Generalissimos of Russia - who are they?
In Russia, being a generalissimo was very honorable, probably because not so many people were awarded this rare title. The point is that for everything for a long time existence Russian state only four people became generalissimos - A. S. Shein, A. D. Menshikov, A. Braunschweigsky, and, of course, A. V. Suvorov. Of course, you can also name Peter the Great’s associates Buturlin and Romodanovsky, who were generalissimos of the “amusing troops." After the Great Patriotic War, Stalin was declared generalissimo.
The rank of generalissimo itself comes from France, where it appeared in the sixteenth century. The rank of generalissimo was then awarded to the person who commanded the united army. The first generalissimo in history was the eighteen-year-old Duke of Anjou, who was the brother of the king and was in the position of commander-in-chief. Over time, the rank of generalissimo spread not only to Europe, but also to Asia.
In Russia, generalissimos appeared in the seventeenth century, when Peter the Great bestowed this rank on Buturlin and Romodanovsky, making them generalissimos of his amusing troops. But no one took these ranks seriously at that time; they were considered a “childish prank.”
The first true generalissimo in Russia was Voivode Alexey Semenovich Shein in 1696. At that time he was still relatively young - 34 years old. Shein became a boyar thanks to Sophia, and received the generalissimo from the hands of her brother, Peter the Great. In 1696, the Azov campaign took place, during which Shein was given command of all the troops on land. Azov was taken, and Peter the Great awarded Shein the rank of generalissimo on June 28 of the same year.
The next generalissimo in Russia was Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, 
to whom this rank was granted by Peter the Second in connection with his engagement to Menshikov's daughter. Menshikov did not remain in rank for long, as he quickly fell into disgrace and lost all ranks and titles.
In 1740, Prince Anton Ulrich of Brunswick became the next Generalissimo. 
who received it only for being the father of the infant Emperor John the Fourth. After another coup took place, Elizaveta Petrovna took the throne, and the prince was deprived of all ranks and titles and sent into exile.
Perhaps the only Russian generalissimo who received this military rank thanks to his victories was Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov. He was awarded this rank in 1799 on October 28, for the Swiss and Italian campaigns. 
In 1945, Stalin received the Generalissimo, however, it was not the Generalissimo of Russia, but the Generalissimo Soviet Union. After his death, no one else was awarded the rank of generalissimo in the USSR, although this title was valid even before 1993. In total, during the entire existence of this title, one hundred people were awarded it. 
Generalissimos of the world.
To this day, history knows exactly 77 generalissimos. The very first of this title was awarded in 1569 to the 18-year-old brother of the French king Charles IX, the Duke of Anjou, who later himself became King Henry III of France.
The generalissimos were:
* In France:
Duke of Anjou (1551-1589)
Duke of Guise (1550-1588),
Prince of Condé (1621-1688),
Marshal Turenne (1611-1675),
Duke de Villars (1653-1734),
Duke of Arsenac of Anjou
Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)
Count of Saxony (1696-1750)
General Soult (1769-1851)
* In Austria:
Prince R. Montecuccoli (1609-1680),
Prince Eugene of Savoy (1663-1736),
Earl L. Down (1705-1766),
Prince A.W. Brunswick (1714-1774)
Archduke Charles (1771-1847),
Prince K. Schwarzenberg (1771-1820).
* In Germany:
Count A. Wallenstein (1583-1634)
Count Wrede, Karl-Philipp (1767-1839)
In Russia, the first to receive this title on June 28, 1696 was Voivode A.S. Shein from Peter I for successful actions near Azov, and Fyodor Romodanovsky was awarded the title of “Generalissimo of the Amusement Troops”; officially, the title of Generalissimo in Russia was introduced by the Military Regulations of 1716:
* On May 12, 1727, the title was awarded to Prince A. D. Menshikov,
* November 11, 1740 - Prince Anton Ulrich of Brunswick (1714-1774),
* October 28, 1799 - to A.V. Suvorov.
After October revolution the rank of generalissimo was abolished along with other military ranks, but on June 26, 1945, by decree of the Presidium Supreme Council The USSR introduced the title of Generalissimo of the Soviet Union and on June 27 it was awarded to I.V. Stalin.
Other famous generalissimos:
* Gregory Pakurian (Byzantium) 11th century.
* Chiang Kai-shek (China) (1887-1975)
* Francisco Franco Baamonde (Spain)
* Josip Broz Tito
* Fredrik I (King of Sweden)
* Kim Il Sung ( North Korea)
* Zhang Zuolin (China)
* Than Shwe (Myanmar)
* Trujillo (Dominican Republic)
- (new Latin generalissimus, superlative from generalis general). A title given to the commander-in-chief of all the troops in a state or several allied armies. Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910.… … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
generalissimo- a, m. généralissime, German. Generalissimus lat. generalissimus is the most important. Highest military rank(in the Russian army it was first assigned in 1696 to governor A.S. Shein, officially introduced in 1716). Sl. 18. In four days, a messenger from the city of Vienna with... ... Historical Dictionary Gallicisms of the Russian language
- (from Latin generalissimus the most important) the highest military rank in some countries. First introduced in 1569 in France. In Russia it is known from late XVII V. The title of G. of the Soviet Union was awarded only to I.V. Stalin. In the 20th century V foreign countries… … Legal Dictionary
- (from Latin generalissimus the most important) the highest military rank in some countries. First introduced in 1569 in France. In Russia (from the end of the 17th century), the title of generalissimo was held by F. Yu. Romodanovsky, A. S. Shein, A. D. Menshikov, Anton Ulrich... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
GENERALISSIMO, generalissimo, husband. (excellent from Latin generalis, see general). In some countries (in Russia in the 18th and 19th centuries) the highest military rank corresponding to the position of commander in chief. Dictionary Ushakova. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
GENERALISSIMO, ah, husband. The highest military rank awarded for particularly outstanding military achievements, as well as the person holding this rank. G. Suvorov. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
Noun, number of synonyms: 1 rank (113) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary
- (from Latin generalissimus the most important) the highest military rank in some countries. It was first introduced in 1569 in France. In Russia, since the end of the 17th century, the title of generalissimo was held by F. Yu. Romodanovsky, A. S. Shein, A. D. Menshikov, Anton Ulrich... ... Political science. Dictionary.
