Latin heritage in the grammar of the Russian language. Brief information from the history of the Latin language

BRIEF INFORMATION FROM THE HISTORY OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE

Latin language belongs to the Italic branch of the Indo-European family of languages. It is called “Latin” (Lingua Latina), since it was spoken by Latins (Latini - one of the tribes ancient Italy), who inhabited the small region of Latium, located in the lower reaches of the Tiber River. The center of this region in the 8th century. BC e. (in 753, according to ancient historians) became the city of Rome (Roma\ therefore the inhabitants of Latium also called themselves “Romans”
(Romani). To the northwest of the Romans lived the Etruscans, a people of an ancient and highly developed culture. Almost no historically reliable information has been preserved about the relationship between the Romans and the Etruscans, but it is known that from 616 to
509 BC e. Etruscan kings ruled Rome. Consequently, for some period Rome was dependent on its powerful neighbor, and only in 509 did it become an independent republic. The Etruscans had a huge influence on cultural development throughout Italy, especially Rome.
Many Etruscan words entered the Latin language. Himself Etruscan very different from Latin; Numerous Etruscan inscriptions have not yet been deciphered. Other languages of Italy, the most important of which are Oscan and Umbrian, are related to Latin and were gradually replaced by it.

In its historical development, the Latin language went through several stages
(periods):

1. Archaic Latin period: from the first extant written monuments until the beginning of the 1st century. BC e. The oldest monuments date back to approximately
VI century BC e., and there are very few of them. This is a fragment of a sacred inscription on fragments of black stone (found in 1899 during excavations of the Roman Forum); an inscription on the so-called Praeneste fibula (a gold clasp found in 1871 in the city of Praeneste, near Rome); an inscription on a clay vessel, known as the Duenos inscription. The number of monuments increases significantly from the 3rd century BC. This is due to the growth of the power of Rome, which conquered at this time most Italy. The conquest of Greek cities in southern Italy led to the penetration of roman society elements of Greek culture and education, which stimulated the emergence literary works and in Latin. The beginning of this process was laid by the captured Greek, later freedman, Livy
Andronicus, who translated Homer's Odyssey into Latin. Of the Latin authors of this period, we know the names of the playwright and writer
Gnaeus Naevius (excerpts of comedies preserved), epic poet and playwright
Quinta Ennia (excerpts from various works have been preserved); the largest representatives of the archaic period in the field of literary language are comedians; Titus Maccius Plautus (c. 254-c.
184 BC BC), from which 20 comedies have survived in their entirety and one in fragments; Publius Terence Afr(190-159 BC), from whom all six comedies he wrote have come down to us. In addition, from the middle of the 1st to the beginning of the 2nd century. BC e. Numerous gravestone inscriptions and official documents have survived.
All this provides a wealth of material for study. characteristic features archaic Latin.

2. The period of classical Latin: from the first speeches of Cicero (81-80 BC), since in his prose the Latin language first acquired that grammatical and lexical norm, which made it “classical”, until the death of Augustus in 14 AD. e. This period is represented by a brilliant galaxy of authors. In oratorical prose this is, first of all, as already said, Mark
Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC); in historical prose - Gaius Julius Caesar
(100-44 BC). Gaius Sallust Crispus (86-35 BC), Titus of Livia (59 BC - 17 AD); The most famous poets of this period were:

Titus Lucretius Carus (c. 98-c. 35 BC). Gaius Valerius Catullus (c.
87-ok. 54 BC BC), Publius Virgil Maron (70-19 BC), Quintus Horace
Flaccus (65 - 8 BC), Publius Ovid Naso (43 BC - 18 AD).
Thanks to the last three poets, whose creativity flourished during the reign of Augustus, as well as other talented poets of this time
(Tibullus, Proportius), the era of Augustus was called the golden age of Roman poetry.

In most higher educational institutions Our country studies the Latin language of this particular period - classical Latin.

