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Palace coups in Russia 1725 - 1762. Catherine I (1725-1727) Peter II (1727-1730) Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740) Ivan Antonovich (1740-1741) - Anna Leopoldovna Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761) Peter III (1761-1762) .)Slide 2
Palace coup is a takeover political power V Russia XVIII century, caused by the absence of clear rules for succession to the throne, accompanied by the struggle of court factions and carried out, as a rule, with the assistance of guard regiments.
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IN. Klyuchevsky associated the onset of political instability after the death of Peter 1 with the “arbitrary power” of the latter, who decided to break the traditional order of succession to the throne (when the throne passed in a direct line to the male downlink) - the charter of February 5, 1722 granted the autocrat the right to appoint his own successor according to at will. However, Peter 1 did not have time to appoint an heir for himself: the throne turned out to be given “to chance and became his toy.” From now on, it was not the law that determined who should sit on the throne, but the guard, which was the “dominant force” at that time. There was a large number of direct and indirect heirs of the Romanov dynasty. In particular, there were three contenders for the throne: Ekaterina Alekseevna, her youngest daughter Elizaveta Petrovna (the eldest Anna in 1724, under oath, renounced the Russian throne for herself and her offspring) and the grandson of Peter 1, the son of Tsarevich Alexei, 10-year-old Pyotr Alekseevich . The question of who would take the place on the throne had to be decided by the emperor's inner circle, the highest officials and generals. Representatives of the family aristocracy (primarily the princes Golitsyn and Dolgorukov) defended the rights of Pyotr Alekseevich. However, the “new” nobility, the “chicks of Petrov’s nest” led by A.D. Menshikov, behind whom stood the guard, wanted Catherine's accession.
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The reasons for the palace coups, according to most historians, were: 1) the decree of Peter 1 of 1722 on the succession to the throne; 2) a large number of direct and indirect heirs of the Romanov dynasty; 3) contradictions between autocratic power, the ruling elite and the ruling class. 4) position of the guard 5) passivity of the people
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Catherine I (1725-1727) The accession of Catherine I (1725-1727) ushered in palace coups mid-18th century in In 1726, under Catherine I, the Supreme privy council, with broad powers limiting royal power, which became evidence of the “helplessness” of Catherine 1. He received great powers: the council received the right to appoint senior officials, manage finances, and manage the activities of the Senate, Synod and collegiums. The Supreme Privy Council included A.D. Menshikov, P.A. Tolstoy, G.I. Golovkin, F.M. Apraksin, A.I. Osterman and most prominent representative old nobility D.M. Golitsyn.
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Domestic policy. Main line - beginning audits of the results of Peter's reforms. Reduction of bureaucratic structures Revision of the customs tariff Change in the deployment of the army and its content Elimination of the self-government system Restoration of the importance of the county as the main territorial - administrative unit Changing the taxation system, reducing the capitation tax.
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Peter II (1727-1730). Before her death, the Empress appointed Peter Alekseevich as her successor. This appointment was demanded by members of the Supreme Privy Council, the Synod, presidents of the colleges, and guardsmen. In particular, A.D. Back in 1726, Menshikov secretly went over to the side of the son of Tsarevich Alexei, planning to marry him to his daughter. In the hope of maintaining his leading position, A.D. Menshikov did not interfere with the princes Dolgoruky and Golitsyn when they placed on the throne the 12-year-old grandson of Peter 1 (son of Tsarevich Alexei) - Peter 2 (1727-1730). Menshikov planned to marry Peter 2 to his daughter. But he was bypassed by the Dolgorukys, who were more successful in matters of matchmaking with an eccentric young man in a crown: Peter 2 proposed to one of the Dolgoruky princesses. With the accession of Peter Alekseevich, Menshikov managed to become the sole guardian of the boy emperor and, in essence, the regent of the state. However, the prince soon fell seriously ill, which his recent comrades-in-arms and now enemies, dissatisfied with the extraordinary strengthening of Menshikov’s power, were quick to take advantage of, primarily Osterman and the Dolgorukovs. During the five weeks of the prince's illness, they were able to win Peter over to their side. On September 8, Menshikov was announced an order from the Supreme Privy Council for house arrest, and then a decree from the emperor about the deprivation of his awards and exile.
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Reforms: Relocation royal court from St. Petersburg to Moscow in 1727. Abolition in 1728. Chief Master. In general, the reign of Peter 2 did not make significant changes to the state and public life of the Russian state.
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Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740). The leaders, in particular D.M. Golitsin and V.L. Dolgoruky, set out to limit the autocratic royal power and, along with an invitation to the throne, sent Anna Ivanovna secret “conditions” (conditions), drawn up in the spirit constitutional monarchy. They provided: no new laws should be issued; Do not start a war with anyone and do not make peace with anyone; Do not burden loyal subjects with any taxes; Does not manage treasury revenues; Noble ranks above the rank of colonel are not welcome; Do not take away property and honor from the nobility; Estates and villages are not to be liked; The Guard and other troops were to be under the influence of the Supreme Privy Council.
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However, after 2 weeks, Anna broke her condition and declared “her perception of autocracy.” The Supreme Privy Council in 1731 was replaced by a Cabinet of three ministers headed by A.I. Osterman. The Empress had little interest in the affairs of the state, transferring control to her favorite E.I. Biron, ambitious, but limited person. He personified everything dark sides rulers of that time: unbridled tyranny, unscrupulous embezzlement, senseless cruelty. It was raging everywhere secret police, death sentences followed one after another. About mental abilities the queen's favorite, a contemporary aptly responded: Biron talks about horses and with horses like a man, and with people and about people like a horse. This time was called the Bironovschina.