generalissimo- (Generalissimo; lat. generalissmus – en basty) keibir memleketterdin karula kushterindegi zhogary askeri atak. Ødepkіde kurmetti atak retinde eldin karula kushterinіn bass kolbashysyna (kobinese kozys kezeninde gana) berielse, kade patsha әuletinen… … Kazakh explanatory terminological dictionary on military affairs
Generalissimo- (from Latin generalissimus the most important; English generalissimo) title, as well as the highest military rank in the armed forces of some states; a person holding such a title. For the first time the title of G. was awarded French king Charles IX to his brother... Encyclopedia of Law
GENERALISSIMO- (from Latin generalissimus the most important) the highest military rank in some countries. First introduced in 1569 in France. In Russia (from the end of the 17th century), the title of G. was held by F.Yu. Romodanovsky, A.S. Shein, A.D. Menshikov, Anton Ulrich of Brunswick (father... ... Legal encyclopedia
Books
- Generalissimo, Karpov Vladimir Vasilievich. The historical and documentary research "Generalissimo" by the famous Russian writer V.V. Karpov is dedicated to I.V. Stalin - one of the most prominent figures world history, who contributed...
- Generalissimo, Vladimir Karpov. The historical and documentary research “Generalissimo” by the famous Russian writer V.V. Karpov is dedicated to I.V. Stalin, one of the most outstanding figures in world history, who contributed…
Generalissimo of Russia
Despite the history of our country, rich in military events, the title of generalissimo did not become widespread in Russia; almost every production in it was extremely politicized, which in fact makes it special historical meaning And increased interest to this extraordinary highest honorary military rank.
“Generalissimo” translated from Latin means general, the most important in the army. In the dictionary V.I. Dahl interprets this word as “commander-in-chief, chief of all military force states."
The title of Generalissimo was first granted by the French King Charles IX in 1569. to his eighteen-year-old brother Henri (later King Henry III).
There was no uniformity in the assignment of the highest military rank: in some cases they became generalissimos for life, and in others - only for the period of a particular military campaign. The Venetian commander Morosini, for example, held the title of generalissimo four times - in 1678, 1681, 1684 and 1694, and Archduke Charles of Austria - twice.
.jpg)
Francesco Morosini Karl Ludwig of Austria
The word “generalissimo” was introduced into the Russian language by foreign commanders during the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich when they addressed the governor of the Great Regiment.
In Russian history, he became the first Russian generalissimo in 1696. comrade-in-arms of the young Tsar Peter, boyar Alexei Semenovich Shein, who commanded all the troops in the second Azov campaign.
The second Russian generalissimo was the closest associate of Peter I, His Serene Highness Prince Alexander Danilovich Menshikov (1673-1729). Many victories in the Russian-Swedish Northern War (1700-1721) are associated with his name. On the field of the Poltava victory in 1709. triumphant Peter promoted his favorite and comrade-in-arms to field marshal general. However, the highest rank of A.D. Menshikov received only after the death of Peter the Great under the following circumstances. The latter's grandson, Emperor Peter II, May 12, 1727. declared: “Today I want to destroy the field marshal!” Everyone present looked at each other in bewilderment. Then the emperor handed Menshikov a signed patent for the rank of generalissimo. But soon the Most Serene Prince, involved in court intrigues, was exiled to Siberia to the city of Berezov.
True, F. Yu. Romodanovsky and I. I. Buturlin were awarded the rank of “generalissimo of the amusing troops” 2 years earlier in 1694.
Fedor Yuryevich Romodanovsky Ivan Ivanovich Buturlin
Officially, the rank of generalissimo in Russia was introduced by the Military Regulations of 1716.
The title of Generalissimo in Russia along with the greatest commanders one of the members of the imperial dynasty also had. Anna Leopoldovna (mother of the non-reigning infant emperor John VI) during her short reign on November 11, 1740. awarded this rank to her 26-year-old husband, Prince Anton-Ulrich of Brunswick, who had virtually no military merit.
October 28, 1799 Generalissimo of the Russian Land and naval forces became the great Russian commander Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1730-1800), who victoriously completed his legendary Swiss campaign in 1799. Emperor Paul I, erecting A.V. Suvorov to the rank of generalissimo, wrote: “Now, rewarding you according to my gratitude and placing you at the highest level of honor and heroism, I am confident that I will elevate you to the most famous Commander of this and other centuries.” Suvorov participated in six major wars, was wounded six times in battle, made 20 campaigns, fought 63 battles and did not lose a single one, and his army outnumbered the enemy only three times.
It should be noted that of the above persons, only A.V. Suvorov received the rank of generalissimo in full accordance with the Military Regulations, since he was the prince of the Kingdom of Sardinia, the prince of the Russian Empire, the Count of the Holy Roman Empire and the commander-in-chief of the Russian, Austrian and Sardinian troops.
After the October Revolution, the rank of generalissimo was abolished along with other military ranks.
In the USSR, the military rank of Generalissimo of the Soviet Union was introduced after the victorious end of the Great Patriotic War by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated June 26, 1945. For outstanding services to Soviet Motherland in the leadership of all armed forces of the state during the Great Patriotic War, this title was issued on June 27, 1945. was assigned to Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin.
In 1993 along with other military ranks Soviet army the title of Generalissimo of the Soviet Union was formally abolished.
The first Russian generalissimo A.S. Shein
Russian commander, Generalissimo Alexei Semenovich Shein was born in August 1652. He came from an ancient old Moscow boyar family, which, according to family legend, originated from a native of Prussia, Mikhail Prushenin, who decided to serve in Russia from the time of Grand Duke Alexander Morozov, from whom branches of famous Russian births Sheins, Saltykovs and Choglokovs.
The Sheins were one of the sixteen noble families of the ruling elite of the Moscow state and had the right to bypass the lower ranks when promoted to the boyar class. The commander’s grandmother, Maria Borisovna, the wife of the steward’s grandfather Ivan Mikhailovich Shein, was from the Lykov-Obolensky princes, and her mother Anastasia Nikitichna, from the royal family of the First Russian Generalissimo A.S. Shein Romanov, was the niece of the beloved wife of Ivan the Terrible, who died untimely, and the aunt of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. The great-grandmother of the commander, Maria Mikhailovna, the wife of his great-grandfather, boyar Mikhail Borisovich Shein, came from the Godunov family. Service at royal court Alexey Semenovich started in 1672. in the positions of sleeping bag and room attendant. In 1680-1682 - was in the voivodeship in Tobolsk and ruled all of Siberia.
