Conversational style and its features. Literary examples of conversational style texts

general characteristics

Characteristics of conversational style

The conversational style (RS) is opposed to all other styles (bookish) for the following reasons:

1. The main function of RS is communicative (communication function), while the functions of book styles are informative and influencing.

2. The main form of existence of the RS is oral (in book styles it is written).

3. The main type of communication in RS is interpersonal (person - person), in books - group (oratory, lecture, scientific report) and mass (print, radio, television).

4. The main type of speech in RS is dialogue or polylogue, in books it is monologue.

5. RS is implemented in a situation of informal communication, and it is assumed that the participants in the dialogue know each other and are usually socially equal (youth, ordinary people, etc.). Hence - ease of communication, greater freedom in behavior, in expressing thoughts and feelings. Most often, MS is implemented in everyday communication, these are dialogues between family members, friends, acquaintances, colleagues, study buddies, etc. In this case, topics of an everyday and non-professional, non-official nature are discussed mainly. Book styles are implemented in formal conditions and serve verbal communication on almost any topic.

Main characteristics of conversational style:

1) spontaneity, i.e. unprepared speech, lack of preliminary selection of linguistic means;

2) automaticity of speech, i.e. the use of established verbal formulas characteristic of certain situations ( Good afternoon How are you doing? Are you going out?);

3) expressiveness (special expressiveness) of speech, which is achieved by using reduced words ( go crazy, go crazy, go crazy), emotionally expressive vocabulary ( big guy, kikimora, loafer), suffix formations ( daughter, grandma, cute);

4) routine content;

5) mainly dialogical form.

The formation of speech in a conversational style is also influenced by extra-linguistic factors: the emotional state of the speakers, their age (cf. the speech of adults among themselves and their conversation with small children), the relationships of the participants in the dialogue, their family and other connections, etc.

The conversational style forms its own system and has features that distinguish it from book styles at all levels of language.

On phonetic level, MS is characterized by an incomplete style of pronunciation (fast pace, reduction of vowels up to the disappearance of syllables: San Sanych, Glebych etc.), colloquial stress options are acceptable ( cottage cheese, cooking, gave etc.), freer intonation, unfinished statements, pauses for thinking, etc.

Vocabulary MS is heterogeneous and differs in the degree of literature and emotional-expressive characteristics:

1. Neutral vocabulary from everyday speech: hand, leg, father, mother, brother, run, look, hear and under.

2. Colloquial vocabulary (the main stylistic device) - words that give speech an informal character, but at the same time are devoid of rudeness: spinner, superlative, warrior, know-it-all, go home, fool, antediluvian, prevaricate.

3. Evaluative vocabulary in the composition of colloquial words, which expresses a playful, humorous-ironic, ironic, affectionate, dismissive emotional assessment: grandma, daughter, kids, baby, little boy; poems, scribblings, hackwork, inveterate.

In dictionaries, colloquial words are listed with the mark “colloquial.” and additional marks “joking,” “ironic,” “disdainful,” “affectionate.”

4. The emotionality of a large number of colloquial words is associated with their figurative meaning : kennel(about a cramped, dark, dirty room), tower(about a tall man) stick(intrusively pester with something) and so on.

5. Due to the fact that the boundaries between colloquial and colloquial vocabulary are often fluid, as evidenced by the double mark “colloquial-simple.” in dictionaries, RS includes crudely expressive colloquial words, the expressiveness of which allows you to “close your eyes” to their rudeness: belly, big, whine, hag, kikimora, freckled, loafer, shabby, hang around, squish and under. They briefly and accurately express an attitude towards a person, an object, a phenomenon, and often contain an additional semantic connotation that is not found in a neutral word, cf.: “he is sleeping” and “he is sleeping.” The word “sleeping” expresses condemnation of a person: someone is sleeping when they should be going somewhere or doing something.

Similar vocabulary may be listed in explanatory dictionaries under the main heading “simple.” additional marks “fam.”, “branch.”, “with a hint of disdain,” “joking.”, for example: clunker - simple. joking (Dictionary by D.N. Ushakov).

On phraseological level, the colloquial style is characterized by the use of proverbs and sayings from folk speech: even stand, even fall; sit in a puddle; break into pieces; turn up your nose; hunting is worse than bondage and under.

