanity in us. In my deep conviction, the beauty of nature helps to understand the beauty of the human soul.

The Russian poet Sergei Yesenin has always been concerned with such a philosophical and worldview problem as man and nature.

The dialogue of his lyrical hero with the world - man, nature, earth - is constant. “Man is a marvelous creation of nature, a unique flower of living life.” In one of the poems by S.A. Yesenin managed to say about all this in his own way.

I think:

How beautiful

And there's a man on it...

The world we live in is beautiful. Every person feels and experiences this beauty of the world within himself. Shocked and inspired by this beauty, he becomes a creator, an artist. This is exactly how everything beautiful that is in art was born - Tchaikovsky’s “Seasons”, and Levitan’s paintings, and inspired lines of Russian poetry, and Russian songs...

I think the beauty of nature reveals the most precious thing in a person - love for people, a willingness to create and take care of this world.

The role of personality in history.

Original text.

0 Hundreds of books have been written about the Battle of Borodino; every minute of this dramatic event has been studied up and down in the smallest detail. But there is one moment, mysterious, almost mystical, which requires deep understanding.

Let's imagine that you are playing

In which there are three parts:

argumentation (evidence, arguments);

conclusion (overall).

Thesis- this is the main idea (of a text or speech), expressed in words, the main statement of the speaker, which he is trying to substantiate. Most often, the thesis unfolds in stages, so it may seem that the author is putting forward several theses. In fact, individual parts (sides) of the main idea are considered.

In order to isolate a thesis from a large statement, you can use the following algorithm:

focusing on the strong positions of the text (subheadings, paragraphs), write out from each part sentences that express the main judgment (part of the thesis), separate them from the evidence;

connect the highlighted parts of the thesis with semantic conjunctions (if, so that, etc.) and formulate it in its entirety.

The thesis is subject to the following rules:

remains the same throughout the entire proof;

its truth must be proven irrefutably;

evidence cannot come from the thesis (otherwise a vicious circle in the proof will form).

In our case, the thesis is the main idea of the author of the text, which you are trying to justify, prove or refute.

Argumentation- this is the presentation of evidence, explanations, examples to substantiate any idea in front of listeners (readers) or interlocutor.
Arguments- this is evidence given in support of the thesis: facts, examples, statements, explanations - in a word, everything that can confirm the thesis.

From the thesis to the arguments, you can ask the question “Why?”, and the arguments answer: “Because...”.

Thesis: Treating music as entertainment is a huge misconception. Why?

Arguments(because):

music awakens emotions; music brings people comfort;

Conclusion: Music is a powerful means of spiritual enrichment

Argument types

Distinguish arguments for"(your thesis) and arguments against"(someone else's thesis). Thus, if you agree with the author’s position, then his thesis and your thesis coincide. Please note that you should try not to repeat the author’s arguments used in the text, but bring your own.

Arguments for" must be:

accessible, simple, understandable;

reflecting objective reality and consistent with common sense.

Arguments against" must convince you that the arguments given in support of the thesis you are criticizing are weak and do not stand up to criticism. In case of disagreement with the author, you will have to build a refuting argument, which requires tact and emphatic correctness from the writer (by the way, the need for ethical correctness in the essay is especially emphasized in the evaluation criteria for part C). Consider the following example:

Nowadays, for some reason, professionalism is identified with high qualifications and high quality of work performed and services provided. And this is not true. All doctors are professionals, but we know very well: there are both good and bad among them. All locksmiths are professionals, but they are also different. In short, professional does not necessarily guarantee high quality, but it necessarily expresses a certain relationship between the manufacturer and the consumer, between the performer and the customer. A professional is an employee who, for a fee that provides him with a livelihood, undertakes to fulfill the order of any client who contacts him. That's why I look with sadness at people who call themselves professional politicians.

“Eh-eh! - I think, - What are you proud of? Because you are ready to fulfill the political order of any client who approaches you for money? But is this dignity? (According to G. Smirnov).

Essay fragment: I do not completely agree with the author’s position: I believe that professionalism is not only belonging to a certain profession, but also professional skill. For example, it would be hard to call a bad doctor a professional. If a doctor cannot make a correct diagnosis and his treatment can harm a person, how can such a “professional” keep the Hippocratic Oath?! Of course, in addition to professionalism, there is honor, conscience, and human dignity, but all these qualities only direct human skills in the proper direction. In my opinion, many of the troubles of our country are related to the lack of professional doctors, teachers and politicians, as well as the inability of the state to value the work of a true professional.

Remember the important rule of argument: arguments must be presented in a system, that is, you need to think about which arguments to start with and which to end with. It is usually recommended to arrange arguments in such a way that their evidential power increases. Remember that the final argument is stored in memory better than the first. Therefore, the final argument must be the strongest.

