Gives you the opportunity to get acquainted and learn one of the ancient and most widespread languages of the world - Arabic .
Arabic is considered an official language in the following countries: Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Western Sahara, Jordan, Iraq, Yemen, Qatar, Comoros, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, United United Arab Emirates, Oman, Palestinian Authority, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia, Chad, Eritrea. Arabic is spoken by about 290 million people (240 - native language and 50 - second language).
Arabic language played big role in the history of world culture: in the Middle Ages, an extensive artistic and scientific literature. Great amount Arabic words entered into the languages of many Asian and African peoples. Even in European languages, including Russian, there are words borrowed from Arabic (algebra, azimuth, zenith, alcohol, genie, store, treasury, coffee, safari, tariff, etc.).
Currently, the Arabic language exists in two significantly different forms: on the one hand, there is the Arabic literary language - a common language for all Arab countries in education, the press, radio, science, literature, oratorical speech, on the other hand, there are Arabic spoken languages, or dialects, used by the population in everyday communication. The spoken language of each Arab country differs from both the common Arabic literary language and spoken languages other Arab countries.
Like all language learners from scratch, we will talk about literary Arabic. As a basis online lessons The website contains a tutorial by V. S. Segal (). Its peculiarity is that it allows you to get acquainted with the language gradually, without immediately bombarding you with a stream of incomprehensible and complex Arabic letters. Errors were also corrected, letter animation was added, and answers were added that can be viewed by moving the mouse over the key: . Plus, audio has been added! You will not only learn to read and write Arabic, but also begin to understand the language by ear. Lessons free.
Go to -› list of lessons ‹- (Click)
If the opportunity to communicate with 290 million people is not your big motivation for learning Arabic, then it might be, for example, the desire to stand out from the crowd. Few people know Arabic. And if now you just seem very smart, then in the future you will be able to build successful career. The Middle East has a very large economic potential, therefore, knowledge of language and culture is beneficial and promising.
IN modern conditions Growing hostility between the Arab world and the West, understanding the Islamic religion is key information to overcome the crisis. People who know Arabic can overcome cultural and linguistic barriers between countries, help solve or avoid international conflict, as well as help businesses run successfully international trade. In addition, knowledge of Arabic opens the door to other languages. For example, 50% of Farsi words are made up of Arabic words. The situation is similar with Urdu and Turkish. Hebrew is also linguistically related to Arabic, making it easier to understand grammatical and semantic concepts in languages.
Arabs are hospitable. As soon as you speak a few words in Arabic in the presence of a native speaker, they will be delighted and will want to help you in any way possible way. But try to do the same thing, for example, in German in front of the Germans - it is unlikely that it will greatly surprise them. Arabs are proud of their language and will be happy to see someone making an effort to learn it.
Arabic is the 5th most widely spoken language in the world, and migration patterns recent years only increase its spread. More recently, Arabic has become the second most common language in Sweden, but Finnish has always been so. And before Arabic takes over the whole world, you still have time to study it!
Surely you found something interesting on this page. Recommend it to a friend! Better yet, place a link to this page on the Internet, VKontakte, blog, forum, etc. For example:
Learning Arabic
Modern technologies simplify our life in all its aspects; now there is no need to sit for hours in libraries or search for the right textbook in bookstores. For anyone who is interested Arabic language learning, we offer a selection of interesting helper sites.
English-language sites
- alison.com. Introductory online course in learning Arabic.
- oli.cmu.edu. Arabic for Global Exchange. Online course of 10 lessons to obtain basic knowledge in Arabic language and culture.
- online copybooks. Learn how to write Arabic letters and compounds.
- copybook They are posted in PDF format, are easy to print and can be used for offline training.
- copybook Arabic alphabet. Except for a brief training course According to the letter, it has many sections devoted to Arab culture and the life of Arab countries.
