Perform in public in front of an audience. How to speak in public

Introduction

Abraham Maslow is one of the leading scientists of the 20th century. His hierarchy of needs has been considered the leading classification for decades. Maslow's seminal work, Motivation and Personality, reveals the dependency and ordering of needs.

The purpose of my work is to examine Maslow’s pyramid and identify the pattern of development of needs. The relevance lies in the fact that although this classification is the leading one today, it is not ideal and could not cover the entire range of human needs

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

· Analyze A. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

· Analyze in detail the need for self-actualization, as the pinnacle of human needs

· Identify ways to satisfy the need for self-actualization

Abraham Maslow

Biography

Ambraham Maslomu (1 April 1908 - 8 June 1970) - prominent American psychologist, founder of humanistic psychology

Abraham Maslow was born in 1908 in Brooklyn, New York, into a Jewish family. He was the eldest of seven children of Samuil Maslov and Rosa Shilovskaya. His parents emigrated from Russia. The father came to the United States when a very young man and engaged in making barrels for sale. Later, Maslow Sr. summoned his future wife from Russia. As a youth, Abraham was extremely shy and very nervous. A capable, unhappy and lonely boy, he was so convinced of his ugliness that he sat in empty subway cars so as not to be looked at.

Maslow entered City College in New York at the age of 18. Abraham's father wanted him to become a lawyer, but his son couldn't bear the thought of law school.

As a young man, Maslow fell in love with his cousin and found any excuse to spend some time with her family. The fact that his cousin did not reject him, as he had feared, was a huge boost to his still fragile self-esteem. At the age of 20 he married this girl. Marriage and a passion for psychology became a new turn in Maslow’s life.

During his first year of college, Maslow discovered the world of music and drama. He carried his love for music and theater throughout his life. Maslow transferred to the University of Wisconsin, his interest focused on psychology. He was fascinated by J.B. Watson's idea of behaviorism as a powerful tool for influencing human life. In Wisconsin, Maslow practiced experimental techniques and worked in psychological laboratory, where he conducted research on rats and other animals. In 1930, Maslow received his bachelor's degree, and in 1934, at the age of 26, he received his doctorate.

After receiving scientific degree Maslow returned to New York to work with Edward Thorndike, famous psychologist Columbia University.

A year and a half later, Maslow received a teaching position at Brooklyn College, where he worked for 14 years. At that time, New York was a very attractive intellectual center for many brilliant scientists fleeing Nazi persecution. Maslow worked with many psychotherapists, including Alfred Adler, Eric Fromm, and Karen Horney. His biggest influences were Max Wertheimer, one of the founders of Gestalt psychology, and Ruth Benedict, a remarkable specialist in cultural anthropology.

During World War II, Maslow realized that psychology could make only a small contribution to reducing international conflict. At this time, Maslow began to study instead experimental psychology social and personal.

During Maslow's long illness, in addition to his professional work was engaged in the family business of producing barrels. His interest in business and applied psychology eventually led him to create Eupsychian Management (1965), which collected thoughts and articles related to management and industrial psychology. He wrote this work during the summer he spent as a visiting technician at a small electronics factory in Del Mar, California.

In 1951, Maslow was invited to the newly opened Brandeis University, near Boston. Maslow accepted the offer and remained there until 1968. He chaired the first department of psychology and contributed to the development of the entire university through his activities. Throughout Maslow's career, his innovative work was almost always rejected as unscientific and inconsistent with the mainstream of psychology. But gradually his works received more highly appreciated. In 1967, Maslow was elected president of the American Psychological Association, which surprised Maslow himself. He served in this post for one year.

In January 1969, Maslow retired from Brandeis University, his membership in the scientific society giving him the opportunity to devote himself entirely to scientific work. In June 1970, at the age of 62, Maslow died of a heart attack.

Works by A. Maslow

“The so-called, sometimes attributed to Maslow, is widely known. Maslow's pyramid» -- a diagram that hierarchically represents human needs. However, there is no such scheme in any of his publications; on the contrary, he believed that the hierarchy of needs is not fixed and in to the greatest extent depends on the individual characteristics of each person.” Maslow, Abraham Harold // Wikipedia - free encyclopedia (electronic resource), access mode: “Pyramid of Needs”, introduced probably for a simplified presentation of the idea of the hierarchy of needs, is found for the first time in German-language literature of the 1970s, for example, in the first edition of the textbook by W. Stopp (1975).

In the mid-thirties, he began work on what would become his life's work, Motivation and Personality, published in 1954. Maslow studied Gestalt psychology with Carl Wertheimer and Kurt Koffka at the New School of Social Research and studied psychoanalysis, including from Erich Fromm. After becoming familiar with psychoanalysis, he continued his study of psychology under the guidance of Alfred Adler. He studied anthropology with Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead and participated in an expedition to study Indian tribe"Northern Blackfeet", one of the Algonquian tribes.

In 1943, he published two works: “A Preface to Motivation Theory” and “A Theory of Human Motivation”, where he formulated a positive theory of motivation, which he defined as "generalized dynamic". Between 1947 and 1949 Maslow left academic career and organized the Maslow Cooperage Corporation, deciding to engage own business. However, he maintained his academic connections and continued to publish articles in scientific periodicals during this period.

Late Maslow's work are becoming increasingly utopian and even mystical in nature.

We bring to your attention several rules for successful public speaking. They will help make your speech interesting and attractive.

1. Speech preparation

As you know, all good improvisations are carefully prepared in advance. A speech without preliminary preparation, especially for a novice speaker, will almost certainly be a failure. Remember Mark Twain's aphorism: "It takes more than three weeks to prepare a good short speech impromptu".

