“Modern problems of humanity” - The attraction of the ocean. The problem of the World Ocean. Ecology of developing countries. Global community. Geography mineral resources. The problem of the demographic crisis in developed countries. Food problem. Population census. Opportunities for solving the problem of the World Ocean. Deadly weapon. Fish resources of the World Ocean.
“The essence of global problems of humanity” - Demographic problem. Basic concepts of the topic. Lesson objectives. Stages global warming. The problem of backwardness of developing countries. Ecological problem. Food problem. Energy and raw materials problem. The problem of the world's oceans. Epigraph. The problem of peaceful space exploration. Global problem of peace and disarmament.
“Global problems and prospects for humanity” - Expert opinion. Try to reduce waste. The meaning of our lesson. Improve your household waste management system. Ways to dispose of waste in cities. Demographic problem. What can each of us do to solve the problem of household waste? Solid waste problem. Global problems of humanity.
“Modern global problems of humanity” - Economic problems. The Earth's atmosphere acts as a kind of glass in a greenhouse. Population share of developing countries. Global problems of our time. The most favorable conditions for growing crops. The essence of the food problem. Food problem in the world. Food problem.
"Classification of Global Problems" - Demography records the decline of the indigenous population in developed countries. Peculiarities. Energy problem. Classification of global problems. Ecological problems. Nuclear threat. Causes of global problems. Ways to resolve global problems. Demographic problem. Global problems of humanity.
“Food problem in the world” - Current food situation. World hunger. The above does not mean that the food issue has been resolved in developed countries. The global nature of the problem is also manifested from another side. Can the Earth feed its inhabitants? The hand of a hungry boy in the palm of a European. Insufficient and unbalanced nutrition is also the cause of high mortality, especially among children.
There are a total of 34 presentations in the topic
Environmental consequences of the arms race. Having mastered the tools of labor, man stood out from all other animals. As soon as they did this, people immediately began to compete with each other for best territory. Gradually, people stopped being completely dependent on nature; this began to have a detrimental effect on the environment. A problem has arisen: the destructive impact of military activity on the human environment. A problem has arisen: the destructive impact of military activity on the human environment.
Destruction of the natural environment during wars. Method of destruction of the natural environment Ecological damage Example Construction of ditches, trapping pits, traps. Destruction of the soil structure, violation of the integrity of the turf, increased soil erosion. Construction of any fortresses (in Russia: Moscow, Pskov, etc.) Use of natural objects as weapons. Deforestation, destruction of crops, poisoning of water sources, fires. Cleisthenes of Siklonsky poisoned the water in the spring that fed the Chrises besieged by him. Vasily Golitsin and his soldiers caused a fire in the steppe in the war with the Crimean Tatars.
The use of natural phenomena (fires) in military operations. Burning of grass along the borders of possessions to impede the advance of cavalry (lack of food). This has a significant impact on the landscape. In centuries throughout southern border The Moscow state was ordered to burn dry grass every year, and notches were made in the forests. Huge graves remaining at battle sites. When corpses decompose, poisons are formed that enter the soil and water bodies, poisoning them. During the battle on the Kulikovo Field, there were killed at the battle site. Movement of significant masses of people, equipment and weapons. Land pollution, soil erosion, landscape changes, etc. Xerox's army, having arrived in Greece, drank the rivers dry, and the cattle trampled and ate all the greenery.
1) One of the determining circumstances was new powerful projectiles. Reasons for their danger: Explosions of much greater power. The guns began to send shells at a greater angle, so that they also hit the ground at a greater angle and penetrated deeply into the soil. Increased weapon range. 2) Creation of aerial bombs that cause soil destruction, destruction of animals, forest and steppe fires. 3) Disasters of oil-heated ships, causing poisoning of natural fauna with a mass of toxic synthetic substances. But still greatest damage nature was damaged in the wars of the 20th century.
Persian-Scythian War (512 BC) Description: Conquest of Scythia by the Persians under Darius the Great Environmental damage: destruction of vegetation as a result of scorched earth tactics, which the Scythians resorted to as they retreated to delay the approach of the Persians.
Invasion of the Huns (4th – 5th centuries) Description: conquest by the Huns, including those led by Attila, of Western Asia, Eastern and Central Europe. Environmental damage: systematic destruction of land, trampling of crops and settlements, leading to mass migrations of the population.
Tataro - Mongol conquests (1211 - 1242) Description: conquest of Genghis - Khan of most of Asia and of Eastern Europe. Environmental damage: destruction of occupied lands, seizure or destruction of crops and livestock; the deliberate destruction of the major irrigation structures on the Tigris River on which Mesopotamian agriculture depended.
Franco-Dutch War (1672 - 1678) Description: punitive operations French troops under the command of Louis 14th in Holland. Environmental damage: the Dutch deliberately flooded their own territory to impede the advance of French troops. Formation of the so-called “Dutch waterline”.
American Civil War (1861 - 1865) Description: failed attempt to secede the Confederacy of 11 southern states. Environmental damage: deliberate destruction by northerners of southern crops in the Shenandoah Valley (700 thousand hectares) and in Virginia (4 million hectares) as part of a targeted scorched earth tactic.