For example: It seems to me that it is difficult to disagree with the author’s main idea: people (especially scientists) should not lose the “vividness of perception” of their surroundings. Firstly, the world around us is extremely diverse and often refutes seemingly immutable patterns established by man . Secondly, most of the greatest discoveries were made by scientists who were sometimes considered crazy eccentrics. In fact, Copernicus, Einstein, Lobachevsky proved to people that their special vision of the world not only has the right to exist, but also opens up new horizons of science. AND, finally, the immediacy of perception of the world, the ability to be surprised will not allow a person to lose touch with reality, to turn everything around into a dry, lifeless scheme. An attentive, inquisitive person, the author tells us, must see life in all its fullness. It is precisely such a person that chance comes to the aid and the world is ready to reveal all its secrets./

So, your arguments must be convincing, that is, strong, with which everyone agrees. Of course, the persuasiveness of an argument is a relative concept, since it depends on the situation, emotional state, age, gender of the addressee and other factors. At the same time, a number of typical arguments can be identified that are considered strong in most cases.

TO strong arguments usually include:

provisions of laws and official documents;

laws of nature, conclusions confirmed experimentally;

eyewitness testimony;

statistical data.

The above list is more suitable for preparing a public speech. When writing argumentative essays, the following arguments are most often used:

proverbs and sayings reflecting folk wisdom and experience of the people;

facts, events;

examples from personal life and the lives of others;

examples from fiction.

By the way, it is no coincidence that you are asked to choose exactly three arguments, since this is the optimal number of arguments to substantiate your thought. As noted by I.A. Sternin, “one argument is simply a fact, two arguments can be objected to, but it is more difficult to object to three arguments; the third argument is the third blow, and starting from the fourth, the audience no longer perceives the arguments as some system (first, second and, finally, third), but as “many” arguments. At the same time, there is a feeling that the speaker is trying to put pressure on the audience, persuading them” 2.

Natural evidence

As already mentioned, natural evidence is the testimony of witnesses, documents, examination data, etc. A striking example of such argumentation is argument "to the obvious." The use of this argument presupposes a situation in which there is an eyewitness (eyewitnesses) of some event or fact. For example:

– Have you done major renovations to this house? - No. I have lived in it since it was built and I know that it has not been renovated.

– Did everyone like the new film? - No, not everyone. I haven't seen it myself yet, but I've heard from many who have seen it that they didn't like it.

In its usual form, this argument can hardly be used in an essay, but as an “eyewitness” you can attract the person being convinced (i.e., an expert who will check the essay), addressing his memory. In this case, we appeal to experience that is the same for the majority and therefore obvious: everyone has experienced pain, everyone is familiar with the feeling of resentment, most are familiar with the state of inspiration, etc.

For example: Thesis: Communication with books is important in childhood, during the period of personality formation.

Argument: In childhood, the content of a book is perceived especially vividly and often evokes strong emotions. I think this will be confirmed by everyone who traveled through Wonderland with Alice, or helped Robinson explore a desert island, or fought against dark forces with Harry Potter.

Logical proofs They are also called arguments "to logos" or food for thought. Ancient Greek word logos means “concept; thought, mind." Thus, arguments to logos are arguments that appeal to human reason, to reason.

One version of this type of argument is reasoning with definition 3. Such an argument is based on defining or clarifying a concept when it is necessary to establish the essential (most important) characteristics of an object or phenomenon.

Typically, reasoning begins with a question about the content of the concept being specified. Then an incorrect definition is given, reflecting initial, inaccurate ideas about the subject. Then this definition(s) is replaced by the correct one, which completes the argument. You should limit yourself only to those definitions that have at least some features that coincide with the correct one. Each difference between a correct definition and an incorrect one should be analyzed.

For example: Who is a writer? Is this a person who can write? No. Every literate person can write. Maybe this is the person who writes correctly? No. All educated people can write correctly. So, a writer is someone who writes interestingly and captivatingly? No. The author of an interesting text can be a journalist, scientist, or politician. A writer is a person who creates works of art and, with the help of the art of words, reflects the diversity of human existence.

Another example of reasoning with a definition: It is often believed that a cultured person is one who has read a lot, received a good education, and knows several languages. Meanwhile, you can have all this and not be cultured. That peasant family in the North, which I remember for the rest of my life, had genuine culture, because, first of all, it had the ability to understand others and was tolerant of the world and people (D.S. Likhachev).

Note! Such reasoning can be an effective introduction to your essay. In this case, you clarify the key concept of the text, one way or another connected with the problem raised by the author.

Deductive reasoning involves a progression of thought from the general to the particular, from general judgments to particular ones (first the thesis is given, and then it is explained with arguments).

For example: We need to teach Russian better. Firstly, our schoolchildren's literacy is declining. Secondly, we pay little attention to improving adult literacy. Thirdly, our journalists and TV presenters do not speak Russian well.

Inductive Reasoning – this is a logical inference from particular, individual facts to a general conclusion, conclusion, from individual facts to a generalization. Let's consider the state of the Russian language. Our schoolchildren's literacy rate is declining; little attention is paid to improving adult literacy; Our journalists and TV presenters do not speak Russian well. Thus, we need to teach Russian better.

The simplest form of reasoning (both deductive and inductive) is a complex sentence, which consists of two propositions connected by a cause-and-effect relationship (Reading books is useful because reading broadens our horizons - Since reading broadens our horizons, reading books is useful) .