3. The period of post-classical Latin ": I - II centuries AD. The most famous authors of this period: Lucius Annaeus Seneca (c. 4 BC - 65 AD) - philosopher and poet-playwright; Mark Valery Martial (c. 42-c. 102) and Decimus
Junius Juvenal (c. 60-after 127) - satirical poets: Gaius Cornelius Tacitus (c.
55-approx. 120) - the most famous of the Roman historians; Apuleius (c. 124-?) - philosopher and writer. The language of these writers is distinguished by significant originality in the choice of stylistic means, however grammatical rules classical Latin is almost not violated. Therefore, the division into the classical and post-classical periods has more literary than linguistic significance.

4. Late Latin period: III-VI centuries-era late empire and the emergence after its fall (476) of barbarian states. Ancient traditions in the literary work of this era, with rare exceptions, they fade away. How historical source retain the significance of the work of Ammianus
Marcellinus (c. 330-400) and not entirely reliable biographies of Roman emperors (Scriptores historiae Augustae). A significant factor in the spiritual life of the period of the late empire was the spread of Christianity and the appearance of Christian literature in Latin - Jerome (c. 348-420), Augustine (354-430), etc. Many morphological and syntactic phenomena that prepare the transition to new Romance languages.

The period of formation and flourishing of the classical Latin language was associated with the transformation of Rome into the largest slave-owning state
Mediterranean, which subjugated vast territories in western and southeastern Europe, northern Africa and Asia Minor. In the eastern provinces of the Roman state (in Greece, Asia Minor and the northern coast of Africa), where the Greek language and highly developed Greek culture were widespread at the time of their conquest by the Romans, the Latin language did not become widespread. Things were different in the western Mediterranean.

By the end of the 2nd century. before i. e. The Latin language dominates not only throughout Italy, but as the official state language penetrates into the regions of the Iberian Peninsula conquered by the Romans and present-day southern France, where there was then a Roman province - Gallia
Narbonensis-Narbonese Gaul. The conquest of the rest of Gaul (in general, this is the territory of modern France, Belgium, partly the Netherlands and Switzerland) was completed in the late 50s. I century BC e. as a result of prolonged military operations under the command of Julius Caesar. In all these territories, the Latin language is spreading, not only through official institutions, but also as a result of communication between the local population and Roman soldiers, traders, and settlers. This is how the Romanization of provinces occurs, i.e. the assimilation local population Latin language and Roman culture.
Romanization proceeds in two ways: from above, in particular, through the opening of Roman schools for the children of the local nobility, where they taught the literary Latin language; and from below, through live communication with native speakers of spoken Latin.

The Latin language in its folk (colloquial) variety - the so-called vulgar (meaning folk) Latin - was the basis language for new national languages, united under the general name Romance
(from Latin Romanus “Roman”). They belong to Italian language, created on the territory of the Apennine Peninsula as a result historical change Latin, French and Provençal languages, developed in the former Gaul, Spanish and Portuguese
Iberian Peninsula, Romansh - on the territory of the Roman colony of Raetia
(in parts of present-day Switzerland and north-eastern Italy), Romanian - in the territory of the Roman province of Dacia (present-day Romania), Moldavian and some others.

With common origin Romance languages There are also significant differences between them. This is explained by the fact that the Latin language penetrated into the conquered territories over several centuries, during which it itself, as the basis language, was somewhat modified and entered into complex interaction with local tribal languages and dialects. A certain imprint on the emerging related Romance languages was also left by the difference in the historical fate of the territories in which they were formed over a long period of time.

The commonality of the Romance languages is most clearly seen in the vocabulary, which can be observed in the following examples:

This commonality can be traced, although not so clearly, in morphology, especially in verb system. The heritage of Latin is also participial and infinitive constructions in Romance languages.