Second Japan - Chinese war(1937 - 1945) Description: Japanese invasion of China. Environmental damage: In June 1938, the Chinese blew up the Huankou Dam on the Yellow River to stop the Japanese advance. As a result of the ensuing flood, crops and soil over an area of several million hectares were flooded and destroyed, and several hundred thousand people drowned.
World War II (years) Description: military operations in large territory in almost all geographical areas world, on three continents (Europe, Asia, Africa) and two oceans (Atlantic and Pacific). Environmental damage: destruction of agricultural land, crops and forests on a large scale; flooding of lowlands; radioactive contamination Hiroshima and Nagasaki; destruction of the ecosystems of many islands in Pacific Ocean; increased consumption of natural resources.
War of Independence in Angola (1961 - 1975) Description: successful war Portuguese colonial regime. Environmental Damage: Deliberate Destruction by Colonial Forces Agriculture; the use of herbicides against crops in areas under their control.
Indochina conflict (1961 - 1975) Description: extensive US intervention civil war in the south of Vietnam on the side of the Saigon regime; aggression against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. Environmental damage: deliberate and widespread destruction of the natural environment: destruction of crops, arable land, soil layer and forests by bombing, mechanical and chemical methods, as well as by fires; attempts to flood the area by artificially causing precipitation and destroying dams.
Irano – Iraq War(started 1981) Description: Military operations on land and in the Persian Gulf. Environmental damage: destruction of desert flora and fauna; significant pollution of the Gulf waters caused by attacks on oil tankers and the targeted destruction of oil refineries and oil storage facilities.
Geophysical weapons. It seemed to people that they had found the most powerful of all types of weapons in the form of the energy of the atomic nucleus, but then an even more powerful tool came into their field of vision - nature itself with its natural phenomena and conditions. In every country there are vulnerabilities, especially sensitive to certain types of weather or climatic, geological and hydrological influences. These links can also be found for large groups countries, and for entire continents...
Categories of use of climate weapons Direct offensive Indirect offensive Defensive Erratic action, indiscriminately Providing protection, covering offensive operations Providing a dense cloud cover over large objects, the ability to hide under this cover from an enemy attack from the air
Ways to solve the problem: National services surveillance to ensure safety against the threat of weather warfare: Bureau of Environmental Protection Bureau of Environmental Protection Organization of a pre-emption network Organization of a pre-emption network Whatever the reasons, any effort aimed at radically transforming weather and climate for military purposes cannot be justified in the eyes of people . Months and years may pass, but sooner or later the laws of nature will take their toll: damage will be caused to the one who used the climate weapon!
Conclusion: Military activities, weapons testing, especially mass destruction, wars cause major damage to nature. Disarmament is the only measure capable of opening up a major real source means to overcome global problems of poverty, disease, ignorance, nature conservation.
Literature: 1. N. Seshagiri “Against the use of nature for military purposes”; ed. “Progress”, Moscow 1983; 235 pp. 2. A. M. Vavilov “Ecological consequences of the arms race”; ed. “International Relations”, Moscow 1988; 208 pp. 3. “Avanta+” Ecology; article “Ecology and Wars”; page War and nature are an eternal confrontation between the interests of humanity. « 5. V. Slipchenko “War of the Future” « «
Non-state Educational Institution
middle School of General education
"Education Centre"
Project work on ecology
on the topic “Ecological consequences of war.”
Completed by a student of grade 8 “B”
Arabajyan Anastasia
Supervisor:
Consultant:
Moscow
2006
Introduction
I. (Ecological crisis, prevention of a new world war).
II.The impact of war on nature.
III.Generations of wars.
IV.Features of wars XXcentury (First step in XXcentury (shell engines).
V.WarsXXcentury.
a)IWorld War.
b)IIWorld War.
c)Cold War.
d)The Vietnam War.
e)Gulf Wars
VI.Conclusion.
VII.Application.
Introduction.
War is an experiment that accelerates disastrous processes.
People's lives and our entire nature are at stake.
There is a chance that people will talk about us
like the Mesopotamians who disappeared due to environmental consequences war.
Environmental problems during military operations arose as early as 512 BC, when the Scythians used scorched earth tactics in their campaigns. This tactic was then used by American troops in Vietnam. By and large, over the last 5-plus thousand years of human existence, our planet has lived in peace for only 292 years. And during this period, the technology of warfare has mainly changed, but the methods of warfare remain constant. (Fires, poisoning of water sources.)
Since ancient times, wars have had the most negative impact on the world around us and on ourselves. As human society develops and technical progress wars became more and more fierce and had a greater impact on nature. At first, the losses of nature due to the small capabilities of man were small, but gradually they became first noticeable and then catastrophic.
As society developed, armies grew - from a few club-wielding primitive hunters to the multimillion-dollar armies of the 20th century, and the healthiest men died or became crippled, and offspring were sired by sicker men who were not fit for war. In addition, the companions of war are epidemics, which are also not very beneficial for the health of each person individually and of all humanity as a whole.
