The Myers-Briggs test is designed to determine personality type. Psychological testing is widely used by HR specialists in personnel selection. In developing companies there is a question about the choice of management team. By applying the personality typology system, it will become much easier to carry out personnel changes.
From this article you will learn:
- how to determine personality typology by Myers-Briggs system;
- what is the Myers-Briggs test for?
- what scales and types are used as the basis for the typology;
- how to interpret the results Myers-Briggs test;
- how to use the test results obtained.
How to determine personality typology according to the Myers-Briggs system
The Myers-Briggs test helps determine personality typologies. Psychological testing is developed on the basis of the previously created typology of Carl Jung.
Basic psychological functions that help to perceive the world:
- thinking;
- feelings;
- intuition;
- Feel.
American psychologists Isabel Briggs-Myers, together with her daughter Katherine-Briggs, studied the problem in detail and published a couple scientific articles. The personality typology based on Jung's work has been expanded. All types were given modern shapes. The MBTI typology, or Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, appeared during World War II. The researchers' theory was based on the original tests they compiled. The purpose of the research was to determine personal preferences in the work of women in order to replace men called up to the front in production.
Scientists paid attention to the developed methodology Myers-Briggs testing in the 50-60s. At this time, new experiments were carried out to clarify and supplement the created methodology. Many critics of that time pointed out that the Myers-Briggs personality typology in its theoretical part completely duplicates Jung's research.
The essence of the Myers-Briggs Psychological Testing System (MBTI) is aimed at:
- measurement combinations of personality factors, allowing one to predict the propensity for the corresponding type of activity;
- identifying the style of actions performed;
- the nature of the decisions made.
What is the Myers-Briggs test used for?
The Myers-Briggs test is designed to study the personality of a specific person. The typological indicator consists of eight letters. Each corresponds to the characteristics and qualities of character. Pair combinations are inherent to a certain person in different combinations.
The Myers-Briggs personality test helps determine psychotypes. In turn, the analysis of the resulting combinations allows HR specialists to conclude whether the candidate is suitable for the job. certain activities or it is better to immediately refuse cooperation with him.
Basic methods are survey systems using questionnaires. Next, the results are verified. The MBTI personality type is determined based on consultation with a certified specialist. Without mastering this technique, it is impossible to guarantee that the personality type of the person being surveyed has been determined.
Myers-Briggs test based on MBTI questionnaires:
- MBTI Step I. The questionnaire contains 93 questions aimed at identifying personality type.
- MBTI Step II. Consists of 144 questions that provide a portrait of individual differences within each type.
- MBTI Step III. The questionnaire is aimed at analyzing the dynamic development of the type. In Russia, this technique is not used; there are no certified verification specialists.
Based on these models, there are other types of questionnaires. Test results is comprehensive analysis personality typologies. The authors of the methods took the Myers-Briggs tests as a basis.
What can the Myers-Briggs test determine?
Using special tests, you can determine a person’s personality type and individual preferences.
Russian-language questionnaires include:
- projective diagnostic techniques;
- situational behavioral testing;
- classic test options;
- clinical interviews.
Test options adapted by Yu.B. Gippenreiter. Myers-Briggs questionnaires are quite difficult to decipher. Some scales presented in the original versions do not work. This creates certain difficulties and leads to the likelihood of errors when determining the type specific person. The Myers-Briggs test became a separate subject of study by Ovchinnikov and Abelskaya.
Diagnostic testing methods are used:
- in management psychology;
- in organizational development of personnel.
Scales and types
4 scales (descriptors) on which personality research is conducted are designed for:
- orientation of consciousness: introversion-extroversion;
- orientation in a certain situation, where the basis is common sense and intuition;
- the principles of decision-making based on the logos-pathos type;
- ways of preparing decisions: rationality-irrationality.
Introverts belong to type I. According to the Myers-Briggs personality typology, these can be sociable and sociable people, and not withdrawn and closed, as psychologists often imagine. But introverts work better alone; they draw energy from solitude. The orientation is directed inwards, towards oneself.
Extroverts belong to the E-type. For this typology, it is preferable to work in a team, solve problems through heated discussion, and find compromises by consulting with others. Orientation is directed towards external objects.
S-type on the scale is regarded as a person capable of assessing a situation and taking into account the smallest details. They are consistent in their decisions, take known data as a basis, carefully weigh and think through everything, are accurate, do not take into account guesswork, do not supported by facts. The orientation is aimed at what is happening today, here and now, at the facts, the experience gained.
N-type Relies more on intuition. People have developed imagination, the world is focused on possibilities, they are not able to delve into facts, see the global picture and look for diverse ways to solve problems. The orientation of personality typology is aimed at general information and your own intuition.
T-type put logic first. Making decisions occurs after careful consideration of the situation. This type personality perfectly analyzes the information received. The orientation is aimed at the ability to carefully weigh the pros and cons.
F-type refers to empaths. People have developed emotional intelligence. The orientation is aimed at emotional acceptance decisions.
P-type has the ability to perceive a large amount of information coming through different channels. Personality typology is easy on change, quickly copes with large-scale tasks, and knows how to adapt. Orientation is aimed at rapid adaptation to different conditions.
J-type has the ability to plan, avoid chaos, approach any problem fully prepared, carefully weigh and think through everything, know how to set goals and achieve results. Orientation focuses on ordering and planning.
How to interpret test results
By analyzing the appropriate scales and types, it will be much easier to interpret the test results. When choosing a management team, you should focus on the presented scale. The S-type, T-type, J-type psychotype is ideal for a leadership position. The ability to quickly adapt, make decisions, take into account the smallest details, set goals and achieve the appropriate result are considered indispensable when leading a large team.
Other psychotypes are more suitable for executive roles. N-type employees will be able to communicate with clients and find ways to resolve the issue even in the most difficult and confusing situations. The F type has a high degree of emotionality. This should be taken into account when recruiting personnel. This psychotype is more suitable for performing work where it is necessary to look for non-standard ways to resolve issues.
How to use the results
The Myers-Briggs personality test will reveal your psychotype. When analyzing handwriting, conclusions are drawn about qualities S-N,F-T. Representatives of the S type are focused on the present, which means their handwriting is distinguished by grace, they dream of making a good impression on people.
