Each profession has its own specifics not only in the field of activity, but also in vocabulary. Terms, names of tools, work actions - all this has its own definitions, understandable only to specialists. Progress sweeps across the planet, and with the development of science, more and more new words appear. For example, it is worth noting that today there are almost 60 thousand items in the field of electronics, and widely famous dictionary Ozhegova there are 3 thousand less of them. There is no other way to describe this than a terminological explosion.
Professionalisms in the Russian language: place and meaning
First of all, let's define this phenomenon. Production vocabulary - autonomous language system, which is the totality of all scientific and technical concepts and names. It has the most developed information function.
Special vocabulary penetrates into the literary language, which is completely inevitable, since it is narrow special words may well become commonly used objective reasons. This includes the popularization scientific knowledge, and increasing the level of people’s culture, and accessibility to modern communication technologies. For example, today everyone knows what apogee and perigee are; no one will be surprised by the expression “soft landing” or the science of selenology.
Literary language and professional vocabulary have a common word-formation basis, so a reverse cycle can also occur: an already known concept receives a new meaning that has a narrow specialization.
Communication between specialists, various scientific works, reports and production reports contain examples of professionalisms that have their own classification.
special vocabulary
First of all, this is a term (from Latin - “border”). This is the name of a word or phrase (in other words, a linguistic sign), which correlates with a special concept. It is these terms that are included in the vast majority of neologisms appearing in Lately. An example is professionalism in medicine.
Terminological system: its components are, in fact, the same linguistic signs, but have already undergone evolution from functioning as separate (single) definitions to being combined into a holistic scientific theory.
Nomen (from Latin “family name”). This is an independent category of vocabulary, denoting a single, visible object. For example, when they show us a device and say that it is an oscilloscope, then we will imagine it every time as soon as we hear this word. For non-specialists, it is impossible to imagine another device that visualizes electrical vibrations.
The most democratic concept special vocabulary- these are professionalisms. They are especially widespread since most of them are unofficial synonyms scientific concepts. Examples of professionalism can be found in explanatory dictionaries, and in newspapers and magazines, and in literary works, they often perform a figurative and expressive function in these texts.
Occurrence classification
There are three ways to form special words:
Actually lexical. This is the emergence of new special names. For example, fishermen from the verb “shkerit” (to gut fish) formed the name of the profession - “shkershik”.
Lexico-semantic. The emergence of professionalisms by rethinking already famous word, that is, the appearance of a new meaning for it. For printers, a header is not a headdress, but a heading that unites several publications. And a trumpet for a hunter means nothing more than the tail of a fox.
Lexico-word formation. Examples of professionalisms that arose in this way are easy to identify, since they use suffixes or addition of words. Everyone knows what a spare wheel is (a backup mechanism or part of something) or a chief editor - editor-in-chief.
Features of speech and special words
Despite the apparent limitation in use, professionalisms are found in all Dryness formal business style you won’t surprise anyone, that’s why the professionalism in it simple function conveying the meaning of an utterance.
Concerning scientific speech, then professionalism is used here for several reasons:
For better absorption information through the imagery of special vocabulary;
They make it possible to quickly remember the text due to the capacity of concepts;
Tautologies are avoided by replacing terms with examples of professionalism.
For journalistic and artistic styles the use of special words occurs with the same functions:
Informational;
Communicative (not only hero-hero communication, but also reader-author communication);
Saving speech efforts- professionalism always explains in shorter terms;
Cognitive, forming cognitive interest.
Where do special words come from?
The main source of professionalisms, first of all, are native Russian words that have undergone semantic rethinking. They appear from common vocabulary: So, for electricians, a hair becomes a thin wire. The colloquial layer of vocabulary gives the name of the hammer handle - kill, and the jargon suggested that the driver call downtime "kimarit". Even local dialects shared the definition for high road- highway.