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Anna Ioannovna's policy: Concentrating efforts on consolidating the results of the Palace coup of 1730. New regiments were formed: Izmailovsky and Horse Guards. the abolition of the Supreme Privy Council and the return of the Senate to its former significance; the return of Peter's system of placing regiments in the provinces and the responsibility of landowners for payments to their peasants; continuation of punitive policies towards Old Believers; creation of a new body - the Cabinet of Ministers (1731); resumption of the activities of the Secret Chancellery; establishment of a cadet corps (1732), after which noble children received officer ranks; abolition of unlimited service for nobles (1736). In addition, one of the sons of a noble family was released from service to manage the estate. Conclusion: During the reign of Anna Ioannovna, the autocracy was strengthened, the responsibilities of the nobles were reduced and their rights over the peasants were expanded
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Anna Ivanovna's hobbies: Anna Ivanovna had a weakness for hunting, dogs and horse riding, not inferior to men in this. She could not fall asleep without listening to a tale about robbers. On her orders, they searched everywhere for “talkative women” who knew how to invent and tell stories. horror stories. The princes served as jesters with her. The jester's wedding in " ice house", built by order of the queen.
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Ivan Antonovich (1740-1741) Shortly before her death, Anna Ivanovna declared Ivan Antonovich, the son of her niece Anna Leopoldovna, heir to the throne, and Biron as regent with full power. However, Biron did not remain in power for long. Rumors spread that the regent intended to remove Cabinet Minister Osterman, Field Marshal B.K. Minich and other influential dignitaries from affairs. Fearing this, yesterday's allies of the regent launched a preemptive strike: Biron was arrested on the night of November 7-8, 1740. Less than a month passed after the death of Anna Ioannovna. The Guard overthrew the hated ruler. Anna Leopoldovna was declared regent, but she was destined to remain in power for no more than a year. Dissatisfaction with her caused strong unrest among the nobility and the guards regiments. Soon, until then, the daughter of Peter 1, Princess Elizabeth, who had been in the shadows, supported by the guard, carried out a new palace coup and was proclaimed empress. She reigned for 20 years (1741-1761). Ivan Antonovich's father was Anton Ulrich of Brunswick. 1 of 5 generalissimos in Russian history
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Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761). Next coup d'etat was committed with the direct participation of the guardsmen of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, Elizaveta Petrovna found moral support among foreign diplomats (Shetardi, Nolken), from her friends (A.I. and P.I., Shuvalov, A.G. Razumovsky, M.I. Vorontsov and etc.).
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The period of Elizabeth's reign was marked by the flourishing of favoritism. The Razumovsky brothers and I.I. Shuvalov played a huge role in the formation public policy. Overall, there was favoritism controversial phenomenon. On the one hand, it was an indicator of the dependence of the nobility on royal generosity, and on the other hand, it was a unique, albeit rather timid, attempt to adapt the state to the demands of the nobility.
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During the reign of Elizabeth, transformations were carried out: there was a significant expansion of noble benefits, especially in the 50s. (establishment of noble loan banks, provision of cheap credit, monopoly right to distillation, etc.), the socio-economic and legal status Russian nobility; an attempt was made to restore some order and government agencies, created by Peter I. For this purpose, the Cabinet of Ministers was abolished, the functions of the Senate were significantly expanded, the Berg and Manufactory Collegiums, the chief and city magistrates were restored; many foreigners were eliminated from the spheres government controlled education systems; a new one has been created supreme body- Conference at the highest court(1756) to solve important government issues, which soon turned into a kind of government body, largely duplicating the functions of the Senate; The empress also tried to develop new legislation, gathering people’s representatives to work on drawing up a new Code. However, this initiative and some others remained unfulfilled; religious policy. Decrees were adopted on the eviction of people of the Jewish faith from Russia and on the reconstruction of Lutheran churches into Orthodox ones. 1755 - opening of Moscow University 1754 - abolition of internal customs
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Seven Years' War(1756-1763) As a result of the aggravation of the Anglo- french war Over the colonies and the clashes between Prussia's aggressive policies and the interests of Austria, France, and Russia, a war broke out in 1756-1763. First major victories P.A. Rumyantsev and A.V. Suvorov won. During the war, Russia was economically exhausted, but did not strengthen its international authority
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Conclusion: In general, Elizabeth’s reign did not become the “second edition” of Peter’s policy. The cheerful and loving empress, unlike her reformer father, did not devote much time to state affairs (towards the end of her life this was hampered by her illness). Elizabeth's policy was distinguished by caution, and in some aspects, unusual gentleness. By refusing to sanction death sentences, she was actually the first in Europe to abolish death penalty. According to famous historian S. M. Solovyova, her board created favorable conditions For further development Russia, prepared and educated new statesmen, which in the future would bring glory to Catherine II. A vivid description of Elizaveta Petrovna was given by V.O. Klyuchevsky, who called her an intelligent and kind, but disorderly and wayward Russian young lady who combined “new European trends with pious Russian antiquity.”
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Peter III (December 25, 1761 - June 28, 1762) Peter III did not enjoy respect either from his wife, or from his courtiers and guards, or from society. Irrevocably turn against oneself public opinion Peter succeeded the very next day after ascending the throne: he announced to Frederick II of Russia’s intention to make peace with Prussia separately, without allies France and Austria (1762). Russia returned to Prussia all the lands occupied during the Seven Years' War, refused indemnity to compensate for the losses incurred and concluded a contract with former enemy union. In addition, Peter began to prepare for a completely unnecessary war with Denmark for Russia. In society this was perceived as a betrayal of Russian national interests.