Intuitive type N and thinking type T have illegible and flying handwriting. Most often, when determining the scale of paired types, one can conclude which psychotype is the dominant one.
When using the Myers-Briggs test in a survey form, it is worth considering and analyzing General characteristics and take into account that no most detailed questionnaire will help to cover all the characteristics of human behavior. The test task is aimed at covering the general framework and identifying dominant qualities.
Regardless of psychotype, each person uses both poles of preferences to varying degrees in everyday life. For example, he may be sociable, but at the same time he is an introvert who finds it difficult to work in a team.
The Myers-Briggs typology is a personality typology that arose on the basis of Jung's typology in the 40s of the 20th century and became widespread in the USA and Europe. Based on this typology, a psychological testing system was created - the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).
Prevalence.
The Myers-Briggs diagnostic system has found wide application in business, in the largest Western companies. In the United States, up to 70% of high school graduates undergo a personality type determination using the MBTI to choose a future profession. More than 2 million people complete the MBTI questionnaire every year. The MBTI questionnaire has been translated into 30 languages (including Russian) and is used all over the world.
Basic application areas applications Myers-Briggs typology:
- self-knowledge and personal growth;
- career growth and career guidance;
- development of organizations;
- management and leadership trainings;
- problem solving;
- family consultations;
- education and curriculum design;
- scientific work;
- interpersonal interaction trainings.
Criticism.
The scientific basis of the Myers-Briggs typology is questionable. Some of these doubts stem from the developers' lack of qualifications and training in psychometrics. Another part of the doubts is related to the very idea of the typological approach in psychology. Thus, the typological approach assumes the presence of distinct “types”, i.e. bimodal distribution of responses on a dichotomous scale. While in research the distribution of answers tends to be normal and the presentation of results in a binary format (thinking-feeling, extraversion-introversion, etc.) entails, on the one hand, a noticeable loss of information, and on the other hand, leads to errors in measurement.
The article discusses the development of Jung's typology. The American and domestic branches of the development of his ideas are compared. The overlaps and divergences between socionics and MBTI are discussed.
Key words: Jung, socionics, MBTI, Myers-Briggs typology, tests, theory, distribution.
As you know, the analogue of socionics in the USA is the Myers-Briggs typology, which is often briefly called MBTI after the name of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) questionnaire - Today it is an officially recognized test and scientific direction in psychology. More than 3 million typings are carried out per year in the USA alone; 86 of the 100 largest companies form teams taking this typology into account.
Developing independently and, accordingly, having differences in terminology and models, socionics and MBTI still represent one scientific direction and coincide in the main thing: types and their descriptions. At the same time, many of the obstacles that socionics faces today are already a passed stage in the development and recognition of MBTI.
Socionics and MBTI, being in unrelated, parallel development, repeat the history of many exact and natural sciences, which for a long time developed on different sides iron curtain or oceans. Examples of such development can be aircraft rocket science, cybernetics, genetics and many other sciences. Today we see that MBTI is more focused on practical application, socionics - on a deep study of the theoretical part, as well as on the development of additional models.
What is socionics?
T.N. Prokofiev describes the basis of socionic theory as follows:
“The socionics approach is based on the idea of K.G. Jung about the presence of mental functions, each of which does its own job. K.G. Jung identified four mental functions: thinking, feeling, intuition, sensation, which can be considered as channels for perceiving, processing and transmitting information different quality. By analogy with the natural metabolism of cells, the flow of information coming to a person is split by the psyche into separate components. But not just any one, but a specific channel corresponding only to it is responsible for receiving and processing each of these components.”
In this regard, A. Augustinavichiute writes:
“The discovery of C. G. Jung is the discovery of a mechanism for selecting signals perceived by the psyche. This mechanism can be called the information metabolism (IM) code or the rules of the language through which information is transmitted.” Therefore, the second name of Socionics is “the theory of types of information metabolism.”
In socionics, Jung's mental functions are renamed by A. Augustinavichiute, and thinking, feeling, intuition and sensations are called logic, ethics, intuition and sensory, respectively.
“Having presented, following Jung, each of the four functions in an extroverted and introverted setting, Aushra received eight mental functions, which correspond to eight aspects information flow. The combination of computer science and psychology made it possible for Aušra Augustinavičiūta to build models of the structure of psychological types. Model A is built in accordance with the position of S. Freud's psychoanalysis on the structure of the psyche, including consciousness and the unconscious: ego - superego - id. The structure is depicted as two rings of functions. The mental ring reflects primarily the social in a person, the vital ring reflects the biological. The socionic model serves for reliable diagnosis of psychological types, as well as for determining the relationships between personality types» .
What is MBTI?
In 1921 K.G. Jung published a book called Psychological Types, the academic language of which was difficult for the layman to understand, and, accordingly, few could apply his ideas in practice. However, during World War II, two American women, Isabel Briggs Myers and her mother, Katherine Briggs, developed an accessible way to use Jung's ideas in everyday life. Their goal was to give people the ability to easily determine their type without deep dive into Jung's academic theory.
The Myers-Briggs Indicator has been the subject of widespread scientific analysis and study, sufficient evidence has been collected for the validity and reliability of the test (Carlson, 1985; Furnham & Stringfield, 1993). The Myer-Briggs Indicator Form G is based on Jung's teachings about personality types. Typing is carried out in a self-diagnosis format using a test printed on paper. It consists of 94 questions with a choice of one of 2 answer options. Based on these answers, preferences are determined according to the four dichotomies described in Jung’s theory: extraversion/introversion (Extraversion–Introversion), sensory/intuition (Sensation–Intuition), logic/ethics (Thinking–Feeling), rationality/irrationality (Judging–Perceiving). By the way, it should be noted that the Russian word “irrationality” has a negative connotation, corresponding to the Russian “unreasonable”. "Form G" is the marking evolutionary development questionnaire, which went through several stages of clarifying questions based on the results of a scientific analysis of the methodology and results of this test. Thus, MBTI theory currently defines dichotomies, types (16), and several small groups have been described.
