In higher educational institutions The Ministry of Defense, as well as the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, one of the forms of training is postgraduate training. It is essentially an analogue of graduate school, which is available in universities with a civilian orientation. An adjunct is actually a graduate officer.
Those who successfully complete postgraduate studies and defend their dissertation receive an academic degree and become candidates of science.
The introduction of adjunct courses is related to the need and security forces in the specialists themselves highly qualified. Continuous postgraduate training in conditions continuous development technologies and emergence modern species weapons become a necessity. Adjunct students have the opportunity to plunge into science, develop theory, or engage in practice in their chosen field of activity.
Features of postgraduate study
Any adjunct represents structural subdivision a military university or educational institution that is part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. But general management and control over adjunct education is carried out by the Ministry of the Russian Federation. Scientific and teaching staff in graduate school they prepare for target basis.
The selection of candidates for training is carried out in accordance with departmental instructions and the staffing plan for educational institutions.
Candidates enter the adjunct program on a competitive basis. To do this, they must have a diploma of completed higher education. This postgraduate education available for intermediate, senior or advanced officers with a predisposition to scientific work and specific achievements in their field of activity.
The postgraduate course at a military university conducts training according to special plans and programs, which are drawn up separately for full-time and part-time forms of study. Methodists select academic disciplines and make up a detailed educational process taking into account the time allocated for training. The usual duration of study is three to four years. Postgraduate study plans allow students to graduate with qualifications no lower than those of a higher education teacher.
Scientific and also the availability of individual training plans for adjuncts. They are developed by the students themselves under the guidance of a supervisor. The implementation of plans is under the control of the adjunct management. One type of such control is reports at meetings of the department to which the adjunct is assigned.
This kind of educational process allows you to make something out of the ordinary certified specialist a real scientist, capable of independently or as part of a working team to conduct scientific, practical and pedagogical activity. Adjunct education is a real forge of personnel for institutions included in the system of the military department and the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
A graduate student is a person studying in graduate school, preparing to defend a dissertation to receive scientific degree Ph.D. His responsibilities also include research work at the department and passing scheduled exams.
Who can become a graduate student?
The word “graduate student” is of Latin origin, literally translated as “a person striving for something.” Any citizen can become a graduate student Russian Federation, who has a master's or specialist qualification, and also takes an active part in the development of science - writes and publishes articles, conducts research, attends conferences, symposia, etc.The preparation of graduate students is carried out by a graduate school at a university or research institution. Usually the number of places is limited, so recruitment is carried out on a competitive basis - applicants take exams in their specialty and a foreign language. Also, when enrolling, the contestant’s personal achievements and reviews are taken into account teaching staff.
What does a graduate student do?
As a rule, a graduate student writes a scientific dissertation under the supervision of a supervisor - a professor or doctor of science. He has a specific work schedule, which indicates the deadlines for passing exams for the candidate minimum, as well as the deadlines within which he must defend individual parts of the dissertation. In addition, the graduate student is obliged to participate in the life of the department to which he is assigned - to draw up manuals, accept laboratory works for students, etc.The duration of study is 3 years for full-time and 4 years for part-time. If in the future the graduate student plans to continue scientific activity, during this period he undertakes to write a certain number of articles, one way or another related to the topic of the dissertation. An additional advantage will be their publication, as well as defense at the department or at a higher level.
Full-time graduate students receive a stipend, and part-time students receive annual paid leave, 30 calendar days, and one free day a week for scientific studies.
What is the future of a graduate student?
After successfully defending a scientific dissertation, a graduate student becomes a candidate of science. Then he can continue his studies in doctoral studies, while simultaneously teaching at the department. As a rule, initially his schedule is dominated by practical lessons, but over time lectures also appear.Postgraduate study provides an excellent chance to acquire the necessary skills for conducting research work in the chosen field - this is very important for a future teacher. If you do not want to continue working at a university, it will help you get a higher-paying job and receive a salary increase.
For many, the opportunity to enroll in graduate school is serious step, which needs to be decided. A person going for this must clearly understand what he wants to achieve. It should be understood that postgraduate study is not just the next stage of education after graduation. Enrolling in it takes you to high quality new level. Graduate school is more than just a place to gain knowledge. It allows a person to receive an academic title.
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In order to study in graduate school, a person must have the ability to be analytical, creative and research work, and also you must have talent. There are very few people with such abilities among graduates. Because of this, before making a decision, you must examine yourself and understand whether you have the aptitude for learning and scientific work. Without ability and talent, you will simply waste your time and it will not be useful. It's better to find yourself in something else where you can contribute.
What is this training?