April 10, 1682 one of the nearby stewards, in the thirtieth year of his life, was granted a boyar status. In 1683-1684 Shein was in the voivodeship in Kursk. Participated in Crimean campaigns in 1687 and 1689 IN last trip Shein headed service people Novgorod rank and was the second governor after the commander-in-chief Prince V.V. Golitsyn, while being called a close boyar and Pskov governor.
After the unsuccessful first Azov campaign in 1695. Alexey Semenovich Shein led the second campaign in 1696, which ended complete defeat enemy on land and in naval battle, as well as the complete surrender of the garrison of the Azov fortress. Peter the Great, who won his first victory, awarded the commander the highest military rank - generalissimo.
assault on the Azov fortress
To welcome the victors returning from the campaign, for the first time in Russia, a Triumphal Arch in Moscow and a ceremonial reception of the troops was organized. Generalissimo A.S. occupied a place of honor in this procession. Shein, riding a horse with a white feather on his hat. Upon reaching the procession triumphal gate, cannon fire thundered, music played and hymns and poems were sung with greetings to the victors and wishes to the troops that they would always return with such victories. At the same time, Lefort and Shein were especially “great.” Alexei Tolstoy in his novel “Peter the Great” artistically described the commander at the most solemn moment of his life: “With great pomp... riding a Greek chariot, a squat, pompous, with a face that extended wide, boyar Shein, the generalissimo, bestowed with this honor before the second Azov campaign... Behind him, sixteen Turkish banners were dragged along the ground in banners.”
For the capture of Azov, the commander was awarded a gold medal of 13 chervonets, a cup, a brocade caftan with sables and extensive patrimonial land holdings.
The next year A.S. Shein had to again lead troops in southern Russia and oppose the Turks, who were plotting to take back Azov, and Crimean Tatars who were preparing for a campaign against Western allies Peter I. According to the treaty, Russia was supposed to distract the enemy from attacking the allies. Upon receiving news of the movement of a large Turkish army to Azov, the troops led by Shein advanced and defeated the enemy at the Kagalnik River, after which they brought the Nogais and Tatars living near the Kuban River to submission.
“Third” Azov campaign A.S. Sheina 1697 consolidated Russia's conquests in the south of the state and accelerated the end of the war between Russia and Turkey and the conclusion of the Treaty of Constantinople in 1700.
From 1696 to 1700 Shein headed the Inozemsky, Pushkarsky and Reitarsky orders, which corresponded to the status of the commander-in-chief of all Russian troops.
Last years The commander's life was devoted to strengthening the southern borders of the Fatherland. Under his leadership, a new Trinity Fortress (the city of Taganrog) was built on the Azov coast - the first naval base of Russia, which, according to the first plans of Peter I, was to become new capital Russian state.
Taganrog fortress
The international situation and the military-political situation in the country did not allow this to come true early plans future emperor.
The first Russian generalissimo died on February 12, 1700. at the age of 48 and was buried in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery at the altar of the Church of the Descent of the Holy Spirit (currently the Holy Trinity Sergius Lavra in the city of Sergiev Posad, Moscow region).
Generalissimo A.D. Menshikov
Menshikov Alexander Danilovich (1673, Moscow - 1729, Berezov) - Russian statesman and military leader, associate and favorite of Peter the Great. The first member of the Supreme Privy Council of the Russian Empire, president of the Military Collegium, the first Russian senator. Full Admiral (1726), Field Marshal General (1709), Generalissimo of the Naval and ground forces(May 12, 1727), Count of the Roman Empire (1702), His Serene Highness Prince of the Holy Roman Empire and Duke of Izhora (1705), His Serene Highness Prince of the Russian Empire (1707). Awarded with orders Saint Apostle Andrew the First-Called, Saint Alexander Nevsky, White Eagle (Poland), Black Eagle (Prussia) and Elephant (Denmark).
During Northern War 1700-1721 Menshikov commanded large forces of infantry and cavalry, distinguished himself in the siege and assault of fortresses, and in many battles. In 1702 during the siege of Noteburg, he promptly arrived with fresh forces to M. Golitsyn, who began the assault, and the fortress was taken.
.jpg)
assault on Noteburg
In the spring of the following year, acting with Peter at the mouth of the Neva, he won the first naval victory over the Swedes, capturing two enemy ships with a bold boarding attack. Extremely pleased with this success, the tsar ordered a medal to be knocked out with a laconic inscription: “The unthinkable happens.”
boarding the Swedish ships Gedan and Astrid
Alexander Danilovich was the first governor-general of St. Petersburg, supervised the construction of the city, as well as Kronstadt, shipyards on the Neva and Svir rivers, Petrovsky and Povenetsky cannon factories. Providing assistance to Field Marshal Sheremetev, he contributed to the conquest of Dorpat, Narva and Ivangorod, was awarded the rank of lieutenant general (1704), then led military operations in Lithuania and Poland.
October 18, 1706 Menshikov won a brilliant victory over the Swedish-Polish corps near Kalisz. As a reward for this victory, Alexander Danilovich received from the tsar a rod decorated with precious stones, and was promoted to colonel of the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment. September 28, 1708 he took part in the glorious battle of Lesnaya, which became, in Peter’s words, “the mother of the Poltava victory.”
In 1709 Menshikov played big role in the Battle of Poltava, where he commanded first the vanguard and then the left flank of the Russian army. Even before the main forces were brought into battle, he defeated the detachment of General Schlippenbach, capturing the latter. At the moment of the collision of the armies, General Ross attacked the corps, scattering it, which largely predetermined the victory of the Russian army. During the battle of Menshikov, three horses were killed. For Poltava, Menshikov was awarded the rank of Field Marshal.
(1)(1).jpg)
Battle of Poltava
For his participation in naval affairs against the Swedes and taking care of the fleet, he received the rank of rear admiral (1716). In 1718-1724 and 1726-1727. His Serene Highness was the president of the Military Collegium and was responsible for the organization of all the Armed Forces of Russia. On the day of the conclusion of the Peace of Nystadt, which ended the long struggle with the Swedes, Menshikov was awarded the rank of vice admiral.
After the death of Peter, His Serene Highness, relying on the guard and the most prominent state dignitaries, in January 1725. He enthroned the wife of the late emperor, Catherine I, and became the de facto ruler of the country, concentrating enormous power in his hands and subjugating the army. With the accession of Peter II (the son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich) to the throne, he was awarded the rank of full admiral and the title of generalissimo (May 12, 1727), and his daughter Maria was engaged to the young emperor.
