The public speaking self-teacher is practical lessons for independently practicing public speaking skills. Unfortunately, I won’t be able to fit all of my 15 years of speaking experience into one article, but even if you implement what I shared here, you will significantly improve your level of skill as a speaker.
Lesson #1. Worry about your health
If you have thin and crooked legs, if you have three hairs and bulging eyes, if you have no voice, be proud - you are a MASYANYA.
Excitement is a feeling familiar to almost all beginning speakers. But in essence, there is nothing wrong with being worried. On the contrary, the presence of excitement is an indicator that you are responsible for your performance. If you didn't care, you wouldn't worry so much. I think all great speakers feel nervous at the beginning of a speech. And the larger the audience, the greater the excitement. Even though I have to perform, I feel nervous every time before going out. Personally, my knees are shaking. But this trembling goes away 3-5 minutes after going on stage. One speaker said about this: “Two minutes before going on stage it’s easier to shoot me than to go out into public, but five minutes before the end of the performance it’s easier to beat me with a whip than to kick me off the stage.” The excitement goes away as soon as we start performing, we start talking. The main thing is to endure the first 3-5 minutes. Then it becomes much easier. For more information on how to stop performance anxiety,
Lesson #2. Piano in the bushes
A piano in the bushes means the presence of homemade preparations. When you have homemade preparations that look impromptu, you amaze your listeners with originality, speed of response, and the audience enjoys it.
Sometimes in lectures I ask a question to which the audience knows the answer. And he gives it one hundred percent. To which I put my hands on my belt and ask in bewilderment: “How do you know this?” Or, when they compliment me, praise me, I say: “From now on, more details, please.” Usually this causes laughter, smiles, people get pleasure and joy, which attracts them to my performances.
Homemade preparations are not only a stock of some phrases. These can be anecdotes, stories, and idioms, and metaphors, and analogies, and poetry. Everything that fits this moment. Sometimes lecture participants come up to me and talk about their problems. To which I have a prepared story: “It could have been worse...” When I tell it, they benefit, laugh, are surprised at my reaction to their situation, and most importantly, they understand that everything is not as bad as they thought.
How to find blanks? Listen to other speakers and notice when the audience laughs or likes something. Read literature and note the points that you liked. Collect parables, anecdotes, aphorisms and make notes on what topic they are suitable for, so that right moment You could pull your piano out of the bushes.
Lesson #3. Use everything at hand
An experienced speaker is distinguished by the fact that he can weave any subject or event into his speech. This makes the performance lively and interesting. It feels like everyone in the audience is participating, and the audience enjoys how the speaker uses everything for good. For example, someone sneezed. You can say: “Thank you for your support, I’m telling the truth!” If your mobile phone rings: “By the way, how can you use a mobile phone in our business or in this issue?» If someone from the audience shouts out the desired answer to a question you asked: “It’s so nice to be surrounded by professionals, people who understand what the essence of this problem is.”
When I conduct trainings on public speaking, to practice this skill, I invite participants to do next exercise. During the presentation, training participants show any object that they have at hand. And the speaker’s task is to insert this subject into his speech. Don’t just state and name it, but weave this subject into your speech. After performing such exercises (when you are deliberately and deliberately interfered with), participants begin to feel much more confident.
Once, during a public speaking training, a cockroach crawled onto the board during a speech by one participant. We must give credit to the speaker. He was not at a loss, but applied it in his speech: “As soon as you start talking about benefits and benefits, new people appear who want to use our company’s products!” He used a cockroach in his speech, did not get confused, did not falter in surprise, but, on the contrary, made an advantage out of it. The audience reaction was amazing. Everyone complimented the speaker on his use of the cockroach in his speech.
Use various items or events during your speeches and weave them into your speech!
Lesson No. 4. Touch all channels of information perception
In psychology, there are three main channels of information perception: visual, auditory, kinesthetic. Conventionally, people with different channels of information perception are called: visual, auditory and kinesthetic.
Visual learners are people who primarily perceive information visually. With the help of pictures, images. In order for them to better perceive information, they need to draw on the board, show or depict something. They need to see everything with their own eyes.
Auditory learners are people who primarily perceive information through hearing. They care what you say. They want to hear more than see. They perceive information better by hearing.
Kinesthetics are people who perceive information through sensations and feelings. In order for them to better perceive the information, they need to be given a chance to try, smell, feel, and hold in their hands what you are talking about.
Lesson #5. Get ready for performances
Most people want to gain confidence, determination and composure when performing on stage in front of an audience. One way to achieve this result is to prepare for performances.
Self-confidence is directly proportional to the time spent preparing. The more time you prepare, the more confident you will feel in front of an audience. Good preparation drives away fear. Going on stage unprepared is the same as appearing naked on stage.
An excellent teacher, writer, speaker, businessman, millionaire Vladimir Spivakovsky lives and works in Ukraine. A unique personality whose performances touch the heartstrings of everyone who listens to him. One of his secrets successful performances is that, despite the fact that he is not constantly in public, he spends the rest of the time preparing for the exit: he nurtures ideas, realizes and double-checks them. He is preparing for his performances.
In order to feel confident, you need to prepare for your performances.
Lesson #6. Rehearse
-Is it possible to not prepare and perform well? – I asked one legendary speaker.