Another source of the appearance of special words is borrowing from other languages. The most common of these professionalisms are examples of words in medicine. Whatever the name, it’s all Latin, except for the duck under the bed. Or, for example, a foreign printing machine with a form, called a cliche, from which we only have the designation of the drawing made by it.
Any branch of production has objects that make up a system in which classes can be distinguished. Both require certain names to combine into thematic groups.
About lexical-thematic groups
Professional titles contain not only knowledge about the industry, but also the speaker's attitude towards the subject. From this point of view, they can be objective (as a rule, these are nomen) and subjective:
Expressing negativity or irony towards the subject itself. So, a faulty car for motorists is a coffin.
Relation directly to the name. This is how the bomber became a bomber in aviation.
Even the quality of work can be indicated by professionalism. In construction, they say about brickwork: waste (little mortar) or zavalinka (uneven wall).
All these thematic groups are in certain connections, and it is they who fragment reality with the help of words.
About lexical-semantic groups
They are united not only by availability emotional assessment to the object or its name, but also, if possible, interact with each other. This concerns semantic relations: synonymy, homonymy, polysemy, metaphor. In this regard, the following groups can be distinguished:
Words that have an equivalent in common vocabulary. Their meaning can be found by opening Dictionary. There are a lot of professionalisms of this order in the Russian language: mine - large intercolumn spaces on a newspaper page.
Terminological synonyms. IN different areas professionalism means the same thing. For example, among motorists, builders and mechanical engineers, a crowbar is called a “pencil”.
Multiple meaning words. The word “Zhiguli”, in addition to the well-known meaning of a car as a trademark, refers to a specific camshaft in mechanical engineering.
And finally about jargon
Each profession has a number of words, phrases, expressions that contain very bright expression. These are usually informal synonyms for certain terms. They are used exclusively in communication between specialists and are called “professional jargon”.
The specificity of this vocabulary makes speech incomprehensible to an outsider who is outside this field of activity. Many programmers' professionalisms are tinged with jargon: teapot, dog or crib. They are already more reminiscent of argot - social dialect, common in a narrowly professional or even asocial environment. The function of this language is secret, it is only for “our own people”.
Conclusion
Everything related to professional vocabulary, jargon and even argot must be constantly studied, since this is a fairly large lexical layer that cannot be ignored, since it reflects historical processes and development of society.
Professionalisms are words that belong to the speech of a specific speaking group, united by some production activities, specialty or profession ( medical workers, printers, lawyers, sailors, etc.). Professionalisms stand for special concepts, tools or products of labor, labor production processes. Therefore, they are sometimes called special words or special terms.
Here are some examples: scalpel - a small surgical knife, usually with an arched blade, for operations, anatomy (lat.); veneer (German: Spon “sliver”) - a thin metal plate, not reaching the height of the font, inserted between the lines of type to increase the distance between them; quarterdeck - part of the upper deck of a warship (Dutch); alibi (Latin alibi “in another place”) - the absence of the accused at the scene of the crime at the time of its commission as evidence of his non-involvement in the crime; mezdra - the wrong side of tanned leather, etc.
Like dialectisms, professionalisms constitute such a layer of words in the vocabulary of the national language, the scope of which is limited. However, they are seriously different from dialectisms: 1) the scope of their use is limited not territorially, but socially,
- they are part of the vocabulary literary language.
In a number of cases, the scope of use of certain professionalisms expands so much that they turn into popular words. Is this explained or widespread a special object and concept, or their metaphorical use to designate previously unnamed objects and phenomena of reality. For example, the words combine, globe, screen became part of the national dictionary after our agriculture Harvesting with a combine became firmly established in life, the globe became a necessary accessory for teaching geography, and cinema became one of the most popular forms of art. Due to their metaphorical use, the following words, for example, became popular among professionalisms: “Avral” (cf.: “An emergency was declared”) - originally the naval command “All up!”; fermentation (cf.: fermentation of minds) - initially biological term; sphere (in higher spheres) - originally mathematical term; soft-bodied - originally a special word for gardeners, a term for determining the ripeness of fruits; tempo (cf. growth rate) is originally a musical term.