The MBTI test is the most popular test in the United States and, according to written sources, in the world. It is mainly used in business and education for more efficient work with students and employees in corporations. The test results are used primarily for career guidance, as well as to determine your leadership style and to form effective teams. Those. Most often, the test is financed not by the person being typed, but by an interested organization. Eat special practices and exercises aimed at training workers to use their strengths for more effective solution tasks and to better understand the actions and thinking of other team members.
The questionnaire is also informally used during hiring, although the MBTI organization itself is categorically against this and regards it as discrimination. In the USA, the resume does not indicate gender, age, nationality or skin color, because... If denied, the company may be sued for denial on grounds of discrimination, even if the person provided the information themselves. That is, for ethical reasons, the MBTI is considered a tool for improving the inclusion of people in the work process, and not for filtering.
It is important to note that MBTI is not a science, it is a product. It was created to make Jung's type theory accessible to people, and the result is a branded, proprietary test. The test has been developed for decades, tested and verified. But nevertheless, the test itself is a derivative of psychology, including Jungian psychology, which is developing and includes interpretations and analysis of the MBTI test.
The main development in the popularity of MBTI is thought to have occurred in the 1970s, with 1.5 million typings recorded in 1986 and 3.5 million typings in 2011. This means personal paid typing followed by work with a licensed specialist.
Anyone can obtain the right to use the test by completing a four-day training and briefly learning how to interpret its results. Mostly the target audience- these are trainers personal growth, corporate trainers and psychologists. Psychology in the USA is a licensed profession. Therefore, according to the law, to work with clients you need to constantly gain qualification points vocational education and take exams every 5-10 years. The MBTI is part of the scoring system in psychology.
Similarities and differences
Over the past decades, many attempts have been made to link these two systems. We would like to present the resulting conclusions from an article by Lithuanian researcher Lilita Zelita from 2014 in the journal “The humanities and social studies”.
Lilita Zelita has studied more than a hundred works of socionic researchers and more than sixty works of MBTI specialists. General conclusion sounds like this: “Socionics and MBTI have a common theoretical basis (Theory of Psychological Types by C. G. Jung), general description main dichotomies, partially divergent functional models and common final results (16 types and their characteristics). Both theories do not contradict each other, but are mutually complementary, and thus can be used to better understand oneself and others in everyday situations, in the family, in education, in work.".
That's what it means. All basic dichotomies coincide, several small groups are known in MBTI, the general description of the types coincides with the socionic one.
At the same time, the MBTI also has functional models of each type.
Rice. 1 Type functions in MBTI
For half of the types (extroverts), the models completely coincide with the socionic ones. And the models of introverted types differ from socionic ones (Fig. 1). So, for example, for the ISFP type, which stands for introvert/sensory/feeling/receptive or in socionic terms introvert/sensory/ethical/irrational, i.e. SEI (ISFP, “Dumas”) theoretical model of the order and volume of functions looks like in the following way– the first, dominant function is introverted ethics, and the second, complementary function is extroverted sensory. According to the socionic model, this would correspond to the ESI type (ISFJ, “Dreiser”)..
The functions in the MBTI model are defined as follows.
It is important to note that the type in MBTI is determined through the dichotomies of Jung’s basis based on the results of filling out the questionnaire, and the models do not form the basis for further theoretical constructions and practical application.
Lilita Zelita explains the differences in the theoretical layout and descriptions in MBTI and socionics by differences in the types of their founders and key representatives. The language used in type theory is understandable to ordinary people, since its founders - Katherine Briggs, Isabel Briggs Myers and others, were from the humanities club, and their leading functions were ethics and intuition. Socionics was founded by A. Augustinavichiute, and most of its key representatives, including V. Gulenko, G. Reinin, A. Bukalov, T. Prokofieva - from the club of researchers with the leading functions of logic and intuition.
It is important to note that MBTI is considered as self-identification, self-report: a person shows who he wants to be, what interests him. This is done on the basis of independently completing a test of 96 questions within 20 minutes. Additionally, information is provided on the percentage preponderance of the dominant trait. In this way, a person can see which functions are more pronounced, and where the excess or deficiency is insignificant. Often a recommendation is given to look at information about a related type. The test results are then verified by a specialist.
Socionics focuses on assessing the type from the outside, which is more objective, but technically much more difficult. For correct self-diagnosis, a person must not only have a very deep knowledge of socionic theory, model A, features various types and be free from social stereotypes and approved models of behavior, but also to understand and know yourself well, to accept yourself as you are. Such requirements make self-diagnosis very difficult and biased. This issue is discussed in more detail in the article by T.N. Prokofieva and V.G. Prokofiev “Puzzle technology. Quality standards for socionic diagnostics".
This fact - self-diagnosis - explains the difference in assessing the uniformity of the distribution of types among people according to MBTI and socionics. In socionics, as far as we know, it is believed that the distribution is approximately uniform, but in MBTI there are statistics according to which the distribution is uneven. The extreme representatives are the types ISFJ - ethical-sensory introvert - 13.8% of the population, and ENFJ - ethical-intuitive extrovert - 1.5%
A number of articles discussing the complexities of MBTI typing emphasize that the main problem is an overly simplified description of types. After all, extroverts are not necessarily noisy and introverts are quiet, but the point is how a person perceives and processes information. Here you can see a direct connection with the concept of “information metabolism” and the coincidence in this issue between MBTI and socionics. And in order to avoid superficial interpretation, it is recommended that the diagnostician personally explain the results of the MBTI test.
In 2008, personality researchers (Linda W. Behrens and Dario Nardi) added four additional functions to the MBTI model, the so-called "shadow" functions that a person in good condition does not manifest itself, but which can occur when a person is under stress. Shadow processes " work more at the edges of our awareness... We usually experience these processes in a negative way, but when we are open to them they can be quite positive“- write scientists in the manual for working with the MBTI test “Understanding Yourself and Others: An Introduction to the Personality Type Code”. Thus, the latest MBTI model has 8 features, of which 4 are in conscious block, and 4 are in the shadow. Here is a table with a translation into Russian based on materials from the site http://www.cognitiveprocesses.com/16types/16types.cfm.