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The six-month reign of Peter III amazes with the abundance of adopted state acts. During this time, 192 decrees were issued, which reflected different sides socio-political and economic life, and the following events took place: the most important was the “Manifesto on the Granting of Freedom and Liberty Russian nobility» February 18, 1762, by which the nobles were exempted from compulsory service to the state, were given the opportunity to live on their estates, freely travel abroad and even enter the service of foreign sovereigns. The nobility increasingly turned from a service class into a privileged class. The golden age of the Russian nobility had arrived; the secularization of church lands in favor of the state was announced, which strengthened the state treasury (1762). Peter III stopped the persecution of Old Believers and wanted to equalize the rights of all religions, force the clergy to wear secular dress, focusing on Lutheranism; the liquidation of the Secret Chancellery and the return from exile of people convicted under Elizaveta Petrovna took place; trade monopolies that hampered the development of entrepreneurship were abolished; freedom was proclaimed foreign trade and etc.
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Conclusion: Peter III carried out decrees that seemed to continue the line of his predecessors. Politically wise and economically expedient, these internal changes did not add to the emperor's popularity. His denial of everything Russian as “archaic,” the break with traditions, and the reshaping of many orders according to the Western model offended the national feelings of the Russian people. The fall of Emperor Peter III was a foregone conclusion, and it occurred as a result of a palace coup on June 28, 1762. Peter was forced to abdicate the throne, and a few days later he was killed.
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Foreign policy. In Russia’s foreign policy after Peter I, three main directions continued to prevail: the Baltic (the priority task of Russian diplomacy was to prevent Sweden’s revenge, to retain all its possessions and dominant position in the Baltic); War with Sweden (1741-1743) Central European (consolidation of Russian influence in Poland); War of the Polish Succession (1733-1735) War of the Austrian Succession (1735-1739) Seven Years' War (1700-1721) Black Sea (return of the Azov region, desire to reach the Black Sea). War with Turkey (1735-1739)
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Catherine I (1725-1727) Peter II (1727-1730) Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740) Ivan Antonovich (1740-1741) - Anna Leopoldovna Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761) Peter III (1761-1762) .) Catherine II (1762 - 1796) Work plan
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A palace coup is a seizure of political power in Russia in the 18th century, caused by the absence of clear rules for succession to the throne, accompanied by a struggle between court factions and carried out, as a rule, with the assistance of guard regiments.
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Peter the Great died on January 28, 1725. He died hard, he was tormented by severe pain. The “Father of the Fatherland” died and did not name an heir. However, back in 1722, Peter I issued a decree on succession to the throne, according to which the emperor could bequeath the throne to any member ruling house Romanovs. Peter I is the first emperor of Russia.
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Reasons for palace coups: 1) action royal decree Peter 1 of 1722 on succession to the throne, according to which power could be transferred by the reigning emperor to virtually any person; 2) a large number of direct and indirect heirs of the Romanov dynasty; 3) contradictions between autocratic power, the ruling elite and the ruling class; 4) strengthening the role of the guard, which consisted of nobles, in solving state affairs; 5) passivity of the people.
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Catherine I (1725-1727) The accession of Catherine I (1725-1727) ushered in the palace coups of the mid-18th century. She was not stupid, but she was never involved in state affairs. A. Menshikov ruled the state himself through the Supreme Privy Council he created. 1725 – 1727
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A. D. Menshikov. In February 1726, Menshikov created the highest government institution, the Supreme Privy Council, staffed new nobility, Peter's closest associates. He quickly took over the council and, taking advantage of the boundless trust of the sick Catherine, became the de facto ruler of the country. The first coup was led by Peter the Great's closest associate, His Serene Highness Prince A.D. Menshikov.
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Peter II (1727-1730) 1727 – 1730 In 1727, the crown passed to the grandson of Peter I - Tsarevich Peter Alekseevich (Peter II). The Dolgoruky princes gained great influence at court. At their request, A. Menshikov and his family were exiled to Siberia. Princes Dolgoruky and princes Golitsyn came to power. The capital was moved to Moscow, where Peter II died before he was 15 years old. The Romanov dynasty ended with him in the male line. Historians believe that this is how a new revolution took place.
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A. I. Osterman. A.I. Osterman, having become the educator and mentor of the young tsar, tried to do his work in the most conscientious manner. However, despite all his efforts, Osterman was never able to exert the proper influence on the boy autocrat.
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Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740) 1730 – 1740 After the death of Peter II, the question of succession to the throne arose again. The Golitsyn family nominated Anna of Courland, the niece of Peter I, as heir. Anna Ioannovna received the crown at the cost of signing the Conditions limiting her power in favor of the Supreme Privy Council. In Russia, instead of an absolute monarchy, a limited monarchy was established.
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The leaders, in particular D.M. Golitsin and V.L. Dolgoruky, set out to limit the autocratic royal power and, along with an invitation to the throne, sent Anna Ivanovna secret “conditions” (conditions), drawn up in the spirit of a constitutional monarchy. They provided: no new laws should be issued; Do not start a war with anyone and do not make peace with anyone; Do not burden loyal subjects with any taxes; Does not manage treasury revenues; Noble ranks above the rank of colonel are not welcome; Do not take away property and honor from the nobility; Estates and villages are not to be liked; The Guard and other troops were to be under the influence of the Supreme Privy Council.
