Give the position of the text that reflects the relationship between the status of an individual, on the one hand, and the range and scope of rights and responsibilities that he or she has, on the other. Based on social science knowledge, give two arguments to substantiate this position.
Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.
Any person occupying a high social position in society, strives to correspond to his status and behave properly. From a person with the status of a banker, others expect very specific actions and do not expect others that do not correspond to their ideas about this status. Therefore, status and social role bind people's expectations. If expectations are formally expressed and recorded in any acts (laws) or in customs, traditions, rituals, they have the character of social norms.
Although expectations may not be fixed, this does not make them cease to be expectations. Despite this, people expect a holder of a specific status to play a very specific role in accordance with the requirements that they place on this role. Society prescribes the requirements and norms of behavior for the status. For the correct performance of the role the individual is rewarded, for the wrong one he is punished.
A model of behavior focused on a certain status includes a set of status rights and responsibilities. Rights mean the ability to do certain actions conditioned by status. The higher the status, the greater the rights its owner is endowed with and the greater the range of responsibilities assigned to him.
A model of behavior focused on a certain status also has external insignia. Clothing is a social symbol that serves three primary functions: comfort, decorum, and conspicuous expression.
The function of status symbols is also performed by housing, language, behavior, and leisure.
(R.T. Mukhaev)
Explanation.
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) the position of the text: the higher the status, the greater the rights its owner is endowed with and the greater the range of responsibilities assigned to him; (The position of the text can be given in another form, similar in meaning.)
2) arguments, for example:
- a person occupying a high position social status, has the right to make decisions concerning other people (hire and fire, propose a bill for consideration or veto an existing project, etc.);
− people of high social status are usually assigned a wide range of responsibilities, taking into account their rights and capabilities (in the case of emergency it is the head of the enterprise who must make decisions and organize work to eliminate negative consequences; The captain of the ship, in the event of a threat of destruction of the ship, must leave it last).
Other arguments may be given
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The author, with his statement, touches on the problem of the relationship between social status and role freedom. The author wanted to tell us with his statement that social status and role freedom are closely interrelated. The author notes that the higher a person’s status, the greater his role freedom.
Before understanding my opinion on this issue, I would like to understand the terms. Thus, social status refers to a person’s place in the system public relations. An abundant role is an expected behavior of a person, associated with his social status. Hence, social role assigned to a certain social status. And if social status changes, then the social role also changes.
I agree with this statement.
As an example, we can cite the provisions of the current Constitution of the Russian Federation. So, if you turn to the highest citizen of the Russian Federation, then. If you go to the president of the country, we will see that he has a lot of powers, and very serious ones. His role freedom covers the appointment of the Chairman of the Government, representation State Duma candidate for the position of Chairman of the Central Bank, presentation to the Federation Council of candidates for the positions of judges of the constitutional and supreme courts, as well as the Attorney General.
Let's turn to history. Status and role freedom were still closely linked in Ancient Rus'. So the landowner had more developed role freedom than the peasants, which they practically did not have. So the landowner could sell the peasant, exchange him, or even kill him.
Thus, the problem is very relevant. After all, there is no such society in which there would be no power. Well, the presence of power will always give rise to differentiation of society and different social role freedom.
Ecology of consciousness: Psychology. People - social creatures, and prefer to live in groups. In each group, a hierarchy is created - a system of distribution of rights and responsibilities, a system of statuses, the importance of each group member. The desire for high status is one of the primary and most important motivations for human behavior.
"...Maxim and Andrey study in the same group at the university.
Andrey’s opinion seems to be of no interest to anyone at all: if he expresses some idea, he may simply not be heard. These two young men live radically different social lives. Even if we see them for the first time, it will only take us a couple of minutes of observation to unmistakably understand that Maxim has - high social status, and Andrey has a low one"
But what determines status, and what does it do to people? Is it possible to change it and how to do it?
Humans are social creatures and prefer to live in groups. In each group, a hierarchy is created - a system of distribution of rights and responsibilities, a system of statuses, the importance of each group member. The desire for high status is one of the primary and most important motivations for human behavior. The higher the status, the better chances for survival and procreation. Power, the ability to really and effectively influence others, often comes with status. Status and corresponding power - ability to give or take away valuable resources and punish or reward someone.
We are better at recognizing the faces of people with high status, compared to people with low status. This is a consequence of the phenomenon of preference for attention towards faces of people with high status. Reading the emotions on the face of a high-status person is very useful for survival when living in small groups. When performing such tasks, our memory works better because our brain allocates more resources to it. Knowing that the brain never wastes energy tells us that status is an extremely important thing.