- mylanguageexchange. International service. On the site you are looking for a native speaker who will help you learn his language, and you, in turn, help him learn your native language. Navigation of the site is simple, the interface is designed according to the most popular languages world, but there is no Russian version. Conditions and methodological base are available: a library of materials, a block for notes, a text chat and a chat for pronunciation training, vocabulary games, etc.
- interpals.net. A social network that helps people from all over the world find friends and learn a language through communication. Easy navigation, service quick registration, short questionnaire, forum and chat.
- arabicPod. Arabic podcast from scratch in English, 30 lessons lasting 10 minutes, hosts use modern themes for consideration.
- survival Phrases Arabic(IoS). The audio course contains useful phrases for communication in real situations.
- Arabic from scratch. video lessons. English-language course from the University of Dalarna (Sweden), 15 lessons (6-14 min).
Russian-language sites
- ar-ru. Dedicated to the comprehensive study of the Arabic language: the alphabet, writing letters, pronunciation of sounds, grammar, reading, training exercises. Except educational material the site has articles on different topics: Arab scientists and politicians, Islamic holidays, useful tips And entertainment programs and audio recordings.
- busuu.com. The largest social network, teaches reading, writing, understanding and speaking. The courses are developed by professional linguists. The work is based on the principle of mutual learning. Registration is free, but some services are paid. Eat mobile version and application for iOS, GooglePlay.
- italki.com. An online service that will help you find a professional native teacher by curriculum vitae, reviews and price. Russian-language navigation. You need to register, registration is free, choose a language, select a teacher from the list, evaluate the reviews and agree on a schedule for Skype lessons.
- lang-8.com. Modern interface, simple and convenient. Registration is free, after which you are asked to write a post in the foreign language that you want to learn, it is checked by a native speaker, then checked by a native speaker. Convenient for spell checking and semantic analysis.
- lingq. Service self-study language, there are exercises on vocabulary, reading, pronunciation, grammar and oral speech. The program corrects errors. There is paid content - the service of a curator-carrier.
- livemocha.com. A virtual online community, which is organized on the principle of mutual assistance in learning foreign languages, there is a free and paid version. User-friendly interface, quick registration.
- hosgeldi. Designed to perform training exercises for learning vocabulary. Simple and easy to use.
Tested on children.
If someone can read the Koran after this, the author is not to blame.
He had other goals, but - Good luck!
U different people - different thinking Therefore, for example, physicists and lyricists need to be taught foreign languages in completely different ways. However, in all existing textbooks foreign language- one senses one and “contemporary” German approach: unnecessary thoroughness, an abundance of unnecessary, stupid, unstructured information at the start, tediousness that kills mood and motivation after 5 pages and lulls you to sleep after ten.
That is, it is often not the student’s fault, but rather the teaching system that “fucks up.”
Roughly speaking, the teacher is to blame.
It’s as if someone put a filter on the “unworthy” foreign language.
And this is how the “cut-off” is carried out...
But why did they write a book for this, why was it called a “textbook”
and why were you sold “crap” that is of little use for learning??
Some books should be called - not textbooks, but "turnstiles",
like, if you made it through, you move on, if you didn’t make it through, sit, smoke, and smoke bamboo...
Existing textbooks are poorly designed for the thinking of a normal Russian person.
modern, not "outdated" version. When you are told obvious platitudes that have clearly been rewritten over the last 100 years, you get the feeling that you have “gotten it”... thoughts that you turned out to be smarter than your teacher, and the teacher is “acting out” - really interfere with learning.
Perhaps philologists wrote textbooks - for people with a different background,
Perhaps the “background” of the average student has grown over 100 years
or the methods are outdated.
It may also be that people who don’t know anything useful except languages increase the value of their knowledge by making show-offs and meaningful snot - where everything can be explained more simply, on the fingers, faster and more interestingly.
Can a teacher be boring?
After all, language is a means of communication.
The author of the textbook, the teacher, already has a “credit” from the student who bought and picked up the textbook. And if a student quits studying, maybe also because the author doesn’t “pull it out” - maybe because he’s a bad teacher? It is not customary to criticize teachers, but here the criticism is not from a student, but from a “colleague.” And in this case, criticism is more than appropriate. Because it's not necessary bad teachers- scare students away - from all teachers.