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Anna Ioannovna surrounded herself with Germans, the main role was played by her favorite Biron (Ernst Johann) - an arrogant, rude, cruel temporary worker. In the fall of 1740, Anna Ioannovna fell ill and proclaimed the son of Anna Leopoldovna’s niece, Ivan Antonovich, as heir; Biron was appointed regent for the baby. Ernst-Johann Biron
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Ivan Antonovich (1740-1741) - Anna Leopoldovna Shortly before her death, Anna Ivanovna declared Ivan Antonovich, the son of her niece Anna Leopoldovna, heir to the throne, and Biron as regent with full power. However, Biron did not remain in power for long. Less than a month has passed since Anna Ioannovna's death. The Guard overthrew the hated ruler. Anna Leopoldovna was declared regent, but she was destined to remain in power for no more than a year.
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Ivan Antonovich's father was Anton Ulrich of Brunswick. One of the five generalissimos in Russian history, Anton Ulrich of Brunswick.
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Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761) On November 25, 1741, another (and not the last in XVIII century) palace coup, and it was initiated by Elizaveta Petrovna, youngest daughter Peter I. She came to the barracks of the Preobrazhensky Regiment and called on the soldiers to serve her the same way they served her father. The guards carried her into the palace on their shoulders. The 20-year reign of the daughter of Peter the Great began. Elizabeth I loved everything Russian. She removed foreigners from the court and, while ruling the state, tried to follow in her father’s footsteps. According to S. M. Solovyov, under Elizabeth, “Russia came to its senses.” 1741 – 1761
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The young princess of Anhalt-Zerbst Having established herself on the throne, Elizabeth declared as her heir the Holstein-Gottorp Prince Karl-Peter-Ulrich, the son of Anna Petrovna, whose wife some time later became Sophia-Augusta-Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst (Fike). The young princess has learned well the lessons that the Russian history of revolutions taught her - she will successfully implement them.
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Peter III (1761-1762) 1761 - 1762 Elizaveta Petrovna appointed Peter III, the son of Anna Petrovna, as heir. The young heir was a supporter of the Prussian king Frederick II and his policies. He failed to establish relations with the guard and was going to withdraw the guard units from the capital. All this deprived Peter of the support of the nobility. As Catherine II later wrote. that her husband “had no more fierce enemy. than himself." The guards killed Peter III and installed his wife, the German princess Sophia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt - Zerbst - Catherine II, on the throne. Thus a palace coup took place again.
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Peter and Catherine: joint portrait
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Empress Catherine II Catherine II reigned for more than 3 decades. Talented, educated, literary gifted, she knew how to do a lot - and manage huge empire, and get along with people, bring talented, gifted people closer to you. The reign of Catherine II is characterized as the period " enlightened absolutism" In her policy, Catherine II tried to rely on the Russian nobility, and especially its “cream” - the guard. No wonder Russian nobles called her reign the “golden age.” 1762 – 1796
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Conclusion The palace coups did not entail changes in the political, much less social system society and boiled down to a struggle for power among various noble groups pursuing their own, most often selfish, interests. At the same time, the specific policies of each of the six monarchs had their own characteristics, sometimes important for the country. In general, the socio-economic stabilization and foreign policy successes achieved during the reign of Elizabeth created the conditions for more accelerated development and new breakthroughs in foreign policy that would occur under Catherine II.
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Consequently, we can conclude that it would be most correct to evaluate the time of palace coups as a period of development noble empire from Peter's formations to a new major modernization of the country under Catherine 2. In the second quarter - mid-18th century there were no major reforms (moreover, according to some scientists, the period before the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna is assessed as a period of counter-reforms). Elizaveta Petrovna Anna Leopoldovna Peter I Peter II
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Resources: http://renatar.livejournal.com http://images.google.ru Anisimov E. V., Kamensky A. B. Russia in the XVIII - first half of the XIX century: History. Historian. Document. M.: Miros, 1994.
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LESSON PLAN
Palace coups and their causes. Who laid claim to the Russian throne? Change of reigns (from Peter I to Catherine II). Check yourself.
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Palace coups.
Period in history Russian Empire when it happened forced change ruling monarchs or palace groups. This term was first used by historian V.O. Klyuchevsky. During these years, various noble groups fought for the influence of Russian monarchs.
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Peter Alekseevich (Great) I 1682-1725.
This regulatory legal act secured the right of the autocrat to appoint any successor at his discretion. But by the time of his death, Peter I did not have time to express his will about the heir to the throne. This was the reason for the era of palace coups. Causes of palace coups 1. The culprit of instability supreme power In the 18th century, it was Peter I who found himself in Russia, who in 1722 issued the “Charter on the Succession to the Throne.” Remember the essence of this decree?
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Causes of palace coups
2. A vital role belonged to the Guard in the coups. 3. Nobles became guardsmen. 4. The struggle of factions of the tribal aristocracy.
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Who is the contender for the throne?
PETER I KATHERINE I ALEXEY (DIED IN PRISON) PETER II ANNA ELIZAVETA EVDOKIA LOPUKHINA?
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Palace coups of 1725-1761 Working with educational material Fill the table
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Catherine I (1725-1727)
At the call of the wife of Peter I guards regiments demanded to proclaim Ekaterina Alekseevna empress. To reconcile the warring palace parties, the Supreme Privy Council was created, which included both representatives of the old nobility and the “chicks of Petrov’s nest.” Alexander Danilovich Menshikov had key positions in it. What did Catherine I do to reconcile the two warring camps - supporters of the old clan aristocracy and associates of Peter I?