Attempts by the Romans to subjugate the Germanic tribes, which were made repeatedly at the turn of the 1st century. BC e. and I century. n. e., were not successful, but economic ties between the Romans and the Germans existed long time; They
.went mainly through Roman garrison colonies located along
Rhine and Danube. This is reminded, for example, by the names of German cities Kb1d
(from Latin Colonia "settlement"), Koblenz (from Latin Confluentes, lit.:
“flocking” - Koblenz is located at the confluence of the Mosel and the Rhine), Re-gensburg
(from Latin Regina castra), Vienna (from Vindobona) and others. Latin origin in modern German words Rettich (from Latin radix "root"), Birne
(from Latin pinim “pear”), etc., denoting products of the Roman Agriculture, which were exported across the Rhine by Roman merchants, as well as terms related to the construction business: Mauer (from Latin murus “stone wall”, as opposed to German Wand, lit.: “wattle fence”), Pforte (from Latin porta “ gates"),
Fenster (from Latin fenestra “window”), Strasse (from Latin strata via “paved road”) and many others.

First contacts of the Romans and therefore the Latin language with the population
Britain belongs to 55-54. BC e., when Caesar during the wars in
Gaul made two campaigns in Britain. However, these were short-term expeditions that did not have serious consequences. Britain was conquered 100 years later, in 43 AD. e. and remained under Roman rule until 407.
The most ancient traces of the Latin language in Britain are the names of cities with integral part-Chester, -caster or -castle from Lat. castra
"military camp" and castellum "fortification", fbss--OT fossa "ditch", col(n) from colonia "settlement". Wed: Manchester, Lancaster, Newcastle, Fossway,
Fossbrook, Lincoln, Colchester.

Conquest of Britain in the 5th-6th centuries. Germanic tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes increased the number Latin borrowings, adopted by the British tribes, at the expense of words already adopted by the Germans from the Romans before their migration to Britain. Wed. lat. vinum, German Wein, English wine; lat. strata, German Strasse, English street; lat. campus "field", German. Kampf, English camp.

The importance of the Latin language for the gradual and long-term formation of new Western European languages persists even after the fall of Western
Roman Empire. Latin continued to be the language of state, science and school in the feudal Frankish kingdom (formed at the end
V century), which absorbed a significant part of the territory of the Western Roman Empire; written in Latin, in particular, is the “History of the Franks” by Gregory of Tours (540 -
594) - almost the only one literary source according to early political history Franks, “Biography of Charlemagne” by his contemporary Einhard.
After Frankish Empire broke up in 843 into independent states Western Europe(Italy, France and Germany), the absence of national literary languages in them for several centuries forced them to resort to relations between them. to the help of the Latin language. Throughout the Middle Ages and later, Latin was the language catholic church, the beginning of which was laid by the already mentioned Christian writers of the late empire.

The exceptional role of classical Latin in the Renaissance
(XIV-XVI centuries), when humanists, who were representatives of the progressive movement in early Western European culture, showed great interest in antiquity and when writers, using the Latin language, sought to imitate ancient models, especially the language of Cicero. For example, it is enough to name the names of those who wrote in Latin, Thomas More (1478-
1535) in England, Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466 - 1536) - in Holland, Tommaso
Campanella (1568-1639) - in Italy.

During this period the Latin language became the most important means international cultural and scientific communication.

The centuries-old spread of the Latin language necessitated a thorough study of it in schools, dictionaries were compiled, and translations were published; this also contributed to the penetration of the corresponding Latin vocabulary into new Western European languages. For example, latin words from the field of education and school - magister “mentor”, “teacher”, schola
“school”, tabula “board” - entered modern living languages in the form of English. master, school, table and German. Meister, Schule, Tafel. Of Latin origin. schreiben, Schrift (from scribere “to write”, scriptum
"written") Latin vocabulary also had a significant influence on the English language through French as a result of the conquest of England in the second half of the 11th century. French Normans. Wed: English noble, victory, art, color from lat. nobilis, victoria, ars, color. Many borrowings were made by the English language during the Renaissance and directly from Latin.