First, make a “frame” or “skeleton” of your future public speech:

Determine the motivation for people to listen to your speech. Why do they need this? What useful or interesting things will they learn for themselves?
Highlight main idea your speech.
Highlight subheadings by dividing your idea into several component parts.
Define keywords, which you will repeat several times so that those present will better remember what you are telling them about.
Carefully consider the plan and structure of your future speech. It should include an introduction, main part and conclusions (ending)

Having prepared the “skeleton”, begin to build up “muscles” on it.

Find vivid examples“from life”, from history, literature, which you use during the performance.
Prepare the necessary diagrams, illustrations, and graphs to visually reinforce the information.
Determine the moment during the speech when you address the audience with some question, with a request to name something, count something - this will help those present to concentrate their attention on discussing the topic and will significantly increase the effectiveness of perception of your material.
Write the full text. Pay special attention to its beginning and ending.

The peculiarity of the introduction is that the audience will very quickly form an impression of you, and this impression will dominate throughout the entire speech. If you make mistakes in the introductory part, it will be difficult to correct them. It is important to get the audience interested in the success of your first shot from the very beginning. To do this, in the introductory part you can use some witty joke, tell interesting fact or remember an outstanding historical event, always connecting them with the topic of the speech.

The final part of the public speech involves summing up the results. At the end, you need to recall the key issues raised in the speech and be sure to repeat all the main ideas. Successful design last phrases, enhanced by their emotionality and expressiveness, will not only cause applause from listeners, but will also turn them into your followers.

Your main controller is time. The public can listen carefully and perceive your ideas only for a limited period of time, due to psychophysiological reasons (usually no more than 15-20 minutes, then the audience’s attention begins to weaken). You are expected to use short, clear, understandable, persuasive and accessible sentences. Follow Chekhov: “Brevity is the sister of talent.” Consider the pace of your speech. The most favorable speed for comprehension is approximately 100 words per minute. When planning your presentation, be sure to take into account the time you will need to spend answering questions.

It is advisable to find out in advance who you will have to speak to: the size of the audience, its interests, views, what it expects from the speaker, what reaction you need to get from it. Depending on these indicators, adjust individual aspects of your speech. You need to be on the same cultural level with the audience, communicate in their language, only in this case can you count on establishing psychological contact between the speaker and the audience. You should not touch on topics that are beyond the understanding of the audience.

Check the meanings of the smart words you use in dictionaries. Find out the correct pronunciation. Language errors can cause ridicule at your address and ruin the entire speech, no matter how brilliant it may be in content.

When the speech is prepared, it is better to write down its main provisions or theses on small cards. Arrange them sequentially. These cards are very convenient to use during a performance. If this is not a two- to three-hour report, then it is not recommended to read the text; it is advisable to memorize it and recite it from memory, only looking at your notes from time to time.

Say your speech out loud several times (preferably in front of a mirror) to get used to the text and get a good feel for all the nuances. To polish phrases, intonation, and facial expressions, it is advisable to work with a tape recorder or video camera. This pre-practice practice will reduce your anxiety, make you feel confident, and greatly increase your likelihood of success in public speaking.

2. Place of public performance

A pulpit or podium, stage or balcony, in general any elevation above the floor always causes fear in people who do not have sufficient experience public speaking. E. Morin called it “stage fright,” and Mark Twain recommended to those who are afraid of performing: “Calm down, because the audience doesn’t expect anything from you anyway.” . It’s better to set yourself up as if you, first of all, want to tell yourself something interesting, while simultaneously introducing it to everyone present.

Before performing, it is very important to study the room to determine from which side the audience will be looking at you. When choosing a location, consider your height. You need to check that everyone can see you. If you need to speak at the podium, then if you are short, make sure that a strong stand is placed under the podium. " talking head"looks comical and will not be able to hold the attention of the audience for long. It is necessary to ensure that the speaker is visible from the chest up.

If you have to sit during a public speech, check the comfort of your seat. When sitting at the table, you should not slouch or put your hands on it; while sitting in a chair, you should not lean on the armrests and back, cross your legs, clasp your hands on your knees, try to sit on the edge of the chair, leaning slightly forward with your legs pushed back slightly and your heels pressed to the floor; it is necessary to sit upright, freely, radiating openness and goodwill; look people in the eyes, monitor their emotions, gestures and facial expressions, demonstrate care and understanding with your entire appearance.

3. Clothes

Speaking in front of a large audience is like a performance, so great importance has the speaker's clothes. During a public speech, the speaker has to sit at a table, stand on a high pulpit, behind a podium, etc. Taking this into account, pants and skirts should be long enough, socks should be high, shoes should be in perfect order.

Wear things that you feel comfortable in and that do not distract you with their discomfort. You should never once have the thought: “How does this fit on me?” It’s better not to use completely new things that you are wearing for the first time. Clothes and shoes should not cause you internal discomfort or distract your attention.

The universal rule for successful public speaking is to avoid an imbalance between what you say and how you appear. For formal occasions, it is better to use a medium-dark suit, a white or ivory slim shirt and an elegant, expressive tie. Contrasting colors and a good suit will help create a positive attitude towards you and contribute to the success of your public speaking. The tie should not have a bright pattern, so as not to distract attention from the face, however, it should not be one color. Ties made of matte fabric, dark blue, red wine, or burgundy with a subtle pattern are best suited. The length of the tie should be such that its end barely covers the buckle on the waist belt.

If your jacket has two buttons, you need to fasten only the top one, if there are three, only the middle one. If there is no very great need, you should not wear glasses when speaking in public; jewelry is also not necessary.