Let's take Arabic language.
Most fears about learning Arabic stem from its written form.
Which the textbook presents in such a way that... you begin to understand the Inquisition...
Often textbooks focus on layers of language - from Islam and the Koran.
if the textbook is Soviet, then it is based on the experience of building communism.
For what??
Why frighten a person by aggressively imposing archetypes of behavior that are alien (for a Russian). Orthodox Christians and atheists do not need to immediately give words meaning “namaz” and “Akbar”.
That is, these words must be present, but then, where their presence will be justified by the logic of teaching, and not just by the teacher’s desire to immediately “convert” the student to his Faith. The student came for another. And the market says that you should respect your consumer. In the end, the student came to the Arabic teacher, and not to the madrasah.
How to interest a student.
How to awaken motivation?
Arabic language - specifically Russian and Orthodox Christian makes it possible to touch the Biblical texts - in a different coordinate system. And understand the hidden meanings that (alas) disappeared without a trace in Russian translations - from Greek translations.
Eg. King Herod turns out to be the "king of the Earth." Ard and Herod (land) are spelled the same.
Bethlehem - (beit lahm) - turns out to be a sheep house, a barn. Like in popular prints showing the stable where Jesus was born.
British Queen "Bloody Mary"(Bloody Mary) - turns out to be the "Mother of the State".
The Pharisees turn out to be ordinary Persians or horsemen.
Saducees - friends, brothers, monks.
Pharaohs turn out to be simply the leaders of these horsemen.
Kagan - High Priest.
The possible meaning of the “new spelling” of the name Jesus (the appearance of the second letter “i”) during the Great Schism of the 17th century becomes clear - precisely as a result of the translation of Arabic texts into “Cyrillic”. the stroke under the consonant “and” is the second “and”, which is written but not necessarily read. And the main dispute of the split takes on a different logic and harmony. This is precisely from the translation of Semitic texts - through Greek - into Russian.
The best motivation.
There is such an “Old Belarusian language”. This is a language in which ordinary text in Old Russian is written in Arabic letters. Agree, it’s nice when in the process of studying one modern language- you find yourself “in the load” as the bearer of another, and ancient one at that.
The laws of “Freebies” (sweets in Arabic) have not been repealed. And the learning process turns out to be more effective if you lead the student “from freebie to freebie.”))
An example of the text of the "Old Belarusian language" from the Internet. This Old Slavonic language, recorded Arabic script.
My teacher, a KGB officer, once gave advice that was very appropriate in that situation - not to try to translate your life into Arabic. University, cinema and clubs are images of another culture for which would be better suited another language.
It’s more useful to come up with an “image” of an Arab and tell it from him. It is the language of nomadic peasants and has 70 words for camel and 5 verbs for “to think.” No need to complicate...
May I have 5 brothers and 6 sisters,
your father has three wives and three houses.
It’s easier to learn from an authentic map than to make a fuss about how to delicately name concepts that are absent from Arab culture." landing troops", ""institute", "potatoes", "privatization" and "investment banking business".
So, the first principle of memorizing letters is “Shemakha”.
As the hero of Pushkin’s fairy tale said: “Reign while lying on your side”...
There are many Arabic symbols - you can memorize them by tilting your head to the right or to the left.
For example, the “European” numbers 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 are frankly of Arabic origin. It’s just that someone “messed up”, sat “drunk” and wrote down numbers, sitting “to the left” - from the source. Or poked him from behind his shoulder.
Second.
For some reason it is not customary to talk about this, but almost all Latin and Slavic letters- were derived from Arabic script. Don't believe me? It’s simply not customary to talk about this. But calmly and without panic, take a closer look at the letters. If you can’t do it straight, try writing them not from right to left, as the Arabs themselves write. And reproduce them “our way”, as we write, from left to right.