Global problems of our time (ecological crisis, prevention of a new world war).
As we approach the end of the 20th century, the world is increasingly faced with a range of global challenges. These problems special kind. They affect not only the life of any particular state, but also the interests of all humanity. The significance of these problems for the fate of our civilization is so great that their failure to resolve creates a threat to future generations of people. But they cannot be solved in isolation: this requires the united efforts of all humanity.
It is global problems that in the future will have an increasingly noticeable impact on the life of every nation, on the entire system of international relations. One of these problems is security surrounding a person environment.
The great harmful impact on it lies in the existence and accumulation of reserves common species weapons; Weapons of mass destruction, especially nuclear ones, pose an even greater danger. Wars, primarily with the use of these weapons, pose the threat of environmental disaster.
The destructive impact of military activity on the human environment has many faces. The development, production, manufacturing, testing and storage of weapons pose a serious danger to the nature of the earth. Maneuvers, movement military equipment they disfigure the landscape, destroy the soil, poison the atmosphere, and remove vast territories from the sphere of useful human activity. Wars cause severe damage to nature, leaving wounds that take a long time to heal.
The environmental problem itself did not emerge on a sufficiently noticeable scale until the end of the 60s of the 20th century. Protection of Nature for a long time came down to contemplation natural processes in the biosphere. Only recently has humanity come face to face with anthropogenic factors. Among them, factors directly or indirectly related to military activity are gaining increasing weight.
Interest in the “war-environment” problem among scientists and the public became noticeable in the mid-80s and continues to expand. This was facilitated by the revelation of the US secret environmental war in Vietnam, during which attempts were made to modify some natural processes for military purposes; the struggle of the world community against these actions. This was facilitated by the awareness of both the public and government officials various countries the seriousness of the environmental problem and the associated negative problems for humanity as a whole.
Explaining the extent of the negative impact on the nature of military activity mobilizes public opinion in favor of disarmament. Finally, drawing attention to the dangerous environmental consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction further emphasizes the special need to ban them. This problem is ripe, because a nuclear war, if it were unleashed, would be a disaster global scale, and, as far as one can judge Scientific research about its consequences, the end of human civilization as we understand it.
The impact of wars on environment.
If you ask a man on the street, when did wars begin to have an impact? harmful effects to nature, most people will call the 20th century, or at most the 19th century. If only it were so! The history of wars is also the history of the destruction of nature.
The wars that were fought before the beginning of the 20th century did not have a significant impact on nature. Therefore for a long time environmental aspects wars have not been studied, although “fragmentary” excursions into this problem observed, especially among military historians.
With the development of means of warfare, more and more serious and spatially widespread damage began to be inflicted on nature. As a result, the scientific direction “war and ecology” appears. The most famous research became the justification for the “nuclear winter”, according to which, as a result of the large-scale use of nuclear weapons, in particular, a “nuclear night” will be established, “ nuclear winter"and "nuclear summer" (temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere will drop to -23 °C). Obviously, nuclear weapon will have a lasting deterrent effect at the “strategic level.” The looming nuclear threat will limit not only the use of new conventional weapons capabilities, but also the development of new forms of strategic action. Nuclear weapons can be replaced by non-nuclear long-range precision weapons, space systems or deadly species biological weapons. The arsenal of weapons is growing at a faster rate than other macro indicators of the development of the social component of the planet - approximately two orders of magnitude higher.
Due to the serious environmental consequences of two world wars and hundreds of local and regional wars of the 20th century. Along with the concept of “genocide,” the concept of “ecocide” entered scientific and social terminology. The latter means the direct and indirect impact of military operations on geosystems, including both organisms and inanimate matter, equally important for life on Earth.
Specifically, these impacts are expressed mainly in such aspects as:
exceeding usage limits natural conditions and resources of the territory;
· use of the environment (in in this case theater of war) as a receptacle for “waste” and by-products of military operations;
· threat natural foundations life of humans and other organisms.
Genocide and ecocide are interconnected.
XX century will be remembered not only as a century of technological progress, but also as a century of genocide and ecocide. If we assume that all elements of the geosystem are equally important for the development of the Earth, then the destruction of one of its most important components - Homo sapiens - or a negative impact on it will have a detrimental effect on the present and future state of the Earth's biosphere. For example, over the past 10 years, about 2 million children died during hostilities, another 1 million children became orphans, and 5 million became disabled.
Just as child and infant mortality is the most important indicator in calculating the future life expectancy of the population and its size, the data presented in their own way reflect future negative consequences in the balance of biogeospheric processes on the planet. These data give rise to great concern for the economic, political and humanitarian future of the Earth. At the same time, it has not yet been taken into account how many children and adults die simply from hunger as a result of modern local and regional conflicts.
In addition to the concept of “ecocide,” scientific literature also uses such terms as “terracide,” “biocide,” “ecological war,” “geophysical war,” and “meteorological war” to denote the negative impact of wars on the environment.