If the speaker is a woman, her clothes should have long sleeves, the length of the skirt should be medium (to the middle of the knee), and it should not be too tight. Regarding colors, the requirements here are much more liberal than for men: the color simply must suit a woman. Women should also avoid bright, massive jewelry. Shoes are best dark colors with invisible or plain bows; stockings of the same color as the shoes. Glasses should have a simple design and frames that match your hair color.

When performing in an informal setting (friendly parties, etc.), clothing requirements do not matter. big role. You can dress however you like, but remember that if there is some eclectic detail in your appearance that catches your eye (a bright brooch, a loud tie in acid colors, an original style of suit with capricious patterns), then it will distract attention from the content of your words . The public will remember this and will not pay attention to what you said.

4. Successful public speaking - a few secrets

When you enter the classroom, move confidently, do not mince or make fidgety movements. Walk with your usual gait, this will convince those present that you are not worried and are not in a hurry. When you have been introduced, stand up, be sure to give the audience a slight smile and enter into immediate eye contact with the audience.

In order to show your importance and earn the respect of the audience, you need to control the maximum allowable space. Don't try to show yourself as a small person and don't lurk somewhere in the corner of the stage. Be sure to take a place in the center or at least direct your gaze to the center from time to time. Straighten your shoulders, raise your head and lean forward a little, demonstrating something like a bow in front of the audience; you can then repeat this gesture several times.

When you take the podium, stage, podium, or other place to speak, do not rush to immediately start speaking. Be sure to pause. You can take advantage of any opportunity - ask for a glass of water, lay out papers, move something. Use the pause as much as you deem necessary to prepare yourself psychologically and prepare the audience to communicate with you. If you are very nervous, take a few deep breaths before speaking. A pause will also help you to take a few seconds to study the space around you and figure out how you will use it. Remember the theatrical axiom: the more talented the actor, the longer the pause he can hold.

Next, don’t just take in your eyes, but carefully examine the hall, take a closer look at the entire audience. Stop your gaze on a few of those present, who will become visual support points, beacons in your speech. Then, if necessary, you can change them. Try to give your personal attention to as many people as possible, but be sure to look around the entire space of the hall - from left to right, from the first to the last row. Don't linger long in the back rows and turn your gaze back to the front seats. Remember that they are always occupied by the most interested people; in their eyes you will find support for yourself. Having fixed several of these visual “anchors” for yourself, start speaking.

Your facial expressions and gestures give a person much more impressions than anything you say. Gestures will help you focus on the importance of the information. There are three rules when gesturing: first, do not put your hands in your pockets; second, don’t hide them behind your back; third - do not occupy them with foreign objects. Hands are assistants that should always be free and ready to unite into one with your thoughts.

You cannot use “defensive” or “defensive” body movements, for example, crossing your arms over your chest or putting them behind your back. Crossing your arms shows uncertainty about what the person is saying. It is best to take an open posture and show a smile from time to time. Constantly control your posture, keep your back straight, head raised, move naturally.

During a public speech, do not stand still like a monument and do not throw your head back, as this will alienate the audience and retard the flow of psychological energy that should dynamically influence those present. Be sure to move. You need to show yourself alive, energetic, dynamic. Your movements should be short, precise and convincing. When you want to emphasize something, move your body towards the audience or use the gesture of bringing your body closer to those present. If it is possible to get closer to the audience, then do it when you want to tell them something important, convey something important and convince those present that you are right.

Maintain eye contact with the audience at all times. An experienced speaker always monitors the attention of the audience, looking from the front rows to the back. If you use notes, do it very carefully: quickly and with a short glance look down at the text and look up again, turning all your attention back to the audience.

Consider the cultural, national, religious and other characteristics of the audience. For example, the Chinese and Japanese have your open look in the eyes can cause negative feelings, as in eastern cultures this is not accepted. Among the Caucasian peoples, a direct, firm look into a man’s eyes is perceived as a challenge to a duel, etc. You should also be very careful when using jokes on national or religious themes.

You should not have a frozen, motionless expression on your face. Otherwise, you will cause indifference and boredom among the public. The basis of your attractiveness as a speaker is a slight, pleasant smile. Try to accompany the transition to each key topic with a special change on your face: slightly raise your eyebrows or move your eyes, use slow turns of your head. If you are sitting, use your hands: translate something or change their position a little. While sitting, emphasize the freedom of your posture at all times.

Repeated repetition of simple expressive phrases and colorful phrases contributes to the success of public speaking. However, try to avoid inappropriate and untimely use. The content of the phrases should not be allowed to be far from the thoughts that need to be conveyed to the audience.

Do not demonstrate superiority or frivolity when communicating with the audience, do not talk “down” in a mentoring tone. Take a very serious approach to formulating answers to the questions posed - the answers provide an opportunity to once again emphasize the main points of your speech. Avoid irritation, hostility or sarcasm, even if the questions are unpleasant to you. Much better - calmness, goodwill and light humor.

Take philosophically any surprises and awkwardness - a microphone breaking, a glass of water falling on the floor, a sudden pause, etc. You can’t show your confusion and show negative attitude To negative points, which arose by chance or turned out to be “homemade preparations” of your ill-wishers. It is best to react to this with humor, to play it in a way that is beneficial for yourself. The speaker must control the situation, show that all this does not interfere with him, and troubles do not unsettle him.

If your speech is interrupted by applause, you need to wait until it ends and only then continue - so that the beginning of your next phrase can be heard by everyone. Also remember that applause differs from applause. The speech must end before tired and irritated listeners begin to “slam” the speaker.

When concluding your speech, you need to look your audience in the eyes and say something pleasant, demonstrating your satisfaction from communicating with the audience. Such a positive informational impulse at the end will remain in people’s memory and in their perception of your public speech.

Good day, dear friend!