If you don’t recognize them, try to relax, imagine how Cyril and Methodius “stole” the letters from the Arabs without indicating their sources. In order not to deduct copyright. Still, the Arabs have “close relatives” (perhaps even Cyril and Methodius themselves). Try writing the letters from left to right again. And look at the clues.
So, in order to convey information in the Old Belarusian language, you need to write Arabic letters - from right to left.
And these letters are modified Russian letters ( letters).
In Arabic, only consonants and long (stressed) vowels are written.
Short vowels are not written.
- there is no letter “p” in the Arabic alphabet, Arabs use the letter “b”
- the letter "g" is similar to the Russian one.
- the letter "i" twice. Once at the end of a word, the other in the middle. It can be seen by two points below it. The spelling is different, but these two dots “give it away”.
The letter "v" twice. Its writing anywhere (at the beginning in the middle, at the end - the same)
Vocalization rule
There are only 28 letters in the Arabic alphabet.
Strictly speaking, they are all consonants. Vowel sounds (and there are only three of them) are conveyed by special signs that are placed “above” or “below” the letter. The icons are called "vocals".
The vowels “a”, “i”, “u” are called “Fatha, kesra, damma”
A - stroke above the consonant
"and" is a stroke from below,
"y" - comma on top,
“without a vowel” - circle, “sukkun”,
ending "an" - two strokes above the consonant
shadda "w" - doubling of a consonant.
ending "in" - two strokes under the consonant
This is how the previous sentence “let’s talk” -
will look like “Old Belarusian” with vowels.
In most cases, you will not find texts with vowels in Arabic books and media. Why? Because Arabs read and understand these texts perfectly even without vowels. This is comparable to when in Russian we encounter the letter “Ё” without dots, but we understand that it is “Ё”. This is experience and skill. A couple of months of reading the exercises in their textbook - and anyone will have it.
Vocalizations were developed by medieval philologists. One of the theories of their origin is this: in those days, a large number of people accepted Islam - without knowing the language. And so that “fresh” Muslims could read the Koran without errors, a system of vowels was adopted. Nowadays vowels can be found mainly in textbooks, in some Holy books(Koran, Bible), in reference books and dictionaries. But moving in this environment, anyone begins to read and understand texts without vowels at all.
Arabic writing allows us to better understand the speakers of Turkic, Iranian and Caucasian languages. And due to the fact that Moscow is already the largest Tajik, Tatar, Azerbaijani, Uzbek city - it is advisable to have this just in case, let it be... Because this writing allows you to better understand the grammar of the language. After all, doubling, transferring vowels - in these languages was historically justified by "Elm", and when written in Latin or Cyrillic - the logic turns out to be much more complicated.
The main thing is not to be afraid and to understand that the rejection of the Arabic language in the Russian cultural field may not have always been the case. One may discover that someone actually deliberately destroyed “Semitisms” (Arabisms) in Russian culture. You can see that many principles of Russian cursive writing/stenography amusingly repeat the laws of Arabic calligraphy (of course, in their mirror image).
Russian endings (for example, for adjectives) are written in Arabic not with 2-3 letters that do not carry information (-ogo, -ego, -ie, -aya), but are written in one short stroke. After all, the Slavic ancestors were not masochists when they left endings in their language that sometimes turned out to be longer than the word itself. In a word, the experience of the Arabic language is only an opportunity to regain what your ancestors had.
By the way, all European languages may have such an “Arabic” experience. It is known that the most ancient documents of the Afrikaans language (which, excuse me, is the language of the Dutch settlers of the 17th and 18th centuries in Africa) were written in Arabic script. It is known that in the 20th century there were translations of writing into Cyrillic and Latin, after which in Russia and Turkey ALL documents written in ligature were destroyed.
That is, perhaps it is necessary not so much to “teach” as to try to “awaken” the subconscious.
Arabic script is not at all complicated, but it amazingly helps to “reveal” a person’s different ways thinking: analogue, creative, composite...