Among professionalisms, they stand out as words that, as lexical units, are known only in special use, for example: troetes (from the carpenters' dictionary) - a long nail connecting three timbers at once; print - a print or photograph from an engraving (from French, cf.: stamp); smelting - a piece of metal; asbestos - fibrous white material, from which fireproof products are produced (this word first came to us from Greek language in the form of the word lime), etc., and words that with other meanings are part of the national vocabulary: bridge - a place on the deck from where the commander commands the ship; header - title large print, the title of several articles (typesetting), etc.
Professionalisms are usually used in oral speech representatives of any profession, specialty and in scientific and technical literature.
Professionalism is possible in journalism and fiction, but there they can only be justified as a certain stylistic device for image labor activity and production landscape, for speech characteristics characters. When using certain professionalisms, you should remember that some of them are unfamiliar to representatives of other areas of work, and, if necessary, explain their meanings in one way or another. "
The use of professionalisms, as well as the word “professionalism” itself, in everyday speech
Research by Irina Chernyshova, Dasha Novikova and Zosia KostrovaPurpose of the work: to find out whether people use professionalism in Everyday life.
Ways to carry out work:
1). Survey using a questionnaire
2). Observations
3). Analysis of the results obtained
4). Comparison of the received data and bringing them together into a single whole
Work plan:
1). Introduction - theoretical part
2). Results in chart form
3).Analysis of results
4).Conclusion
What are professionalisms? Professionalisms are words or expressions characteristic of the speech of a particular professional group. Professionalisms usually act as colloquial equivalents of terms corresponding in meaning: a typo in the speech of newspapermen is a blunder; the steering wheel in the speech of drivers is a steering wheel; synchrophasotron in the speech of physicists is a saucepan, etc. The terms are legalized names of any special concepts. Professionalisms are used as their informal substitutes only in the speech of persons associated with a profession, limited to a special topic. Often professionalisms have a local, local character. There is, however, a point of view according to which professionalism is synonymous with the concept of “term”. According to some researchers, professionalism is a “semi-official” name for a concept that is limited in use - the vocabulary of hunters, fishermen, etc.
By origin, professionalism, as a rule, is the result of a metaphorical transfer of the meanings of words from everyday vocabulary to terminological concepts: by the similarity, for example, of the shape of a part and everyday reality, character production process and generally known action or, finally, by emotional association.
Professionalisms are always expressive and are contrasted with the precision and stylistic neutrality of terms. Professionalisms are similar to jargons and words colloquial vocabulary by reduced, rough expression, and also by the fact that they, like jargons and vernacular, are not an independent linguistic subsystem with its own grammatical features, but a certain small lexical complex. Due to the expressiveness inherent in professionalisms, they relatively easily pass into the vernacular, as well as into the colloquial speech of the literary language. For example: the cover is “a mistake” (from the actor’s speech), the wiper is “a car windshield wiper” (from the speech of motorists).
Like terms, professionalisms are used in language fiction as a visual medium.
And so, we found out that professionalisms are words characteristic of a particular profession, sometimes close to jargon.
At the second stage of our work, we conducted a survey among people of various professions. In particular, teachers.
To the diagram: 40% of respondents said that they do not know what professionalism is, 27% can guess, more than 30% of respondents answered that they know. Some respondents insisted that the word “professionalism” does not exist, but only professional vocabulary (a concept close in meaning). Slightly more than half said that they often use professionalisms in everyday life; the majority agreed that professionalisms help them communicate with people in their profession, but several people, including a couple of teachers, said that they get along just fine in speech without them.
We also asked all respondents to give a couple of examples of professionalism related to their profession.
Here are the examples we received:
Teachers - pedagogical skills, project, non-linear learning process, class magazine, equation, music teacher - major mood, you are false (in the sense of lying), book sorter - codification (of books), coach - cutting, economist - asset, credit, debit, engineer - sunbed, riser, helmsman - fordak, tacking (overtaking), compass (instead of compass).