-Can! - he answered. And he continued: “Once I attended a celebration in one company.” I was invited to the stage as an honored guest, hand over flowers. One of the organizers offered to give a farewell message to the employees of this company. I asked: “What should I focus on?” They answered me “Whatever you want.” - “How much time do I have?” - "How many you want!" There was no time to think. And I gave a short but fiery thirty-minute speech about the benefits positive thinking. And although I spoke without preparation, the audience was delighted with what they heard and thanked me for my performance.
— How do you manage to speak at seminars without preparation? – I asked the next question.
“Vitya, it turned out well only because I have been speaking on this topic for a very long time and I have a lot of experience,” he answered.
If you have extensive lecturing experience, if during your speech you choose your words easily and freely, if you are able to impromptu, then you have no need to prepare. But if the situation is different, then it’s probably worth paying attention to preparing for performances.
So it’s still better to prepare for your performances. As they say, “Genius is 99% labor and 1% talent.” And if you want to work successfully with the audience, you need to pay attention to your speech even before going on stage. When you are ready to speak, you know what you are going to talk about, you feel more confident.
Once your thoughts have taken shape, rehearse your speech from start to finish. When giving a speech, imagine that there are listeners in front of you. Present them clearly, and when you actually find yourself in front of an audience, everything will seem familiar to you. The more often you do this, the more confident you will feel when you have to perform.
If possible, speak in front of your family, loved ones or friends. Is there anyone around? You can retell the speech to your pets. For example, a cat or a dog, or a parrot.
It will be good if you record your speech on a voice recorder. I don't recommend it on a video camera. When you see it from the outside for the first time, it causes embarrassment and discomfort. If you are looking at yourself through a video camera, try to ensure that you are alone in the room.
You can do a “cold” rehearsal. When you are standing in line or riding in public transport, you can ask strangers to listen to your speech. This way, you can practice and at the same time attract people interested in your performance to your business.
How to rehearse
- Rehearse to remember ideas, not words
- Rehearse out loud
- Rehearse from start to finish every time
- Using visual aids rehearse with them
- If possible, rehearse with your audience.
Lesson #7. Reflect
Only after you have done the job do you understand where you should have started.
It should also be noted: was there a sequence of presentation, or were there jumps and repetitions? Have examples and stories been provided for all points? Have the main points been explained? Did you express your thoughts clearly and clearly? Did you manage to attract and retain the audience's attention? And so on. By analyzing your speeches and the speeches of other speakers, you can significantly improve your public speaking skills.
Lesson #8. Speak so that everyone can understand you
Avoid technical terms and phrases in your speech. Special terms may be accessible only to specialists in this field, and others may not understand your words and tune out your speech. Express yourself in simple language. But if you used a term in your speech, be sure to provide the necessary explanations.
There is a wonderful dialogue in the movie I Robot where a female doctor says scientific language, and her interlocutor asks her to say the same thing in simple language. The dialogue is like this:
-Tell me, Doctor Kalven, what do you do?
-First of all, I’m developing the psychology of the robot. True, I’m still developing the interface interactive interaction and a program for integrated interaction of technical modules.
- So what are you doing here?
-I'm trying to make robots look like people.
-What couldn’t be said right away?
Speech must be accessible if you want the person to think about making a decision, and not about what he just heard! There is no need to admire the fact that you know something scientific word. Our task is for people to understand us and make a decision immediately after our speeches, and not to think about our speech, as we beautifully and floridly expressed ourselves. You can read more about this.
Lesson #9. Repetition is the mother of learning
“Repetition is the mother of learning”- says folk wisdom. After all, listeners are practically like children. Sometimes a five-year-old child needs to repeat a phrase several times for him to hear us: “Olya, put on your socks... Olya, put on your socks... Olya put on your socks...”, “Seryozha, tidy up the toys...”, “Seryozha, tidy up the toys...”, “Seryozha, tidy up the toys...”. And only then, most likely, he will hear you. The same is true in oratory. In order for the audience to hear you, understand you, and get the meaning that you convey, it is necessary to say this several times. There is an opinion that the listener perceives 15% of the information the first time, 75% the second time, and only the third time perceives it completely.
If you want to convey to your listeners some important information, do this several times. Say your thought, idea over and over again. Maybe in other words, but do it.
Two righteous men lived in one village. But people went to listen to sermons only to one righteous man, and from the second, after listening to him once, they left for the first. And the second righteous man decided to find out from the first what his secret was. He comes and asks: “Why do people come to you and stay with you, but always leave me? What are you telling them? The first righteous man replied: “First I tell them what I am going to say. Then I tell this in detail. And then I repeat what I said before.”
The presentation follows the same pattern. First, we state what we are going to talk about (products, business opportunities), then we talk about it in detail, then we summarize and call people to action.
If you remember the scheme of a motivational speech, then it can be done according to the following scheme: thesis (the main idea that you want to reveal) – example – conclusion. The conclusion must be drawn after the examples and stories told. Sometimes listeners lose the main idea or idea behind the stories. Therefore it should be repeated. You can use the same words, you can use different ones, but it’s definitely worth repeating. So, once again: statement, example, conclusion (repetition of the statement).
I know the founder of a company, brilliant speaker and a motivator. Listeners always listen to his speeches with enthusiasm. One of the techniques that he often uses in his speeches is the technique of repeating basic, main thoughts. Sometimes its repetitions immediately follow the statement of the main idea. For example: “In our company you can have a residual income of 2, 3, 5 thousand dollars a month.” Further he reveals this idea and shows how. And at the end he repeats again: “ So let's summarize. In our company you can earn residual income of 2, 3 and even 5 thousand dollars per month. To do this you need to do this and that. Take action!”