Until the 18th century. Latin remained the language of diplomacy and international language Sciences. In particular, the first document in the history of Russian-Chinese relations was compiled in Latin. relationship - famous Treaty of Nerchinsk 1689. The Dutch philosopher B. Spinoza (1632-1677), the English scientist I. Newton (1643-1727), M.V. Lomonosov (1711-1765) and many others wrote their works in Latin.

There was a period in cultural life Europe, when without knowledge of Latin it was impossible to get an education.

At present, the importance of the Latin language, naturally, is not so great, nevertheless, it plays a very important role. important role in the system of humanitarian education.

The Latin language, as already mentioned, is necessary when studying modern Romance languages, since the history of these languages, many phonetic and grammatical phenomena, and features of vocabulary can be
Understood only on the basis of knowledge of Latin. What has been said, although to a lesser extent, also applies to those who study Germanic languages(English, German), grammatical and, especially, lexical system of which the Latin language also had a great influence. The Latin language will also be of undoubted help to the Russian philologist, for only it allows one to explain the difference in the meaning and spelling of such words as, for example, “company” and
"campaign"; spelling of words with so-called “unverifiable” vowels, such as “pessimist”, “optimist”; the presence of one root, but in three variants in the words “fact”, “defect”, “deficiency”, etc.

The Latin language is certainly necessary for a historian, and not only for a specialist in ancient history, which goes without saying, but also for a student of the Middle Ages, all of whose documents are written in Latin.

A lawyer cannot do without studying Latin, since Roman law formed the basis of modern Western European law and, through Byzantine law, influenced ancient sources Russian law (treaties between Russians and Greeks, Russkaya Pravda).

There is no doubt about the need to study Latin in medical and veterinary institutes, in biological and natural sciences faculties of universities.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the Latin language, along with ancient Greek, still serves as a source for the formation of international socio-political and scientific terminology.

Bibliography

To prepare this work, materials from the site were used
http://base.ed.ru

Latin is one of the oldest and most significant European languages. Belongs to the Italic group of Indo-European language family. The Italic group is represented mainly by the dead languages of the Middle and Southern Italy, such as: Oscan, Umbrian, Faliscan, etc. The Italian language, now widespread in this territory and being the official language of Italy and the Vatican, belongs to the Romance group of the same Indo-European family.

Periods in the history of the Latin language

It is customary to distinguish several stages in the history of the Latin language:

1. Archaic stage (Before the 1st century BC)

Originally, the Latin language (Lingua Latina) was the language of the Latin tribes (Latini). It was customary to call the tribes that lived on the territory of Latium (Modern Lazio, an area of more than 17,200 km2 with the center in Rome) as Latins. In the 8th century BC (c. 754/753 BC), the city of Rome was founded on the territory of Latium, and in the 6th century. BC. it becomes the main city of the region. As the Roman state expanded, so did the spread of the Latin language.

By the middle of the 3rd century BC. Latin becomes the main language of the Apennine Peninsula. Other Italic languages were displaced or assimilated. At the same time, the Latin language itself underwent significant changes. During the three Punic Wars (mid-3rd century BC - mid-2nd century BC), Rome defeated Carthage ( North Africa), the Western Mediterranean comes under his rule.

First known to historians inscriptions written in Latin appear in the 7th century BC. The language rapidly evolved as the state expanded under the influence of other Italic languages, as well as Greek and Etruscan.

TO famous personalities of this period belong to:

Quintus Ennius (239 - 169 BC) - Roman poet,
Titus Maccius Plautus (mid 3rd century BC - ca. 180 BC) - Roman comedian,
Publius Terentius Afer/Afr (c. 195 - 159 BC) - Roman comedian (in reference books see "Terence", because "Afer/Afr" ("African") - nickname (cognomen)).

2. Classical stage (From the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD)

Also often called the age of "Golden Latin".