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Peter Alekseevich II (1727 –1730)
In May 1727, after the death of Catherine, Peter II Alekseevich, the grandson of Peter I, became emperor. The old nobility achieved the arrest of Menshikov and his exile to the Siberian town of Berezov. In the struggle between the princely families, the Dolgorukys, representatives of the old family nobility who opposed Peter’s reforms, won. Why is this time (1727) considered the second palace coup? Peter II died in 1730 from smallpox. Ended with his death male line Romanov family.
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REFLECTED THE INTERESTS OF THE FAMILY ARISTOCRACY
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Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740)
In January 1730, after the death of Peter II, the next palace coup took place. The old nobility called Anna Ioannovna, the niece of Peter I (daughter of Ivan Alekseevich), to the throne, who received the crown at the cost of signing the Conditions. Conditions for inviting Anna Ioannovna to the throne: - not to marry and not to appoint an heir; - not to start wars and not to make peace; - not to introduce new taxes; - transfer command of the army to the Supreme Privy Council; - do not encroach on the lives, estates and honor of the nobles: - do not favor estates and villages with serfs. With the support of the nobility and the guard, the “conditions” were destroyed and the Supreme Privy Council was abolished. Her favorite E.I. became the all-powerful ruler under Anna Ioanovna. Biron (“Bironovism”) What were the conditions of the Condition aimed at? Thus, for the first time, an attempt was made to limit absolute power Russian monarch
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Ioann Antonovich (1740-1741)
As a result of a conspiracy of the guards in 1740 under the leadership of B.K. Minikha against Biron, Anna Leopoldovna (niece of Empress Anna Ioannovna) was proclaimed regent under her infant son Ivan Antonovich IV (2 months) - this is another palace coup.
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Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761)
The Guard helped Peter I's daughter Elizaveta Petrovna take the throne. On the night of November 25, 1741 another revolution took place. Do you agree with the words of V. O. Klyuchevsky, who calls Elizabeth in the following way: “The most legitimate of all the successors and successors of Peter I.” Yes, we can agree with the words of O.V. Klyuchevsky, because Elizabeth was the daughter of Peter I. She supported the policy of returning to Peter's reforms, restoring the orders and bodies created under Peter I.
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Pyotr Fedorovich (1761-1762)
Peter III, grandson of Peter I, occupies the Russian throne after the death of Elizabeth Petrovna in 1761. He abolished the Secret Investigation Office and gave the nobles the opportunity to choose between service and a carefree life on their estate. (“Manifesto on the granting of freedom and liberty to the Russian nobility”). He was accused of: disrespect for Russian shrines and imprisonment " shameful world"with Prussia. 186 days of reign.
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Ekaterina Alekseevna (1762-1796)
On the morning of June 28, 1762. The wife of Peter III carried out the last coup, with the help of the guards, she overthrew her husband from the throne and began to rule under the name Catherine II. German princess Sofia Augusta Frederica Angelt-Zerbskaya The end of the era of palace coups. How can you evaluate the rise of Catherine II to power?
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Palace coups 1725-1762
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CHECK YOURSELF
Establish the sequence of reign of Peter II.5. Peter I. Anna Ioanovna. 6. Elizabeth I. Catherine II. 7. Catherine I. Ioann Antonovich 8. Peter III 5 7 1 2 4 6 8 3
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WHO WAS THE ACTUAL RULER OF THE STATE UNDER CATHERINE I? A) Chancellor G.I. Golovkin B) Prince A.D. Menshikov V) Minister E.I. Biron G) Vice-Chancellor A.I. Osterman
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THE PRINCE FAMILY THAT ACTUALLY RULED RUSSIA UNDER PETER II? A) Lopukhins B) Galitsyns C) Dolgorukies
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HOMEWORK
PARAGRAPH 20 – 21, questions and tasks for the paragraph
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Guard (Italian guardia "guard, security") - a selected privileged part of the troops. GLOSSARY The nobility is a privileged part of the military-service class. Family aristocracy - privileged class society, mainly consisting of representatives of the most noble families, the nobility.
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Conditions – conditions of invitation to the throne. Bironovism is an extremely reactionary regime in Russia in the 30s. XVIII century during the reign of Empress Anna Ioannovna. It got its name from the favorite E.I. Biron is the inspirer and creator of this regime. Character traits Bironovism - the dominance of foreigners, mainly Germans, in all branches of state and public life, predatory exploitation of the people, plunder of the country's wealth, brutal persecution of the dissatisfied, espionage, denunciations. DICTIONARY
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Ernst Biron
The regency of Ernst-Johann Biron, which became possible with the active support of the same Minich, Osterman, Cherkassky, lasted no more three weeks. This speaks exclusively of E.I. Biron’s inability to govern the state independently, of his inability (or rather, unwillingness) to consolidate with those who could be useful to him.
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- Palace coups, their reasons
- Catherine I
- Peter II
- Reign of Anna Ioanovna
- Ivan Antonovich and Anna Leopoldovna
- The reign of Elizaveta Petrovna
- Peter III
Fill out the worksheet “Palace coups”
After the death of Peter, a period of palace coups began that lasted 37 years.
Peter, having introduced by decree of 1722 the appointment of a successor as the reigning emperor, created an unstable situation in the country.
Guards regiments began to interfere in the succession to the throne, hoping for rewards from the emperors they had enthroned.