True, there was such a story. Once, in a large Russian bank, I had to teach the basics of economics to local managers. I discovered with horror that the top management did not understand the diagrams at all and could not read pictures. And it can only read sequential text.
That is, the evolution of the banking business in the country has taken place - very strange. According to the principle of “washing out” people with abstract thinking. That is, those who do not know how to think abstractly have come together. Their entire advantage is the ability to “be shit”... With Arabic training, it will be more difficult to become a banker. But we learn a language - for a different development...
So if you are going to work in banks (or with such a category of people), stop learning Arabic (and forget what I already said). Otherwise, then you will have to stupidly hide a third of your brain in order to fit in with the “environment” and especially with your superiors.
But in the abstract, creative thinking- there's nothing wrong with it. In the end, when a crowd of Caucasian youth stops you in a dark alley, there is no need to panic. Really use your brains. As a rule, this does not mean anything bad, except that young people have nothing to occupy their time, and you have a reason to drink together. And you need to know how to see this reason. And how to develop it correctly.
Here in the picture below are two Arabic words of three letters.
Of course, since we are learning Old Belarusian, it might be worth writing an Old Belarusian word of three letters, but whoever needs it will write it himself by the end of the lesson...
three letters are three troughs. The dots above the letter indicate that the first word is “BIT”, the second is BNT.”
as already mentioned, even without vowels, a literate Arab will guess
that these are the words Bayt - house (hamsa and two sukkun - in vowels),
and Bint - a girl (kesra and two sukkun).
With vowels - two words will look like this.
I draw in Adobe with a mouse, if you don’t like it, draw it yourself.
Pencil, paper, sharpener - go ahead.
Beautiful handwriting for many is sufficient aesthetic satisfaction,
to practice Arabic. But we are talking about the harmony of language in general here,
and not about the beauty of his handwriting. Although - you will be pleased to think that after one day of training you will be able to write Arabic words - more beautifully than your teacher.
Lastly.
There is no need to feel complex because of your insufficient knowledge of the Arabic language - in front of today's native speakers Arabic culture.
Firstly, all the Arabs you are interested in (for one reason or another) speak Russian or English. AND English language for them - it will be objectively more comfortable to explain the terms European culture. The Arabic language is an opportunity to touch Arab culture - in general, and not just to a specific person in particular.
Secondly, we must understand that the Arab culture of the Middle East is, after all, rather a young culture. Its renaissance in the Middle East began only at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. And when you get acquainted with the works of German and Russian Arabists (Krachkovsky’s four-volume work), you see and understand that at the end of the 19th century, the centers of study of the Arabic language and the Koran were Berlin, Kazan, St. Petersburg... And not Cairo and Damascus .
Jerusalem and Riyadh became centers of Arab culture only in the second half of the 20th century... and before that, an ordinary Arab in the desert in the morning washed himself with camel urine, jumped on a camel, and wandered to the neighboring oasis. And for more high manifestations culture - the harsh desert life then left no space and resources. This is neither good nor bad. Explore the museums in Arab countries to understand the meager and dreary life of nomads - half a century ago.
To catch up.
Arabs consider "a" and "o" as one vowel,
they do not distinguish between these vowels.
they distinguish consonants as front ones.
They have different consonants with which the syllables “sa” and “so” begin.
That's why they have two consonants - where we have one.
And there are two of them different letters- “t”, “s”, “d”, “th”, “z”. One of them is “front” - after it you hear “a”,
and the other is the back one, after it you hear “o”.
The difference between them is colossal.
Kalb and Kalb are almost imperceptible to the Russian ear, but to the Arab they mean “heart” or “dog”. A gentle compliment - or an insult. They always call one famous Israeli politician “Kalb-va-ibn-al-kyalb” (The Dog and the Son of the Dog).
And if you mess it up... it won’t turn out very nicely...
A letter that simply means short sound“o” - they convey it through a special letter “ain”, which means a guttural “semi-wheezing” and which in writing looks similar to the “non-Russian” letter “Ъ”, as in the word “B-b-lgaria”
Cyril and Methodius were stealing ideas - clearly not from the Greeks (or not only from the Greeks).