But, having underestimated his ill-wishers and due to a long illness, he lost influence on young emperor and was soon accused of abuse and embezzlement, removed from government, deprived of all positions, awards, property, titles and exiled with his family to the Siberian town of Berezov.
HELL. Menshikov in Berezovo
Died during a smallpox epidemic on November 12, 1729. at the age of 56, he was buried at the altar of the church he built.
Generalissimo A.U. Brunswick
Anton Ulrich (1714, Bevern - 1774, Kholmogory), Duke of Brunswick-Bevern-Luneburg. Father of the Russian Emperor Ivan VI Antonovich. Generalissimo of Russian troops from November 11 to November 25, 1741.
Second son of Duke Ferdinand Albrecht of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Antoinette Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, brother of the famous Prussian commander Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick and Juliana Maria, second wife of the Danish king Frederick V.
Husband of Empress Anna Ioannovna's niece, Princess Anna Leopoldovna of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. This marriage took place on July 14, 1739. August 23, 1740 their first child, Ivan, was born. Soon the empress became mortally ill and, at the insistence of Biron and Chancellor Bestuzhev, declared Ivan Antonovich heir to the throne and Biron regent. Afterwards the regency passed to Anna Leopoldovna.
Enlisted in the Russian service, Prince Anton in the year of his arrival in Russia (1733) was appointed colonel of the third cuirassier regiment, named after him first Bevernsky (later - His Majesty's cuirassier regiment), and then Brunswick.
Serving in 1737 A volunteer in Minich's army, Prince Anton distinguished himself during the capture of Ochakov and was promoted to major general.
assault on Ochakov
Taking part in the campaign to the Dniester in 1738, he was awarded the prime major of the Semenovsky regiment and the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky and Andrew the First-Called. In February 1740 Prince Anton on the occasion of the conclusion of peace with Ottoman Porte was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the Semenovsky regiment with the rank of lieutenant general, then appointed chief of the cuirassier regiment. According to the manifesto of January 12, 1741. Prince Anton received the title of “Imperial Highness”, and by Decree of November 11, 1741. awarded the rank of Generalissimo of the Russian troops and the rank of lieutenant colonel of the Horse Guards.
As a result palace coup, carried out on the night of December 5-6, 1741, Empress Elizabeth Petrovna was elevated to the throne, and the Brunswick surname from 1744. imprisoned in Kholmogory, Arkhangelsk province.
Generalissimo A.V. Suvorov
Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov (1729-1800) - national hero Russia, an outstanding Russian commander who did not suffer a single defeat in his military career (more than 60 battles), one of the founders of Russian military art.
Prince of Italy (1799), Count of Rymnik, Count of the Holy Roman Empire, Generalissimo of the Russian land and naval forces (October 28, 1799), Field Marshal of the Austrian and Sardinian troops, Grandee of the Kingdom of Sardinia and Prince of the Royal Blood (with the title "King's Cousin").
Knight of all Russian and many foreign military orders awarded at that time:
Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called (1787) - for the battle of Kinburn (awarded with diamond insignia for the order (1789) for the battle of Focsani). Order of St. George, 1st class (1789) - “For excellent art and excellent courage in any case, especially during the attack of numerous Turkish forces, led by the Supreme Vizier on the 11th day of September on the Rymnik River.” Order of St. George, 2nd class (1773) - “For the brave and courageous deed performed with the detachment entrusted to his leadership during the attack on Turtukai.” Order of St. George, 3rd class (1771) - “For bravery and brave deeds, provided in 1770 and 1771. with the detachment entrusted to him against the Polish rebels, when, through prudent orders in the battles that took place, hitting their parties everywhere, he won victories over them.” Golden sword with diamonds and laurels (1775) awarded in honor of the victory over the Turks; The second sword with diamonds and laurel wreaths - for the victory at Rymnik (1789). Order of St. Vladimir, 1st degree (1783) - for victories over the Nogais in Crimea. Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (1771) - for the victory over the Polish Confederates. Order of St. Anne (1770) - for battles with the Polish Confederates.
Foreign awards: Grand Cross of John of Jerusalem; Austrian Military Order of Maria Theresa 1st class; Order of the Red Eagle 1st class, Order of the Black Eagle, Order of Merit (all Prussian); orders of St. Anunziata, St. Mauritius and Lazarus (all Sardinian); Orders of St. Hubert and the Golden Lion (Bavarian); Order of Our Lady of Carmel and Saint Lazarus (1800) (French).
In 1742 the future commander was enrolled as a soldier in the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment, in which in 1748. started serving as a corporal. In 1754 promoted to officer and sent as lieutenant to the Ingria Infantry Regiment. In 1756-1758 served in the Military Collegium. During Seven Years' War 1756-1763 consisted from 1758 in staff and command positions, participated in the Battle of Kunersdorf (1759), in the capture of Berlin (1760) and Kolberg (1761). In 1762 promoted to colonel and appointed commander of the Astrakhan infantry, and in 1763. - Suzdal Infantry Regiment (until 1769). In 1764-1765 compiled and put into effect the so-called “Regimental Institution” - an original manual on military regulations, rules for training and education of officers and soldiers. In 1768-1772, commanding a regiment, brigade and individual detachments in the corps of General I. I. Weimarn, he acted in Poland against the troops of the Bar Confederation, inflicted defeats on them at Orekhovo (1769), Landskrona, Stolovichi (1771) and captured Krakow Castle ( 1772). In 1770 promoted to major general. In 1772 commanded the St. Petersburg division. In 1773 at his personal request, he was sent to the theater of the Russian-Turkish war in the 1st Army of Field Marshal P. A. Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky. In May - June 1773 Suvorov's detachment crossed the Danube twice and defeated the Turks at Turtukai. In September 1773 led the defense of Girsovo and drove back the Turkish troops.