Among these terms, “ecological war” perhaps most fully reflects the essence of the process. This term is widely used after the Vietnam War, during which the United States was the first in the world to use the most wide range conducting ecocide. Data on this war are the most accessible and, in our opinion, reflect the features of modern ecocide in local wars.
Environmental warfare, as events in Vietnam have shown, is a war with very diverse means, subordinate to goals destruction of forest and agro-ecological systems, elimination of economy and everyday life conditions over large areas. Environmental warfare sometimes leads to the transformation of territories into barren deserts.
In addition, the companions of war are various epidemics, famine, mass migrations and the emergence of refugee camps. It should be noted here that the number of refugees is growing every year. According to UN estimates, there are now more than 21 million refugees and displaced persons in the world, 80% of them are women and children. More than 55 million people are internally displaced, approximately half of them were forced to leave their homes as a result of military conflicts. Afghanistan accounts for the largest share - 3.9 million people
According to S.V.’s research, the following types of environmental consequences of armed conflicts can be distinguished.
The nature of the environmental consequences of military actions (warXX eca) |
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Actions of the armed forces | Environmental consequences |
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straight | indirect |
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1. Movement of armed forces in connection with military operations | Disorganized, spontaneous, linear and striped destruction of soil and vegetation cover, destruction of grasses, small shrubs, etc. |
Fourthly- fires - also often used in war. The inhabitants of the steppes had a special passion for this method: this is understandable - in the steppe the fire quickly spreads to huge territories, and even if the enemy does not die in the fire, he will be destroyed by the lack of water, food and feed for livestock. Of course, they also burned forests, but this was less effective from the point of view of defeating the enemy, and was usually used for other purposes, which will be discussed below. All of the above is the destruction of natural objects as a means of destruction or a consequence of battles (of ancient eras). In war, nature and, first of all, forests are purposefully destroyed. This is done for a trivial purpose: to deprive the enemy of shelters and livelihoods. The first goal is the simplest and most understandable - after all, forests have at all times served as a reliable refuge for troops, primarily for small detachments waging guerrilla warfare. Example: Example similar attitude can serve nature In general, it must be admitted that the Romans had extensive experience in destroying nature: it was not for nothing that they were the inventors of the so-called. ecological war - after the defeat of Carthage, they covered all the fertile lands in its vicinity with salt, making them unsuitable not only for agriculture, but also for the growth of most plant species, which, taking into account the proximity of the Sahara, and simply a hot climate with little rainfall, leads to desertification (what we At sixth - next factor the impact of wars on nature - the movement of significant masses of people, equipment and weapons. This began to manifest itself especially strongly only in the 20th century, when the feet of millions of soldiers, the wheels and especially the tracks of tens of thousands of vehicles began to grind the earth into dust, and their noise and waste polluted the area for many kilometers around (and also on a wide front, i.e. e. actually solid stripe). But even in ancient times the passage was especially big army, did not go unnoticed by nature. Herodotus writes that the army of Xerxes, having arrived in Greece, drank rivers and lakes dry, and this in a country that often suffers from drought. The Persian army brought a huge number of cattle, which trampled and ate all the greenery, which was especially harmful in the mountains. Generations of wars. From all of the above, several generations of wars can be distinguished. First generation wars despite the primitiveness of the weapons used, the methods of their preparation and use, they were already a means of implementing the policies of the ruling classes. The destruction of man by man was a natural necessity. For more than two thousand years, humanity existed on the idea of Heraclitus that war is the creator, the beginning of all things, and Aristotle considered war a normal means for acquiring property. Apparently these arguments were the basis for the fact that wars have acquired a regular, stable function in people’s life, although it is difficult to agree with such arguments both in historical times and in our time. Forms and methods of conducting second generation wars were caused by the development of material production, the advent of gunpowder and smooth-bore weapons. Radioactive waste accumulates at all stages of the use of atomic energy. This process begins at the uranium mining mine. With all the advantages that it has atomic Energy, there is no other, more dangerous energy carrier in nature. If a “fresh” nuclear fuel element is safe to hold in your hands, then after its participation in chain reaction it emits thousands of roentgens per hour, becoming deadly even at a considerable distance and with short-term contact. During a chain reaction, almost ninety-nine percent of reactor fuel goes to waste, which cannot be stored in normal conditions, nor destroy. Today, not a single expert can answer the question of where and how to store highly radioactive waste, which will threaten the health and lives of people for thousands of years. After all, the half-life of plutonium, for example, is from 23 to 24 thousand years, “Cesium-137” is 33 years. And where it is safe to store spent fuel of medium and low levels of radiation is also still unclear. All nuclear countries chose the ocean for disposal of nuclear waste. Moreover, during the initial, rather long period of operation nuclear reactors these burials were carried out secretly.
Historical reference: From 1962 to 1972. The Vietnam War was caused by the confrontation between different political systems V South-East Asia, and from a civil conflict escalated into an international conflict.