So let's summarize. In order for your listeners to 100% assimilate your thoughts and ideas, they must be repeated several times during the speech. And always remember, repetition is the mother of learning.
Lesson #10. Make your speech expressive
Expressiveness is the verbal design of speech. the main task work on the expression - to find “the only necessary placement of the only necessary words.”
Thoughts not clothed in dignity verbal form, are not able to spark interest, create a mood, awaken a response thought, a desire to act, that is, they are not able to influence the audience. Aristotle wrote: “It is not enough to know what should be said, but it is also necessary to say it as it should; This helps a lot to ensure that the speech makes the right impression. Expressiveness is a means of influencing the audience. Expressiveness makes a thought clearer, more visible, and, therefore, touches emotions and thereby helps to realize the plan. How more difficult subject, the greater the degree of clarity should be. In addition to clarifying ideas, expressiveness maintains contact with listeners and holds their attention.
Read more about how to make your speech expressive.
Lesson #11. Be emotionally resilient
One of essential skills The speaker is emotional stability during speeches. Unfortunately, we do not always perform in ideal conditions. The audience can be different, the room may not be very prepared for lectures and seminars. Imagine, you are giving a presentation, the door creaks open and three more people come in. They take their seats. They didn't say anything, but they attracted attention to themselves. Not only did the speaker look at them, but the whole room looked at them. When they pass, then you can continue the performance. If the speaker is greatly distracted, does he forget what he was talking about, where he stopped? How to make sure you don’t lose your thoughts and remember where you stop? The easiest way to do this is to keep your attention on your presentation, and not on those listening. Yes, you paused, but your attention is on the performance. They passed, you told an anecdote to regain the attention of the audience (and to gather yourselves), and again you continue your speech.
How to train your attention? You can do this exercise in pairs with someone: everyone reads their poem line by line, one line, another line. Everyone tries to read their poem from beginning to end. At the same time, you listen to what your partner is saying, and at the same time, you need to continue telling your poem further. If you get lost, it's okay. Start reading your poem again. And so you recite the poem until you get confused when someone interferes with you.
If you have no one to train with, you can turn on the radio, TV, stereo system and start reciting poems. Use the volume to adjust the level of your emotional stability. The louder it is, the more resistant to disruptive interference you will be. Having trained in this way, you will feel much calmer and more confident, even if there are rustles and calls during the speech. mobile phones, someone else will talk. It won't distract you.
Lesson #13. Create pictures
Very often, listeners easily perceive our information in the given image, the created pictures that we draw in our speeches with words. This is especially important if we present information that is difficult to understand.
When the disciples asked Christ why he spoke to the people in parables, he answered: “Seeing they do not see, and hearing they do not hear, and they do not understand.”. He compared the Kingdom of Heaven to leaven, to a net thrown into the sea, to merchants looking for pearls.
Another example. If you want to give your listeners a clear idea of the size of the country, do not estimate its area in square kilometers, but name the cities that could be located on its territory, and compare its population with the city where you are speaking. Listeners need to create pictures and images. Explain the unknown through the known. Read more about creating pictures and images during performances.
Lesson No. 14. Have an appropriate image
“They greet you by their clothes...”- says popular wisdom. Is it true, “...guided by the mind”. Why does the audience meet the speaker by his clothes? After all, he has such light soul, he is kind and decent. He wishes only the best for people. Why do they look at what he looks like? The fact is that everything new, everything unknown in people, just like in animals, causes fear. Fear of the unknown. A speaker we don’t know comes on stage. He hasn’t even gotten to the microphone yet, hasn’t greeted the audience yet, hasn’t given them a compliment to win over the audience, but we can already see him. “The process has begun” in our unconscious: what kind of person is this? What to expect from him? Does this person pose a threat to me, evil? Or does it bring me goodness, prosperity, prosperity, wealth, success? If a person is evil to me, then his speech would sooner end. And if there is prosperity, wealth, success, then, probably, you can and should cooperate and interact with it. And those sitting in the hall begin to perceive the speech coming from the speaker, when the unconscious gives a signal: everything is in order, everything is fine, you can listen to him. So, thanks to the appropriate image, we win over the audience and make listeners want to perceive our information. How appearance affects speech perception, I will write a separate article. Stay tuned.
Lesson #15. The most important lesson
Many people talk about the desire to have good health, but who really goes out on the treadmill in the morning? Many people talk about wanting to lose weight, but who actually goes to the gym? Many people talk about wanting to change their lives, but who actually tries to do something? Many people have the desire to perform confidently, but who actually takes the stage?
Perform as often as possible! How many books on athletics No matter what you read, it won’t make you run faster. In order to run fast, you need to train, get on the treadmill and run. No matter how many books you read about how to learn to swim, you will not learn to swim. It is necessary to train in a pool, on a river, in a pond. As they say about this: “You can’t learn to swim by sitting on the shore!” The same thing happens with performances. No matter how many books on public speaking you read, it will not make you a better speaker. In order to perform well, you just need to perform more often.
A reporter once asked the greatest hockey player, Wayne Gratsky, what made him the most successful player:
— You are very effective, what does this mean, what are your principles?
- I'm just playing, the rules are known
— How do you calculate the probability of a hit, what underlies your actions?
- You know, I don’t calculate anything, because I use a single point of view when playing.
- Which one?