By the end of the 1st century BC. The Roman state spread throughout the Mediterranean, as well as in the territories modern France and partly Germany and England. Along with the expansion of the Roman state, the sphere of influence of the Latin language also expanded.

In addition, at this time the formation of the Latin language system took place. In the future, only minor changes. And due to the abundance of sources and harmonious structure, classical Latin is now studied by students of philological and law faculties institutions of higher education.

Famous personalities:

Gaius Julius Caesar (102/100 BC - 44 BC) - Roman general, dictator,
Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 - 43 BC) - Roman political figure, speaker, writer,
Titus Lucretius Car (1st century BC) - Roman poet and philosopher (in the reference literature, see “Lucretius”, because “Car” (“Carian”) is a nickname (cognomen)),
Gaius Valerius Catullus (c. 87 - c. 54 BC) - Roman poet,
Publius Virgil Maro (70 - 19 BC) - Roman poet (in the reference literature, see “Virgil”, because “Maro” is a generic nickname (cognomen)),
Quintus Horace Flaccus (65 BC - 8 BC) - Roman poet (see "Horace", "Flaccus" ("flaccus" - "loop-eared") - nickname (cognomen)) ,
Publius Ovid Naso (43 BC - c. 18 AD) - Roman poet (see "Ovid", "Nason" ("Nosy") - generic nickname (cognomen)).

3. Postclassical stage (I - II centuries AD)

Also called the age of "Silver Latin".

At this time, the process of expansion of the state continues. In the 2nd century AD. under Trajan, the Roman Empire reaches its maximum boundaries.

The language differs from the classical one in the uniqueness of its syntactic means; in general, the language system does not undergo changes.

Personalities:

Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC - 65 AD) - politician, philosopher, writer,
Marcus Valerius Martial (c. 40 - c. 140) - Roman poet,
Decimus Junius Juvenal (c. 60 - c. 125) - Roman satirist poet,
Publius Cornelius Tacitus (c. 58 - c. 117) - Roman historian,
Lucius Apuleius (c. 125 - c. 180) - Roman writer,
(Gaius) Petronius Arbiter (?? - 66) - Roman writer.

4. Late Latin (III - IV centuries AD)

At this time, numerous uprisings took place on the territory of the conquered lands, in addition, barbarians began to increasingly attack the border lands. All this, combined with the weakening of central power, leads to the fact that some lands leave the empire, and the empire itself in 395 is divided into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire.

This period is characterized by the appearance of many written monuments of the spoken language. There are significant changes in phonetics. In general, language development trends do not change.

The period is represented by many works on various sciences, fiction both pagan and Christian.

5. Middle Ages (V - XV centuries AD)

He was deposed in 476 the last Emperor Western Roman Empire - Romulus Augustulus. After this, the Western Roman Empire ceased to exist, unlike the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as Byzantium or Byzantine Empire with its capital in the city of Constantinople (modern Istanbul) existed for about another millennium (since a short break from 1206 to 1261), until in 1453 the city of Constantinople was taken by Turkish troops.

After the division of the empire, Greek became the dominant language on the territory of Byzantium, and Latin remained the main language in the Western Roman Empire.

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the fate of spoken and literary Latin was different. The main written language in the territory former empire continues to be Latin. Oral Latin is increasingly influenced by national languages and is eventually replaced by them. National languages that arose on the basis of Latin are usually called Romance.

Literary monuments of this period:

“History of the Goths” - Jordan (Goth historian of the 6th century, Ostrogoth by origin),
“History of the Franks” - Gregory of Tours (Frankish historian of the 6th century),
"History of Denmark" - Saxo Grammaticus (Danish chronicler of the 12th century),
"Acts of the Romans"
"Carmina Burana".

6. Renaissance (XV (in Italy - XIII) - XVI centuries AD)

At this time, interest in ancient culture was returning in Europe, in addition, many new works were created in Latin.