But for some reason the Semitic roots in Russian Empire was forbidden to see.
That is, one could see the roots - from a certain “Greek” language 2 thousand years ago. But the “Arab” roots are relatively young - they didn’t notice.
Soviet Arabist Vashkevich. By the way, I found hundreds of parallels between the Russian and Arabic languages. You can find a lot about this on the Internet. Here are examples only starting with the letter "e".
BARELY, barely - the same as barely. ♦ From Arabic علة yillah "weakness".
EMELYA, Give up Emelya is not your week (proverb. Dahl) - Behind the name Emelya is the Arabic عمل amal “work”.
EREMEY, every Eremey understand to himself (proverb. Dahl) - on his own mind. ♦ Behind the name Eremey is the Arabic آمر "a:mara" to plot.
YERMIL, the hillbilly Yermil, is dear to the townswomen (proverb. Dahl). ♦ behind the name Ermil is the Arabic أرمل “armal “widow”.
Nonsense, talk nonsense - tell lies, talk nonsense. ♦ Behind the Russian nonsense lies the Arabic ده غير gerun da “not that,” i.e. wrong. For Russian, carry the Arabic نصت nassa(t) (feminine gender) “pronounce the text”, “read”. grammatical term Latin grammar comes from Ar. جرد garrada "to form the original simplest grammatical form of a word."
To learn a language you need practice.
beautiful handwriting is in itself a reason to be proud.
After 10 conscious writings, a person automatically remembers everything.
Paper, pencil, sharpener - and as in childhood - through copybooks.
What frightens us in Arabic studies is the multiplicity of spellings for the same letter. initial, final, middle, separate. But these are just the principles of adding a letter.
As in the Georgian joke:
Vilka - bottle - written without a soft sign,
salt beans - with soft
This is impossible - we need to believe in it...
Here it is worth telling an anecdote that all Russians who have lived in Arab countries for a long time know about.
When “another Arab” decides to learn Russian, he spends several days learning the Russian alphabet, in the process of learning which he annoys everyone around him. Who can hardly tolerate his senseless tediousness. we know that the Russian language must be taught differently. And those who change the way they study achieve success in it. But - Arabic really needs to be learned, starting with letters - and going from the roots of words - to more complex meanings.
And to the oral language - it is advisable to go through the written one.
sometimes you think that those who developed methods for teaching children English and French went through the “torture of Semitic languages.” Because you can see the “ears” of other methods that are poorly suited for European languages.
Why did I start telling all this?
exactly - not only to teach the basics of the Arabic language.
And certainly not so that you sit down with the Holy Books this evening. Although - I repeat - if anything happens, it’s not my fault. This is your subconscious. Arabs sincerely believe that Arabic is the language of angels. So perhaps there is something “in the subconscious”.
More to tell in detail that the connections between Russian, Slavic culture - and Semitic, Arabic languages - are much stronger than we were taught from childhood. We were even forced to read the Bible translated from Greek and German. Although Arabic is the closest of the world languages to the biblical one. When they take the long route to get acquainted with the Truths, this means that they want to deceive someone, to fool someone. And perhaps there is a reason for not revealing everything to us.
Which is gaining popularity every year. Learning Arabic has its own characteristics, which are related to the structure of the language itself, as well as pronunciation and writing. This must be taken into account when choosing a training program.
Prevalence
Arabic belongs to the Semitic group. In terms of the number of native speakers, Arabic ranks second in the world after Chinese.
Arabic is spoken by about 350 million people in 23 countries where the language is considered an official language. These countries include Egypt, Algeria, Iraq, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain, Palestine and many others. Also, the language is one of the official ones in Israel. Taking this factor into account, learning Arabic involves a preliminary selection of the dialect that will be used in specific country, because, despite many similar elements, in different countries language has its own distinctive features.