This can be confirmed by the fact that we react very quickly to words that define social status, and within a minute you can understand which of the interlocutors occupies a leading position and which one occupies a subordinate position.
How is the status?
Everything, literally everything, our genes, upbringing, and environment, participate in the formation of status - both that which does not depend on us and that which we have the power to change.
Physical data: strength, height, attractiveness - the taller, stronger and prettier man, the potentially higher his position in society. Ratio of facial width to length: the higher this indicator, the wider the face, and men with such data have high level testosterone, more aggressive, stronger and financially luckier than the long-faced ones. Women with more likely will agree to a second date with such a person, but for a short-term relationship, however.
Some social theories they say that people achieve status in a group by producing important benefits for everyone, rather than through aggression. However, people assign high status to people with a threatening appearance, despite the fact that this has no connection with the public good.
Extroverts have a better chance of having high status compared to introverts. Neuroticism is negatively correlated with status in men: they “shouldn’t” feel fear, doubt and sadness.
Even a nice-sounding name plays a role in increasing status: the chances of getting a job from a person with good sounding name and last name - many times more than that of a person with bad ones.
The education of parents and their attitude towards the education of children and their future influences: for example, the presence of books in the house of a 14-year-old teenager can predict his status in life, university studies and number of years of study.
Luck: We all know some really powerful people who can, if they please, with the wave of their little finger, turn us into dust, and we see that they are small in stature, puny, and not very smart. They were simply lucky, because nothing in their lives could have predicted such a rapid rise in status.
Status exists in the eyes of other group members, and it is worth something as long as the power that comes with status is real. In other words, how realistically and easily can holders of the status of power physically destroy you or rot in an isolated place. Will we be afraid and respect the status of Kim Jong-un if he turns up in a supermarket next to our house and starts jumping in line and being rude? However, if we were in North Korea, we will have to reckon with his status or lose our lives.
Status changes a person
Here are some facts obtained in experimental studies:
- People with high status are less likely to mirror other people's facial expressions and gestures.
- Bosses are better at identifying other people's emotions than subordinates.
- Those who have control over resources are more likely to express their true feelings, more positive emotions and less negative, better at seeing and accepting rewards, and worse at recognizing threats.
- High social status removes the need to prove one's masculinity. In experiments, scientists have shown that people with low status are more concerned about threats to their masculinity, and even try to go to the gym more often.
- Dominance in a group gives others the impression that the high-status holder is competent, but there is no connection between these two parameters. No and reverse effect: competence does not necessarily bring status (ask any nerd).
- The lower a man's status, the more he likes large busts in women. I wonder what if status changes upward, then preference shifts to average breast size.
- Feelings of power increase optimism in risk perception and lead to more risky behavior, such as having unprotected sex with strangers or starting a war with a neighbor.
- When researchers imputed high or low status, people began to treat others differently. For example, when they were asked to write the letter "E" on their forehead, people with high status wrote so that it was convenient for them to read, and people with low status wrote so that it was understandable to others.
People with high status were much more willing to punish those who cheated in the game with much greater severity, but when given the opportunity themselves, they were significantly ahead of people with low status.
Throughout the entire history of mankind, with the exception of perhaps the last decades, and then only in developed countries,the size of the food portion indicated status. Evolutionary “habits” have not gone away, and we still try to unconsciously signal to others that we are okay. In experiments, psychologists artificially lowered a person’s status, and he began to choose larger portions of food than people with a satisfactory status. People with high status, on the other hand, preferred smaller portion sizes. This was especially evident in the public space.
If you think this is reflected in appearance, then you are right - it is known British study thousands of government employees showed that even obesity progresses differently among people with different statuses, and among people with a low status, obesity is the most dangerous type for health. This is a manifestation of stress, also very different in nature, depending on the status.
A giant house, a large TV, a huge car, even a refrigerator that can accommodate an uncut hippopotamus - these are all manifestations of the endless struggle for status.
Research on power and aggression has shown that for chronically low-status people, the accidental acquisition of status leads to unsightly behavior - they are more vindictive and treacherous. After the Second World War, the term “little Hitler” arose in Europe. They refer to people with low social status but relatively high power. This could be an official, a university teacher, or a patrol policeman. Experiments in which people were asked to give others very humiliating tests showed that that of all possible combinations status and power, this one is the most disgusting. The role of personality still plays a role, but many people, kind and sweet, find themselves in such a situation, quickly turn into little Fuhrers, and each of us knows at least one of them.