Examples include works written in Latin by such authors as:

Thomas More (1478 - 1535) - English humanist, statesman, writer,
Erasmus of Rotterdam (1469 - 1536) - humanist, philologist, writer,
Giordano Bruno (1548 - 1600) - Italian philosopher and poet,
Tommaso Campanella (1568 - 1639) - Italian philosopher, poet, politician,
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543) - Polish astronomer,
Dante Alighieri (1265 - 1321) - Italian poet, creator of the Italian literary language,
Francesco Petrarch (1304 - 1374) - Italian poet,
Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375) - Italian writer.

7. New Time (XVII - XVIII centuries AD)

Latin falls out of widespread use, its scope of application being limited to science, religion and diplomacy.

René Descartes (1596 - 1650) - French philosopher, mathematician, physicist and physiologist,
Pierre Gassendi (1592 - 1655) - French philosopher, mathematician and astronomer,
Benedict Spinoza (1632 - 1677) - Dutch philosopher,
Francis Bacon (1561 - 1626) - English philosopher,
Isaac Newton (1643 - 1727) - English mathematician, mechanic, astronomer and physicist,
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646 - 1716) - German philosopher, mathematician, physicist, linguist,
Leonhard Euler (1707 - 1783) - mathematician, mechanic, physicist, astronomer. Swiss by origin
Carl Linnaeus (1707 - 1778) - Swedish naturalist,
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1711 - 1765) - Russian naturalist, poet, artist, historian,

8. Modernity (XIX century AD - to the present day)

IN modern linguistics it is customary to classify Latin as dead languages However, the Latin language is used in medicine, law, natural sciences and Catholic worship. In addition, Latin is often used in scientific and technical terminology. There are also a number of movements that are trying to keep the Latin language alive.

Occupies a special place. Over the several thousand years of its existence, it has changed more than once, but has retained its relevance and importance.

Dead language

Today the Latin language is dead language. In other words, it does not have speakers who would consider this speech native and use it in everyday life. But, unlike others, Latin received a second life. Today this language is the basis of international jurisprudence and medical sciences.

In terms of the scale of its importance, ancient Greek is close to Latin, which also died, but left its mark in a wide variety of terminologies. This amazing fate associated with historical development Europe in ancient times.

Evolution

The ancient Latin language originated in Italy a thousand years BC. According to its origin, it belongs to the Indo-European family. The first speakers of this language were Latins, thanks to whom it got its name. These people lived on the banks of the Tiber. Several ancient trade routes. In 753 BC, the Latins founded Rome and soon began wars of conquest against their neighbors.

Over the centuries of its existence, this state has undergone several important changes. First there was a kingdom, then a republic. At the turn of the 1st century AD, the Roman Empire emerged. Its official language was Latin.

Until the 5th century, it was the greatest civilization in the world. It surrounded the entire Mediterranean Sea with its territories. Many peoples came under her rule. Their languages gradually died, and were replaced by Latin. Thus, it spread from Spain in the west to Palestine in the east.

Vulgar Latin

It was during the era of the Roman Empire that the history of the Latin language took a sharp turn. This adverb is divided into two types. There was a pristine literary Latin, which was the official means of communication in government institutions. It was used for paperwork, worship, etc.

At the same time, the so-called Vulgar Latin. This language arose as a lighter version of the complex state language. The Romans used it as a tool to communicate with foreigners and conquered peoples.

This is how the popular version of the language arose, which with each generation became more and more different from its model of the ancient era. Live speech naturally swept away the old ones syntax rules, which were too complex for quick comprehension.

Latin heritage

So the history of the Latin language gave rise to In the 5th century AD, the Roman Empire fell. It was destroyed by barbarians, who created their own on the ruins of the former country. nation states. Some of these peoples were unable to rid themselves of the cultural influence of the previous civilization.

Gradually, Italian, French, Spanish and Portuguese arose in this way. All of them are distant descendants of ancient Latin. The classical language died after the fall of the empire and ceased to be used in everyday life.