The dynamics of improvements in the motor transport workshop, as told by Mikhail Zhvanetsky, cannot fail to impress. “Our workshop was chronically behind, now it is chronically ahead...” Remember?) The road transport workers didn’t share the secret of their success, so let’s go our own way. Public speaking skills are on the agenda today.

Frankly, I didn’t feel like I had discovered America. I'm not the first, nor will I be the last, to have such thoughts. Moreover, each of you has thought about this, I am sure of it.

The question is rather different - “what, how and when?”

The skill of negotiations is formed not so much by preparing for them, but by the ability to “stand” at all stages of the negotiation process.

When Mikhail Botvinnik became the world chess champion, he still practiced “basic moves” for 6 hours every day.

For myself, I identified the “main blows” during the negotiations as:

development of confidence,
emotion management,
public speaking skill
expansion of the “range” of negotiation techniques
patience

Today about point number 3. Although they are all interconnected.

Skill of speaking in front of an audience

When I finished, I was invited to a party for the next stream. They called to the stage... then, you guessed it: “The floor is given to one of the best graduates...”.

When I heard my last name, I was taken aback. I suppose I looked like Kisa Vorobyaninov after the chair auction. Unless he slapped himself on the cheeks with his ears.

What I said - I don’t remember, it seemed to me that it was nonsense, my friends said: Everything is on point, but the voice is uncertain.

Then I started agreeing to give lectures, public classes at work, I gradually got involved, I even started to like it.

Causes of fears

The reason for the fear of speaking in front of an audience is genetic, inherited from our ancestors.

We are afraid of heights. Because the ancestors fell from heights and died. It’s the same with snakes, spiders and other reptiles, because our ancestors were also at least not delighted with their bites.

Our genetic memory prompts: if there is a group of people in front of us, this is an army , hostile and we are in danger.

By the way, performing on the street, under open air, excitement is less than in a closed room. Yet again historical memory. In a confined space you can become an easy target. Claustrophobia, in short.

Part of this fear is sexual in nature. Many women instinctively straighten their hair when men are in the room. Not with the intention of being liked, it’s just that instinct takes over.

Like developing any other skill, the main thing is practice and feedback. But it's a matter of time. In the meantime, let me give you some advice:

1. Reading aloud and speaking texts out loud . It’s important to get used to your voice so that you don’t flinch after you start saying: “Oh God, I’m already performing, what a nightmare!”

2. It is important to develop good diction.

A) For example, you are driving in a car. Take, for example, a wine bottle cork.and insert between your teeth. Turn on the radio andrepeat after the announcer. Try to speak loudly and clearly. Fifteen minutes of training back and forth on the way to work and after a month or two the surprised phrase “Horrible, am I saying that?” will no longer apply to you.

B) Keep a diary. After some time, the habit of structuring your thoughts will appear, which will automatically shape your speech. It will become more concise and to the point, without water.

3. Maintain eye contact with the audience or interlocutor . Running your eyes along the walls and ceiling of a room does not inspire confidence either during negotiations or during public speaking.

4. Don't think about where to put your hands. Your hands will connect when necessary if you focus on your thoughts. It’s a useful thing, but it should be natural. Usually one hand is enough to emphasize the train of thought. Two-handed gestures are only for very important words.

5. Don't cram your speech. . Text from memory is the same as reading from a piece of paper. Think carefully about your beginning and ending. The rest is enough abstracts.

In conclusion. Even the most best tips will not replace practice. Communication is nothing more than a set of habits.

It is important to form the habit of behaving naturally when communicating, both one-on-one and in front of an audience. Otherwise, the stream of thoughts that you want to convey will come out of you.

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However, you can quickly learn how to speak in front of people by following simple rules.

When speaking in front of an audience, a person usually worries about how he will be perceived, whether he will be able to convey his thoughts to the audience, and what the final result of his communication with the audience will be. All these fears cause severe stress, which in itself negatively affects the performance. In other words, than more people worries about failing the performance, the more likely that outcome becomes.

Ways to relieve stress

Only experience helps you learn to feel comfortable in the presence of a large audience. However, there are ways to minimize the impact of stress on your performance.

1. Artificial aggression. It’s easy to say “don’t be afraid of the audience,” but in practice such advice does not achieve anything. A wedge is knocked out with a wedge - before going out to the audience, create a state of readiness for battle, a confident and slightly angry mood. To do this, you can sing one or another mobilizing song to yourself. For example, Vladimir Vysotsky’s song “Wolf Hunt” is perfect. You can choose a suitable repertoire yourself that puts you in a fighting mood. The result is that you will come out to the audience completely mobilized, which will help you perform well.

Self-esteem can be affected by a variety of factors. During such periods, it is difficult to cope with any stress. How to restore peace? Let's watch the video!

2. Throw into the future. Analyze, what are you really afraid of when speaking in front of people? The fact that you look bad, that they will laugh at you? Are you afraid of failure? Identify your fears, and then internally come to terms with the fact that everything terrible you thought about has already happened. You failed your performance - you looked terrible, were tongue-tied, they openly laughed at you, etc. and so on. Everything has already happened, you accepted it, experienced it, so you have absolutely nothing to fear. Accept defeat, don't expect anything good. As a result, you will have a much easier time performing.

3. Rehearsal. Practice speaking alone. You can perform in front of the mirror, assessing yourself from the outside. But if you're not crazy about your reflection, practice somewhere outdoors where no one is around. This will allow you to speak out loud without fearing anyone. Such training gives very good results.

4. Play of imagination. When you go to bed, mentally replay the upcoming performance. Imagine it in every detail, hone in on the important points. In your performances, you should look like a confident person who speaks brilliantly in front of an audience.