Accordingly, extroverted functions of the type in MBTI are reflected by introverted ones in the shadow block, and vice versa. Thus, in the last theoretical model MBTI researchers have deduced the presence of 8 functions, 4 main and 4 shadow, which theoretically corresponds to the mental and vital rings in the socionic model A. At the same time, “shadow” functions are “activated at the borders of awareness” and more often demonstrate themselves from the negative side, which coincides with the characteristics subconscious according to Freud and Jung, but does not quite correspond to their location in model A, because the reaction to the vital functions of model A is not always negative.
It should be noted that the interpretation of the “main” functions of the MBTI is generally similar to the socionic one, but not in all respects.
The first one is basic. Develops first in childhood and requires minimal amount energy to use, the strongest and most confident, can sometimes cause inconvenience to others with its “dominance”
The second is auxiliary, the second is developing. With it we support both ourselves and those around us. In a positive manifestation - a caring parent, in a negative one - too caring, critical, inhibiting.
The third is additional to the auxiliary(although interpreted as a function of children's joy). Source of energy. At the age of 20-30, we are attracted to activity in this function. Often creativity occurs according to the third function, but in its own way negative manifestation the person appears too childish.
The fourth is painful. This function can be developed already in mature age, giving balance in life. Before this, fears, negative projections on others and “shoulds” are associated with it.
The interpretation of the role of each of the identified “shadow” functions in MBTI still differs from the interpretation of the socionic model, while reflecting the corresponding main functions.
Fifth the function is characterized as crybaby.
Sixth – critical parent, stopping and demoralizing others.
Seventh - a deceptive distraction, according to it, what is not important seems important to us.
Eighth – demonic, destructive a function whose actions are usually regretted later.
Comment by T.N. Prokofieva:
"Let's analyze the correspondence of models using the example of TIM ILE (ENTP, Don Quixote) to see the similarities and differences.
What can we say? In some places the characteristics are similar, in others they are not at all. Especially in terms of the functions of the ID block, the MBTI interpretation is not similar to the socionic one. And with awareness and unconsciousness, not everything is clear.
Of course, I would like to read more detailed descriptions, which means "basic" in the MBTI, for example.
Is it the same as in socionics? What about “auxiliary”? This was the case with Jung, but a lot of time has passed since then. How do Western colleagues understand all this now?
Well, what about introverted models? Let's look at the example of SEI (ISFP, “Dumas”).
If certain similarities were observed with the extroverted model, then judge for yourself with the introverted model. So far the result is puzzling. Does anyone use this model? Does it have detailed interpretation and practical application?
And the most important thing I want to say is: a model is just a model. It is designed to model some processes for easier study and description. It is far from certain that this model conceived and interpreted as a model of information metabolism in the socionic understanding. Perhaps it serves to model completely different processes.
There is no way to say that there are different types in the MBTI just because the functions have been assigned a different number. We know the main thing: types are determined using a questionnaire based on basic dichotomies and used on the same grounds. Models are not involved in diagnostics, nor in type descriptions. What exactly do they describe and whether they are used for something or whether they remain simply written on paper - I would like to understand"
conclusions
The MBTI test does not fundamentally contradict socionic theory in terms of Jung’s basis. This is not surprising, since both theories have the same basis. Moreover, recent theoretical studies of MBTI bring it even closer to socionic theory. At the same time, the MBTI test is supported by a significant number of international studies confirming both its scientific significance and reliable support for the idea of four dichotomies and 16 types.
The key difference between MBTI and socionics is the point of view of the person being typed. In one case, this is self-typing, which, in fact, results in information not so much about who a person is, but about who he sees himself. In socionics, the methodology is aimed at independently typing a person the way he interacts with the real world. The difference between the results of self-typing and typing can be very significant, because in fact these are answers to absolutely various questions.
PART 3. DIAGNOSTICS OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ABILITIES
At making the right choice further professional fate must be a coincidence of a person’s individual characteristics with the requirements of the profession. The methods presented in the third part of the manual allow us to determine psychological types that reflect the most pronounced business qualities, behavioral characteristics, personal style of activity and the most suitable professions.
A questionnaire on types of intelligence allows you to identify a propensity for a particular type of activity, which can help in choosing future profession.
In the USA, when building a person’s career and determining his future professional destiny, the Myers-Briggs Questionnaire (MBTI - Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) is used, which is a convenient working classification of psychological types that allows you to quickly assess:
The most pronounced business qualities,
Style of activity (leadership),
Optimal working environment (including preferred operating mode),
- « weak spots"and possible ways of development.
In Russia, the questionnaire has been successfully used for more than 10 years in the work of personnel services of a number of organizations, as well as career counseling and employment centers (professional retraining).
The MBTI compares favorably with many psychological tests, primarily due to its underlying theoretical basis. You can also list a number of other “advantages”:
Represents whole system;
Contains accumulated practical experience that allows you to do specific descriptions;
Easy to use, constructive;
Technological (has technological methods of application to specific cases);
Doesn't appeal to " clinical experience»;
Understandable by both professionals and those interested;
Provides an understanding of the characteristics and capabilities of the individual in relation to a wide range of tasks.
The test is based on C. Jung's typology of personalities. According to Jung, all human inclinations, likes and dislikes are rooted in the differences in the basic (innate or formed in childhood) ways of receiving (perceiving), understanding (processing) and using information by different people. The technique allows us to identify four main preferences in everyone, the variants of their combinations make up 16 different personality types, each person corresponds to one of them. Despite the fact that the severity of the type may vary, the technique makes it possible to establish individual characteristics quite accurately.
Structure and operating principle of the test.
The test questions allow us to identify people’s preferences by choosing each time from two equivalent alternatives (these are options for human behavior in different situations or pairs of concepts), each of which is not “right” or “wrong” - just different people in similar situations they behave differently, are interested in different things, are drawn to different areas and sometimes have difficulty understanding each other (from the series “there is no friend for the taste, for the color”, just one likes apples, and the other - semolina...) . When making a choice, a person scores points on one of 4 bipolar scales (3 main scales are indicators of basic preferences, the 4th scale is the style of behavior in conditions of uncertainty).