At the same time, a state was preserved in Constantinople, the rulers of which considered themselves the legal successors of the Roman Caesars. This was Byzantium. Its inhabitants, out of habit, considered themselves Romans. However, Greek became the spoken and official language of this country, which is why, for example, in Russian sources the Byzantines were often called Greeks.

Use in science

At the beginning of our era, medical Latin developed. Before this, the Romans had very little knowledge of human nature. In this field they were noticeably inferior to the Greeks. However, after the Roman state annexed the ancient policies, famous for their libraries and scientific knowledge, in Rome itself there was a noticeable increase in interest in education.

Medical schools also began to emerge. The Roman physician Claudius Galen made a huge contribution to physiology, anatomy, pathology and other sciences. He left behind hundreds of works written in Latin. Even after the fall of the Roman Empire in European universities Medicine continued to be studied with the help of documents. That is why future doctors had to know the basics of Latin.

A similar fate awaited legal sciences. It was in Rome that the first modern legislation appeared. Lawyers and legal experts played an important role in this. Over the centuries, a huge array of laws and other documents written in Latin has accumulated.

Emperor Justinian, the ruler of Byzantium in the 6th century, began systematizing them. Despite the fact that the country spoke Greek, the sovereign decided to reissue and update the laws in the Latin version. This is how the famous Code of Justinian appeared. This document (as well as all Roman law) is studied in detail by law students. It is therefore not surprising that Latin still survives in the professional environment of lawyers, judges and doctors. It is also used in worship by the Catholic Church.

BRUSSELS, December 18 – RIA Novosti. The EU and the Russian Federation held constructive and professional advice on key problems of the Latin American region, the parties found a coincidence of approaches on a number of issues and agreed to continue the dialogue, said Russian journalists on Tuesday, Director of the Latin American Department of the Russian Foreign Ministry Alexander Shchetinin.

“We held another round of consultations on Latin American issues with representatives of the European Foreign Service in Brussels. A good, constructive conversation took place on the main trends in the development of the region, priority areas cooperation with him, respectively, the EU and Russia,” the diplomat said.

Expert: Venezuela is a very strong ally of Russia in Latin America Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro called his upcoming visit to Russia very important. Speaking on Sputnik radio, expert on Latin American countries Mikhail Belyat noted that the level of relations between the two countries is traditionally high.

According to him, “the dialogue was quite active at one time, it was interrupted in 2012, and now it has been resumed at the initiative of our partners in the EU.”

“We exchanged views on how we see Latin America and the Caribbean in the current, very difficult conditions of political transformations that this region is experiencing, the main problems of this region related to the increased migration flows there and drug trafficking, with the tasks of combating corruption, then There is whole line specific, very objective things. It was very important that we approached from a single, coinciding position the principles of building trade and economic cooperation with Latin America based on the openness of our economies, trade regimes, without protectionism, we talked about interaction with Latin America in an interregional format, on the part of partners in the EU, in the Russian Federation - from the Eurasian Economic Union," Shchetinin said.

He noted that “in general there is a very good field of overlapping approaches.” “Therefore, we agreed that such a dialogue will continue; we welcome such a positive, constructive approach from our partners,” he concluded.

The United States has found a trio of tyrannies at its doorstep. And now they are “driving” her to RussiaThe United States is going to seriously take on Cuba, Venezuela and Nicaragua. And rid these countries of tyranny. It is strange that the Trump team is not afraid of new accusations of collusion with Moscow. After all, by playing with its neighbors to aggravate matters, Washington objectively strengthens Moscow’s position in the region.

“It was a professional dialogue, we saw with great satisfaction that our interlocutors were professional experts in the region, we perfectly understand and together we saw that such an expert conversation on Latin America is necessary in order for us to better understand what our partners are doing in the region , their tasks, their goals, this is one part. And secondly, so that we see and can, perhaps, subsequently formulate for ourselves those areas of mutual application of interests that would meet our common interests. If we make progress in this matter, it will be very important," he added.