“I know exactly in which case I won’t end up.”
- Well, which one?
- If I don't hit!
The secret of the most productive player in hockey is that he tried to throw the puck into the opponent’s goal as often as possible. And the more attempts he made, the more goals he scored. In other words, he didn't think about how to throw, he didn't read about how to throw, he just made throws. The same thing happens in baseball, and in basketball, and in football, and in other sports.
There is an online joke about this.
A newcomer asks his sponsor, who easily makes effective “cold contacts”
— How do you manage to have such success with “cold contacts”?
— It’s very simple, I like a person, I approach him and ask: “Are you interested in becoming a sponsor for others?”
- They can, of course... and send you somewhere.
And suddenly, with a satisfied grin:
- But they agree more often!
To successfully conduct “cold contacts”, they must be carried out and dealt with. To sell easily, you need to practice sales. It's the same with performances. Take advantage of every opportunity to perform. When young people, students, and high school students come to my trainings, I am happy that they learn about many ideas at such a young age. And they have huge performances to get into adult life with the ability to confidently stand on stage. Personally, I started performing when I turned 25 years old. How much time I wasted! If I were still in educational institutions performed, I would definitely be a real Cicero or Demosthenes. Perform as often as possible! Get on stage and speak! Stand up and speak up! And remember: “The money is on the stage!”
Conclusion
So, tutorial oratory– this is a set practical lessons and recommendations on how you can independently improve your public speaking skills. By putting these tips into practice, you will significantly increase your professionalism as a speaker. True, this will take some time. It all depends on your learning speed.
If you want to quickly master the skills of highly paid speakers, then follow the link here: https://goo.gl/78GryW
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Founder of the business community “New Generation of Speakers”
P.P.S. Speakers are not born, they are made.
Oratory is one of the most valuable skills that will help you convey your point of view to your interlocutor concisely, beautifully and without any problems. There are people who are natural speakers; just give them a topic and you can listen for hours. But what should those who want to master these skills do, but nature has not given them innate abilities?
Oratory, like any other skill, can be developed, trained, and improved. In this article we will give 6 useful tips, thanks to which you can develop incredible abilities, and in less than a month speak freely in public, concentrating the attention of listeners on your speech.
1. What causes the greatest difficulties for beginning speakers? As a rule, this is an insufficient vocabulary and limited vocabulary. The solution is simple, you need to talk, talk and talk again. You can do this at home. Take any item you see - a hairdryer, a vase, a frying pan, in general, it doesn’t matter what it is. And then for 5 minutes try to talk about it, describe all the features of this subject, explain how wonderful and necessary it is. It will be difficult at first, but over time you will easily cope with this task. When you see that five minutes is not enough, then increase the time, say 10, 20, 30 minutes. I knew people who, without any problems, could talk for hours on a given topic, and never repeat themselves in phrases or thoughts.
3. Rate of speech is another feature worth mastering. Watch how you speak. Too much fast speech the listener may not be able to understand, and slow ones lead to boredom. Try to pause, highlight the right places intonations, raising and lowering your voice, thereby attracting the attention of the audience.
4. Talking about subjects at home is good, but in order to hone the skill of oratory, you need to communicate more with real people. The easiest way to hone public speaking is for students. You have access to speeches in front of your group, and during the speech you can track the reaction, behavior of the audience, their mood and desire to listen.
5. Your speech should not be dry. Try to use sayings and quotes from time to time famous people, as well as humor. By the way, humor plays very well big role. The ability to make a timely and apt joke is a quality good speaker, which can hold its audience without any problems, and at the right moment relieve the accumulated tension.
Over time, as you expand your lexicon, and begin to apply all the acquired knowledge in practice, you will notice how your speech has changed, how your interlocutor carefully listens to every word spoken, how the audience closely follows your statements and phrases.
The ability to speak convincingly and work with an audience of listeners is important for everyone today. Even those who do not have to speak at conferences every day still need to present themselves correctly - getting a job depends on this, wage, promotion by career ladder. No matter how in-demand a specialist you are, it is important that you and your ideas are heard.
Two ways to increase oratorical skills:
- take a course in rhetoric or public speaking;
- engage in self-study.
The main advantage of the courses is real possibility speak in front of an audience of listeners. However, the courses also have disadvantages - due to the fact that there are many people in the group, the teacher does not devote enough time to everyone. Thus, there is no personalized approach, which is so important when working on psychological and speech problems of people that prevent them from speaking correctly and freely.
In the case of self-learning, the advantages are obvious - you can try various techniques, spend exactly as much time as needed on doing exercises and consolidating certain skills, you can study according to a convenient schedule, etc. Public speaking lessons do not necessarily have to be supervised by a teacher: today you can find a variety of video lessons on the Internet, a self-instruction manual for beginners, as well as lots of tips.
Mistakes of Beginner Speakers
Training can take place in different ways. With the advent of the Internet in every home, video lessons have become very popular. In fact, they are no different from listening to a lecture at a seminar or training to improve rhetoric - except that you cannot ask the teacher a question.
Videos can be free or paid. Free ones can be freely found, viewed and downloaded online. They provide information regarding rhetoric and discuss the most well-known exercises for improving it. Paid lessons can be found on the websites of rhetoric teachers or by contacting them personally.
Popular exercises for developing public speaking skills include:
- exercises in front of the mirror;
- exercises with a voice recorder;
- self-training performances using given reference points.