Postgraduate study is a form of professional postgraduate studies. It is the main stage in the training of scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel. Today it serves as an independent form of education. Its main goal is to acquire the skills to engage in scientific work independently. Education is mainly conducted at research institutes and higher educational institutions.
A specialist who has completed training must have everything necessary to effectively solve problems in scientific community and carry out high-quality research work. Postgraduate study, in essence, is a form of advanced training for those wishing to obtain a PhD degree. During the training, a person gains the experience that he will need in order to choose the relevant one in the future. scientific direction. He learns to justify the research topics he is involved in. The graduate student also receives the required experience for proper organization and conducting the experiment. Acquires skills to skillfully work with literature, the ability to competently receive and process research data, and carry them out comparative analysis. Learns to correctly summarize the data from your research in the form of conclusions. The final stage of training is writing a candidate's dissertation. The postgraduate student will have to first defend the written dissertation at a meeting of the department, as well as at a meeting of the scientific department, which must necessarily correspond to his profile.
Who is a graduate student
A graduate student is a person who has a higher education professional education. Its goal is to prepare for the defense of a dissertation to obtain the academic degree of Candidate of Sciences. To achieve this goal, he must undergo postgraduate training, which is located at research institutions and universities. This can be done by a person who has a master’s or specialist qualification and is at the same time a citizen of his or her country. To be admitted to graduate school, you will need to pass entrance exams on a competition basis. The candidate will need to prepare a scientific publication, an abstract and an application for admission. Participation in scientific conferences, on the basis of which a recommendation for admission is given.
Each graduate student is assigned scientific adviser, under whose supervision he wrote his dissertation. In addition to preparing for writing a dissertation, a graduate student is engaged in individual plan work. This plan provides for the deadlines for taking exams for the candidate minimum. It also indicates the dates by which individual parts of the dissertation are due. The graduate student's responsibilities also include visiting additional classes. These classes are held in the first year of study. Participation in the work of the department to which he is directly assigned is also part of his responsibilities. If he doesn't fulfill his calendar plan, he may be expelled.
Scholarships are provided for full-time graduate students. Part-time students do not have a scholarship, but they can take additional leave in the amount of thirty days. They must take this leave at their place of work. Graduate students correspondence form training can also be provided one day a week for classes, which is paid at 50%. A person entering graduate school has the right to choose the direction in which he will study. Therefore, it is not necessary to enroll in graduate school in the specialty of your diploma. In this case, do not forget that you will need to master more information.
What gives
Postgraduate study provides an opportunity for a person to engage in scientific activity. You also have the opportunity to speak at various conferences and participate in various competitions. It allows a person to improve himself. This happens by gaining knowledge in one direction that you have chosen. Thanks to graduate school, you can study teaching activities. The outcome of the training is the writing and defense of a Ph.D. dissertation.
Why is it needed?
First of all, graduate school is needed for those who plan to engage in scientific activities or teach at a university. Some people go to study in order to improve their skills or change their field of activity. Some people continue their studies because they have a great desire to learn and they enjoy the process.
IN last years many students aspire to become graduate students. This is due to the fact that after defending their dissertation they have more possibilities. Translated from Latin word"aspirant" means one who is striving for something. First of all, people who want to continue their education strive for knowledge. If the specialty is technical, they have the opportunity to make a discovery in the chosen industry. Humanities students, by obtaining a Ph.D. degree, increase their ranking in the labor market. Let’s take a closer look at what graduate school provides.
Benefits of graduate school
First of all, students pay attention to the fact that in graduate school it is possible to get a deferment from the army and a scholarship. If a university or research institute prepares scientific workers By technical specialty, then the amount of the scholarship may be much higher than the minimum in the country, which is currently set at 2,500 rubles. Other advantages should be divided into three large groups:
- Opportunity to improve yourself in your chosen profession. This advantage rarely attracts young and ambitious people, so this formulation increasingly attracts mature and already established specialists to graduate school. During their studies, postgraduate students have access to scientific libraries, laboratories and attending conferences.
- The opportunity to engage in science and make your own discoveries and research. Future candidates of science have the prospect of doing science. Even without defending a dissertation, they can declare themselves in scientific world publications and presentations at conferences.
- The option is to go not only to your chosen specialty, but also to teach students. Completing a master's degree also gives you the opportunity to teach, but you will not be accepted into institutions higher than secondary secondary schools. With a PhD you can give lectures at universities.
- For a scientific degree public service they pay extra, and for publications in specialized publications they often give increased fees.
- Over time, you can defend your doctoral dissertation, which makes it possible to enter management team university or scientific institution.
Most often, those who want to engage in scientific research prefer to choose graduate school.