Determinants of Success

1. One of the most important points is the ability to win the sympathy of the audience. Never make excuses for anything. Don't apologize for being your first time performing etc., this will turn the audience against you. Do not start with the words “Let me...”, “Let me...” and the like, this is wrong. Start your speech confidently, with a short greeting and get straight to the point.

2. It is very important to feel like you are in control of the situation, "hold the hall." If during your speech you see that the audience’s interest is disappearing, people are starting to talk, make noise, stop for a minute. Just be silent and look at the audience, this will make it quiet down. After this, continue your presentation. Another option is to start talking about something completely different, preferably interesting. Bringing the audience's attention back, say something like, “So, is everyone back? Thank you, then let’s continue,” then continue your speech again.

Speaking in front of an audience is a real art, it is acquired only with years of practice. But even the debut can be quite successful. You just need to believe in yourself, choose the most suitable options internal mobilization. And most importantly, do not take everything that happens too seriously.

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Introduction

1.1 Pre-communicative phase

1.2 Communication phase

Chapter 2. Oratorical speech

2.3 Communicative state of the speaker

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Properly organized management communication is a catalyst for management activities. A management culture is impossible without a communication culture, i.e. communicative culture. Its absence is a disease of many modern managers, significantly reducing the effectiveness of its activities.

There are the following communication skills that play big role in the work of a manager:

· Ability to conduct business conversation;

· Ability to conduct meetings;

· Ability to speak in public;

· Ability to negotiate.

And, conversely, the lack of skills, managerial communication skills, and the lack of a manager’s communicative culture call into question successful work both himself and his subordinates.

Mastering the techniques, abilities and skills of public speaking, developing a communicative culture is no less important than mastering management actions. Public speaking is integral part management activities of any manager, since in his work he has to deal with business conversations, discussions in order to achieve the desired audience reactions. This is quite a difficult task for a beginning speaker. Not only the ability to prepare a speech, but also the ability to speak freely in front of an audience, to have impeccable command of voice, gesture and facial expressions, and to accurately respond to the behavior of the audience - these are objective requirements seeking to produce the desired effect on listeners.

What gives a person Fluency speech? A person who speaks fluently enjoys the respect of others almost automatically. Everyone is interested in him, it is easy for him to make contact, he can influence his interlocutors.

Chapter 1. Stages of public speaking

If you decide to give a speech to the public, you must first know the main stages of the speech, know what each moment of the speech is. First it will be given general characteristics stages, then just below, the requirements for a speaker in front of an audience will be described step by step.

1. Preparation - (if possible), the most critical stage. Communication needs to be planned, the right place and time must be chosen, and the goals for the outcome of communication must be determined in advance.

2. Making contact - it is important to feel the state and mood of the audience, get comfortable yourself and give the listeners the opportunity to orient themselves. At this stage, it is important to win over the audience and ensure a smooth start. This period ends with the establishment of psychological contact.

3. Concentration of attention on any problem, task that is the subject of contact.

4. Maintaining attention - techniques for maintaining attention during communication must be addressed repeatedly so as not to miss moments are more important verbal and non-verbal communication.

5. Argumentation and persuasion in the event that there are differences of opinion.

6. The conclusion of the speech is a critical moment in the speech and you need to make sure that it bears the imprint of the prospect of continued contacts. The very last moment, the last words, are very important. Sometimes they are the ones who can play decisive role in the positivity of the performance.

The first two stages are included in the pre-communicative phase, i.e. in the preparation phase for the performance itself, which is no less responsible than the subsequent ones. And all the rest are the communicative phase, in other words, direct interaction between the speaker and the audience.

1.1 Pre-communicative phase

No one can be completely immune to mistakes, especially if the speaker is new to this matter. However, the number of mistakes made can be reduced to a minimum if you adhere to certain rules. These rules cannot be developed within oneself at once. Only practice will help here. But anyone who strives to learn how to speak effectively in front of an audience should know them. These rules are generally accepted, so they are easy to use and will not fail if used correctly.

Determining the topic and purpose of the speech.

The topic of your speech should be chosen carefully. If possible, then you need to focus on what is familiar and interesting to the speaker personally. Then it might be interesting and meaningful to others.

Then, you need to try to narrow the topics of the speech so that it is of the greatest interest. It is necessary to decide whether to describe the subject, explain something about the subject, challenge a certain point of view, or present a new version.

Don't try to cram too much material into limited time. Shakespeare also said: “Where words are few, they carry weight.”

If possible, you need to think about future speech a few days. During this time, many new ideas will appear. As you know, all good improvisations are carefully prepared in advance. A speech without preliminary preparation, especially for a novice speaker, will almost certainly be a failure.

Below are practical tips for preparing for public speaking:

· Check the meanings of the “smart” words you use in dictionaries. Find out the correct pronunciation. Language errors can cause ridicule at your address and ruin the entire speech, no matter how brilliant it may be in content.

· When a speech is prepared, it is better to write down its main provisions or theses on small cards. Arrange them sequentially. These cards are very convenient to use during a performance. If this is not a two- to three-hour report, then it is not recommended to read the text; it is advisable to memorize it and recite it from memory, only looking at your notes from time to time.

· Say your speech out loud several times to get used to the text and get a good feel for all the nuances. This pre-practice practice will reduce your anxiety, make you feel confident, and greatly increase your likelihood of success in public speaking.

· Digital data, to make it easier to understand, is better demonstrated through tables and graphs, rather than over-reading them. It's best when oral presentation The amount of digital material is limited; it is better to refer to it rather than present it in full, since the numbers are more likely to bore listeners than to arouse interest.

Assessing the Audience and Setting

It is advisable to find out in advance who you will have to speak to: the size of the audience, its interests, views, what it expects from the speaker, what reaction you need to get from it.