In total, US aviation pollinated 1 hectare of forests. The disaster affected the adjacent territories of Laos and Cambodia. More than 2 people were exposed to poisons. The skin of many became covered with a purulent rash and non-healing ulcers, cases of leprosy appeared, mortality from cancer increased sharply, and children began to be born with deformities. Dioxins decompose slowly, they eventually pass into the soil and are now poisoning crops grown in In Vietnam, 72 thousand tons of Agent Orange defoliant containing 170 kg of dioxin were sprayed. The consequence of this was the death of thousands civilians and destruction of tropical forests. As a result of the use of defoliant, a total of 2 million people suffered, including US military personnel (in total, more than 58 thousand Americans died in Vietnam, while in Korean War- less than 7 thousand, and in combat operations in the Persian Gulf in 1990–1991. – 383 people) Powerful bulldozers and special bombs (weighing 6800 kg) were also used to destroy tropical woody vegetation in Vietnam. The movement of huge masses of soil causes a change in the biogeochemical balance of the territory. If during the Second World War 350 million m3 of soil were moved, then during the Vietnam War - 2 billion m3 of soil. And the destruction of dams and dams in the Red River basin in Vietnam alone created a threat to 15 million people. Weather warfare was also widely used in Vietnam, when B-52 aircraft sprayed fine iodide compounds of silver, lead and other substances, which extended the country's unfavorable monsoon weather season. At the same time, the rise of rivers caused dam breaks, flooding of fields and destruction of populated areas. P.S. Today, 30 years later, the forests have not recovered, in place of mangroves, tropical forests, bamboo thickets - savannas, which Indochina did not know before the war. Gulf Wars. Historical reference: B military operations in Iraq and Kuwait took place from 1991 to 2003. The war began as a result of Iraq's attack on Kuwait in 1991 and the subsequent Operation Desert Storm. In 1991, when the military conflict between Iraq and Kuwait seemed to be over, American bombs was completed, terrible oil fires blazed on the land rich in natural resources. When the troops retreated, they lit about 600 wells. Oil was thrown upward under high pressure, and 30-meter columns of fire raged for six months. New war - new weapons. American troops first used the so-called “microwave electronic bomb” in Iraq (2003). Similar weapons were already tested during the bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999. However, the latest version is more efficient. A new type of secret weapon creates a short-term microwave radiation, which has enough power to disable computers, radars, radio stations, disrupt power supplies and even ignition systems in cars and aircraft Environmental consequences. In Kuwait, after the first Iraqi campaign, the consequences of hostilities have not yet been eliminated, and the current war will also leave a mark on the states neighboring Iraq. Before retreating from Kuwait in 1991, Iraqi troops, on the orders of Saddam Hussein, set fire to about 700 oil wells. The spectacle that presented itself to the eyes of environmentalists exceeded all the worst expectations. The concentration of smog in the air was 30 times higher than all permissible standards. The flares burned about three million barrels of oil per day - about 5 percent of daily global consumption. Black clouds According to some experts, weapons containing depleted uranium pose an additional threat to soldiers and the local population, as well as to the environment. In particular, bombs capable of hitting deep underground bunkers, the so-called bunker buster bombs, which were used in particular in Afghanistan, are filled with uranium. Berlin biochemist, Professor Albrecht Schott explains that thanks to the extremely high density uranium, weapons filled with it are capable of penetrating several meters of stone or tank armor. Depleted uranium is radioactive substance, falls under the category of chemical and radiological weapons. Some experts believe that microparticles formed during an explosion, settling in the lungs, coming into contact with the skin or entering the body along with water and food, can cause cancer due to the active decay of alpha particles. · As a result of the Iraqi attack on Kuwait in 1991 and the subsequent Operation Desert Storm warring parties 732 oil wells located in Kuwait were set on fire. · Iraqi President Saddam Hussein ordered the pumping of crude oil produced in the Persian Gulf from the Sea Island terminal in Kuwait and seven large oil tankers. Depleted uranium bombs were used. The radioactive aerosol formed after the explosion spread over many kilometers around. A large number of abnormal newborns have been reported in areas of Iraq where depleted uranium bombs were allegedly used during the Gulf War. In total, during Operation Desert Storm in Iraq and Kuwait, 320 tons of such uranium were used against tanks and shelters, enhancing the armor-piercing power of shells. · Nowadays, when developing military strategies, the environmental side of the issue is not taken into account. Therefore, “all means are good in war.” The military not only uses natural resources, but also destroys them in order to inflict maximum damage on the enemy. It took almost a year to extinguish fires in oil wells during the first Iraqi campaign; the total cost was about $2 billion. Specialists from 16 countries, including the USSR, fought the fire. Throughout this period, combustion products spread through the air to hundreds of · According to preliminary estimates, tons of oil were spilled into the sea. For comparison: the Prestige tanker spilled about a ton into the sea. · The desert is very easy to erode. The movement of equipment across the sands led to the degradation of the already scarce water resources, as a result, the ecosystem was destroyed. · Massive bomb attacks on areas with increased seismicity caused the risk of “induced” earthquakes. · Many birds living in Russia: ducks, loons, gulls, waders, did not return