Dialects
Modern Arabic can be divided into 5 large groups dialects that linguistic point sight can almost be called different languages. The fact is that lexical and grammatical differences in languages are so large that people speaking different dialects and not knowing the literary language practically cannot understand each other. Highlight the following groups dialects:
- Maghreb.
- Egyptian-Sudanese.
- Syro-Mesopotamian.
- Arabian.
- Central Asian.
A separate niche is occupied by modern standard Arabic, which, however, is practically not used in colloquial speech.
Features of the study
Learning Arabic from scratch is not an easy task, since after Chinese it is considered one of the most difficult in the world. Mastering Arabic takes much longer than learning any European language. This applies to both classes with teachers.
Self-study of Arabic is difficult path, which is better to refuse at first. This is due to several factors. Firstly, the letter is very complex, which is not similar to either the Latin or Cyrillic alphabet, which is written from right to left, and also does not involve the use of vowels. Secondly, the structure of language itself, in particular morphology and grammar, is complex.
What should you pay attention to before you start studying?
A program for learning Arabic should be built taking into account the following factors:
- Having enough time. Learning a language takes several times longer than learning other languages.
- Opportunities for both independent work, and for classes in a group or with a private teacher. Studying Arabic in Moscow gives you the opportunity to combine different options.
- Inclusion in the learning process of different aspects: writing, reading, listening and, of course, speaking.
We must not forget that you need to decide on the choice of a specific dialect. Learning Arabic varies depending on this factor. In particular, the dialects in Egypt and Iraq are so different that their speakers cannot always understand each other. A way out of the situation may be to study the Arabic literary language, which has more complex structure, but understandable in all countries Arab world, since dialects traditionally have a more simplified form. Despite this, this option has its own negative sides. Although the literary language is understood by all countries, it is practically not spoken. A situation may arise that a person who speaks a literary language will not be able to understand people who speak a certain dialect. In this case, the choice depends on the purposes of the study. If you want to use a language in different countries, then you need to make a choice literary version. If a language is studied for work in a specific Arab country, preference should be given to the corresponding dialect.
Vocabulary of the language
Learning Arabic is impossible without using words and phrases that in this case have characteristic differences compared to European languages. This is due to the fact that in Europe languages intertwined and strongly influenced each other, due to which they have many common lexical units. Almost all the vocabulary of the Arabic language has its original origin, which practically cannot be associated with others. The number of borrowings from other languages is present, but it takes up no more than one percent of the dictionary.
The difficulty of studying also lies in the fact that the Arabic language is characterized by the presence of synonyms, homonyms and polysemantic words, which can seriously confuse people who are starting to learn the language. In Arabic, both newer words and very old ones are intertwined, which do not have specific connections with each other, but denote almost identical objects and phenomena.
Phonetics and pronunciation
Literary Arabic and its numerous dialects are characterized by the presence of a very developed phonetic system, in particular this applies to consonants: glottal, interdental and emphatic. Difficulty in learning is also represented by all sorts of combinatorial possibilities of pronunciation.
Many Arab countries are trying to bring conversational pronunciation words to literary language. This is primarily due to the religious context, in particular to correct reading Koran. Despite this, despite this moment there is no single point of view on how to correctly read certain endings, since ancient texts do not have vowels - signs to indicate vowel sounds, which does not allow one to correctly state how exactly one word or another should be pronounced.
Arabic is one of the most widely spoken and also one of the most difficult languages to learn in the world. The difficulty lies in the special letter without vowels, multi-level morphology and grammar, as well as special pronunciation. An important factor When learning a language, choosing a dialect is also important, since Arabic sounds very differently in different countries.
Arabic is currently the most widespread of the group of Semitic languages and belongs to its southern branch. The Arabic language reached the peak of its perfection with the revelation of the final Divine Scripture, the Holy Quran, before the beauty and greatness of which many word experts of that time bowed. The Almighty Lord announces:
“We have brought it down with the Qur'an in Arabic, in which there is not the slightest defect. Perhaps piety before God will awaken in the hearts of people” (see:).