The coups did not change the essence of power, which was actually exercised not by the monarch, but by a group of his associates and favorites.
Historian Klyuchevsky V.O
The aggravation of the problem of succession to the throne in connection with the adoption of the Decree of 1722, which broke traditional mechanism transfer of power
An intense struggle between various factions for power.
Increasing the role of the guard in political life countries
Weakening ruling dynasty during the period of Peter's reforms
Prerequisites for palace coups
Establishment of dynastic ties with German states, which led to the emergence of foreign pretenders to the throne
Construction new capital, where the monarch found himself cut off from the main part of the country and became a hostage to his own entourage
Passivity of the masses, absolutely far from the political life of the capital
Peter I in 1724 he crowned his wife, Catherine. A.D. took advantage of this. Menshikov, who elevated her to the throne with the help of the Preobrazhentsy and Semyonovtsy.
Menshikov actually became the first minister. In 1726, he established the Supreme Privy Council, which included Peter’s associates. He was supposed to help Catherine govern the state.
The Supreme Council exercised supervision over all boards and institutions of the Russian Empire. The role of the Senate has diminished.
A. I. Osterman
A. D. Menshikov
F. M. Apraksin
The laws came into force after the signature of the Empress or the Supreme Privy Council.
G. I. Golovkin
P. A. Tolstoy
D. M. Golitsyn
Karl-Friedrich
Holstein
Formally, the Council continued Peter's policy I :
- The capitation tax has been reduced;
- Ban on using the army to collect tax arrears;
- The conditions of service for the nobles were made easier;
- Discussion of cutting spending on the army and navy.
In May 1727, Catherine I passed away.
I - Peter Alekseevich. Menshikov hoped to maintain his power by marrying Peter II his daughter Maria.
He controlled every step of the emperor, but in the summer of 1727 he fell ill and the emperor came under the influence of I. Dolgorukov, with whom he began to spend his free time.
In September 1727, Menshikov was arrested and exiled to the Urals in Berezov, where he died in 1729.
Huge influence on Peter II The Dolgorukys and Golitsyns, who took seats in the Supreme Privy Council, began to provide.
They removed Peter's associates from service I and curtailed the reforms.
Wanting to consolidate their position, the Dolgorukys tried to marry Peter II on E. Dolgorukaya.
Shortly before the wedding in January 1730, Peter II hosted the parade on the river. Yauze, caught a cold and died suddenly.
The leaders wanted to place the “royal bride” on the throne, but they could not.
Members of the Supreme Privy Council decided to choose Peter's niece I Anna Ioannovna.
Anna was given in marriage to the Duke of Courland in 1710. A year later, her husband died and Anna ruled the duchy with the help of her favorites.
The leaders offered her “conditions” that limited autocratic power.
Anna agreed, but upon arriving in Moscow, she tore up the sheet with the “conditions”. Anna was a narrow-minded woman who loved the fun of jesters and the stories of the head of the Secret Chancellery S. Ushakov.
She did not delve into issues of public administration and the country actually found itself under the rule of the Courlanders who arrived with her.
The greatest influence at the empress's court was gained by her favorite, Ernst Biron.
The most important positions at court were given to the Germans, who took all the seats in the Supreme Privy Council.
Why do you think?
Bribery and embezzlement became widespread.
Artemy Volynsky, the only Russian in the Supreme Privy Council, protested against German dominance.
His performance ended tragically - in 1740, Volynsky was executed on charges of embezzlement.
B. H. Minich
A. I. Osterman
Anna, who had no children, shortly before her death invited her nephew, Ivan Antonovich, and his parents, Anton Ulrich and Anna Leopoldovna, to Russia.
When Anna Ioannovna died in 1740, Ivan VI was only 2 months old. According to the will, E. Biron was appointed regent.
Biron was in power for six months.
Army officers led by Field Marshal A. Minikh arrested Biron and exiled him to Yaroslavl.
The emperor's mother, Anna Leopoldovna, was proclaimed regent. But under her, nothing changed in the life of the country, and a new conspiracy arose among the guards.
On November 25, 1741, Preobrazhensky officers elevated Elizaveta Petrovna to the throne. Peter's daughter returned Peter's nobles to the service and restored the effect of her father's decrees.
Foreigners were removed from the court, and A. Razumovsky, the Shuvalov brothers, A. Bestuzhev-Ryumin and others began to play a huge role in governing the state.
A. G. Razumovsky
I. I. Shuvalov
In 1742, Elizabeth appointed Peter Fedorovich, Peter's grandson, as heir I . Soon his wedding took place with the German princess Sophia of Anhalt-Zerbst, the future Catherine II .
But Peter was a fan of Prussia. Elizabeth was disappointed in him and after Catherine gave birth to Paul, she decided to transfer the throne to him.
She took the boy into her care, but died in 1761.
Peter's grandson became the new emperor I Pyotr Fedorovich (Peter III ), who ruled for only six months.
He accepted 192 documents during his 186-day reign, but his unpredictability and kowtowing to the Prussian king Frederick the Great led to a new conspiracy.
On June 28, 1762, he was overthrown and arrested, and a week later he died (according to some versions, he was killed).
Catherine became the new empress II , who soon received the title “Great”.