In the first case, you can observe yourself during a speech or monologue. Looking at ourselves in the mirror, everyone will notice the excitement and fuss that we ourselves do not notice, but which are visible to those who listen to a public speech. It is also effective to record a speech on video - the effect of the exercise will be similar to the exercise with a mirror, and the speaker will not be constantly distracted by the reflection in the mirror.
You can find “pivot points” yourself on the Internet or in a book, or you can get them from a video in which the teacher talks about them. Knowing the “outline” of a monologue, it’s easy to compose a speech. However, over time, the task will need to become more complex and improvisation training will be required.
Video lessons on the Internet also talk about other techniques that can be used to become an experienced speaker. The path to this will take some time, however, the result is worth it - you can speak at conferences and meetings before strangers, communicate with colleagues, partners and loved ones without embarrassment, anxiety, instantly formulating thoughts and being able to achieve the desired reaction to them.
Education oratory skills important at every age, for young and experienced professionals, and for a variety of activities. The time it takes to train will pay dividends for years to come. In addition, even if you know how to speak in public, it is worth periodically expanding your knowledge and abilities in the field of rhetoric - this will help in business, in school, and in personal relationships.
Content:How many people there are in the world, there are so many levels of upbringing and education, different characters, opinions and worldviews, as well as the ability to evaluate current events. The speaker should overcome stubbornness and indifference, delusion and ignorance, resistance: active and passive. If you have a large audience listening to you, then your speech should be slower and louder. It is necessary to remove everything unnecessary and unimportant. Good choice of expressions and short sentences can increase the impact of your speech on the audience. A speaker is a person who can and should win the attention, trust and sympathy of listeners. Public speaking lessons are fundamental rules. With their help, you will increase your impact on your audience.
Speech technique and voice
1) Perfect, clear and beautiful pronunciation is the basis of clear, free speech.
2) The beauty of the spoken speech depends on how clearly you pronounce vowel sounds in combination with clearly sounding consonants, and intelligibility is achieved by the full pronunciation of all sounds by the speaker.
3) Speech fluency can enhance both the clarity and beauty of spoken words.
4) Select the volume level and speech tempo in accordance with the acoustics of the room where you will speak. If there are more than seventy people listening, speak slowly and loudly.
5) Use short sentences, watch the expressions you pronounce, discard everything unnecessary and unimportant. This will increase the impact of your speech on the audience.
6) Refining your language - the most important condition To master the art of eloquence, therefore, “clean” your vocabulary: eliminate all vulgar and everyday expressions.
8) Avoid any carelessness, be fluent in your .
Persuasiveness is very important in public speaking. But “don’t go too far.”
The speaker and his audience: success with the public
1) Choose the topic of your speech wisely and master it perfectly.
2) The person speaking will be able to capture the attention of the audience and influence their minds. If he links his speech to a topic that is interesting or exciting to the listeners.
3) Always address the audience. Then the performance will not be a monologue. The speaker makes it feel like he has a keen interest in the listeners.
4) A charismatic speaker composes his speech in an engaging and dynamic style. Moreover, he never speaks in a cold, indifferent tone.
5) Your speech will be valuable to listeners if it serves to support or implement any practical idea.
6) Real personality behaves correctly towards both enemy and friend. Even despite religion, nationality, Political Views, financial and official position in society, gender and age.
7) Your confidence and calm are no less important than the words you say.
8) When studying public speaking lessons, remember: if you trust yourself, then your listeners will trust you too.
9) An eloquent speaker has the ability to evoke the imagination of his audience.
10) The audience consists of different people: everyone has their own level of education and upbringing, character, outlook on life. Therefore, you need to overcome delusion, ignorance, indifference, stubbornness, active and passive resistance on their part.
11) Present yourself as a person who can win attention, trust and sympathy.
13) You must have an understanding of the purpose for which you are speaking and what you are calling the audience to.
14) It is advisable for the speaker to provide for all those conditions that promote harmony and an optimistic attitude.
15) A speaker will achieve success if he is able to put himself in the place of another person. And also to look at things through the eyes of another.
16) Despite your criticism, severity and reproach, you still must make people feel that you are friendly and treat them with sympathy.
17) If the speaker is positive creative person, but is attentive and does not distract from the subject of conversation, treats listeners with sympathy and maintains presence of mind, then success is guaranteed.
Thinking and discussion
1) The main idea of the speech is its soul. Strive to reveal it consistently in your speech. And direct all reasoning to reinforce and complement the key idea.
2) You need to organize your thoughts and feelings. Only in this case will they line up in a logical sequence.
3) The speaker should constantly imagine what he wants to achieve.
4) If the topic of the speech really “catches” you, then it will be much easier for you to express your thoughts and concentrate on the subject of the conversation.
5) Public speaking classes, in most cases, consider expression as the force that moves thoughts. It is she who is in close connection with us.
6) All thoughts, all images must be directed towards one single goal that the speaker has set for himself. And everything is secondary, not concerning main topic speeches, you must consciously remove.
7) Learn calm reflection. The transition between thoughts should be smooth. This way you will achieve balance in expressing your thoughts.
8) Control the direction of your thoughts with your consciousness. The ability to concentrate is based on a person's willpower.
9) The discussion is a business exchange of opinions. During such a process, each speaker must reason objectively.
Address the audience, listen to the opinions of viewers
10) You should only speak in given topic performances, avoiding any unnecessary sidestepping.