In June 1774 together with General M.F. Kamensky, he defeated the 40,000-strong Turkish corps at Kozludzha. In August 1774 by order of Empress Catherine II, sent with troops to suppress Peasant War under the leadership of E.I. Pugachev. In 1774-1786. commanded divisions and corps in various regions of Russia; supervised the construction of the Kuban fortified line and the strengthening of the defense of Crimea, and prevented it in 1778. Turkish landing in Akhtiar Bay, which thwarted Turkey’s attempt to unleash new war in an international situation unfavorable for Russia. In 1786
Suvorov was promoted to general-in-chief. At the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. commanded a 30,000-strong corps that defended the coast in the Kherson-Kinburn region, and destroyed the Turkish landing near Kinburn (1787). In 1788 participated in the siege of Ochakov, where he was wounded (in total, Suvorov received 6 seriously injured). In 1789 commanded a division in Moldova and, directing the actions of the Russian and allied Austrian troops, defeated the superior forces of the Turks in the battles of Focsani and Rymnic (1789). In 1790 The commander, commanding a 30,000-strong siege corps near Izmail, prepared an assault on this strongest fortress within 2 weeks and captured it.
A.V. Suvorov at the walls of Izmail
In August 1794 appointed commander of Russian troops sent to suppress Polish uprising 1794 and promoted by Catherine II to field marshal.
Adopted in 1796 command of troops in the south (in Tulchin), Suvorov wrote famous work“The Science of Victory,” which summarized many years of experience in training and educating troops. “The Science of Victory” was a direct protest against the new military regulations of Emperor Paul I, borrowed from the Prussian army. Criticism of Pavlov’s regulations and the commander’s refusal to carry out the emperor’s order to bring the troops subordinate to him “in my order” led to his dismissal from the army in 1797. and exile to the village of Konchanskoye, Novgorod province. In connection with the formation of the 2nd anti-French coalition with the participation of Russia, Paul I, at the request of the allies, in February 1799. appointed Suvorov commander-in-chief of Russian troops sent to Italy; The Austrian troops were also subordinate to Suvorov. During Suvorov's Italian campaign in 1799. Russian-Austrian troops under his command in April-August defeated French troops in a number of battles, liberating the entire Northern Italy. In unprecedented military history Russian troops in the Swiss campaign of Suvorov in September 1799. overcame exceptional difficulties and escaped the encirclement.
In October 1799 Paul I broke the alliance with Austria and recalled troops to Russia. Suvorov was again subjected to royal disgrace for violations " the highest charter" and soon died.
Generalissimo Imam Shamil
When listing the generalissimos, they often forget that this highest military rank had another subject Russian crown However, he received it during the period when he was at war with Russia. Formally, while living in Russia and sworn allegiance to Alexander II, the former imam of Dagestan and Chechnya Shamil remained a Turkish generalissimo (the rank was awarded in 1854). The highest military rank was received by Shamil by right. He fought against Russian troops for 25 years, winning many victories. At times his army exceeded 30 thousand people. After his capture, Shamil was treated with due respect in Russia, receiving the highest military honors.
Shamil (1797 - 1871) - Sufi sheikh of the Naqshubandi tariqa, leader of the eastern Caucasian highlanders, in 1834 recognized as the imam of the theocratic state - the North Caucasus Imamate, in which he united the highlanders of Western Dagestan and Chechnya. By nationality - Avar.
Shamil is the son of the Avar bridle blacksmith - Dengav-Magomed and the daughter of the Avar bek Pir-Budakh - Bahu-Meseda. Shamil was born in the village of Gimry (Genub) of the Hindalal Avaria society (Avaristan; now Untsukul district, western Dagestan) on June 26 (July 7), 1797, according to the Muslim calendar, the first day of the month of Muharram, that is, on the first day of the New Year. His name was given in honor of his grandfather - Ali. As a child, he was sick a lot, and according to legend, his parents gave him a new name - Shamil (Shamuel - “Heard by God”).
In his youth, Shamil was distinguished by his unyielding will, curiosity, pride and power-hungry disposition. He loved gymnastics passionately and was unusually strong and courageous. He became addicted to fencing; a dagger and a saber never left his hands. In summer and winter, in all weathers, he walked with bare feet and an open chest. Shamil's first teacher was his childhood friend Adil-Muhammad (1795-1832) (Kazi-Magomed, Kazi-mullah), originally from Gimra. Teacher and student were inseparable. Shamil began serious study at the age of twelve in Untsukul. At the age of twenty he completed courses in grammar, logic, rhetoric, Arabic and began courses in higher philosophy and law.
The sermons of Gazi-Muhammad, the first imam and preacher of the “holy war,” tore Shamil away from his books. The new Muslim teaching “Muridism” spread quickly. “Murid” means one who seeks the path to salvation. Muridism did not differ from classical Islam either in rituals or in teaching.
Having become the third imam of Chechnya and Dagestan, Shamil at the age of 25 unites the highlanders, successfully fighting against the Russian troops who outnumbered him. Shamil had military talent, and most importantly, great organizational skills, endurance, perseverance, ability to choose the time to strike. Distinguished by his strong and unyielding will, he knew how to inspire the highlanders to selfless struggle, but also to force them to obey his authority.
In the 1840s, Shamil won a number of major victories over Russian troops. However, in the 1850s, Shamil's movement began to decline. The conclusion of the Paris Peace Treaty of 1856 allowed Russia to concentrate significant forces against Shamil: the Caucasian Corps was transformed into an army (up to 200 thousand people). The new commanders-in-chief, General Nikolai Muravyov (1854-1856) and General Alexander Baryatinsky (1856-1860), continued to tighten the blockade ring around the Imamate. In April 1859, Shamil’s residence, the village of Vedeno, fell. And by mid-June the last pockets of resistance in Chechnya were suppressed. After Chechnya was finally annexed by Russia, the war continued for another five years.
.jpg)
On August 25, 1859, Shamil, together with 400 associates, was besieged in Gunib and on August 26 (September 7 according to the new style) surrendered under conditions that were honorable to him.
On September 15, the first meeting of Shamil and Emperor Alexander II takes place in Chuguev. On September 22, Shamil arrived in Moscow, where the next day he met with General Ermolov. September 26 - to St. Petersburg, three days later in Tsarskoe Selo he was presented to Empress Maria Alexandrovna. After being received in St. Petersburg by Emperor Alexander II, Shamil was given Kaluga to live, where he arrived on October 10, and on January 5, 1860, his family also arrived there.
In 1868, knowing that Shamil was no longer young and the Kaluga climate was not in the best possible way affects his health, the emperor decided to choose more for him appropriate place, which became Kyiv, where Shamil moved in November - December of the same year. On February 16, 1869, Alexander II allowed him to travel to Mecca for pilgrimage. On May 12, Shamil and his family left Kyiv. May 19 - arrived in Istanbul. November 16 - took part in the opening of navigation on the Suez Canal. November 20 - Arrived in Mecca. At the end of March 1870, after performing the Hajj, Shamil visited Medina, where he died on February 4 (16), 1871. He was buried in Medina at the al-Baqi cemetery (now Saudi Arabia).