Palace coups 1725-1762
Slides: 11 Words: 289 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0“Palace coups” 1725 - 1762. For 37 years from 1725 to 1762. on Russian throne 6 rulers were replaced. Causes of palace coups. There were a large number of direct and indirect heirs of the Romanov dynasty. Catherine I (1725-1727). Peter II (1727-1730). Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740). Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761). Peter III (1761-1762). Catherine II (1762-1796). - 1725-1762.ppt
The era of palace coups
Slides: 11 Words: 353 Sounds: 0 Effects: 28The phenomenon of palace coups: reason, reasons, driving forces. Goals and objectives of the study: To find out the causes and essence of palace coups. Characterize the driving forces behind palace coups. Deepen your understanding of this historical era. Research hypothesis. Progress of the study. Consequences of the decree of 1722. The natural principle for Russia of succession to the throne according to seniority in the reigning family has been interrupted. The overthrow of the supreme power no longer looked like an attack on holiness. The number of contenders for the throne has increased. The struggle between rival factions for power intensified. - The Age of Revolutions.ppt
Revolutions in Russia
Slides: 20 Words: 497 Sounds: 0 Effects: 33The era of palace coups. 1725 – 1762 Six reigns over 37 years - this is what characterizes the so-called era of palace coups. Catherine's accession ushered in the palace coups of the mid-18th century. In May 1724, in the main temple of Russia - the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin - the coronation ceremony of the wife of the first Russian emperor took place. Before her death, Catherine the First appointed Peter Alekseevich as her successor. grandson of Peter the Great. After the death of Peter the Second, the question of succession to the throne arose again. Shortly before her death, Anna Ivanovna declared Ivan Antonovich, the son of her niece Anna Leopoldovna, heir to the throne, and Anna Leopoldovna herself as regent. - Revolutions in Russia.ppt
Palace coups
Slides: 10 Words: 271 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Palace coups. Peter Alekseevich (Great) I 1682-1725. The first palace coup took place in 1725. Catherine I (1725-1727). Peter Alekseevich II (1727 –1730). Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740). In January 1730, after the death of Peter II, the next palace coup took place. The old nobility called Anna Ioannovna, the niece of Peter I, to the throne. Ioann Antonovich (1740-1741). Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761). The Guard helped the daughter of Peter I, Elizaveta Petrovna, take the throne. On the night of November 25, 1741 The fifth coup took place. Pyotr Fedorovich (1761-1762). Since 1761 The throne was taken by the grandson of Peter I - Peter III. - Palace coups.ppt
Lesson Palace coups
Slides: 10 Words: 169 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Palace coups. Russian history lesson in 10th grade. Monarchs of Russia during the era of palace coups. Catherine I (January 29, 1725 – May 6, 1727). Peter II (May 7, 1727 – January 18, 1730). Anna Ioannovna (January 19, 1730 – October 17, 1740). Elizaveta Petrovna (November 25, 1741 – December 25, 1761). Peter III (December 25, 1761 – June 23, 1762). Catherine II (1762-1796). - Palace coups.ppt
The era of palace coups
Slides: 22 Words: 1354 Sounds: 0 Effects: 258The era of palace coups. Palace coup. Favorism in the era of the palace. Rulers. Catherine. Supreme Privy Council. Peter. Menshikov. Written standards. Anna Ivanovna. "Anti-Bironovskaya" coalition. John VI Antonovich. Elizaveta Petrovna. Main favorites. Polish heritage. Russian - swedish war. Seven Years' War. Battle of the village of Gross-Jägersdorf. Battle of the village of Zorndorf. Battle of the village of Kunersdorf. Domestic policy. - The era of palace coups.ppt
History of palace coups
Slides: 19 Words: 539 Sounds: 0 Effects: 19Russia in the era of palace coups 1725 - 1762. Purpose of the lesson: to get acquainted with the causes, circumstances and consequences of palace coups in Russia in the 18th century. Study plan new topic. Heirs of Peter 1. Causes of palace coups. Characteristics of palace coups. Heirs of Peter I. Reforms. "The Case of Tsarevich Alexei." Charter of Peter I On succession to the throne. Ekaterina is the wife. Elizabeth is the daughter. Peter is a grandson. Anna is a niece. Causes of palace coups. Peter's reforms. Palace coups. The growth of the privileges of the nobility. The struggle for power between Peter I’s associates. - History of palace coups.ppt
Palace coups in Russia
Slides: 24 Words: 1421 Sounds: 0 Effects: 16Palace coups (1725 – 1762). History 7th grade. 1. Catherine I. 2. Peter II. 3. "The Supremes." 4. Anna Ioanovna. 5. Elizaveta Petrovna. 6. Peter III. Lesson assignment. Compose chronological table main events of the era of Palace coups. What are the reasons for palace coups? The role of the guard has grown significantly. Catherine I (Martha Skavronskaya) (1725-1727). Evdokia Lopukhina. Praskovya Saltykova. Ivan V Alekseevich (1682-1696). Peter I Alekseevich (1682-1725). Catherine. Anna Ivanovna (1730-1740). Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761). Alexei. Anna. Ivan VI Antonovich (1740-1741). - Palace coups in Russia.ppt
Russia in the era of palace coups
Slides: 60 Words: 1249 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0The era of palace coups. Change of rulers on the throne. The son of Peter I died. Charter on the succession to the throne. Catherine I. Peter I died. The reign of Catherine I. Supreme Privy Council. Decree on the transfer of the throne to Peter II. The dying queen. The period of the reign of Peter II. Ekaterina Dolgorukaya. The Supreme Privy Council became clearly aristocratic. Peter II returned his grandmother Evdokia Lopukhina from exile. Peter II died on his wedding day. The period of Anna Ioannovna's reign. Choosing a new head of state. Anna Ioannovna. Head of the Spiritual College. F. Prokopovich. Sheet with conditions. Baltic Germans. - Russia in the era of palace coups.ppt