From the examples described above, it is clear that many (about 92%) do not perceive the word “professionalism” well. Some Russian language teachers insisted that the words “professionalism” in given value doesn't exist at all. From which we can conclude that the term “professionalism” itself refers to professional vocabulary.
After conducting a survey, we came to a unanimous opinion that the term “professionalism” in everyday life We don't need it at all. We understand each other perfectly well even without him. For example, when we explained what these very professionalisms are, the example of a sailor - a compass - was very helpful. People often use professionalisms and find them convenient. Professionalisms also help people in the same profession understand each other better. Professionalism can become synonymous with ordinary words in everyday life (as in, major mood means “good mood”)
Without understanding their meaning, we feel a little out of place when these words apply directly to us. Words that characterize specialized processes and phenomena from any specific branch of knowledge are professional vocabulary.
Definition of professional vocabulary
This type of vocabulary is special words or figures of speech, expressions that are actively used by any person. These words are a little isolated because they are not used large mass of the country's population, only a small part of it that has received a specific education. Words of professional vocabulary are used to describe or explain production processes and phenomena, tools of a particular profession, raw materials, final result labor and the rest.
The place of this type of vocabulary in the language system used by a particular nation
There are several important issues concerning different aspects professionalisms that are still studied by linguists. One of them: “What is the role and place of professional vocabulary in the national language system?”
Many argue that the use of professional vocabulary is appropriate only within a certain specialty, so it cannot be called national. Since the formation of the language of specialties in most cases occurs artificially, according to its criteria it does not fit the characteristics of commonly used vocabulary. Its main feature is that such vocabulary is formed in the course of natural communication between people. In addition, the formation and formation of a national language can take quite a lot a long period, which cannot be said about professional lexical units. Today, linguists and linguists agree that professional vocabulary is not a literary language, but it has its own structure and characteristics.
The difference between professional vocabulary and terminology
Not all ordinary people know that the terminology and language of the specialty differ from each other. These two concepts are differentiated based on their historical development. Terminology arose relatively recently; language refers to this concept modern technology and science. Professional vocabulary reached its peak of development during the times of craft production.
The concepts also differ in terms of their official use. Terminology used in scientific publications, reports, conferences, specialized institutions. In other words, it is official language specific science. The vocabulary of professions is used “semi-officially”, that is, not only in special articles or scientific works. Specialists of a certain profession can use it in the course of work and understand each other, while it will be difficult for an uninitiated person to understand what they are saying. Professional vocabulary, examples of which we will consider below, has some opposition to terminology.
- The presence of emotional coloring of speech and imagery - lack of expression and emotionality, as well as imagery of terms.
- Special vocabulary is limited conversational style- terms do not depend on regular style communication.
- A certain range of deviations from the norm of professional communication is a clear correspondence to the norms of professional language.
Based on the listed characteristics of terms and professional vocabulary, many experts are inclined to the theory that the latter refers to professional vernacular. The difference in these concepts can be determined by comparing them with each other (steering wheel - steering wheel, system unit- system unit, motherboard - motherboard and others).
Types of words in professional vocabulary
Professional vocabulary consists of several groups of words:
- professionalism;
- technicalisms;
- professional slang words.
Lexical units that are not strictly scientific in nature are called professionalisms. They are considered “semi-official” and are needed to designate any concept or process in production, inventory and equipment, material, raw materials, and so on.
Technicalisms are words of professional vocabulary that are used in the field of technology and are used only by a limited circle of people. They are highly specialized, that is, it will not be possible to communicate with a person who is not initiated into a certain profession.
Professional slang words are characterized by reduced expressiveness. Sometimes these concepts are completely illogical and can only be understood by a specialist in a particular field.
In what cases is professional vocabulary used in literary language?
Varieties special language can often be used in literary publications, oral and sometimes professionalisms, technicalities and jargon can replace terms when bad developed language specific science.