A more complex form of reasoning is syllogism – deductive inference, in which two judgments (premises) lead to a third judgment (conclusion). A textbook example of a syllogism: All people are mortal. Alexander is a man. Therefore, Alexander is mortal. Typically, syllogisms are based on generally known truths and elementary logic, which is accessible to everyone.

For example: Every patriot feels a feeling of love for his country. Any country is a set of large and small cities, villages, villages, hamlets inhabited by people. This means that love for one’s home, for the street where our neighbors and friends live, for one’s hometown - this is the feeling with which patriotism begins - love for one’s Fatherland.

Ethical arguments

Ethical arguments appeal to the commonality of moral, moral and ethical principles of the persuader and the persuaded. These arguments are intended to force the addressee to “try the situation on himself,” identify himself with another person, accept his value system, sympathize, empathize with him or reject the position of the other, condemn his actions and behavior. By rejecting our identity with a certain person, we also reject the system of values by which this person is guided. Usually the objects of empathy are people, and the objects of rejection and condemnation are abstract concepts (cruelty, selfishness, hypocrisy, etc.).

Note the 4 typical situations in which ethical arguments are used:

Empathy
Text type	Persuasive	Convinced	An object empathy	Source of Empathy
Journalistic	Publicist	Authorities, public opinion	Any social, national, age group (for example, children)	Universal values (compassion, mercy, justice)
Art	Writer, poet	Readers	Characters of the work, media high ethical and aesthetic values	These themselves values (patriotism, nobility, honor, duty)

Rejection
Text type	Persuasive	Convinced	Object of Rejection	Source of Rejection
Journalistic	Publicist	Authorities, public opinion	Any social vices (racism, corruption, bureaucracy)	Individual people, politicians, officials and their specific actions
Art	Writer, poet	Readers	Ugly, unethical phenomena (meanness, betrayal, cruelty)	Characters and their specific actions

Here are some examples: Thesis: Fascism must be eradicated.

I think that any sane person will agree with the author: people must understand the danger of spreading the ideas of fascism. Firstly, fascist ideology zombifies a person, kills the individual in him, because, according to the ideologists of the Third Reich, the state is more important than the individual.

Secondly, fascism tramples the eternal moral norms, to the realization of which humanity has been moving for centuries,

openly promotes racism, accustoms people to the idea that there are entire peoples who, for the sake of “racial hygiene,” must be enslaved or destroyed.

And finally, we need to remember the troubles that the brown plague once brought to the world: the Second World War, destroyed cities, devastated villages, tens of millions of dead, tortured, burned alive in ovens, strangled in gas chambers, hundreds of millions of mangled, mutilated fate... - this is the price to pay for the triumph of fascist ideas. This must not happen again.

Links to authority It is often beneficial for the persuader to turn to a “third party” - to refer to the opinion of an authoritative public figure, scientist, specialist in any field, to mention a proverb, a saying, appealing to folk wisdom. The strength of such arguments is that by using them we appeal to the collective stock of knowledge, which is always greater than that of individuals.

A “third party” may be a specific or general person, or a group of persons. The name of a person is usually accompanied by additional characteristics: a famous Russian writer, an outstanding scientist, philosopher, etc. For example: Prominent civil rights activist Martin Luther King taught that...; The brilliant Russian scientist D.I. Mendeleev once said that...; Even Peter I said that...; Any historian will tell you that...; Most doctors believe that...; As determined by Japanese scientists...

Attention! Typical mistake! Since you will not have the exact text of the quote, it is better to use indirect speech: in such constructions it is enough to convey the general meaning of the statement. This way you won't embarrass an expert who can't verify the accuracy of the quoted phrase, and you can avoid being accused of distorting the quote.

It should be noted that the “third party” can be not only our ally, but also our adversary. In this case, we refer to a common misconception, a point of view that does not coincide with ours, and refute this position.

For example: Nowadays, you can often meet people who argue that a person should think only about his own well-being. However, this point of view is not new: one can recall the philosophy of “useful egoism” of Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin, the hero of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". It seems to me that the history of our country convincingly proves the flawed nature of such a position in life: today many care only about personal prosperity, and as a result we live in a state where selfish tyranny reigns, corruption and bureaucracy flourish.

In conclusion, I would like to remind you that all parts of your essay are interconnected. Thus, if you incorrectly identify the problem of the text, you jeopardize the entire work. Re-read the text, check how the logic of your essay correlates with the author’s reasoning. And, of course, try to correct the mistakes you made.

Now there are many different books, trainings, information about success. Films are made about him, even songs are sung. Many people make it their goal to achieve it and often work toward it throughout their lives.

However, behind all this race, people do not see the most important thing. To achieve success you need to have just one skill - the skill of persuasion. By learning to change other people's points of view, which are different from yours, to your own, you can easily achieve your personal goals. So, let's focus on the main thing and consider one of the most effective methods of persuasion, which is called TAP argumentation.

TAP argumentation: the essence

The structure of persuasion consists of three key points, using which correctly, you are more likely and faster to change the position of other people. They are encrypted in the name of the equipment, in the abbreviation TAP.