Ask yourself: “Who are my audience?” If the answer is difficult, then it is better to imagine a group of two or three people to whom the speech is addressed and prepare a speech for them. It is imperative to take into account the following characteristics of the audience: age; the level of education; profession; the purpose of people coming to the performance; level of interest in the topic; level of awareness on this issue;

You need to be on the same cultural level with the audience, communicate in their language, only in this case can you count on establishing psychological contact between the speaker and the audience. You should not touch on topics that are beyond the understanding of the audience.

The performance location is very important factor successful performance. In order to feel confident, you need to come to the gym in advance and get comfortable. If a microphone is to be used, it must be adjusted.

Before speaking, it is very important to establish from which side the audience will look at you. When choosing a location, consider your height. You need to check that everyone can see you. If you need to speak at the podium, then if you are short, make sure that a strong stand is placed under the podium. The "talking head" looks comical and will not be able to hold the audience's attention for long. It is necessary to ensure that the speaker is visible from the chest up.

The next stage of public speaking is making contact. It involves establishing psychological contact between the speaker and the audience before the speech begins. This period It doesn’t last long, but the speaker’s entire speech depends on its success. If you take establishing contact lightly, then there is a high probability of complete failure of the performance.

In this case, a very significant role is played non-verbal means impact on the audience. These are: gestures, facial expressions, gaze, posture of the speaker, his appearance etc. It is these aspects that need to be given attention Special attention in order to make the most favorable impression on listeners.

As you know, the first and fairly stable external image of a person is formed in the first 90 seconds. Therefore, during this period of time, the speaker needs to impress himself as a confident, and therefore experienced, competent person. There are techniques with which you can easily achieve a given goal.

Pose and facial expressions

1. When you enter the classroom, move confidently, do not make fussy movements. Walk with your usual gait, this will convince those present that you are not worried and are not in a hurry. When you are introduced, stand up, be sure to give the audience a slight smile and make direct eye contact with the audience.

2. In order to show your importance and earn the respect of the audience, it is necessary to control the maximum allowable space. Don't try to show yourself as a small person and don't lurk somewhere in the corner of the stage. Be sure to take a place in the center or at least direct your gaze to the center from time to time.

3. Be sure to pause. You can take advantage of any opportunity - ask for a glass of water, lay out papers, move something. Use the pause as much as you deem necessary to prepare yourself psychologically and prepare the audience to communicate with you.

4. Carefully look around the hall, take a closer look at the entire audience. Stop your gaze on a few of those present, who will become visual support points, beacons in your speech. Then, if necessary, you can change them. Having fixed several of these visual “anchors” for yourself, start speaking. Visual contact enhances the speaker's influence on the audience. Psychologists believe that mutual contact has been established if eye contact is maintained for at least 2/3 of the speaking time, and less than 1/3 indicates a lack of interest.

5. You cannot use “defensive” or “defensive” body movements, such as crossing your arms over your chest. Crossing your arms shows uncertainty about what the person is saying. It is best to take an open posture and show a smile from time to time.

Excessive gesticulation, pacing around the audience, tapping fingers on the podium reveals the speaker’s inexperience and nervousness, which is transmitted to the audience.

Clothes and hairstyle

Regarding the speaker's clothing, there are several generally accepted rules, compliance with which is mandatory for those who want to give the impression of a modern cultured person. It happens that one inappropriate detail or mismatched colors can ruin an entire carefully thought-out costume. Clothes can ruin the whole performance if the head is not occupied with the performance, but with the fact that the button on the jacket is dangling on a thread and is about to fall off. Clothing affects success or failure.

Disorder in clothes and hairstyle speaks of a person’s disrespect for himself and others. However, you should also be aware of the other extreme - “loud” and presentational clothing, excessive use of jewelry, cosmetics, perfumes reduces the status of the speaker, as it indicates insufficient level its general culture. In addition, extravagance in clothing and hairstyle distracts listeners from the overall performance. It’s better not to use completely new things that you are wearing for the first time. Clothes and shoes should not cause you internal discomfort or distract your attention.

So, in order to make the most positive impression on the audience, the speaker needs to create an image of a confident person. This can be done by walking freely, having a relaxed, open posture, making eye contact, and choosing appropriate clothing.

1.2 Communication phase

The next stage is concentration and maintaining attention. It consists in the direct delivery of a speech by the speaker. Here it is important to take into account non-verbal, i.e. lexical factors, and verbal ones, associated with voice, facial expressions, and manner of speaking. The speaker must know the basic rhetorical aspects of the speech. This can only be done competently by a person who is able to grasp the mood of people and their expectations.

Expressiveness, precision, and conciseness of language contribute to the concentration of listeners’ attention. Brightness and accessibility of speech, wit, and the use of proverbs and sayings provide the speaker with the sympathy of the audience.

However, a decrease in the audience's attention to the speaker is psychologically inevitable.

To avoid losing the attention of the audience, the speaker must adhere to the following rules.

1. The speech should not contain more than seven main ideas, as no one else will remember. The brevity of the speech is important, since the ability to remember information is very limited.

2. Experiment with your voice. The method of wave-like speech works well, the essence of which is to increase and decrease intonation. It is customary to talk about undesirable things with a lower intonation, and about desirable, positive things with a rising intonation.

3. It is very important to control the speed of speech: when fast speech the audience does not perceive all the material, and when it is slow, people get distracted.

4. It has been established that short phrases easier to hear than long ones. Only half of adults are able to understand a sentence containing more than thirteen words. And the third part of all people, listening to the fourteenth and subsequent words of one sentence, completely forget its beginning. It is necessary to avoid complex sentences with participial and participial phrases.

5. Repeated repetition of simple expressive phrases and colorful phrases contributes to the success of public speaking. However, try to avoid inappropriate and untimely use.