Describing Imam Shamil, the famous Turkish historian Albay Yashar Inoglu writes: “In the history of mankind there was no such commander as Shamil. If Napoleon was the spark of war, then Imam Shamil was its pillar of fire.” The Russian emperors sent the most experienced generals to fight against Shamil. Thus, Russian troops in the Caucasus in the war against Shamil were commanded by Adjutant General G. V. Rozin (1831-1837), Adjutant General E. A. Golovin (1837-1842), Adjutant General A. I. Neitgart (1842- 1844), Field Marshal M. S. Vorontsov (1844-1854), Adjutant General N. N. Muravyov (1854-1856) and Field Marshal A. I. Baryatinsky (1856-1862).
Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich (real name - Dzhugashvili) (1879 in the city of Gori, Tiflis province - 1953 in Kuntsevo, Moscow) - Russian revolutionary and Soviet state, political, party and military figure. People's Commissar for Nationalities of the RSFSR (1917-1923), People's Commissar state control RSFSR (1919-1920), People's Commissar of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate of the RSFSR (1920-1922); General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (b) (1922-1925), General Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1925-1934), Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1934-1952), Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU (1952-1953), Chairman of the Council People's Commissars USSR (1941-1946), Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1946-1953); Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the USSR (since 1941), Chairman State Committee Defense (1941-1945), People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR (1941-1946), People's Commissar of the Armed Forces of the USSR (1946-1947).
Marshal of the Soviet Union (1943), Generalissimo of the Soviet Union (1945). Honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). Hero Socialist Labor(1939), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945), holder of two Orders of Victory (1943, 1945).
During the period Stalin was in power, a number of the most important events in the history of the USSR occurred: the defeat of Nazism in World War II, mass labor and front-line heroism, the transformation of the USSR into a superpower with significant scientific, military and industrial potential, the entry of the USSR into the club of world nuclear powers, the strengthening of geopolitical influence of the Soviet Union in the world.
A month and a half before the start of the war (from May 6, 1941), Stalin took the post of head of the USSR government - chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. July 19, 1941 Stalin replaced Timoshenko as People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR. By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of August 8, 1941. Stalin was appointed Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the USSR.
During the Great Patriotic War, Stalin went to the front several times front-line stripes. In 1941-1942. The commander-in-chief visited Mozhaisk, Zvenigorod, Solnechnogorsk defensive lines.
From November 28 to December 1, 1943 Stalin participated in the Tehran Conference - the first conference of the Big Three - leaders during the Second World War three countries: USSR, USA and Great Britain. February 4-11, 1945 Stalin participated in Yalta Conference allied powers dedicated to the establishment of the post-war world order.
The assessment given to I.V. Stalin in the book of Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov “Memories and Reflections” is known: “I can firmly say that I.V. Stalin mastered the basic principles of organizing front-line operations and operations of groups of fronts and led them with knowledgeable, well versed in large strategic issues... In leadership armed struggle in general, J.V. Stalin was helped by his natural intelligence, experience of political leadership, rich intuition, and broad awareness. He knew how to find the main link in strategic situation and, grasping it, counteract the enemy, carry out one or another offensive operation. Undoubtedly, he was a worthy Supreme Commander."
According to the memoirs of contemporaries, the issue of conferring the title of Generalissimo was discussed several times, but Stalin invariably rejected this proposal. And only after the intervention of Marshal of the Soviet Union K.K. Rokossovsky gave his consent when the latter stated: “Comrade Stalin, you are the Marshal and I am the Marshal, you cannot punish me!”
The uniform and insignia of the Generalissimo of the Soviet Union were developed by the Red Army Logistics Service, but were not officially approved. In one of the variants, the uniform had epaulettes on which the coat of arms of the USSR was placed in a wreath of oak leaves. A winter overcoat and riding uniform, reminiscent of a general's uniform of the mid-19th century, were also submitted for approval. The manufactured samples were rejected by Stalin, who considered them too luxurious and outdated.
They are currently stored in Central Museum The Great Patriotic War in Moscow on Poklonnaya Hill.
In fact, Generalissimo Stalin wore a standard general's uniform (before the introduction of shoulder straps) jacket with a turn-down collar and four pockets, but of a unique light gray color. Shoulder straps on the jacket - Marshal of the Soviet Union.
General's overcoat buttonholes are red with gold trim and buttons. This uniform was official and was depicted in portraits and posters.
Generalissimo of Russia:
F. Yu. Romodanovsky and I. I. Buturlin (generalissimos of the amusing troops 1694)
Boyarin Alexey Semenovich Shein (assigned in 1696)
Prince Alexander Danilovich Menshikov (appropriated May 12, 1727)
Prince Anton Ulrich of Brunswick (granted 11 November 1740)
Count Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (assigned October 28, 1799)
Imam Shamil (rank awarded in 1854)
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (assigned June 27, 1945)
Other famous generalissimos:
Prince Albrecht Wallenstein (1583-1634)
Prince Raimondo Montecuccoli (1609–1680)
Prince Charles of Lorraine (1712-1780)
Prince Maximilian of Bavaria (1662–1726)
Prince Eugene of Savoy (1663-1736)
Count Leopold Joseph Daun (1705–1766)
Count Ernst Gideon Loudon (1716–1790)
Archduke Charles (1771—1847)
Prince Carl Philipp of Schwarzenberg (1771–1820)
Francisco Franco Bahamonde (Spain) (1892-1975)
Fredrick I (King of Sweden)
Rafael Trujillo (Dominican Republic)
Francisco Miranda (Venezuela)
Alfredo Stroessner (Paraguay)
Kim Il Sung (DPRK)
Kim Jong Il (DPRK)
Yuan Shikai (1859-1916) China
Sun Yat-sen (1866—1925) China
Tang Jiyao (1882—1927) China
Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975) China
Zhang Zuolin (1875—1928) China
Pu Yi (1906-1967) China
"Future Generalissimo"
Since the Nativity of Christ, there have been a lot of kings, kings, emperors, and sultans in the world. generalissimos in the world for the same period - this is interest Ask. It is clear that there are much fewer laureates of Stalin, Nobel, Lenin prizes than popes, and in military environment– field marshals, marshals, supreme commanders, but how many are there in total and do holders of this high title exist today?