home from wintering in Iraq. Migratory birds are not able to quickly react to a dangerous situation and change their course. With global smoke, they can suffocate. conclusions War did not usually have environmental damage as its immediate goal. It is only a consequence of military operations. This side of wars usually escaped the attention of researchers, and only in last years environmental damage from these wars became the subject of serious analysis. Human wars at the dawn of civilization did not cause such damage to the nature of the Earth. But gradually, as humanity developed and weapons of destruction improved, more and more harm was caused to our planet. Towards the 21st century ecological situation has become so acute that there is a danger of global ecological crisis. This is largely determined by the mass of accumulated weapons and the danger of their use, including accidental use. It is well known that with the simultaneous explosion of ten powerful nuclear charges, planet Earth may cease to exist altogether. How much dangerous situation has developed in the World, requires humanity to rethink its actions and development prospects. The only real alternative global catastrophe there may be general disarmament and destruction of all types of weapons mass destruction, primarily atomic, chemical and biological. But is the world ready for this? Application On preparatory stage work, I prepared and conducted surveys of students, teachers and parents of our school in order to find out: How seriously do people take the problem of the environmental consequences of war; How extensive is people's knowledge in this area; How much scientific knowledge people have in this area. For this purpose, I compiled a questionnaire. Dear teachers and students of our school! My project is called “Ecological Consequences of War.” For achievement good result I will need your help. I ask you to answer the questions in this questionnaire. Sincerely, Anastasia Arabajyan. 8 "B" class. 1. Name 3 wars that had the greatest impact on the ecology of the Earth. 2. Which part of the biosphere is most affected by military action? A. Atmosphere B. Comprehensively B. Hydrosphere G. Lithosphere 3. Name the 5 countries most affected by wars in the 20th century. 4. List the environmental consequences of military action. 5. How do the environmental consequences of ancient wars differ from modern ones? Analyzing these questionnaires, the following conclusions can be drawn: Most people have information on wars that have passed long ago (82.4% named I World War, 88.2% - highlighted World War II, but know much less about more modern wars. 11.8% mentioned the Chechen war, and 5.9% of respondents mentioned the military conflict in the Persian Gulf and Vietnam). Questions 4 and 5 of the survey allow you to find out how extensive and scientific knowledge the respondents have in this area. The respondents identified 7 elements to characterize the ecological state of the Earth: 29.4% believe that people, plants, the hydrosphere and soil suffer most during military operations; 35.3% highlighted fauna; 41,2% - physical changes earth's surface; 47.1% - the Earth's atmosphere is most susceptible to destruction. Often the answers are intuitive, such as: destruction of nature, destruction of all living things, a lot of garbage. And only 11.8% of people answered the questions posed with scientific point vision. Example : “Military actions in any case mean destruction of not only human life, but also the life of the planet. The impacts known to us are varied: from scorched fields and forests, destroyed species of animals and plants, to dead cities and even countries. Consequences nuclear war in Japan will apparently be heard for many generations to come.” As a result of the work done, I would like to present a number of comparative charts for the following parameters:
Diagram No. 1 https://pandia.ru/text/79/420/images/image020_5.gif" width="601" height="310"> Bibliography. 1. "Tools of World Domination" http://iwolga. *****/docs/imper_zl/5h_4.htm 2. “WAR AND NATURE - THE ETERNAL CONFRONTATION OF THE INTERESTS OF HUMANITY” V. Slipchenko “WAR OF THE FUTURE” http://b-i. *****/vojna. htm 3. Encyclopedia “Cyril and Methodius - 2005” 5. Barynkin V. Local wars on modern stage: character, content, classification // Military thought. 1994. No. 6. P. 7–11. 6. Klimenko A. On the issue of the theory of military conflicts // Military Thought. 1992. No. 10. pp. 22–28. 7. Usikov A., Yaremenko V. Anatomy of “small wars” // Independent military review. 1998. No. 4. P. 4. 8. SIPRI Yearbook 1999: Armaments, pisarmament and International Security. – Oxford University Press, 1999. 9. Huntington S. Clash of Civilizations? // Policy. 1994. No. 1. pp. 33–48. 10. Dingemann R. Konflikte und Kriege seit 1945. Daten, Fakten, Hintergrunde. – Zwikau: Westermann, 1996. 11. Kosolapov N. Conflicts of the post-Soviet space and modern conflictology // World economy And international relationships. 1995. № 10. P.5–17; 1995. No. 11. P. 36–48; 1995. No. 12. P. 35–47; 1996. No. 2. P. 5–39. 12. Lysenko V. Regional conflicts in the CIS countries // Polis. 1998. No. 2. P. 18–25. 13. Shushkov P. War - an ecological boomerang for humanity // Military journal. 1998. No. 1. pp. 72–77. 14. Sergeev V. War and ecology // Foreign military review. 1997. No. 4. pp. 8–12. 15. Problems of global security. – M.: INION RAS, 1995. 16. Vanin M. Mine danger in Cambodia // Foreign Military Review. 1997. No. 4. P. 55. 17. Yaremenko V., Usikov A. Post-war years, full of wars // Independent Military Review. 1999. No. 17. pp. 6–7. 18. Ivanov A. On the use of NATO warheads with depleted uranium against the SFRY // Foreign Military Review. 2000. No. 5. pp. 11–12. 19. Sonn SV., Environmental consequences of military operations in Chechnya//Energy: economics, technology, ecology. - 2002. - No. 6,7. |
rose to a height of up to three kilometers and spread far beyond the borders of Kuwait. Black rains containing 
kilometers, threatening the existence of all ecosystems.Nations should do each other as much good as possible during times of peace, and as little evil as possible during times of war.