6. It is known that addressing the audience creates a more trusting context of mutual contact between the speaker and the audience. Thus, indirect addresses can serve as expressions such as “As you know,” “I am sure that this will not leave you indifferent.” The speaker shows that he is interested in the audience, and this is the easiest way to achieve mutual understanding.

7. Do not demonstrate superiority or frivolity when communicating with the audience, do not talk “down” in a mentoring tone.

8. If your speech is interrupted by applause, you must wait until it ends and only then continue - so that the beginning of your next phrase can be heard by everyone.

9. Pay attention to your eyes and eyebrows. If they say what you say, the audience will love you. Laughing eyes and straight eyebrows are just what you need. It’s a pleasure to listen to you; the audience is confident in your competence.

10. Add a smile to your serious speech, dilute it with jokes, tell funny story. People need to rest periodically. You can laugh at yourself if you made some mistake - listeners will perceive this as a sign of your self-confidence and self-esteem.

11. Don't assume the audience is dumber than you. Pomposity and know-it-all behavior can play a very cruel joke on you. Connect listeners with new information to the report, be able to evaluate their knowledge. By doing this you will kill several birds with one stone: you will demonstrate respect for the participants and bring animation to your own performance, complement and enrich it. Mark different parts of the report with a change of position. This will improve the perception of information and make it easier to remember.

12. Don't be afraid to take breaks. Usually the audience perceives their duration to be much shorter than it seems to the speaker himself. Sometimes a speaker needs time to think, consult his notes, or simply drink water. And the audience needs pauses to comprehend what the speaker has said.

Argumentation techniques should be resorted to if the opinions of the listeners and the speaker do not agree. The behavior of the speaker in this situation reflects his education and knowledge of the basics of ethics. Even if the speech was bright, interesting and expressive, and the speaker himself only evoked positive reactions, then when conflict situation he can ruin his entire impression of himself by not knowing the basic rules of behavior with his opponent.

Experienced speakers recommend avoiding such clashes of opinion with the audience. However, no one is immune from an unexpected remark from one of the listeners. The situation can become heated if the opponent is aggressive towards the speaker. It may also be a deliberate ploy to confuse the speaker. But a speaker who knows and knows how to control himself in such a situation will only command the respect of his opponents.

If a contradiction arises between a speaker and the public or an individual opponent, it is politeness and a tolerant attitude towards the opposing opinion. When defending your point of view, you should never put pressure on your opponent. This will only worsen an already tense situation. It is better to smile sincerely and thereby show your confidence in yourself and your opinion.

The last stage in public speaking is its completion, which also requires preliminary preparation. It is important to remember the proverb: “the end is the crown of the matter.” Conclusion - formulating conclusions that follow from the main goal and main idea of the speech.

In conclusion, it makes sense to repeat the core idea and, in addition, again (in in brief) return to those moments of the main part that aroused the interest of the listeners. The successful construction of the last phrases, enhanced by their emotionality and expressiveness, will not only cause applause from the listeners, but will also turn them into your supporters. You can end your speech with a strong statement that sums up the speech. A well-constructed conclusion helps good impression from the performance as a whole.

Chapter 2. Oratory

2.1 Rules for constructing oratory and logical laws

The logical aspects of speech have been studied and developed quite deeply, and can be found in specialized literature. Here are a few practical advice, which should be remembered and which must be followed during the speech:

* Be consistent in your speech. Don't go to next point performances until you finish the previous one. Repeatedly returning to the unsaid produces an extremely unfavorable impression.

* Start your speech with the most significant provisions, leaving the particular and secondary ones for the end.

* Don't waste time on things that are not necessary and that you can do without during the performance.

*Don't repeat yourself. If you consider it necessary to repeat what has been said, please state this specifically. Make it clear that this is intentional repetition.

* Do not wander away from the issue being discussed; do not be distracted by extraneous problems, facts, information, examples, etc. that are of little significance for the essence of the matter.

* At the end of the speech, summarize what was said and draw conclusions.

When preparing a speech, you should take into account the basic laws of logic.

1. Law of identity. Every thought in the process of reasoning must be identical to itself. This law requires that in a speech this thought about any object or event must have a certain stable content, no matter how many times and in whatever form they return to it.

2. The law of non-contradiction. Two propositions that are incompatible with each other cannot be simultaneously true: at least one of them must be false.

3. The law of the excluded middle. A statement and its negation cannot be both true and false; one of them is necessarily true, the other is necessarily false. If in a speech a position is formulated in the form of a statement, and then its negation, then one of these statements will be true and the other will be false.

4. The law of sufficient reason. Every thought is recognized as true if it has a sufficient basis. Since our judgments and statements can be true or false, then, when asserting the truth of a statement, we should provide a justification for this truth.

Based on logical laws, which are formal in nature, they fix the formal correctness of various intellectual operations in pure form, specific rules, recommendations, instructions are formed that provide for the achievement of a very specific required result in practical activities. Thus, based on the law of non-contradiction, a rule can be formulated: do not use contradictory statements. Therefore, they speak not just about the laws of logic, but about the laws and rules of logic.

It should be borne in mind that the logic of the speech is only integral part more common system techniques called the argumentation system, which is used in influencing, persuasive speech. The argumentation system includes “methods of justifying and refuting beliefs, the dependence of these methods on the audience and the problem under discussion, the originality of the justification in different areas thinking and activity, starting from the natural and human sciences and ending with ideology, propaganda and art, etc.” Typical situations in oratorical speech give rise to standard schemes argumentation. Not all of them are logically correct.

2.2 Ethics in public speaking

The speaker's attitude towards the audience should be absolutely friendly and professional.

Goodwill presupposes the impossibility of such forms of verbal behavior as aggressiveness in its various manifestations (reproaches, threats, insults) and demagoguery (lies).