Why do most representatives of the stronger sex, who have not even served in the armed forces, want to stand at attention when pronouncing this title? What does it mean? It’s worth finding out more.
Generalissimo - who is he?
So, historically it happened that, probably, none of the highest not only military, but also civilian state ranks, ranks, positions, titles does not enjoy such exceptional respect, honor and even admiration, both among compatriots and foreigners, including potential partners/ enemies like the Generalissimo.
Everyone knows that the general is the main commander/chief in the army, and the generalissimo is the most important. Actually, this is how this word is translated from Latin.
First of all, this is the highest possible rank among the military, practically unattainable. As a rule, historically it was assigned to those military leaders who commanded the armed forces of their country or the combined armies of several states during full-scale, long wars, and, of course, they won, and they outstanding role in these events, no one, not even defeated opponents, does not raise the slightest doubt.
In addition, in a number of states at different periods of history it was an honorary military title, usually for crowned persons or their immediate family, military position both appointed, including to oneself, and elected:
That's why existing opinions/ the idea that this high rank of “chief of generals” is awarded by an international council of heads of several states and / or ministers of defense / attack, chiefs General Staffs/ military academies are fundamentally incorrect.
As a rule, in the countries of the Old World, including Russian kingdom / Russian Empire, it was not enough to appear outstanding commander, a perspicacious strategist, constantly leading his armies only to victories, but it is also necessary to be a nobleman who has not only high titles among the nobility, but also land holdings.
For the first time in the world, this title was granted by the King of France Charles IX in 1569 to his brother Duke of Anjou, the future Henry III – to the last king from the Valois dynasty. It should be noted that at the time of awarding this title he was already constable of France, i.e. held the position of the highest military commander of the state, equal to a marshal/field marshal in other countries.
Apparently, such an initial example served as the reason that centuries later, until the 20th century, the military rank / title / rank of generalissimo, which were inextricably linked and practically did not differ in practice, was assigned by sultans / kings, kings / emperors and/or senate/parliament, and in the last century the list expanded sharply - it could be the supreme/military council, congress, junta, etc. political and state authorities.
The assignment of a rank/title was formalized by decree or law with the issuance of the corresponding “credentials” - a charter/patent, a new dress uniform/ military uniform with newly invented shoulder straps. A person who was awarded it usually became one for life, much less often for the period of election or war.
For the most part, only famous people became generalissimo, widely known not only in their own country, but also far beyond its borders. Among them the following personalities, regardless of whether they were by rank, position or title:
John Pershing is also considered a Generalissimo, although his title is “General of the US Armies.” He was awarded it by Congress in 1919. And in 1976, the same title was awarded to the first president of this country, George Washington. Apparently, the time has come to evaluate his gift as a commander. True, the events that occurred in the summer of 2017 in the South of the United States cast great doubt on whether their Civil War ended long ago.
Usually, Russian residents hear only two names of domestic holders of this high title, but in fact there are five of them. If the first ones do not need any introduction, because... Their military-organizational abilities are still admired, but the last three are rarely mentioned today:
To the question “How many generalissimos were there in the world?” the answer is about 80 people. Basically, for real services to their homeland, as well as allied states, received it on behalf of the crowned monarchs or the highest government authorities of their countries. However, some of them exalted themselves, so historians cannot give more accurate data, based on the complexity of the assessment, the large number of criteria that allow us to consider or not this or that military, and more often a military-political leader / leader, as a generalissimo. Today there is not a single person in the world wearing it. If we think sensibly, then it would be better if there were no more people in history who were titled by him, as well as wars for which they are so awarded.
« Military thought" No. 9. 2004 (pp. 72-75)
CRITICISM AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
Generalissimos of the world (or once again about the ranking of commanders)
Reserve Colonel O.N. KALINOVSKY,
Candidate of Technical Sciences
Retired Colonel V.A. KULIKOV,
Doctor of Historical Sciences
Ahead of the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the victory of our people in the Great Patriotic War a wide variety of publications appear in the press devoted to this historical event. One of them is the article “Tournament of Warlords. Rating of commanders of the Second World War." An unusual rating of the commanders of the main countries who took part in the war is offered to the attention of military and civilian readers, built “in accordance with their merits during the war within the framework of the countries and armies in which they acted.” These merits are assessed by such indicators as the scale of military operations led by commanders, the strength of the enemy opposing them, the degree of complexity of the military tasks they solved and their mastery of the art of war.
It is impossible not to notice that assessments of the merits of commanders can undergo significant changes over time, depending on the personal attitude towards them on the part of historians, politicians, and especially military leaders. In our opinion, in order to increase confidence in such ratings, the awards and military ranks they received during the war should also be taken into account as indicators of the merits of commanders. Let us remember, for example, that A.V. Suvorov was awarded the highest military rank of “Generalissimo” for the successful leadership of large-scale actions of Russian troops during the Italian campaign (1799), in which the armies of the French generals Joubert, Moreau, MacDonald were defeated in the battles of Novi and Italy was cleared of enemies in four months, and also for successful outcome The Swiss campaign in the fall of the same year, during which the 26,000-strong Russian army was able to break through the St. Gotthard Pass and connect with the allies.
The published rating of the commanders of the Second World War, of course, reflects the subjective, exploratory nature of the research of its compilers, and it will undoubtedly be further refined. At the same time, of course, one should not allow such annoying mistakes, such as, for example, the distortion of the name and patronymic of artillery marshal Vasily Ivanovich Kazakov (1898-1968), called “Nikolai Nikolaevich” (p. 4). Apparently, it would also be advisable to follow more precisely target setting rating, i.e. indicate which military ranks and for what merits during the Second World War were received by the commanders listed. For example, A.A. Grechko, K.S. Moskalenko was awarded the title of Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1955, N.I. Krylov in 1962, I.S. Isakov the rank of Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union in 1955, etc.
In further developing a rating of commanders of this level, significant assistance could be provided by Scientific research other authors, including, for example, the book “Generalissimos of the World”. This work in its content and level of generalization historical sources unique. In its preparation, the authors used numerous publications of the 18th-19th centuries, including foreign ones, which for the most part are practically inaccessible to the average reader. Information material, contained in this book, will certainly help both military and civilian readers to understand the so frequently changing military ranks, and the authors of publications to avoid many inaccuracies such as those mentioned above. In addition, when re-issuing various scientific reference and encyclopedic publications, significant clarifications may be made to such articles as “Army General”, “Generalissimo”, “Military Ranks”, “Marshal of the Soviet Union”.