"T" stands for "thesis"

With a thesis, you express your position of which you want to convince others. It is advisable to formulate it briefly, clearly, in one sentence. For example, you say: fast food is unhealthy.

But it is not enough to simply state a thesis. It is necessary to explain why you think so, since adults usually take little on faith, only some already known axioms that are very difficult to argue with. And then you need to use the next moment of conviction...

"A" stands for "argumentation"

This is the moment of clarification, proof, explanation of why you think this way and not otherwise. To make your thesis stronger, it is advisable to use several arguments. Three is considered optimal. If we take our example, the arguments could be as follows: fast food is harmful to health because... (1) low-quality products are used for cooking, (2) you have to eat it dry, (3) harmful flavor enhancers are added to the dishes.

This stage of TAP argumentation is the most difficult. It requires the skill of evidence, the ability to argue your position. And in order for opponents to fully believe and accept what you say, it is necessary to support the thesis and argumentation...

"P" stands for "reinforcement"

Any argument will become more powerful if you tailor a demonstration to it. As reinforcement, you can use statistics, personal experience, reviews, refer to authoritative sources, documents, and so on. For example, (1) after I ate fast food, my stomach hurt; (2) doctors say that if you eat a lot of fried foods, you will get gastritis; (3) in the documentary “Double Portion” they showed what they cook from in fast food restaurants.

The main condition at this stage is that the information used as reinforcement is truthful and does not contradict the argument.

Some masters believe that all three positions of the TAP method should strictly follow each other (first the first, then the second, and only after that the third). Someone - that this sequence is not important. There is even a technique in which a speech is structured like this: thesis, argument No. 1 and reinforcement No. 1, argument No. 2 and reinforcement No. 2, argument No. 3 and reinforcement No. 3, summary with a reference to the thesis at the beginning. Some people say that you need to lay out your arguments first, and then formulate a thesis...

And the most interesting thing is that all these methods of using TAP argumentation work! Just consider your own experience and the context of the particular situation when choosing the sequence of use of “thesis”, “argument” and “support”. That is, decide for yourself how to structure your speech so that it becomes more convincing.

How to argue?

Argumentation is considered the most difficult component in the TAP technique, so let's look at it in more detail. Let's start with the theory. What is she like? Let's stick to the generally accepted idea.

Argumentation- this is speech activity carried out with the aim of changing the position of a person or subject using reasoning. Pay attention to the determining factors. Firstly, this is a certain process, activity. Secondly, by arguing, we change the position of the other. Thirdly, (which is very important!) we do this using reasoning, and not in some other way, that is, not by brute force, for example. This is what the argument comes from.

Why is it needed? When, due to some of your own considerations, you need to change the opinion of another person, which is different from yours, then argumentation is used. It is used in relation to a social context. For example, if you are a boss, you will not convince your subordinate of something, but simply present him with a fact.

Sometimes there are situations when a person simply does not have enough information to change his position. And when you open it, his opinion changes by itself, although you do not use argumentation. You simply give information, and the person reasons for himself.

Argumentation is usually used when it is impossible to order and not enough to tell, but it is necessary to somehow influence another person in order to persuade him to change his opinion. Agree, when you can get by with simple information, you won’t try to prove it.

Note also that argumentation can be either theoretical (based on logical reasoning) or empirical (based on practice or experience).

How can you build your proof? The rules of argumentation are quite simple.

To convince someone you need to prepare. If you approach the issue seriously, then first of all you need to write down all your arguments, and then distribute them into four groups.

Classify part of your evidence as a security category (for example, this includes the concept of a guarantee). The second group is respect (how a person will feel if they lean towards your point of view or buy your product/service). The third argument is independence (this is freedom and the future, here the emphasis is on something long-lasting, what positive consequences will be). The fourth group is perfection (how a person can realize himself, his potential by changing his position to yours). At first glance, these are quite abstract and sometimes even strained concepts, but they are actively and quite successfully used in sales - when you need to convince a potential client to buy your product or service.

Once you have laid out all your arguments in a four-dimensional model, check whether they sufficiently answer the following questions:

What human problems does your statement, your thesis solve?
Will accepting your position cost the other person anything, and what value will it provide them?
How comfortable is it to accept your position?
Have you given enough information to convince?

If you have answers to all these questions, arguments are supported and relate to safety, respect, independence and excellence, then convincing another person will not be difficult. And TAP-argumentation, in turn, will help you sort everything out and master persuasion skills.

TAP argumentation is just one of the communication techniques that are studied in detail in the course. If you are interested in developing your communication, persuasion and effective interaction skills with other people, join the course!

A.G. NARUSHEVICH,
Taganrog

Formulate, comment, argue

(The main stages of working on an essay for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language)

LECTURE FOR STUDENTS

Let's carefully read the task, which sets out the requirements for an essay on the Unified State Exam in the Russian Language.

Write an essay based on the text you read. Formulate and comment on one of the problems posed by the author of the text (avoid excessive quoting). State the author's position. Explain why you agree or disagree with the author of the text you read. Justify your answer based on your life or reading experience (give at least three arguments).