Montesquieu
In the list of the most important causes and sources of environmental problems
humanity, proposed by experts of the Royal Academy of Sciences
Sweden, the US Environmental Protection Agency and the Ministry
environment of France, the first place is occupied by war.
The reasons for the aggravation of the environmental consequences of modern military operations (or military-environmental problems): on the one hand,
created weapons are capable of causing such harm to nature that
exceeds its ability to self-heal, on the other hand, many
industrial facilities around the world are quite comparable, in the case of
their destruction, with weapons of mass destruction, becoming sources
environmental disasters. Thus, by combining the potential of science,
technology and economics, modern society has gained opportunities as
destruction of the enemy along with the environment, and destruction
environment in order to destroy the enemy.
The impact of war on nature can be divided into four
components:
1) direct damage to the landscape (bomb strikes are large
power);
2) pollution of water, air and soil by emitted
substances, including radioactive ones;
3) deliberate destruction of the environment surrounding the enemy in order to unmask him or create economic and other difficulties for him;
4) destruction of potentially dangerous industrial facilities, for example, nuclear, chemical, oil refining industries.
and, not being able to end her, tries to make sure that
nature suffered as little as possible from military operations. In law -
form public consciousness- anti-ecological orientation
modern armed struggle was reflected in the greening of its rules
conducting: in the late 70s at the international level there were
special (environmental) norms have been declared that should be applied in armed conflicts. But back at the beginning of the century, when people still didn’t think much about environmental damage,
The member states of the IV Hague Conference agreed that if
during the war, the case (for us - environmental protection) is not
provided for in the documents they adopt, then international law applies.
Thus, among educated peoples, civilized (if this word can be used in relation to military actions)
the rules of war allow strikes only on military targets with
with the aim of gaining a clear military advantage. Wherein
the destructive force of the impact must not extend beyond
military facility.
International legal protection of the environment in armed
conflicts are in the formative stage, and it is too early to talk about effective
achievements in this area, on the contrary, it must be admitted that the growth
The ecocidal nature of military actions is far ahead of the process of greening the rules of their conduct. But this process has begun.
Use of cruise missiles, navy, strategic
aviation is changing its character modern warfare: it becomes war
ecological with a strong flavor of chemical warfare. Military fleets with
the tactical aircraft deployed on them are poisoning the waters of the seas
and oceans. As a result of the bombing, toxic smog from fires in
oil refineries and chemical plants, mixing with emissions
cruise missiles, expose civilians to chemicals,
pollute the environment not only in the country itself where
war, but also far beyond its borders.
In addition to indirect environmental pollution during the war
actions, in the second half of the twentieth century was repeatedly used
and its direct poisoning. For example, during the Indochina War
(1961-1975) US aircraft destroyed partisans to unmask
rice crops by spraying dioxin-containing herbicides.
The first victims of such wars are those who wage them. It was,
for example, with US Air Force pilots who were recognized as victims of the Vietnamese
war. After the end of Operation Desert Storm (1991), many
participants in the military operations against Iraq experienced disorders
health, called "unexplained illnesses" or "diseases
Gulf War Veterans."
One of the reasons for “veteran illness” is contacts
military personnel with depleted uranium, which is used in the warheads of aerial bombs and shells (non-nuclear). Reasons for the unexplained
diseases of military personnel are kept secret. This allows, firstly, not to pay compensation for damage caused to the health of veterans, and secondly, to hide radiation damage civilian population.
Another likely cause of the illness among “Gulf War veterans” is
effects of rocket fuel components on the body of military personnel
cruise “products” when a rocket is released during launch
fuel.
Conducted surveys of areas where steps fell
Soyuz launch vehicles operating on the same hydrocarbon
fuel, like the winged Tomahawks, indicate that
civilians are exposed to the combined effects of missile
fuel and additives to it when it is sprayed during flight
“products”, and not only in areas where detached parts fall
launch vehicles, but also along flight paths.
Introduction to the composition of hydrocarbon rocket fuel (which
considered environmentally friendly), may shock residents
areas contaminated by it. These are energy additives - strontium, aluminum, magnesium; combustion accelerators - copper, chromium, iron; fire retardant materials - phosphorus; tracer additives - barium, zirconium. All this chemical mixture is sprayed during the flight of a cruise missile and “powders” vast areas along the route. And the accident of only one cruise missile in South-Eastern Altai (May 1997) led to chemical pollution territory of 5 thousand square meters. km, which caused injuries of varying severity - from mild to fatal -
20 thousand people.