Comparison of indicators obtained at two poles of one scale shows how much a person prefers (more often uses) one way of working with information over another, but not how well the function is developed. The “right-handed-left-handed” metaphor helps to understand what is meant by preference - using the dominant, preferred hand is natural and does not require additional effort (for example, when writing), and, conversely, using a non-dominant hand, a person experiences discomfort and requires more time to perform the same task.
The personality type is identified on the basis of obtaining indicators of the sum of points scored for each pole. As a result, we get a four-letter designation, for example ESTJ, INFP, etc.
Scales (factors).
The scales of the questionnaire allow you to assess the individual severity of four main aspects (functions) of interaction with information corresponding to the scales of the methodology:
How does a person replenish and where does he direct his energy (what does he focus his attention on) - outside or inside himself - Extraversion – Introversion scale (E-I);
What kind of information and in what way does he perceive first and most easily? scale Sensory (feeling) – Intuition (S-N);
How does he make decisions (what is he primarily guided by) – Thinking – Feeling scale (T-F);
Which lifestyle does he prefer (live in an ordered, defined world or in a freer, unstructured world, studying, looking at various options) – Judgment-Perception scale (J-P).
Instructions: There are no “right” or “wrong” answers to these questions. Your answers will help you see how you usually look at things and what you do when you need to make a decision. By knowing your preferences, learning about the preferences of other people, you can identify your strengths, understand what kind of work gives you pleasure and how people with different preferences can interact with each other. Read each question carefully and mark your answer on the special form by circling the letter of the choice Your answer options.
Do not make any notes in the text of the questionnaire! Do not think about the questions for a long time, give the first answer that comes to your mind.
The questionnaire contains two types of questions. In the first type, you need to choose which answer option best matches what you usually feel or do. In the second type, you need to determine which word in the pair you like best. Focus on the purpose of the word, not on how it looks.
Questionnaire text:
1. Usually you:
a) sociable; b) quite reserved and calm.
2. If you were a teacher, which course would you prefer:
a) built on a statement of facts;
b) including a presentation of theories.
3. You more often allow:
a) control your heart with your mind; b) control your heart with your mind.
4. When you go somewhere for the whole day, you:
a) plan what and when you will do;
b) leave without a specific plan.
5. When in company, you usually:
a) join general conversation;
b) talk from time to time with one person.
6. You find it easier to get along with people:
a) having a rich imagination; b) realistic.
7. You consider the words higher praise:
A) soulful person; b) a consistently reasoning person.
8. Do you prefer:
a) arrange meetings, parties, etc. in advance;
b) be able to decide at the last moment how to have fun.
9. In a large company, more often:
a) You introduce people to each other; b) You are introduced to others.
10. You could rather be called:
a) a practical person; b) an inventor.
11. Usually you:
a) value feelings more than logic; b) value logic more than feelings.
12. You are more likely to succeed:
a) acting in an unpredictable situation when you need to make quick decisions;
b) following a carefully developed plan.
13. Do you prefer:
a) have several close, loyal friends;
b) have friendly connections with a variety of people.
14. You prefer people who:
a) follow generally accepted norms and do not attract attention to themselves;
b) are so original that they don’t care whether people pay attention to them or
15. In your opinion, the most big drawback- be:
a) insensitive; b) unreasonable.
16. Following a schedule:
a) attracts you; b) constrains you.
17. Among your friends you:
a) later than others, you will learn about events in their lives;
b) usually know a lot of news about them.
18. Would you prefer to have among your friends a person who:
a) always full of new ideas; b) looks at the world soberly and realistically.
19. Would you prefer to work under a person who:
a) always kind; b) always fair.
20. Thoughts on making a weekend to-do list:
a) you are attracted to; b) leaves you indifferent; c) depresses you.
21. Do you usually:
a) you can easily talk to almost anyone for any length of time;
b) you can find a topic of conversation with only a few people and only in certain situations.
22. When you read for pleasure, you like:
a) unusual, original manner of presentation;
b) when writers clearly express their thoughts.
23. Do you think that a more serious drawback is:
a) be too cordial; b) not being cordial enough.
24. In your daily work:
a) You prefer critical situations when you have to work under time pressure;
b) hate working under tight deadlines;
c) usually plan your work so that you have enough time.
25. People can determine your area of interest:
a) when I first meet you; b) only when they get to know you better.
26. When doing the same job as many other people, you prefer:
a) do it the traditional way;
b) invent your own way.
27. Are you more concerned about:
a) people’s feelings; b) their rights.
28. When you need to do a certain job, you usually:
a) carefully organize everything before starting work;
b) you prefer to find out everything you need while working.
29. Usually you:
a) freely express your feelings; b) keep your feelings to yourself.
30. Do you prefer:
a) be original; b) follow generally accepted standards.
31. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) meek; b) persistent.
32. When you need to do something in certain time, Do you think that:
a) it’s better to plan everything in advance;
b) it is somewhat unpleasant to be bound by these plans.
33. We can say that you:
a) more enthusiastic compared to other people;
b) less enthusiastic than most people.
34. The highest praise for a person would be recognition:
a) his ability to foresight; b) his common sense.
35. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) thoughts; b) feelings.
36. Usually:
a) You prefer to do everything at the last minute;
b) for you to postpone everything until last minute- this is too much hassle.
37. At parties you:
a) sometimes it gets boring; b) always fun.
38. Do you think it is more important:
a) see different possibilities in any situation;
b) perceive facts as they are.
39. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) convincing; b) touching.
40. Do you think that having a stable daily routine:
a) very convenient for doing many things;
b) painful, even when necessary.
41. When something comes into fashion, do you usually:
a) be one of the first to try it; b) you have little interest in this.
42. Are you more likely to:
a) adhere to generally accepted methods of work;
b) look for what is still wrong and take on unresolved problems.
43. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) analyze; b) empathize.
44. When you think about doing some not very important thing or buying some small thing, you:
a) you often forget about it and remember too late;
b) write it down on paper so you don’t forget;
c) always do this without additional reminders.
45. Find out what kind of person you are:
a) quite easy; b) quite difficult.
46. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) facts; b) ideas.
47. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) justice; b) sympathy.
48. It is more difficult for you to adapt:
a) to monotony; b) to constant change.