So, you are required to:

1) identify and formulate the problem of the text;
2) comment on the formulated problem;
3) formulate the author’s position on the highlighted problem;
4) formulate and argue your position on the identified problem.

Let's take a closer look at each of these points.

What is the problem?

Problem – this is a complex theoretical or practical issue that requires solution and research.

When defining a problem, you must think about how the content of the text concerns you, other people, and all of humanity. Remember that the specific situation described in the text, the facts of someone’s biography, etc. – this is an illustration, a special case, an example of the manifestation of some abstract idea considered by the author. Therefore, formulate the problem so that it covers not only the case discussed in the text, but also many similar situations.

For example, the author of the text talks about the life of the scientist Alexei Fedorovich Losev, who went through a harsh school of life: he was arrested, survived in inhumane conditions of the camp, worked on the construction of the White Sea-Baltic Canal, practically lost his sight - but did not lose his optimism and will to live, he continued scientific work and achieved worldwide recognition.

After reading such a text, it is worth thinking about the fact that many people had to overcome difficulties. Suffice it to recall the biography of A.I. Solzhenitsyn, who told the world the truth about Stalin’s camps. This means that the problem of the text should be formulated as follows: what can help not only survive in inhuman conditions, but also not lose human dignity? The author examines this problem using the example of the difficult fate of the remarkable Russian scientist A.F. Loseva.

Because the word problem is regularly used in essays, you should pay attention to the peculiarities of using this noun in context.

Complex, difficult, important, serious, deep, basic, main, relevant, topical, acute, urgent, philosophical, political, ideological, social, national, international... problem.

The problem of what: war, peace, economics, politics, ideology, upbringing, education.

Statement, study, research, consideration, discussion, meaning, importance, complexity...something. Problems. Point of view on smb. problem.

Put forward, put forward, consider, present, discuss, resolve something. problem.

Touch something Problems.
Pay attention to smb. problem.
Over some problem think, work.
What kind of problem arises, stands up, is of interest, deserves attention, awaits a solution 1.

As a rule, a text problem can be formulated in two main ways:

1) problem what; This method is suitable for cases when the problem can be formulated in one word or phrase: The author touches on the problem of “fathers” and “children”; The text raises the issue of loneliness; Y. Lotman's text made me think about the complex problem of perceiving a literary text;

2) wording in the form of a question(let me remind you that a problem is a question that requires a solution) provides more opportunities for cases when it is impossible to briefly formulate the problem of the text: Is it possible to have an organic combination of “poetry” and “prose”, spiritual and material principles in a person’s life? Yuri Nagibin's text is devoted to this complex problem.

What does it mean to “comment” on an issue?

Verb comment means “to explain, explain.” Therefore, your thoughts on the stated problem of the text are required here.

Think about how relevant what the author is writing is; who and in what situations have to face such a problem; If possible, touch the "history of the issue", i.e. Briefly tell us how this problem was considered, how other authors tried to solve it, and whether there is another point of view on this issue that does not coincide with the author’s.

It should be noted that at least two ways of presenting the material are also possible here:

1) From particular facts (commentary) to the formulation of the problem. For example: The development of human civilization has long crossed the line beyond which the harmonious coexistence of nature and man remains. Today, when water and air are polluted, rivers dry up, forests disappear, animals die, people look to the future with alarm and are increasingly thinking about the tragic consequences of their activities.

V. Peskov’s text is dedicated to the problem of ecology and calls on each of us to realize our responsibility for unreasonable human intervention in the life of nature.

2) From the formulation of the problem to the commentary. For example: Why is it that in our country, which has rich natural resources and enormous intellectual potential, the majority of the population lives in poverty? V. Timofeev is thinking about this complex problem. It must be said that the problem raised by the author has a centuries-old history. Just remember the story from The Tale of Bygone Years about how the ancient Russians invited the Varangian princes to an abundant and rich land in which there was no order. For many years now, more than one generation of our compatriots has been asking the question: “Why is our life so far from perfect?”

How to identify the author's position?

If the problem of the text is a question, then the author’s position is the answer to the question posed in the text. Thus, by formulating a problem in the form of a question, you should already know exactly how the author answers it. For example: Talking about the fate of A.F. Losev, the author convinces us that only fortitude and faith in goodness can help a person overcome all life’s adversities and make his cherished dreams come true.

If the position of the author of a journalistic text is usually expressed clearly and clearly, then identifying the author’s position in a literary text may require a lot of effort on your part. Try to answer the following questions: what did the author want to tell his readers when creating the text? How does the author assess the specific situation being described and the actions of the characters? Pay attention to words and artistic techniques that express the author’s attitude (disapproval, irony, condemnation - sympathy, admiration), give a negative or positive assessment of the facts described.