In almost all conversations, the tone is set by a person with a higher status - it is his prerogative whether the conversation will be confidential and positive, or suspicious and negative.
“We” is the word of power, and “I” is the word of submission. If you listen to a conversation between a boss and a subordinate, you will almost you will never hear “I” from a person with a high status, but in almost every sentence from a person with a low one. This comes from the fact that “I” is an appeal to oneself, to one’s inner world, constant check one’s place in the hierarchy, a manifestation, if you like, of uncertainty. This uncertainty may be quite reasonable, but it is not compatible with high status. At high position a person should not and probably cannot even doubt himself: he forgets about himself and speaks only about “us”, “you” and “you”.
High status not only turns the world around into a cup of abundance, but also changes the perception of this world. For example, a person may perceive himself to be physically taller than he actually is. So man short stature, invested with power, seems to himself to be taller, bigger and stronger than he really is, and, most likely, at the same time, he exaggerates his power. When people in experiments were given high status, they began to perceive the applause in their honor as louder than it actually was. People around began to become more friendly and looked with approval. So when the roads are blocked for the passage of some dignitary, and people in a traffic jam honk indignantly, he may really think that these are signs of greeting and admiration! Such a person expects support and agreement with the decisions and actions that he makes. The higher the status, the less doubt there is. It is no coincidence that some dictators begin to believe in their limitless wisdom, universal adoration and sometimes even immortality. Or maybe such inadequacy of perception - necessary condition being in power?
Is it possible to change the status?
First of all, each of us has a different status in various groups– one at work, another with family, third with friends, fourth with company strangers. However, we tend to stick to the highest status we have, in all situations, with varying degrees of success.
So what do we know:
- Be nice, sincere and kind person gives nothing in terms of status. Alas, this is so, despite attempts social sciences come up with concepts that would explain and try to build a world from the point of view of a reasonable public good, where kindness and helping others would be valued more than physical attractiveness or aggressiveness.
- Respect, influence and fame - the more of them, the higher the person’s status, and vice versa. You can try to gain respect and become famous.
- People are very careful and accurate in assessing status and power. This is a skill that has probably developed over thousands of years - underestimating the power of some dangerous individual could and still can cost one's life. Overestimation is also bad, because it leads to an undeserved belittlement of one’s status and a reduction in benefits. We are always aware of our status in the group, and it usually coincides with the opinions of others. Exaggerating your status - dangerous occupation, leading potentially to serious problems. At a minimum, you can earn ostracism from the group. People prefer not to take risks and would rather downplay their status than risk exaggerating it. Small children sometimes make these mistakes, but social life teaches them quickly.
- Education gives hope for improved status, both for the person himself and for his children. To make it clear how deep this connection is, take an example: children of parents whose social status is low have shorter telomere lengths than their peers from prosperous families. Scientists, comparing the normal rate of telomere shortening, calculated that children whose parents have low education, biologically “older” than their peers by 6 years (judging by the length of telomeres)!
- A person of high status speaks and writes fewer first-person singular pronouns when communicating with others. But if you directly force this behavior, you will seem arrogant. If you want to experiment, try subtly forcing your interlocutor to say “I” while you yourself avoid this pronoun and its derivatives, but actively use the words “we” and “you”.
Conclusion:
Power is fascinating: We humans think about power and status perhaps more than anything else. Indeed, if you include the enormous amount of time we spend tracking political life society or personal life powerful of the world this - be it pop stars or politicians. Perhaps the decisions these people make publicly every day serve as examples and revelations about the nature of human nature.We do this only because it is truly very important for our well-being.
Theories tell us that hierarchies must encourage their members to give something of value to the group, rewarding them with improved status. But this does not happen automatically and unconditionally, or does not happen at all.
Success and happiness depend on our ability to quickly and accurately understand social hierarchies and be able to find our place in them. We can do this in a matter of seconds, measuring a person by their appearance, posture, clothing, voice, accent, height, and speech. Research has shown that our status can change instantly, depending on the situation. This is very important discovery psychology, which tells us that we all have the abilities and inclinations to be leaders, and those whom we sometimes see in the place of leaders are often no better or more capable than us, and sometimes are simply darlings of fate. Therefore, look for your rightful place, never give up, and don't let anyone determine your destiny for you! published