49. When you find yourself in a difficult situation, you usually:
a) change the conversation to something else; b) turn everything into a joke;
c) after a few days you think what you should have said.
50. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) approval; b) idea.
51. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) sympathy; b) prudence.
52. When you start something big that will take you a week, you:
a) first make a list of what needs to be done and in what order;
b) get to work right away.
53. You believe that your loved ones know your thoughts:
a) good enough; b) only when you intentionally report them.
54. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) theory; b) fact.
55. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) benefit; b) good deed.
56. When performing any work, you usually:
a) plan your work in such a way as to finish with plenty of time;
b) at the last moment you work with the highest productivity.
57. When at a party, do you prefer:
a) actively participate in the development of events;
b) let others have fun as they want.
58. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) literal; b) figurative.
59. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) decisive; b) devoted.
60. If on a weekend morning you are asked what you are going to do during the day, you:
a) you can answer quite accurately;
b) list twice as many things as you can do;
c) you would prefer not to think ahead.
61. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) energetic; b) calm.
62. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) figurative; b) prosaic.
63. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) unyielding; b) kind-hearted.
64. The monotony of everyday affairs seems to you:
a) calm; b) tedious.
65. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) reserved; b) talkative.
66. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) produce; b) create.
67. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) peacemaker; b) judge.
68. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) planned; b) unscheduled.
69. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) calm; b) lively.
70. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) prudent; b) charming.
71. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) soft; b) hard.
72. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) methodical; b) spontaneous.
73. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) speak; b) write.
74. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) production; b) planning.
75. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) forgive; b) allow.
76. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) systematic; b) random.
77. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) sociable; b) closed.
78. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) specific; b) abstract.
79. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
who; b) what.
80. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) impulse; b) decision.
81. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) party; b) theater.
82. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) build; b) invent.
83. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) uncritical; b) critical.
84. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) punctual; b) free.
85. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) base; b) top.
86. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) careful; b) trusting.
87. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) changeable; b) unchanged.
88. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) theory; b) practice.
89. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) agree; b) discuss.
90. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) disciplined; b) carefree.
91. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) sign; b) symbol.
92. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) swift; b) thorough.
93. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) accept; b) change.
94. Which word from the pair (A or B) do you like better:
a) famous; b) unknown.
Processing the results:
After answering all 4 blocks of questions, separately total the number of points for each block. The property from the column in the block where the sum of points is greater corresponds to you more. As a result of filling out the entire questionnaire, you will be able to describe your own psychological type with four properties.
Answer form for the MBTI typological questionnaire:
| E-I | S-N | T-F | J-P | ||||||||||||
| № | E | I | № | S | N | № | T | F | № | J | P | ||||
| a b | a b | a b | a b | ||||||||||||
| a b | a b | a b | a b | ||||||||||||
| a b | a b | a b | a b | ||||||||||||
| a b | a b | a b | a b | ||||||||||||
| a b | a b | a b | a B C | ||||||||||||
| a b | a b | a b | a B C | ||||||||||||
| a b | a b | a b | a b | ||||||||||||
| a b | a b | a b | a b | ||||||||||||
| a b | a b | a b | a b | ||||||||||||
| a b | a b | a b | a b | ||||||||||||
| a b | a b | a b | a B C | ||||||||||||
| a b | a b | a b | a b | ||||||||||||
| a B C | a b | a b | a b | ||||||||||||
| a b | a b | a b | a b | ||||||||||||
| a b | a b | a b | a B C | ||||||||||||
| a b | a b | a b | a b | ||||||||||||
| a b | a b | a b | a b | ||||||||||||
| a b | a b | a b | a b | ||||||||||||
| a b | a b | a b | a b | ||||||||||||
| a b | a b | a b | a b | ||||||||||||
| a b | a b | a b | a b | ||||||||||||
| a b | a b | a b | |||||||||||||
| a b | a b | a b | |||||||||||||
| a b | a b | ||||||||||||||
| a b | |||||||||||||||
| a b | |||||||||||||||
| Total | Total | Total | Total |
Key to the MBTI Questionnaire:
| E-I | S-N | T-F | J-P | ||||||||||||
| № | E | I | № | S | N | № | T | F | № | J | P | ||||
| a b | - | - | a b | - | - | a b | - 1(2) | 2(1) - | a b | - | - | ||||
| a b | - | - | a b | - | - | a b | - 2(2) | 1(1) - | a b | - | - | ||||
| a b | - | - | a b | - | - | a b | - | - | a b | - | - | ||||
| a b | - | - | a b | - | - | a b | - - | - | a b | - | - | ||||
| a b | - | - | a b | - | - | a b | - - | 2(1) - | a B C | - - | - | ||||
| a b | - | - | a b | - | - - | a b | - | - - | a B C | - - | - - | ||||
| a b | - | - | a b | - | - | a b | - 2(1) | - - | a b | - | - | ||||
| a b | - | - - | a b | - | - - | a b | - | - | a b | - | - | ||||
| a b | - | - | a b | - | - | a b | 2(2) - | - 1(2) | a b | - | - | ||||
| a b | - | - | a b | - | - - | a b | - | - 1(2) | a b | - - | |||||
| a b | - - | - | a b | - | - - | a b | 1(2) - | - | a B C | - - | - - | ||||
| a b | - | - | a b | - | - | a b | - | - | a b | - | - | ||||
| a B C | - - | - - | a b | - | - | a b | - | - | a b | - | - | ||||
| a b | - | - | a b | - | - | a b | - | - | a b | - - | - | ||||
| a b | - | - | a b | - | - | a b | - | - 2(1) | a B C | - - - | - | ||||
| a b | - | - | a b | - | - - | a b | - | - - | a b | - | - - | ||||
| a b | - | - | a b | - | - - | a b | - | - - | a b | - | - | ||||
| a b | - | - | a b | - | - - | a b | - | - - | a b | - | - | ||||
| a b | - - | - | a b | - | - | a b | - | - - | a b | - | - | ||||
| a b | - | - | a b | - | - | a b | - | - - | a b | - | - | ||||
| a b | - | - - | a b | - | - | a b | - | - | a b | - | - | ||||
| a b | - - | - | a b | - | - - | a b | - | - - | |||||||
| a b | - - | - | a b | - - | - | a b | - | - | |||||||
| a b | - | - - | a b | - - | - | ||||||||||
| a b | - | - - | |||||||||||||
| a b | - | - | |||||||||||||
| Total | Total | Total | Total |
Interpretation of results:
First, and most importantly, these descriptions will help you firmly establish your psychological type. Whether you've used the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator or just roughly established your preferences, these descriptions will support your research and demonstrate how the four preferences interact with each other to create a unique personality type. If, when reading the description of your type, you see that you agree with most of its provisions, then you most likely have established your type correctly. As you read the description, it may be helpful to underline or highlight points with which you particularly agree or disagree.