For example, in an excerpt from the poem by N.V. Gogol’s “Dead Souls” describes the official’s behavior: Suppose, for example, there is an office, not here, but in a distant country, and in the office, let us suppose, there is a ruler of the office. I ask you to look at him when he sits among his subordinates - but you simply cannot utter a word out of fear! pride and nobility, and what does his face not express? just take a brush and paint: Prometheus, determined Prometheus! Looks out like an eagle, acts smoothly, measuredly. The same eagle, as soon as he left the room and approaches the office of his boss, is in such a hurry as a partridge with papers under his arm that there is no urine. In society and at a party, even if everyone is of low rank, Prometheus will remain Prometheus, and a little higher than him, Prometheus will undergo such a transformation that Ovid would not have imagined: a fly, smaller than even a fly, was destroyed into a grain of sand. “Yes, this is not Ivan Petrovich,” you say, looking at him. – Ivan Petrovich is taller, but this one is short and thin; he speaks loudly, has a deep bass voice and never laughs, but this devil knows what: he squeaks like a bird and keeps laughing.” You come closer and look - it’s like Ivan Petrovich! “Ehe-he!” - you think to yourself...(N.V. Gogol)

Author's irony, descending gradation (Prometheus, eagle, partridge, fly, grain of sand) show that the author ridicules, on the one hand, arrogance towards subordinates, and on the other, servility, respect for rank, and the desire to fawn over superiors. Both humiliate a person and are incompatible with self-esteem.

Be careful! Remember that you are not required to formulate the author’s position “in general,” but to show his opinion on the issue you have highlighted and commented on.

How to argue your position?

In this part of the work, you must strictly follow the rules for constructing an argumentative text. The purpose of this type of speech is to convince the addressee of something, to strengthen or change his opinion. For this, a logically coherent system of evidence is used.

A typical (complete) argument is built according to a scheme in which three parts are distinguished:

1) thesis (a position that needs to be proven);
2) argumentation (evidence, arguments);
3) conclusion (overall).

In order to isolate a thesis from a large statement, you can use the following algorithm:

1) read the text and divide it into structural parts;
2) focusing on the strong positions of the text (subheadings, paragraphs), write out from each part sentences that express the main judgment (part of the thesis), separate them from the evidence;
3) connect with semantic conjunctions ( if, to etc.) highlighted parts of the thesis and formulate it in its entirety.

The thesis is subject to the following rules:

1) formulated clearly and unambiguously;
2) remains the same throughout the entire proof;
3) its truth must be irrefutably proven;
4) evidence cannot proceed from the thesis (otherwise a vicious circle in the evidence will form).

In our case, the thesis is the main idea of the author of the text, which you are trying to justify, prove or refute.

Argumentation- this is the presentation of evidence, explanations, examples to substantiate any idea in front of listeners (readers) or interlocutor.

Arguments- this is evidence given in support of the thesis: facts, examples, statements, explanations - in a word, everything that can confirm the thesis.

From thesis to arguments you can pose a question Why? , and the arguments answer: “Because...”.

Thesis. Reading fiction is necessary.

Arguments:

1) reading broadens our horizons, deepens our knowledge about the world and man;
2) reading works of fiction awakens emotions;
3) reading brings people comfort;
4) fiction gives rise to good feelings in a person;
5) fiction educates people, makes people better;

Conclusion. Fiction is a powerful means of spiritual and intellectual enrichment of a person.

Distinguish arguments for"(your thesis) and arguments against"(someone else's thesis). Thus, if you agree with the author’s position, then his theses and yours coincide. Please note that you should try not to repeat the author’s arguments used in the text, but bring your own.

Attention! Typical mistake! If you support the author's position, you should not specifically analyze his arguments. To support his position, the author uses arguments such as... Don't waste precious exam time on work that is not covered by the assignment!

Arguments for" must be:

accessible, simple, understandable;

reflecting objective reality and consistent with common sense.

That's why I look with sadness at people who call themselves professional politicians.

“Eh-eh! - I think. -What are you proud of? Because you are ready to fulfill the political order of any client who approaches you for money? But is this dignity? (According to G. Smirnov).

Essay fragment. I do not completely agree with the author’s position: I believe that professionalism is not only belonging to a certain profession, but also professional skill. For example, it would be hard to call a bad doctor a professional. If a doctor cannot make a correct diagnosis and his treatment can harm a person, how can such a “professional” keep the Hippocratic Oath?! Of course, in addition to professionalism, there is honor, conscience, and human dignity, but all these qualities only direct human skills in the proper direction. In my opinion, many of the troubles of our country are related to the lack of professional doctors, teachers and politicians, as well as the inability of the state to value the work of a true professional.

Remember the important rule of argument:arguments must be given in the system, that is, you need to think about what arguments to start with and what to end with. It is usually recommended to arrange arguments in such a way that their evidential power increases. Remember that the final argument is stored in memory better than the first. Therefore, the final argument must be the strongest.

For example: It seems to me that it is difficult to disagree with the author’s main idea: people (especially scientists) should not lose the “vividness of perception” of their surroundings. Firstly, the world around us is extremely diverse and often refutes seemingly immutable patterns established by man. Secondly, most of the greatest discoveries were made by scientists who were sometimes considered crazy cranks. In fact, Copernicus, Einstein, Lobachevsky proved to people that their special vision of the world not only has the right to exist, but also opens up new horizons of science. AND, finally, the spontaneity of perception of the world, the ability to be surprised will not allow a person to lose touch with reality, to turn everything around into a dry, lifeless scheme. An attentive, inquisitive person, the author tells us, must see life in all its fullness. It is precisely such a person that chance comes to the aid and the world is ready to reveal all its secrets.