11) Remain calm if the listener expresses an opinion that does not coincide with yours. Oratory lessons contain the law of difference. No two people can have the same opinion. It gives the speaker confidence and also makes it possible to evaluate each statement on its merits.
12) Any speech by a speaker must have a purpose in which the points of view of people will be explained and the disputants will be reconciled.
13) It is necessary to behave decently. You are given the floor not at all to express your dissatisfaction with this or that person, especially one who is absent.
14) Listen carefully to other people. Reflect on what has been said and start speaking yourself if you are sure that every word you say will be said to the point.
15) The speaker needs to speak concisely, refraining from long and drawn out introductions. So start speaking in . Precise statements will add spice to your discussion.
16) Get used to expressing your beliefs energetically and figuratively. Do not humiliate the person who expressed the opposite opinion.
Aristotle in “Rhetoric” wrote: “Speech is composed of three elements: from the speaker himself, from the subject about which he speaks, and from the person to whom he addresses the speech.” Word « speaker" (from lat. orare - “to speak”) appeared in Russian at the beginning of the 18th century, and became more widespread in the first third of the 19th century. Words close in meaning to the term “orator” are vitiia, eloquent speaker, tribune, eloquent person, rhetorician, lecturer. They all emphasize that a speaker is a person who knows how to speak beautifully, figuratively, and expressively.
In modern Russian literary language the word "speaker" is ambiguous. So, explanatory dictionaries the following meanings are noted: 1. A person professionally engaged in the art of eloquence (among ancient peoples); 2. A person making a speech, speaking, speaking in an assembly; 3. An eloquent person with the gift of making speeches.
In the theory of oratory, the word “orator” used as a term meaning "a person who utters public speech" According to the rules of classical rhetoric, the speaker must show himself as a person worthy of trust and capable of earning the respect of the audience
Term image of a rhetorician(orator, speaker) was introduced into Russian science by V.V. Vinogradov in his 1930 work “On artistic prose" V.V. Vinogradov notes that building the image of a speaker is similar to the actor creating a certain “mask,” and preparing a speech and its execution, despite all the passion and inspiration with which other speakers speak, is a conscious process that requires the art of creating the image of a rhetorician.
The main aspects of the manifestation of the speaker’s image in words include ethos, logos, pathos.
In our time, questions of rhetorical ethos occupy leading place in the organization of speech relations in society, since the ethical component of the image of a rhetorician turns out to be decisive (A.A. Volkov). Category ethos describes the criterion of sincerity of the speaker; appeals to the norms of human behavior. A speaker's ethics is a set of moral norms, value orientations, and rules of conduct that determine his attitude to his duties, to the goals of his work, and to his listeners. Cicero rightly believed that, without knowing ethics, “the speaker will not be able to win over his listeners and will not achieve success.” Oratorical morals are determined by A.A. Volkov as “ethical requirements imposed by society on any rhetorician, regardless of his beliefs, and as such giving the fundamental right to speak” (see in detail Volkov A.A. Course of Russian rhetoric. M., 2001). Since ancient times, the moral qualities of the speaker and his honesty towards listeners have been considered fundamental in the speaker’s triad.
Category logos describes the criterion for the truth of what is expressed; appeals to the audience's intelligence. Logos requires, in addition to the embodiment of the plan, to use such verbal means that would be accessible to the recipient of the speech. According to this criterion, the speaker must be an intellectual person. Knowledge of the subject, mastery of logic and the art of argumentation - all this also corresponds to the concept "logos".
Category pathos describes the criterion of relevant speech behavior; appeals to the audience's feelings. The speaker’s excitement, concern for the subject of speech and at the same time the ability to emotionally influence listeners correlates with the concept "pathos". The use of intonation means (pause, change of tempo, timbre, etc.) and a number of rhetorical figures add brightness and expressiveness to the performance.
Thus, a good speaker is a person who does not cause moral damage to the audience, contributes to the formation of its intellectual level, awakens good feelings, and affirms the ideals of morality, morality and law. The speaker's speech should be a sequential development ethos, logos And pathos. The image of the speaker is assessed according to three personality parameters: is the person moral? Is the person knowledgeable (intelligence, education)? Is the person attractive (aesthetic expressiveness)? – otherwise, do you “like” the person?
D. Carnegie emphasized: “The most precious thing for a speaker is his individuality, cherish it and take care of it.” Each speaker has his own individual characteristics, which influence the style of speech, are manifested in the manner of presentation. The speaker's speeches should be aimed at achieving moral goals and evoke good feelings and intentions in the audience.
The speaker must be an erudite person, i.e. well-read, knowledgeable in the field of science and technology, literature and art, understand politics and economics, be able to analyze events occurring in the country and abroad, etc. He must know the subject well of your speech. Only if the speaker understands the topic of the speech, if he is able to tell the listeners a lot of interesting things and bring new facts unknown to the audience, if he manages to answer the questions that arise, can he count on the attention and respect of the listeners.
To speak publicly, a speaker must have a number of special skills and abilities. According to psychologists, a skill is the ability to carry out a particular operation the best way. TO basic speaker skills include the following: literature selection skills; studying selected literature; planning skill; writing the text of a speech; self-control in front of an audience; orientation in time.
The skills acquired make up the skills of a speaker. He should be able to: prepare your own speech; present the material clearly and convincingly; answer listener questions; establish and maintain contact with the audience; apply technical means, visual aids.