You can then read your description to someone you know well - this could be your colleague, boss or subordinate. Ask the person to say which elements of your profile they particularly agree or disagree with. His response will be highest degree useful for you: with its help you will understand how close the perception of you by others is to your self-esteem.
In addition, the descriptions can be used to help collective activity. If you exchange each other's characteristics and keep them on hand for important points(before meetings, during urgent work, in crisis situations), this will promote open communication and allow each employee to address their strengths and be aware of their own shortcomings.
Here's another way to use psychological characteristics: they will help you cope with a person who gives you particular problems at work. If you know all four of this person's preferences (or at least have an idea of what they are), then by reading the description of his type, you will understand where the problem lies. And this can give you the opportunity to establish communication and cope with this problem.
World experience in applying the Myers-Briggs typology
The Myers-Briggs Type Identifier is widely used in business, and in particular in some large Western companies. In the United States, up to 70% of high school graduates undergo personality type determination using the MBTI for the purpose of choosing a future profession. Study of the Myers-Briggs typology is approved by the American Psychological Association as part of Category 1 continuing education for psychologists. .
History of the Myers-Briggs typology
Myers-Briggs typology was originally developed by Isabel Myers-Briggs and her mother Katherine Briggs, based on the work Psychological Types by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung. Katherine Briggs's first publications date back to the late 1920s. The first version of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) test appeared in 1942, and the first version of the typology manual appeared in 1944.
In 1972 it was created Center for Applications of Psychological Type(CAPT), leading research activities and training specialists in the use of MBTI. The MBTI test and the Myers-Briggs typology began to gain widespread popularity after the rights to sell it (in 1975) were received by Consulting Psychologists Press, engaged in its promotion. In the same year (1975), under the auspices of CAPT, the first conference dedicated to the Myers-Briggs typology was held, which is now held every 2 years. In 1979 it was established Association of Psychological Type(APT), which represents the interests of the MBTI and also trains non-psychologists to administer the test. To a large extent, the popularity of the Myers-Briggs typology among the general public was facilitated by the publication in 1984 of a popular book by D. Keirsey and M. Bates. A significant part of the research on the Myers-Briggs typology is published in the journal The Journal of Psychological Type.
Regarding the history of the Myers-Briggs typology in Russia, it can be noted that its first mention in the USSR dates back to 1978, and the first short essay was published in 1984.
Basics of typology: scales and types
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is designed to determine one of 16 personality types. It includes 8 scales, combined in pairs. The purpose of the typology and tests is to help a person determine his individual preferences - which poles of the scales should he choose? more correspond.
1. E-I scale- orientation of consciousness:
E (E xtraversion, extraversion) - orientation of consciousness outward, towards objects,
I (I ntroversion, introversion) - orientation of consciousness inward, towards the subject;
2. S-N scale- a way to navigate the situation:
S (S ensing, feeling) - orientation towards specific information,
N(i N tuition, intuition) - orientation towards generalized information;
3. T-F scale- decision-making basis:
T (T hinking, thinking) - rational weighing of alternatives;
F (F eeling, feeling) - making decisions on an emotional basis;
4. J-P scale- method of preparing solutions:
J (J udging, judgment) - a preference to plan and organize information in advance,
P (P erception, perception) - preference to act without detailed preliminary preparation, focusing more on the circumstances.
The combination of scales gives the designation of one of 16 types, for example: ENTP, ISFJ, etc.
“I designate both outlined types as irrational on the basis already stated, that they base their entire course of action not on the judgment of reason, but on the absolute power of perception.”
Thus, Isabel Myers did not introduce a new concept with “judgment”/“perception”, but only chose one of Jung’s designations for “rationality”/“irrationality”. However, at the same time, changing the functional model of Jung's types.
Fundamental differences in the type models of these typologies exist for introverted types. Introverted types in the Myers-Briggs typology have a dominant and auxiliary function like Jung’s types with a different meaning: rational/irrational (decider/perceiver). For example, the introverted type with dominant thinking (this is the rational/decisive function) is rational in Jung, and irrational/perceiving in the Myers-Briggs typology; using the example of specific types - the INTP type in the Myers-Briggs typology has the first 2 functions like the Jungian INTJ type (introverted thinker with auxiliary intuition), and vice versa. According to Jung, only types with a dominant rational function, and only types with a dominant irrational function, and this does not depend on the sign of extroversion/introversion type.
Also, some followers of Myers-Briggs (Joe Butt, Marina Heiss) have a difference in functional model in relation to the extraversion-introversion parameter of the 3rd function. For Jung, the extraversion-introversion parameter of the 3rd function differs from that of the dominant function, while for some followers of Myers-Briggs it coincides.
Another difference between the typologies is that the understanding of the Myers-Briggs followers of the content of Jung’s 8 functions (there are 8 taking into account extraversion/introversion) of Jung may differ from the understanding of both other followers and Jung himself. This is a consequence of the fact that by paying great attention development of MBTI, the binary features underlying this test were much better developed than Young’s functions.
Myers-Briggs typology and socionics: different typologies
It should be noted that there is two approaches to personality diagnosis - “factorial” and “typological”. Each of them has both its advantages and limitations (see more about the two approaches), deciding fundamentally different tasks. In general, with the typological approach there is a natural “coarsening” of the individual psychological characteristics of a particular person.
Notes
see also
- The evolution of Jung’s views on typology / A. M. Elyashevich, D. A. Lytov
Books and articles
- Avila A. Find your love! Types of people and their compatibility. - M: Astrel, 2004. - .. soft cover, 304 pp. - Alexander Avila. Love Types. 1999.