TO strong arguments usually include:

scientific axioms;

provisions of laws and official documents;

laws of nature, conclusions confirmed experimentally;

eyewitness testimony;

statistical data.

The above list is more suitable for preparing a public speech. When writing argumentative essays, the following arguments are most often used:

proverbs and sayings reflecting folk wisdom and experience of the people;

facts, events;

examples from personal life and the lives of others;

examples from fiction.

What arguments can be used in an essay?

Natural evidence– these are witness statements, documents, examination data, etc. A striking example of such argumentation is argument "to the obvious." The use of this argument presupposes a situation in which there is an eyewitness (eyewitnesses) of some event or fact. For example:

– Have you done major renovations to this house? – No. I've lived in it since it was built and I know it hasn't been renovated..
– Did everyone like the new film? - No, not everyone. I haven't seen it myself yet, but I've heard from many who have seen it that they didn't like it.

For example:

Thesis. Communication with books is important in childhood, during the period of personality formation.

Argument.In childhood, the content of a book is perceived especially vividly and often evokes strong emotions. I think this will be confirmed by everyone who traveled through Wonderland with Alice, or helped Robinson explore a desert island, or fought dark forces with Harry Potter.

Logical proofs they are also called arguments to logos, or food for thought. Ancient Greek word logos means “concept; thought, mind." Thus, arguments to logos are arguments that appeal to human reason, to reason.

Note! Such reasoning can be an effective introduction to your essay. In this case, you clarify the key concept of the text, one way or another connected with the problem raised by the author.

For example: The ability to speak beautifully and correctly is necessary for every person. Firstly, good speech attracts the attention of others. Secondly, correct, expressive speech indicates a person’s high intellectual development. Thirdly, good speech allows you to better express thoughts, facilitates communication between people, etc.

Inductive Reasoning – this is a logical inference from particular, individual facts to a general conclusion, conclusion, from individual facts to a generalization.

What is the importance of good speech in a person’s life? Firstly, good speech attracts the attention of others. Secondly, correct, expressive speech indicates a person’s high intellectual development. Thirdly, good speech allows you to better express thoughts and facilitates communication between people. Thus, the ability to speak beautifully and correctly is necessary for every person.

The simplest form of reasoning (both deductive and inductive) is a complex sentence, which consists of two propositions connected by a cause-and-effect relationship (Reading books is useful because reading broadens our horizons. – Since reading broadens our horizons, reading books is useful).

A more complex form of reasoning is syllogism– deductive inference, in which a third judgment (conclusion) follows from two judgments (premises). A textbook example of a syllogism: All people are mortal. Alexander is a man. Therefore, Alexander is mortal. Typically, syllogisms are based on generally known truths and elementary logic, which is accessible to everyone.

For example: Every patriot feels a sense of love for his country. Any country is a set of large and small cities, villages, villages, hamlets inhabited by people. This means that love for one’s home, for the street where our neighbors and friends live, for one’s hometown - this is the feeling with which patriotism begins - love for one’s Fatherland.

Ethical arguments appeal to the commonality of moral, moral and ethical principles of the persuader and the persuaded. These arguments are intended to force the addressee to “try the situation on himself,” identify himself with another person, accept his value system, sympathize, empathize with him or reject the position of the other, condemn his actions and behavior. By rejecting our identity with a certain person, we also reject the system of values by which this person is guided. Usually the objects of empathy are people, and the objects of rejection and condemnation are abstract concepts (cruelty, selfishness, hypocrisy, etc.).

Note the 4 typical situations in which ethical arguments are used:

Let's give an example.

Thesis. Fascism must be eradicated.

Secondly, fascism tramples the eternal moral norms, to the realization of which humanity has been moving for centuries, openly promotes Nazism, accustoms people to the idea that there are entire peoples who, for the sake of “racial hygiene,” must be enslaved or destroyed.

And finally, we need to remember the troubles that the brown plague already brought to the world once: World War II, destroyed cities, devastated villages, tens of millions of dead, tortured, burned alive in ovens, strangled in gas chambers, hundreds of millions of mangled, mutilated fate... - this is the price to pay for the triumph of fascist ideas. This must not happen again.

Links to authority. It is often beneficial for the persuader to turn to a “third party” - to refer to the opinion of an authoritative public figure, scientist, specialist in any field, to mention a proverb, a saying, appealing to folk wisdom. The strength of such arguments is that by using them we appeal to the collective stock of knowledge, which is always greater than that of individuals.

A “third party” may be a specific or general person, or a group of persons. The name of a person is usually accompanied by additional characteristics: famous Russian writer, outstanding scientist, philosopher and so on. For example: Prominent civil rights activist Martin Luther King taught that...; The brilliant Russian scientist D.I. Mendeleev once said that...; Even Peter I said that...; Any historian will tell you that...; Most doctors believe that...; As determined by Japanese scientists...