The era of palace coups 1725-1762
Slides: 23 Words: 1271 Sounds: 0 Effects: 116Palace coups 1725 – 1762 Lesson plan. Palace coups. Causes of palace coups. The Guard played a decisive role in the coups. Who is the contender for the throne? Working with the educational material, fill out the table. Catherine I (1725-1727). Peter Alekseevich II (1727 –1730). 1730 “Verkhovniki” (Supreme Privy Council). Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740). John Antonovich (1740-1741). Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761). Pyotr Fedorovich (1761-1762). Ekaterina Alekseevna (1762-1796). Palace coups 1725-1762 Check yourself. Who was the actual ruler of the state. - The era of palace coups 1725-1762.ppt
Politics 1725-1762
Slides: 9 Words: 228 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Russian foreign policy in 1725 - 1762. Story. Main directions of foreign policy. The fight with Turkey for access to the Black Sea. Russian interference in the internal affairs of Poland. Preservation of Peter's conquests in the Baltic states. Consolidation of Russia in the Caucasus. Russia's advance to the East. War of the Polish Succession. 1733 – 1735 – War of the Polish Succession. Stanislav Leshchinsky. August. Fill the table. Russo-Swedish War 1741 - 1743. Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War (1756 - 1762). Coalition: Prussia and England. Coalition: France, Austria, Russia, Saxony, Sweden. - Politics 1725-1762.pptx
Foreign policy 1725-1762
Slides: 12 Words: 197 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Russian foreign policy in 1725-1762. Main directions of foreign policy: Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The struggle for power between Stanislav Leszczynski and the son of the deceased king - Augustus III. Russian – Turkish war 1735-1739. Burchard Christoph Minich. 1736 – new Crimean campaign. Belgrade Peace Treaty of 1739. Russian-Swedish War 1741-1743. 1742 – Treaty of Abo. Russia has part of the territory of the Baltic and Finland. Seven Years' War 1756-1762. Two coalitions European countries: Russia's goal is. S.F. Apraksin. P.A. Rumyantsev. V.V. Fermor. P.S. Saltykov. Results of foreign policy of 1725-1762. - Foreign Policy 1725-1762.pptx
Domestic policy 1725-1762
Slides: 19 Words: 774 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Domestic policy in 1725-1762. Standard requirements. Lesson objectives. Lesson plan. Table form. Catherine (1725-1727). Peter II (1727-1730). Anna Ioannovna (1730 -1740). Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761). Peter III Fedorovich(1761-1762). Policy towards the Cossacks. Find manufactories on the map. Policy in the field of manufacturing production. Changes in the city government system. Compare the nature of the reign of Peter I and his successors. - Domestic policy 1725-1762.ppt
Peter 2
Slides: 10 Words: 1607 Sounds: 0 Effects: 22Peter ll. Peter did not have time to show interest in state affairs and did not actually rule on his own. Childhood. Childhood. Catherine's will. On May 6 (17), 1727, 43-year-old Empress Catherine I died. According to the will, the throne was inherited by the grandson of Peter I, Peter Alekseevich. Reign. Peter II under Menshikov (1727). The daughter of Peter I, Anna Petrovna, was forced to leave Russia with her husband. The fall of Menshikov. Peter II under the Dolgorukovs (1728-1730). The fall of Menshikov brought Peter closer to Anna Petrovna. Ekaterina Dolgorukova, Peter's second bride. Domestic policy. - Peter 2.ppt
Peter 3
Slides: 19 Words: 1496 Sounds: 0 Effects: 70Emperor Peter III. Heir to the throne. Grand Duke Petr Fedorovich. Prince Peter Fedorovich. Empress Elizabeth seriously considered declaring her great-nephew as heir. Foreign policy of Peter III. Politics of Peter III. The most important document of the reign of Peter III was the Manifesto “on the granting of freedom to the Russian nobility” published on February 18, 1762. The manifesto on the freedom of the nobility for the first time created in Russia a layer of free people independent of the state. By decree of February 21, 1762, Peter III abolished Secret Chancery. Peter III stopped persecuting schismatics. Non-discrimination on religious grounds, equality of religions – natural principles existence. - Peter 3.ppt
Peter III
Slides: 13 Words: 258 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Peter III in the assessments of historians and contemporaries. Childhood. The guardian is Bishop Adolf Friedrich. At the age of 11, in the care of an uncle - Indifference, Rudeness, Ignorance. Life in Russia. Yakov Yakovlevich Shtelin discovered complete absence knowledge. Besides ownership French. Instructions from Chancellor A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin. Fidgety, poorly educated, good-natured, trusting. Reign of Peter III. Events of Peter III. Prussian influence. Various ratings. A worthless monarch who had a negative attitude towards everything Russian - Catherine II, S.M. Solovyov, V.O. Klyuchevsky. Conspiracy participants. Causes of death of Peter iii. - Peter III.pptx
Seven Years' War
Slides: 9 Words: 325 Sounds: 0 Effects: 17The war started Prussian king Frederick the Great. Seven Years' War. Frederick the Great. 4. Seven Years' War. Field Marshal S. Apraksin, who commanded the troops, was an experienced courtier. Field Marshal Apraksin. Elizabeth appointed Fermor as the new commander. General Fermor. Battle of Zorndorf. In 1759, P. Saltykov became commander. Soon the Russians went on the offensive, and Friedrich barely escaped capture. P.S. Saltykov. General Chernyshov. -