This biographical dictionary, in particular, contains evidence that the title of “Generalissimo” was awarded to eighty, and not seventy, military and government officials, as stated in the latest edition of the Russian “Military Encyclopedia” (1994. Vol. 2. P. 378 ). In our opinion, the published list of names of people who were awarded this highest military rank requires clarification.
The reader learns from this book that the title of “generalissimo” (from the Latin qeneralissimus - the most important) in different times and in different countries had different content. Firstly, it was an honorary title assigned to persons of the reigning dynasties and the most prominent statesmen (which took place in France in the 16th and 17th centuries), regardless of whether they commanded any troops or had nothing to do with the army. Secondly, the generalissimo was the name given to the commander-in-chief of the active army (during war) or all the troops of the state. This was the case, for example, in the Austrian Empire, Sweden and England. And finally, in some countries the highest military rank was awarded supreme power state for life (for example, in Russia in the 18th century).
Thus, in XVI-XX centuries“Generalissimo” is both a title and the position of commander-in-chief, and the highest military rank. However, in the Middle Ages, the concepts of “military title”, “official rank”, “military rank” practically did not differ, as in more late period(XX century). Therefore, at this time biographical dictionary included all persons who held the rank of generalissimo, regardless of whether they were generalissimo by title, office or rank.
Having found out the background of the title “Generalissimo”, the authors for the first time give the most complete answer to the question about the number of people awarded it throughout its existence. In particular, they referred to an article published in 1987 by A.S. Zubarev and V.A. Egorshin, which listed the names of all the generalissimos. It is valuable that A.S. Zubarev and V.A. Egorshin included in their list only those persons for whom there was supporting information in at least two sources, mainly encyclopedic ones. Their list included 75 people.
In the journal “Questions of History” (1988, No. 5), N. Tomenko published an article in which he argued, citing data from two sources, that the first Russian generalissimo was Prince M.A. Cherkassky. P.P. Ganichev, in his book “Military Ranks,” calls Prince F.Yu. the first Russian generalissimo. Romodanovsky, who became one in 1694, i.e. a year before M.A. Cherkassky. Until the 1980s, domestic encyclopedic publications indicated that the first Russian generalissimo was A.S. Shein (1696). However, D. Bantysh-Kamensky did not include in his famous dictionary “Biographies of Russian Generalissimos and Field Marshals” either A.S. Sheina, nor F.Yu. Romodanovsky, nor M.A. Cherkassky. And this is quite understandable: the rank of generalissimo was introduced somewhat later by official state acts as a lifelong highest military rank. At the end of the 17th century, this rank existed in Russia in the form of the highest official military rank, assigned for the duration of hostilities, i.e. for a limited time. F.Yu. Romodanovsky, A.S. Shein, M.A. Cherkassky were generalissimos by position, being the commander-in-chief of the troops during military operations. HELL. Menshikov was such by rank, which is why D. Bantysh-Kamensky considers him the first Russian generalissimo.
Thus, the list of A.S. Zubarev and V.A. The authors supplement Egorshin with three more persons - Kim Il Sung, F.Yu. Romodanovsky and M.A. Cherkassky. In addition, they consider it possible to include several more names of generalissimos in this list. One of them is the Chinese Liu Lichuan, the leader of the Shanghai Uprising of the 19th century. According to historian B.C. Kuzes, available whole line documents indicating that Liu Lichuan held the rank of generalissimo. In another little-known source - the book by G.Z. Aliyev “Turkey during the reign of the Young Turks” (1972) - it is noted that Enver Pasha received the title of Generalissimo during the First World War. From "Essays" modern history Turkey" A.F. Miller and the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (2nd edition) it follows that Enver Pasha was vice generalissimo. In a letter to one of the authors of the short bibliographic dictionary A.S. Zubarev and V.A. Egorshin write that “the available contradictory data do not yet provide grounds for including Enver Pasha in the list of generalissimos.” However, the fact that in three sources the name of Enver Pasha is somehow associated with the rank of generalissimo allows the authors of the dictionary (albeit with reservations) to include him in the list of persons who held this rank.
In various publications, D.S. is also called generalissimo. von Wurmser (XVIII century), Joseph Poniatowski (XIX century), A. Yamagata (XIX century) and other persons - more than 130 names in total. However, most of them are so named as a result incorrect translations With foreign languages or mistakes of the authors. For this reason, it seems correct, according to the authors, to include in the list only those persons whose information is supported by at least two sources. Based on such strict criteria, it can be argued that the list of generalissimos of all times and peoples includes 75 persons mentioned by A.S. Zubarev and V.A. Egorshin, as well as Kim Il Sung, M.A. Cherkassky, F.Yu. Romodansky, Liu Lichuan and Enver Pasha, i.e. between 1569 and 1992, the title of generalissimo was awarded to 80 military and government officials.
The biographical dictionary indicates that out of 80 generalissimos, 18 belonged to ruling dynasties, 22 had the titles of princes, counts, dukes (the so-called non-dynasty aristocracy). A significant part came from less titled nobility, although in general the majority of holders this rank belonged to noble class and received this title for outstanding military merits in the leadership of military operations on at least a regional scale.
In conclusion, I would like to note that the work done by the authors of the dictionary deserves respect and recognition. On the eve of the 60th anniversary celebration Great Victory a reminder of how and to whom military ranks were and are awarded for merits in military operations to protect the Fatherland, especially roads. The accessibility of the presentation of the material allows us to recommend this dictionary as an auxiliary teaching aid on the history of military art for military institutes, universities, academies and other military educational institutions.
Temirbulatov-Khatuev R.T., Urusov K. S-B. Generalissimos of the world. Brief biographical dictionary. Cherkessk, 1996
Military Encyclopedia: In 8 volumes. T. 2, 3. 4. M.: Military Publishing House, 1994-2001; Naval encyclopedic dictionary. 2nd ed., rev. u additional M.: Voenizdat, 2003; and etc.
Even earlier, the book by P.P. was published. Ganichev “Military Ranks” (M., 1989), which can be considered one of the most authoritative sources for subsequent researchers
For obvious reasons, Kim Il Sung, who received this title in 1992, was not included in the list.
Bantysh-Kamensky D. Biography of Russian generalissimos and field marshals. St. Petersburg, 1940.
To comment you must register on the site.