For example: Nowadays, you can often meet people who argue that a person should think only about his own well-being. However, this point of view is not new: one can recall the philosophy of “useful egoism” of Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin, the hero of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". It seems to me that the history of our country convincingly proves the flawed nature of such a life position: today many care only about personal prosperity, and as a result we live in a state where selfish tyranny reigns, corruption and bureaucracy flourish.

1 See Dictionary of combinability of words in the Russian language. M., 1983. P. 441.

2 Sternin I.A.. Practical rhetoric. M.: Academy, 2003. pp. 152–153.

3 Definition – a brief definition of a concept that reflects the essential features of an object or phenomenon; interpretation of the word.

4 See: Khazagerov T.G., Shirina L.S.. General rhetoric. Course of lectures and dictionary of rhetorical figures. R/D: RSU Publishing House, 1994. pp. 45–46.

What is the problem?

A problem is a complex theoretical or practical issue that requires solution and research. A problem has its own object, for example, problems of war, peace, economics, politics, ideology, upbringing, education...

There are two main ways to formulate a text problem:

1) evaluate the object of the problem (answer the questions “Whose problem is this?”, “What kind of problem is this?”);

2) define the problem in the form of a question (the problem is the question that needs to be solved). This is the easier way.

An incorrectly formulated problem (these are lost points for criterion 1) will lead to factual errors in the comment (criterion 2).

2. What does it mean to “comment” on an issue?

You need to think about how relevant what the author writes about is; who and in what situations have to face such a problem. If this is possible, then we can touch on the “history of the issue”, i.e. Briefly talk about how other authors considered this problem, tried to solve it, and whether there is another point of view on this issue that does not coincide with the author’s. It is necessary to express your own thoughts on this issue, taking into account the author’s aspects, since the commentary should explain the author’s view on the question posed.

Before answering the question of how to comment, you need to think about:

2. How topical it is;

3. What makes it topical;

4. Is this problem traditional or new;

5. If traditional, then what points of view are there about it;

6. If it is new, then what caused its appearance, is it viable, explain what allows us to draw such conclusions;

What should not be in the comments.

Retelling the source text or any part thereof;

Reasoning about all the problems of the text;

Comments on the actions of the characters in the text;

General considerations about the text: you need to comment on one of the problems.

It should be noted that in this part of the essay there are also at least two possible ways of presenting the material:

· from particular facts to problem formulation;

· from the formulation of the problem to the comment;

If the problem of the text is formulated in the form of a question, then the author’s position is the answer to the question posed in the text.

Let's turn to the dictionary (and this is another compelling argument).

· Argument is an argument, a reason (or a combination of them) given to prove the idea expressed.

· Argument - i.e. provide evidence and arguments.

· Background material - material that the examinee used to prove his own opinion (historical, literary, scientific and other facts, events, quotes, examples from his own life:).

How to argue your position?

In this part of the work, you must strictly follow the rules for constructing an argumentative text.

The purpose of argumentation is to convince of something, to strengthen or change an opinion. For this, a logically coherent system of evidence is used.

A typical (complete) argument is built according to a scheme in which three parts are distinguished:

· thesis (a position that needs to be proven);

· argumentation (evidence, arguments);

· conclusion (overall).

From the thesis to the arguments, you can ask the question “Why?”, and the arguments answer: “Because...”. There are certain types of arguments:

· logical (findings of science, statistics, laws of nature, provisions of legal laws, official documents, eyewitness accounts)

· illustrative (literary example)

Remember the important rule of argumentation: arguments must be presented in a system - in increasing order of strength. Therefore, the final argument must be the strongest.

Own opinion.

The student’s own opinion must be reasoned and evidence-based. The graduate has the right to agree or disagree with the author’s opinion, but in any case, his reasoning must be supported by arguments.

The highest score is given if the examinee expressed his opinion about the problem posed by the author of the text (agreeing or disagreeing with the author’s opinion), and argued it, citing at least two arguments from his life and reading experience. It should be remembered that the formal position of the examinee (I agree/disagree with the author’s opinion) is not taken into account as worthy of a positive mark of at least one point.

CONCLUSION: So, what does it mean to write an essay in accordance with the requirements of the Unified State Exam?

These are skills - the ability to understand another and the ability to talk about yourself, about your vision of the world, this is the ability to enter into a dialogue with the author of the text.

Options for starting an essay.

I would like to introduce you to options for beginning essays, so that it will be easier for you to cope with the essay - reasoning. I have compiled a cliche for each aspect, let’s pay attention (slides 7.8.9.10.11)

Does the ability to justify mean thinking or just relying on facts? How to prove that you are right? Lowest in rank. What does it mean to “comment” on an issue?

TAP argumentation: the essence

"T" stands for "thesis"

"A" stands for "argumentation"

"P" stands for "reinforcement"

How to argue?

A.G. NARUSHEVICH, Taganrog

Formulate, comment, argue

(The main stages of working on an essay for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language)

LECTURE FOR STUDENTS

What is the problem?

What does it mean to “comment” on an issue?

How to identify the author's position?

How to argue your position?

What arguments can be used in an essay?

A.G. NARUSHEVICH,
Taganrog