Modern literary Arabic, the result of the gradual development of classical Arabic, is widespread in many countries around the world, total number whose population exceeds 100 million people.
Along with literary Arabic, which is a single and common state language In all Arab countries, there are also local Arabic dialects. In contrast to the literary language, which unites not only all Arabs, but also educated Muslims of the world, dialects and dialects have a narrow local, territorial meaning.
Phonetically, literary Arabic is characterized by an extensive system of consonantal phonemes, especially glottal, emphatic and interdental. There are six vowel phonemes: three short and three long.
IN grammatically Arabic, like other Semitic languages, is characterized by a significant development of inflection and belongs to the group of inflectional languages. At the heart of each grammatical form lies a three-consonant (less often four-consonant) root. The formation of words occurs mainly due to the internal structural change of the word.
Arabic letter
The Arabic alphabet consists of 28 letters, displaying only consonant sounds in writing. There are no special letters for writing vowel sounds in Arabic writing. But due to the fact that the Arabic language distinguishes between short and long vowels, some letters used to write consonants are used to convey long vowels in writing. Short vowels are conveyed in writing using vowels.
Thus, the system Arabic script is based on the written representation of only consonant sounds, and the vowels that make up the word are filled in by the reader during the reading process, depending on the meaning of the word and its role in the sentence.
The letters of the Arabic alphabet are characterized by the fact that each of them has, depending on its position in the word, several styles: independent, initial, middle and final. The nature of writing a letter depends on whether it is connected on both sides with parts of this word or only on the right.
Of the 28 letters of the alphabet, 22 are connected on both sides and have four forms of writing, and the remaining 6 are only on the right, having only two forms of writing.
Based on the nature of the writing of the basic elements, most letters of the Arabic alphabet can be combined into several groups. Letters of the same group have the same descriptive “skeleton” and differ from each other only in the presence and location of the so-called diacritic points. Letters either have no dots at all, or have one, two or three dots, which may appear above or below the letter. Letters are connected to each other using connecting bars.
The printed and written styles of the letters of the Arabic alphabet are not fundamentally different. There are no capital letters in the Arabic alphabet.
Vocalizations
The Arabic writing system provides for the transmission of only consonants and long vowels. Short vowels are not depicted in writing. However, to clarify the nature of short vowels in certain cases, for example, in Holy Quran, prophetic legends, textbooks, they are indicated using special subscript or superscript characters called vowels.
The vowel is placed above or below the letter indicating the consonant sound. There are three vowels in Arabic:
− “Fatha”
The vowel “fatha” is placed above the letter in the form of an oblique dash َ_ and conveys the short vowel sound [a]. For example: بَ [ba], شَ [sha].
− “Kyasra”
The vowel “kasra” is placed under the letter in the form of an oblique dash ـِ and conveys the short vowel [i]. For example: بِ [bi], شِ [shi].
− "Damma"
The vowel “damma” is placed above the comma-shaped letter ـُ and conveys the short vowel [у]. For example: بُ [bu], شُ [shu].
− "Sukun"
The absence of a vowel sound after a consonant is indicated by a symbol called a "sukun". “Sukun” is written as ـْ and placed above the letter. For example: بَتْ [baht], بِتْ [bit], بُتْ [but].
Additional symbols in Arabic include the “shadda” sign, indicating the doubling of a consonant sound. "Shadda" is written as Russian capital letter"sh". For example: بَبَّ [bubba], بَتِّ [batti]
Transcription
Due to the fact that in Arabic between the system of depicting words in writing and their sound composition there is a significant difference in practical purposes resort to so-called transcription. Transcription is the transmission of the sounds of a language using accepted conventional signs or letters of the same or another language, equipped, if necessary, with additional symbols.
In this textbook, Russian is used as transcription marks for Arabic sounds. To depict those sounds that are not in the Russian language, some Russian letters are equipped with additional icons: a dash and a dot under the letter. A dash indicates an interdental consonant, and a dot indicates a hard sound.