If any skills and abilities are missing, the performance may be ineffective. Thus, the skill of a speaker depends on his individual characteristics and consists of many knowledge, skills, and abilities. To acquire them, you need to work hard on yourself, study the experience of outstanding speakers, examples of oratory, and try to speak as often as possible.
Making a speech. All textbooks on rhetoric advise conducting a short rehearsal before going to the audience. You can perform in front of family, friends, or simply in front of empty chairs, imagining that they are sitting on them. The rehearsal period will show how well the speaker knows the material, which parts of the speech were too long or too short, which facts and quotes are missing; Is the beginning interesting and the ending of the speech good?
To speak in front of an audience, you need to have an important quality - the ability to think publicly. There is no need to try to speak “from memory”: re-create your speech, without being afraid to formulate your thoughts using different linguistic means. If you do not put your thought into a living phrase that is born in the process of speech, there will be no contact with the audience.
Knowing the structure public speaking Having mastered the technique of preparing a speech, any person will be able to pass an exam in front of an audience. The main thing is to believe in yourself and your strength.
P. Soper believed that “ good speech a good quarter is perceived purely visually.” Today, speech communication is considered as a chain of states in which the production, transmission and reception of verbal (from the Latin word verbalis– oral, verbal) messages are only part general process communication. The communicative act is incomplete if we are distracted from non-verbal means.
The system of non-verbal means consists of:
1) paralinguistic ( Greek para - near, at, outside ; lat lingua - language ) Components: voice and its qualities (timbre, tempo, range, tonality);
2) extralinguistic ( lat. extra – above ) facilities: inclusion of pauses in speech , laughter, coughing, breathing patterns, etc.;
3) kinesic ( Greek kinetikos – related to movement ) units: gestures, facial expressions, postures, gaze;
4) proxemic(lat. proximus– close, nearest) elements: organization of space, distance between people when communicating.
Despite such a perfect means of communication as verbal language, in interpersonal communication, according to scientists, non-verbal components transmit 65% of all information. Their active use is explained by a number of reasons:
1) non-verbal signals, which developed as means of communication earlier than verbal ones (researchers have proven that NVCC is ontogenetically older than speech in the language), turned out to be stable in their original functions and are often used unconsciously;
2) non-verbal means are perceived visually and therefore have a stronger impact, despite their short duration (they make the communicative act more effective and accurate);
3) NVKK convey the subtlest shades of relationships, assessments, emotions ( emotional capabilities gestures allow it to act as a carrier of connotative meanings);
4) non-verbal components can convey information that is difficult or for some reason inconvenient to express in words (in certain situations they turn out to be self-sufficient and do not need verbal accompaniment).
In organizing the perception of a speaker’s speech by listeners, the way it sounds is extremely important. voice speaker. Voice is a collection of sounds of varying height, strength and timbre, resulting from vibrations. vocal cords and serving the purposes oral speech. The voice makes up the sound appearance of a person and is an important means of sound communication, allowing one to establish and maintain contact with the addressee of the speech. The first function of the voice is to ensure “audibility” (Z.V. Savkova) of the sounding word: the voice should sound free, soft, confidential, in low tones (low tones of voice are perceived more favorably, they gather the attention of listeners, tune them to perception of content). If the speaker takes care that his speech is easily understood by the listeners, he will certainly develop vocal flexibility, mobility, and the ability of the voice to “draw a thought.” That is, it will revive the second function of the voice - to be an exponent of thought. The fact is that we understand the speaker’s speech based on the “stock of intonation patterns” stored in our memory. We remember the melodic patterns of narrative, interrogative, exclamatory and other sentences, we hear the melodic emphasis of the logical centers of phrases, the intonation of punctuation marks, etc.
And finally, if the speaker wants his speech to evoke not only “conscience” (Z.V. Savkova), but also empathy among listeners, he will certainly develop means of verbal expressiveness. For the third function of the voice is to be a conductor of feelings. After all, it is by intonation (raising or lowering the voice, increasing or decreasing the strength of sound, the occurrence and nature of pauses, changes in the tempo-rhythm of speech and the timbre coloring of the voice) that the listener guesses the feeling; through intonation he comes into contact with what lives in the soul of the speaker.
The speaker must be able to regulate his behavior, control the intonation of speech in the process of verbal interaction with the audience.
K.S. Stanislavsky wrote: “...Everyone must have excellent diction, pronunciation...must feel not only phrases, words, but also every syllable, every letter... If a person does not feel the soul of a letter, he will not feel the soul of a word, he will not feel the soul of a phrase, a thought " Not only the speaker’s voice, but also his speech should sound beautiful. The euphony and melody of speech are destroyed by pronunciation defects (lisp, burr, whistling S, Z and other defects), carelessness in pronunciation, especially consonant sounds. It is unacceptable to transfer into public speech verbal complexes distorted in everyday life (for example, “maybe” instead of “maybe”). This makes speech illegible, unaesthetic, and inexpressive. You should know that speech intelligibility decreases with high tones of voice, increased sound, fast tempo (stiffness of the articulatory apparatus sets in), as well as with quiet sounds and low tones of voice. It is necessary to take into account the acoustic conditions of a public speech, to know that the distance existing between the speaker and the audience “shades out” the consonants, and the “sound flow” absorbs them, “blurs” them, they reach the listeners in a significantly weakened form.
The study of numerous and diverse expressive movements used in human communication is impossible without their systematization. Currently, there is no unified typology of nonverbal components. Let's look at some classifications of gestures built on various grounds.