For this, additional training is ready to be given maximum amount opportunities.
Who might benefit from additional training?
Graduate school can provide other opportunities. For example, increase your quotes on the labor market. It will be useful for those specialists who are too numerous in the labor market to undergo additional training. Find the good workplace much easier for people with an academic degree. This saying can be applied to:
- to the teacher;
- economist;
- lawyer.
For representatives of the first profession, a scientific degree is a way to find a better-paying job. There are quite a lot of economists and lawyers in our country, so employers give preference to those who have candidate's degree. When applying for a job, they are more willing to be invited to interviews.
An engineer or doctor needs postgraduate study to improve their knowledge, gain more complete information about the chosen direction. Moreover, during the passage additional training really make a discovery. Everything necessary for this is available in the laboratories of research institutes and universities.
Differences between graduate school and residency
If we look in more detail at the advanced training of doctors, they have own capabilities become valuable specialists. One way to achieve high level is a residency. You can enter this stage of training with a diploma medical university. After residency, a special document (certificate) is issued, which gives the doctor the opportunity to practice.
Graduate school is an opportunity to stretch theoretical knowledge. After this, the medical worker is awarded an academic degree, with which you can find a job not only in medical academy or any hospital, but also do research at research institutes, attend conferences and conduct teaching work among practitioners.
Doctors who have completed all possible stages of training and have an academic degree are more willing to be hired by the largest hospitals in the country. They can apply for leadership positions. Most medical institutions that are ready to accept medical workers With scientific degree, are developing new treatment methods, which will allow the physician to continue research for a long time.
System multilevel education, which implies obtaining bachelor's and master's degrees, was introduced in our country more than 15 years ago. Controversy over the effectiveness and necessity of such educational practice still haven't subsided. However, almost 200 Russian universities Currently they are training masters in more than 100 various directions, and their number is constantly growing. What is a master's degree and who needs it?
According to the Law “On Education” of 1992 and numerous decrees of the Ministry of Education (and before that the State Committee for Higher Education), a master’s degree can be called the third level of higher education. It is preceded by a bachelor's degree and complete higher education.
A bachelor receives a basic higher education, without any narrow specialization. As a rule, the duration of a bachelor's degree is 4 years, after which you can immediately begin looking for a job. If your goal is a master’s degree, then a bachelor’s degree from the relevant university is the best “starting platform.”
Complete higher education involves studying for 5 years, after which, having passed state exams and defended thesis, you become a specialist or certified specialist. Actually, such training existed in Soviet universities and exists in most Russian universities to this day, although the specialty, apparently, is gradually becoming a thing of the past.
Both a bachelor's degree and a specialist's degree are considered equally higher education, therefore, allow you to enroll in a master's program. We will answer a number of questions regarding obtaining a master's degree.
Who should pursue a master's degree?
Previously, those who decided to devote themselves to master's programs went primarily to academic career– research and scientific-pedagogical activities or work in the field high technology.
Today, this feature of master’s programs is preserved in most universities, but every year more and more more programs master's degree clear practical orientation and more narrow specialization. We can say that with an increasingly clear transition to the “bachelor’s – master’s” system, the former is becoming a source basic knowledge without specialization, and the second one just gives more practical and narrow knowledge in the chosen field.
What is the duration and content of the master's program?
The duration of the program is two years. Upon admission, you must present a bachelor's degree, or a certified specialist, or a specialist. In the first two cases, the candidate has the right to free education(first higher education), in the third - only for a fee (second higher education). Master Program includes two approximately equal in volume components – educational and research. Accordingly, upon completion it is necessary, firstly, to pass exams, and secondly, to submit a research work: a master's thesis.
Paid or free?
If previously it was possible to enroll for free only in the master’s program of “your” university, that is, the one where the candidate graduated from a bachelor’s or specialist’s degree, then for several years now this situation has changed: you can enroll in a budget department at another university.
For those who chose scientific career, we note that the master's degree is an excellent preparation for entering graduate school with the prospect of obtaining a PhD degree. During the master's degree, the future graduate student gets used to independent scientific work. At the same time, the master's program in no way replaces or duplicates the latter, since, unlike graduate school, the academic part of the program is no less important for preparing a master's degree than the research component.
Postgraduate studies
Postgraduate study is the path of the future candidate of sciences.The candidate's degree is achieved by defending a dissertation after studying for up to 3 years in full-time graduate school (or up to 4 years in correspondence postgraduate study). During this time it is necessary to prepare several scientific publications and pass 3 candidate exam– usually this is philosophy, a foreign language and an exam in a specialty. In addition, you will have the opportunity (or even the responsibility) to teach seminars and take exams - which is important if you are interested in teaching.