But there is danger widespread use professionalism in periodicals- it is difficult for a non-specialist to distinguish between concepts that are close in meaning, so many may make mistakes in the processes, materials and products of a particular production. Excessive saturation of the text with professionalism prevents it from being perceived correctly; the meaning and style are lost for the reader.
The use of professionalisms, as well as the word “professionalism” itself, in everyday speech
Research by Irina Chernyshova, Dasha Novikova and Zosia KostrovaPurpose of the work: to find out whether people use professionalism in everyday life.
Ways to carry out work:
1). Survey using a questionnaire
2). Observations
3). Analysis of the results obtained
4). Comparison of the received data and bringing them together into a single whole
Work plan:
1). Introduction - theoretical part
2). Results in chart form
3).Analysis of results
4).Conclusion
What are professionalisms? Professionalisms are words or expressions characteristic of the speech of a particular professional group. Professionalisms usually act as colloquial equivalents of terms corresponding in meaning: a typo in the speech of newspapermen is a blunder; the steering wheel in the speech of drivers is a steering wheel; synchrophasotron in the speech of physicists is a saucepan, etc. The terms are legalized names of any special concepts. Professionalisms are used as their informal substitutes only in the speech of persons associated with a profession, limited to a special topic. Often professionalisms have a local, local character. There is, however, a point of view according to which professionalism is synonymous with the concept of “term”. According to some researchers, professionalism is a “semi-official” name for a concept that is limited in use - the vocabulary of hunters, fishermen, etc.
By origin, professionalism, as a rule, is the result of a metaphorical transfer of the meanings of words from everyday vocabulary to terminological concepts: by similarity, for example, between the shape of a part and everyday reality, the nature of the production process and a well-known action, or, finally, by emotional association.
Professionalisms are always expressive and are contrasted with the precision and stylistic neutrality of terms. Professionalisms are similar to jargons and words of colloquial vocabulary in their reduced, rough expression, and also in the fact that they, like jargons and colloquialisms, are not an independent linguistic subsystem with its own grammatical features, but a kind of small lexical complex. Due to the expressiveness inherent in professionalisms, they relatively easily pass into the vernacular, as well as into the colloquial speech of the literary language. For example: the cover is “a mistake” (from the actor’s speech), the wiper is “a car windshield wiper” (from the speech of motorists).
Like terms, professionalisms are used in the language of fiction as a means of representation.
And so, we found out that professionalisms are words characteristic of a particular profession, sometimes close to jargon.
At the second stage of our work, we conducted a survey among people of various professions. In particular, teachers.
To the diagram: 40% of respondents said that they do not know what professionalism is, 27% can guess, more than 30% of respondents answered that they know. Some respondents insisted that the word “professionalism” does not exist, but only professional vocabulary (a concept close in meaning). Slightly more than half said that they often use professionalisms in everyday life; the majority agreed that professionalisms help them communicate with people in their profession, but several people, including a couple of teachers, said that they get along just fine in speech without them.
We also asked all respondents to give a couple of examples of professionalism related to their profession.
Here are the examples we received:
Teachers - pedagogical skills, project, non-linear learning process, class magazine, equation, music teacher - major mood, you are false (in the sense of lying), book sorter - codification (of books), coach - cutting, economist - asset, credit, debit, engineer - sunbed, riser, helmsman - fordak, tacking (overtaking), compass (instead of compass).
From the examples described above, it is clear that many (about 92%) do not perceive the word “professionalism” well. Some Russian language teachers insisted that the word “professionalism” in this meaning does not exist at all. From which we can conclude that the term “professionalism” itself refers to professional vocabulary.
After conducting the survey, we came to the unanimous opinion that we do not need the term “professionalism” in everyday life. We understand each other perfectly well even without him. For example, when we explained what these very professionalisms are, the example of a sailor - a compass - was very helpful. People often use professionalisms and find them convenient. Professionalisms also help people in the same profession understand each other better. Professionalism can become synonymous with ordinary words in everyday life (for example, major mood means “good mood”)