The role of gestures in communicative act– this criterion forms the basis of the typology of gestures proposed by L.A. Kapanadze and E.V. Krasilnikova. Scientists divide all gestures into:
1) ICONIC(having both a plan of expression and a plan of content)
demonstrative (deictic) gestures (highlight, mark some part of the space around the speaker (you can indicate with a glance, nod of the head, hand, etc.); fully understood only in a linguistic context, therefore they are often accompanied by demonstrative pronouns (here, here, here etc.);
pictorial (iconic) gestures (depict various human actions, shape, position in space and movement of various objects);
gestures-symbols (have abstract content; understood within the framework of one national team: gestures of greeting, farewell, denial, affirmation, etc.).
2) UNFAMILIAR
rhythmic gestures (emphasize the rhythmic pattern of the statement, partly duplicating intonation (rhythmic gestures): chanting with the palm (its edge); hand movement, clenched into a fist, etc.);
emotional gestures (act as backups for the corresponding intonation structures, emphasizing bewilderment, grief, annoyance, delight, joy; “read” in accordance with facial expressions and intonation of speech).
From the point of view of using kinesic signs in order to enhance the impact on both the conscious and subconscious levels of the recipient perceiving an oral utterance, a specialist in the field of rhetoric, Paul Soper, created his own typology of gestures. He suggests using expressive gestures to accompany the most powerful, climactic points of speech, using descriptive gestures to show the sizes and shapes of the objects the speaker is talking about, and using pointing gestures to indicate location or direction. The author suggests using imitative expression to create an artistic effect and enliven a speech utterance. gesticulation.
Professor of the Russian State University for the Humanities G.E. Kreidlin identifies two main semantic type gestures: communicative and symptomatic.
1) COMMUNICATIVE GESTURES– non-verbal units that carry information that the gesticulator in a communicative act intentionally conveys to the addressee. These are purely dialogical gestures. A characteristic feature of communicative gestures is their attachment to specific current situations. All communicative gestures are divided into three subclasses:
demonstrative (deictic) – contain in their semantics an indication of the participants current situation communication, to an object, place or time relevant to this situation. They are the most ancient in the sign system of any language;
etiquette gestures - performed in specific, strictly fixed situations as an element that conveys either information about the structure of the group in which the gesticulator is included, or information about the type of situation that is unfolding (gestures of greeting, farewell, table, diplomatic, etc.);
general communicative (situationally neutral) gestures.
2) SYMPTOMATIC GESTURES indicate the emotional state of the speaker. They occupy an intermediate position between physiological movements and communicative gestures.
The point of view of I.M. is interesting. Yusupov, who, along with the traditional groups of gestures (communicative, visual-descriptive, modal), also considers the fourth - weed gestures that do not carry any semantic load ( wringing of arms, fingers, hands; tugging at clothes, stamping feet etc.).
A.I. Galichev introduces the concept of “invective gestures”. These are rude, abusive gestures introduced into speech with the purpose, first of all, of insulting the communication partner. The meaning of their use is to cause moral damage to the interlocutor.
When gesturing, use the following rules:
a) gestures must be involuntary; resort to a gesture as you feel the need for it;
b) gesticulation should not be continuous: do not gesticulate with your hands throughout the entire speech, since not every phrase needs to be emphasized with a gesture;
c) use gestures: don’t try to be like windmill, keep your strength in reserve; remember that gestures are an element of balance in the entire pose; a gesture should never lag behind the word it reinforces;
d) add variety to your gestures: do not indiscriminately use the same gesture in all cases when you need to give expressiveness to words;
e) gestures must correspond to their purpose; their number and intensity should correspond to the nature of the speech and the audience, for example, adults, as opposed to children, prefer moderate gestures.
K.S. Stanislavsky pointed out that a look is “direct, immediate communication in its purest form, from soul to soul...”. The look is associated with facial expression and other elements of expression, so it can be described as an indicator of the basic states of a person: a joyful look, surprised, frightened, suffering, attentive, contemptuous, admiring.
It is believed that the expression of the eyes communicates a person’s true experiences. Scientists have found that communication participants easily establish good relationships when their views meet for 60 - 70% of the communication time. If a person is hiding something, then his eyes meet the eyes of the addressee less than 1/3 of the time of communication. If the views of the conversation participants meet more than 2/3 of the time of communication, then the conversation was a success or the interlocutor is ready to establish friendly relations. Quick, short, repeated glances are a signal to establish contact.
It is important for a speaker to establish eye contact with the audience. The ability to direct your gaze correctly is an important skill for a speaker. You should not look to the side, at the floor, at your feet, at the ceiling, into space, at one of those present in the front rows. Speaker in similar situations cannot monitor the reaction of listeners to his speech, there is no connection with the listeners, the attention of the listeners is scattered, the speaker does not arouse interest. It is recommended to look at the listeners, moving your gaze from one to the other (but so that your eyes do not “run”) in order to feel contact with the listeners (see in detail Sternin I.A. Practical rhetoric: A textbook for students of higher educational institutions. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2003. - P. 39 - 55, 123 - 128; Grigorieva S.A. ., Grigoriev N.V., Kreidlin G.E. Dictionary of Russian Sign Language. - Moscow - Vienna: Languages of Russian Culture, 2001; Russian language and culture of speech / Under the editorship of A. G. Antipov. Educational and methodological complex for universities . – Kemerovo, 2002. – P. 256 - 267).