As mentioned above, a master's degree can help you on your way to graduate student status. In addition, you need to study well, write science articles, speak at university conferences. The determining factor is the opinion of the academic council of the university and your supervisor about you.
In addition to universities, postgraduate studies exist at various research institutes. Admission of graduate students to scientific institutes an order of magnitude lower than postgraduate studies at educational institutions: every year over 100 thousand applicants enter postgraduate studies at universities, while scientific institutes accept about 17 thousand postgraduate students per year. Thus, the advantages of postgraduate study at research institutes include more low level competition for vacancies. Surely they teach at your university research fellows– you can agree with them about practice, and in the future – about admission to graduate school at a research institute.
Obtaining a PhD degree occurs through the defense of a dissertation before dissertation council. After re-checking the work (this time by the Higher certification commission– VAK) and at positive decision Commission, the applicant receives the coveted “crust” of Candidate of Sciences.
Some facts:
- Proficiency level foreign language should allow a future candidate of science to translate closely to the text one page of typewritten text in 1 hour.
- For the most part, postgraduate studies are free, but there are also paid ones - especially when non-state universities and in economic specialties.
- Full-time graduate students are granted a deferment from the army for three years; Candidates of Sciences are not subject to conscription.
- If a PhD is not your main goal, you can complete your graduate studies without completing a dissertation. In this case, you will be issued a diploma confirming completion of graduate school and passing the candidate exams.
- The analogue of postgraduate study in military educational institutions will be called adjunct, and in medical institutions - residency.
- A candidate of science can apply for the degree of Doctor of Science by enrolling in doctoral studies, preparing and defending a doctoral dissertation.
- Obtaining an academic degree is possible in the form of a competition. In this case, passing exams and defending a dissertation occurs without interruption from the main place of work; applicants do not enter graduate school or doctoral studies.
Actual question: What will a PhD degree give you in the labor market if you are not going to engage in teaching? So, in what case should you consider defending your dissertation:
- If you work in the field of high technology. Candidate's degree in medicine, biology, physico-mathematics and others natural sciences guarantees an advantage when hiring highly qualified specialists. This applies to work not only in Russia, but also abroad.
- If you want to become a senior manager in Russia. In the West, domestic personnel with a degree in humanities(economics, jurisprudence, sociology) are valued significantly lower than “natural scientists”. In the vacancies of our enterprises, one can often find the desirability of having an academic degree - so the decision to defend a dissertation for a future leading lawyer or financial director is strategically justified.
Change is coming
In 2015, new standards for master's and postgraduate studies should come into force, which will seriously tighten the requirements for the accreditation of such programs in universities and research institutes. According to these changes, many universities will lose the right to offer master's and postgraduate programs. The vacated places will be redistributed in favor of the country's leading universities, which will be able to provide all the requirements for these programs. Moreover, these will not only be universities in the capital, since the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation plans to provide master’s and postgraduate programs to large regional universities.
The training is coming to an end, and you look at some of your classmates with sincere surprise. Why did they decide to go to graduate school? After all, freedom is here, already on the threshold! Meanwhile, they know a little more than you. Let's fill this small gap and find out why go to graduate school.
What benefits does graduate school provide and who needs it?
The main goal of graduate school is to obtain the most in-depth knowledge within the chosen topic, and to scrupulously study problems in the chosen direction. And sometimes graduate school aims to make a discovery. It all depends on your own aspirations and beliefs.
Many people think that the only advantage of the whole event is that graduate school provides a deferment from the army. Well, of course, you can’t argue with that – it is true! But there are other advantages of graduate school:
Cons of graduate school
As we said earlier, studying in graduate school has not only pros, but also cons.
When you get tired of "studying"
The first is a rather long path to ultimate goal. In addition to the usual university education, you will have to for a long time study in graduate school, and then successfully defend candidate's thesis. And all this time you will need to go to the same classes, spend hours in libraries, study and spend various studies, work through the problems being studied down to the smallest detail, and then also pass candidate exams.
All this can get pretty boring even before graduation, which is why not many people have enough strength and desire to continue this “hell” after university. But if you’ve already decided to do it, then it’s final. We recommend reading about.
And here is another point (pleasant for some, unpleasant for others) of what studying in graduate school gives: in addition to all the above-mentioned activities, the graduate student will have to conduct seminars or practical classes with students.
However, if your planned activity is in no way connected with the world of science, then you don’t have to know what graduate school gives when finding a job in real life. Sometimes it is enough for students to find out whether graduate school provides a deferment from the army in order to go there to study. And in this case, they will quickly come to your aid - they will take on all the burdens scientific activity, and all the credit will remain to you.