In areas of combat operations involving cruise missiles
the most severe effects of chemical exposure should be expected
on civilians, since the effect of emissions is summed up there
cruise missiles and fires at chemical and oil refineries
factories Science has long underestimated low-level chemicals
exposure not only to organochlorine compounds, but also to organic
substances, the release of which into the environment increases during all
military operations. We can say with complete confidence that where
fighting is underway, soils, vegetation, water bodies will be polluted
diverse chemicals, including dioxin. These substances
migrate far beyond the theater of war for years
retained in soil, vegetation, accumulated in animals
and enter the human body.
Ecological war cannot be local; it knows no borders.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES FROM THE METALLURGICAL AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRY MODERN ECOLOGICAL DISASTER ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE MODERN RUSSIAN STATE THE CONCEPT OF “ECOLOGICAL RELATIONS”
Not a single century without war. Scientists from Cambridge conducted historical research,
having found out that from the moment man appeared on
Not a century has passed on Earth without war. Wars in
human history has always been an integral part
world development. Wars always bring death and
destruction. But besides this, they also carry technical
progress.
Historians have estimated that for about three years of peace
there are 7 years of war.
environment during the war
Method of destruction
environment
Environmental damage
Example
Construction of ditches, trapping pits,
spotted 1. Construction of ditches,
trappers
yam, spotted
Usage
natural
Destruction of the soil structure. Construction of fortresses.
Increased erosion.
Deforestation. Destruction
crops, poisoning
water sources, fires.
Cleisthenes of Siclone poisoned
water in the source that fed
the Chrises besieged by him.
Many graves in
battle sites.
When corpses decompose
poisons are formed that
enter the soil and water bodies,
poisoning them.
During the Battle of Kulikovo
field, battle site
120,000 dead remained.
Targeted
destruction of natural
objects or animals
Change in natural
landscape, extinction
entire families of animals.
Cut down by the Assyrians and
the forests of Israel by the Romans.
Bison extermination
European
colonialists
objects as weapons Greatest damage
ecology was damaged in
wars of the 20th century
1) One of the determining circumstances was new powerful projectiles. Creation
aircraft bombs causing soil destruction, destruction of animals, forests
fires.
2) Disasters of oil-fired ships causing environmental poisoning
fauna with a mass of toxic synthetic substances. And
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children Weapons of mass
defeats
Chemical weapon
Bacterial
weapon
Geophysical
weapon
Nuclear weapon Wars that
significantly influenced
Second
Japanese ecology
Chinese War (1937 - 1945
gg.) invasion of China.
Description: Japanese
Environmental damage: in June 1938, the Chinese, to stop the Japanese
offensive, blew up the Huankou Dam on the Yellow River. As a result of the
floods flooded and destroyed crops and soil in the area
several million hectares. The Second World War
(1939 - 1945)
Description: military operations over a large territory, in almost all
geographical areas of the world, on three continents (Europe, Asia, Africa) and two
oceans (Atlantic and Pacific)
Environmental damage: destruction of agricultural land, crops and forests in a wide
scale; flooding of lowlands; radioactive contamination of Hiroshima and
Nagasaki; the destruction of the ecosystems of many islands in the Pacific Ocean;
increased consumption of natural resources. Indochina conflict
(1961 - 1975)
Description: Extensive US involvement in the Southern Civil War
Vietnam on the side of the Saigon regime; aggression against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam; Laos and
Cambodia.
Environmental damage: intentional
and widespread destruction of the natural environment:
destruction of crops, arable land, soil layer and forests by bombing,
mechanical and chemical methods, as well as with the help of fires, attempts
flooding the area by artificially causing precipitation, destruction
dams Irano - Iran War
(started in 1981)
Description: military operations on land and in the Persian Gulf.
Environmental damage: destruction of desert flora and fauna; significant
pollution of the Gulf waters caused by attacks on oil tankers And
targeted attacks on oil refineries and
oil storage facilities. Categories of climate control use
weapons
Direct
offensive
Messy
action, without
parsing
Defensively
Indirect
offensive
Security
protection,
cover
offensive
operations
Security
dense cloudy
curtains over
large
objects,
opportunity
hide under this
cover from
attacks
enemy with
air Solutions
Problems
National surveillance services providing security
facing the threat of a weather war.
Bureau of Environmental Protection
Whatever the reasons, any efforts aimed at
radical transformation of weather and climate in military
purposes, cannot find justification in the eyes of people. They can
months, years may pass, but sooner or later the laws of nature
will take their toll: damage will be caused to the one who launched
climate weapon. Military activities, tests
weapons, especially mass destruction, wars inflict
major damage to nature. Literature
1. N. Seshagiri “Against
use of nature in
military purposes"; ed.
“Progress”, Moscow 1983;
2. A. M. Vavilov
"Environmental consequences
arms race"; ed.
"International relationships",
Moscow 1988
3. “Avanta+” Ecology; article
"Ecology and Wars"; page 224 4.
War and nature - eternal
conflict of interests
humanity.