- Barsova A. Life is like a game with and without rules. Personality in the mirror of fate.- M.: Bustard-Plus, 2004. - 224 p.
- Blyumina T. A. Age-old natures in the family, school, society. - M.: 1996.
- Vaganov P. S. Man, risk, safety. - St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg State University Publishing House, 2002. - 160 p.
- Cummerow JM, Barger ND, Kirby LK. Your psychological type and work style. - Per. from English A. Bagryantseva. - M: Publishing House of the Institute of Psychotherapy, 2001. - .. - 224 s - Jean M. Kummerow, Nancy D. Barger, Linda K. Kirby. Work Types. Warner Books, A Time Warner Co., 1997.
- Korolenko T. P. Human psychophysiology in extreme conditions. L.: Medicine - 1978.
- Kroeger O., Tewson J. Types of people: 16 personality types - M.: Perseus - Veche - AST. - 1995. - 544 s; 2nd ed.: M.: 2005. - 352 pp. - Otto Kroeger, Janet Thuesen. Type Talk.
- Kroeger O., Tewson J. Types of people and business. - M.: Perseus - Veche - AST. - 1995. - 560 s; 2nd ed.: M.: 2005. - 477 pp. - Otto Kroeger, Janet Thuesen. Type Talk at Work.
- Kroeger O., Tewson J. Sixteen roads of love. - M.: Perseus - Veche - AST. - 1995. - 430 p. - Otto Kroeger, Janet Thuesen. 16 Ways to Love Your Lover.
- Cuenk N. MBTI: Complete Guide by interpretation. - Per. from English "Password LLC" - M: Publishing House "Business Psychologists", 2010. - .. hardcover, 256 pp. - Naomi L. Quenk. Essentials of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® Assessment. The author is vice president of the Myers-Briggs Foundation.
- Leaver B. L. Teaching the whole class. - M.: New school, 1995. - Betty lou Leaver. Teaching the Whole Class.
- Myers I., Myers P. MBTI. Definition of types. Everyone has their own gift - M: Publisher: "Business Psychologists", 2010. - , hardcover, 320 pp. - Gifts Differing: Understanding Personality Type - a book by Isabel Briggs Myers, imbued with her spirit and desire to introduce the reader to MBTI.
- Ovchinnikov B.V., Pavlov K.V., Vladimirova I.M. Your psychological type. - St. Petersburg: “Andreev and Sons”, 1994. - 238 pp. - The book has significant textual overlaps with the English book: Keirsey D., Bates M. Please Understand Me.
- Ovchinnikov B.V., Vladimirova I.M., Pavlov K.V. Types of temperament in practical psychology. - St. Petersburg, Rech, 2003. - 288 p.
- Pavlov K.V. Your psychological type. - Kyiv: Kofr, 1996. - see Ovchinnikov, Pavlov, Vladimirova. The same thing, but under the same name.
- Petrova E. Yu. Psychological types of Jung. - St. Petersburg, “Mobius”, 1997. - 56 p. - “Hybrid” of socionics and Kirsi typology.
- Practical psychology for managers (edited by M.K. Tutushkina). - M., "Filin", 1996. - 368 p.
- Practical psychology for teachers (edited by M. K. Tutushkina). - M., "Filin", 1996. - 328 p.
- Psychodiagnostics of the main typological characteristics of personality (compiled by Ovchinninkov B.V., Pavlov K.V., Tutushkina M.K.) - St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg. state architect-builds univ., 1994. - 56 p.
- Advice from a psychologist to a manager (edited by Tutushkina M.K.) - St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg. state arch.-build. Institute, 1994. - 194 p.
- Tiger P., Barron-Tiger B. Do what you were born to do. M. - 2005. - 688 p., trans. from English - Paul Tieger, Barbara Barron-Tieger. Do What You Are: Discover the Perfect Career for You through the Secrets of Personality Type. (Attention! The translation of this book is incorrect, serious distortions of terminology are allowed!)
- Tiger P., Barron-Tiger B. What type is your child. M. - 2005. - 448 p., trans. from English - Paul Tieger, Barbara Barron-Tieger. Nurture By Nature.
- Tiger P., Barron-Tiger B. Reading a person like a book. - M.: AST, 2000. - 288 p. - Paul Tieger, Barbara Barron-Tieger. The Art of Speed Reading People.
- Tiger P. D., Barron-Tiger B. Do what you were born to do. - M.: Armada, 1996. - 491 pp. - Paul Tieger, Barbara Barron-Tieger. Do What You Are: Discover the Perfect Career for You through the Secrets of Personality Type. There are gross errors in the translation that make understanding difficult.
- Filonovich S. R. Leadership and practical skills of a manager: 17-module program for managers “Managing the development of an organization.” Module 9. - M.: “INFRA-M”, 1999.
- Fried J., Birnbaum D. Reading personality. - M.: EKSMO-Press, 2002. - 288 p.
- Hedges P. Character analysis, or typology according to Myers-Briggs - M: Eksmo, 2003. - .- 320 s - Patricia Hedges. Understanding your personality. With Myers-Briggs and more. 1993.
- Hedges P., Cohen D. Secrets of character - M: EKSMO, 2004. - .- 512 p., ill.
- Shiyan, A. A. Guide to social technologies. Electronic resource / 1st ed. - 2001/Access mode: http://www.i-u.ru/biblio/archive/shijan%5Frukovodstvo/
- Shneiderman B. Psychology of programming: human factors in computing and information systems. - M: “Radio and Communications”, 1984.- Ben Shneiderman. Software Psychology. (The book is interesting rather historically - as the first more or less detailed publication about the Myers-Briggs typology in Russian on just a few pages).
- Shchegolev I. V. 16 personality types - 16 handwriting types. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005. - .- 144 p., ill.
- Lytov D. “Jung’s foreign typology today: the unknown about the known”
- Dukhovskoy T. A., Lustach A. V. Dichotomies or aspects? The main difference between socionics and Western typology of the psyche
- Personality types under stress / Types unfer stress- based on materials by D. Dean: English version of the author’s texts and their translation into Russian