A professional attitude towards the audience presupposes the ability to work with any audience: one that is friendly, one that is aggressive, and one that expresses indifference to the speaker. You should not be offended by the audience and enter into conflict relations with them. But this does not mean at all that the speaker should follow the lead of the audience and flirt with it. The speaker should relate to the audience like a doctor to a patient. The speaker’s speech is his professional activity, and he must be guided by the interests of the matter, subordinating his feelings, emotions, and relationships to it.

Let's note some typical mistakes, which speakers allow (even against their will).

1. You should not portray or present as stupid, dishonest, inconsistent, or weak-willed those persons whose opinions you are challenging. You cannot follow the statement: “An inconsistent person cannot be right.” It is necessary to analyze the opinion, point of view, views of the opponent, and not his life.

2. Appealing to the feelings of the audience should not develop into manipulation of the audience. Suppose the speech is directed against someone from the city administration and is critical. We should not talk about rampant crime in the city. etc., which causes negative feelings from the listeners, and associate them with the name of the opponent, if he, in his own way, job responsibilities cannot influence the relevant aspects of city life. One should not talk about social and ethnic prejudices, associating them with social status or the nationality of the opponent, playing on the base feelings of part of the audience.

3. One should not identify a person’s views with the views of the group or party to which he belongs. If he is a communist, a member of the Liberal Democratic Party, etc., it is not at all necessary that his views completely coincide with the views of the leader of the party or the party as a whole.

4. You cannot distort the opinions of opponents with whom you argue or on whose opinions you rely. Particular care should be taken when handling quotations.

5. Don't flaunt personal qualities, do not exaggerate your role in any events, joint activities etc.

6. Having expressed starting points your point of view, concept, defend them, justify them, prove them. What needs to be proven cannot be taken for granted. Phrases like: clear as day that; Of course, I don’t need to tell you that; no person in their right mind would deny that; I can assure you that.

7. During the speech, you cannot abandon the original (expressed or unspoken) theses, pretending that you “didn’t think so.” You will lose trust.

8. Don't exaggerate too much common sense negative results of real or possible actions of your opponents, events, etc. The aggravation of undesirable consequences must be justified.

3. Communicative state of the speaker

The communicative state of the speaker is understood as the totality of all the characteristics of the speaker that influence his ability to establish contact with the audience and maintain it.

Forming the necessary communicative state that will allow you to successfully interact with the audience means the following:

· Forbid yourself from thinking about extraneous things.

· Focus your attention on the listeners.

· Monitor their reactions carefully.

· Convince yourself that at the moment there is nothing more important and significant than your speech and the attention of the audience.

· Invest all physical and moral strength into speech action.

· Have an offensive, strong-willed attitude, lead the audience behind you, and not follow the lead of the audience.

· Understand that public speaking is a professional action related to the implementation of your intention, which must achieve a goal.

All these components internal state the speaker is reflected in his facial expression, facial expressions, gaze, posture, posture, and body movements. Such information is read by the audience on a subconscious level. It follows that you can fail your speech even before the first word is spoken. You cannot go out to the audience and start speaking, feeling relaxed, weak-willed, indifferent, and lacking initiative. The audience will immediately feel all this (even if they don’t realize it at first), and their reaction will be unfavorable, passive.

Conclusion

So, this work describes the basic rules and techniques of public speaking. The structure of presentation of these aspects is presented in accordance with the stages of public speaking:

1. Preparation for the performance. Here it is necessary: firstly, to think about the topic of the speech, its main points and structure; secondly, rehearse; thirdly, it is advisable to know in advance the audience in which you will speak. All this will enable the speaker to feel more confident when speaking directly.

2. Making contact. To make the most positive impression on the audience, the speaker needs to create an image of a confident person. This can be done by walking freely, making eye contact, and choosing appropriate clothing.

3. Concentration and maintaining the attention of listeners. In order to maintain the attention of the audience, the speaker must: speak expressively; take breaks; monitor the reaction of listeners to his information. He must make the speech as interesting as possible for the audience, otherwise the attention won at first will be quickly lost.

4. Argumentation and persuasion. When defending your point of view, you should never put pressure on your opponent. This will only worsen an already tense situation. It is better to smile sincerely and thereby show your confidence in yourself and your opinion.

5. End of the speech. It is important here to repeat the main ideas of the speech. It is also necessary to express gratitude to the audience for their attention and willingness to answer questions.

However, these rules cannot be mastered immediately. This takes time and practice. No wonder Dale Carnegie said: “If you want to master perfectly oratory, then practice, practice and practice again!” I think this advice is the most effective, as it helps you gain experience.

public speaking ethics oratory

Bibliography

1. Botavina R.N. Ethics business relations. - M., 2003.

2. Zelenkova I.L., Belyaeva E.V. Ethics. - Minsk, 2001.

3. Carnegie D. How to win friends and influence people. - Samara: ABC, 2001.

4. Kibanov A.Ya., Zakharov D.K., Konovalova V.G. Ethics of business relations. - M.: Infra, 2006.

5. Kuznetsov I.N. Business etiquette, business communication. - M., 2006

6. Malkhanova I. A. Business communication. M., 2008.

7. Sukharev V.A. How to achieve success as a business person. - Minsk, 2000

8. Titova L.G. Business conversation. Theory, practice, technology. - M.: Unity, 2006.

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Perform in public in front of an audience. How to speak in public

Introduction

Abraham Maslow

Biography

Works by A. Maslow

1. Speech preparation

2. Place of public performance

3. Clothes

4. Successful public speaking - a few secrets

Skill of speaking in front of an audience

Causes of fears

Ways to relieve stress

Determinants of Success

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