Derivational The level of conversational style is characterized by:

1) colloquial suffixes

For nouns: -un, -un(ya): talker, talker; chatterbox, chatterbox;

Sh(a): cashier, doctor, elevator operator;

Yag(a): poor fellow, handsome, mongrel, hard worker;

Their(s): janitor, doctor, cook;

K(a): buckwheat, semolina, overnight, candle,

including abbreviated words with -к(а): soda, e-reader, dryer, locker room, record book;hitchhiker, "Literature";

N(i), -rel(i): running, fussing, bickering, cooking, hustle;

Yatin(a): nonsense, dead meat, vulgarity;

For verbs: -icha (t), -nicha (t): to be sarcastic, to be nice, to be greedy;

Well: say, spin, grab;

2) prefix-suffixal verbal formations of conversational type:

run around, chat, sit up;

talk, shout, look;

get sick, daydream, play out;

3) suffixes of subjective assessment:

Magnifying: house, beard, hands;

Diminutives: house, beard, cunning, quietly, quietly;

Diminutives: daughter, daughter, son, little son; sunshine, honey;

Disparaging: little thing, little house, old man, buffoonery, hillbilly, beard;

4) half names ( Vanka, Lenka), caressing ( Mashenka, Sashok) and babbling names ( Niki – Nikolay, Zizi – Suzanne).

5) doubling words to enhance expression: big-big, black-black;

6) formation of adjectives with evaluative meaning: big-eyed, skinny.

IN morphology:

1) the predominance of verbs over nouns (verbal nature of speech), the predominant activity of verbs of motion ( jump, gallop), actions ( take, give, go) and states ( hurt, cry); Wed in the NS and ODS the most common verbs are obligatory ( must, obliges) and linking verbs ( is, constitutes);

2) a high percentage of personal use ( me, you, he, we, you, They) and index ( that, this, this etc.) pronouns;

3) the presence of interjections ( ah, oh, uh, oh etc.) and particles ( here, well, she- that, He de he said they say saw);

4) the presence of verbal interjections ( jump, skok, bang, grab);

5) widespread use of possessive adjectives ( Petya's sister, Fedorov's wife);

6) colloquial case forms of nouns: genitive singular in -y ( from the forest, from home), prepositional singular case in -у ( at the airport, on vacation), nominative plural in -a ( bunker, year, inspector, anchor, huntsman);

7) participles and short forms of adjectives are rarely found, and gerunds are not used.

On syntactic level:

1) simple sentences, participial and adverbial phrases are not used, complex sentences are not used, except for subordinate clauses with a conjunction word which;

2) free word order in a sentence: I was at the market yesterday;

3) omission of words (ellipsis), especially in dialogue:

- Have you been to the store? - I'm going to college. Are you home?

- Was.

4) lexical repetitions: I tell him and tell him, but he doesn’t listen;

5) syntactic repetitions (identically constructed sentences): I went to him, I told him...;

6) speech patterns like “Well done!”, “What a scoundrel you are!”, “What kind of idiot!”, “Wow!”;

7) designs like “ Do you have something to write about?? (i.e. pencil, pen); " Give me something to hide behind! (i.e. blanket, rug, sheet);

8) “non-smooth” phrases, i.e. sentences without clear boundaries, which are obtained as a result of the interpenetration of two sentences: In the fall such storms begin, there, at sea...;

9) frequent restructuring of structures during the dialogue, amendments, repetitions, clarifications;

10) rhetorical questions: Will he listen to me?

11) interrogative, exclamatory and incentive sentences;

12) in “non-smooth” phrases, the nominative topic is used, when the first part of the sentence contains a noun in the nominative case, and the second contains information about it, while both parts are grammatically independent: Grandma - she will talk to everyone. Flowers, they are never superfluous.

Non-verbal means of communication play a major role in the implementation of MS - gesture and facial expressions, which can accompany the speaker’s words, indicating the shape, size and other characteristics of the subject of speech: I bought this round one(gesture) hat, but can also act at the place of a pause, as an independent means of communication, in the function of individual lines of dialogue, as an answer to a question, a request: nod your head with the meaning “yes”, shrug your shoulders - express bewilderment.

The colloquial style of language is opposed to all other styles, which are called bookish. The main condition for such a contrast is that the conversational style uses predominantly dialogical speech, and this style functions mainly in oral form, while book styles are distinguished mainly by written form of presentation and monologue speech.

The conversational style performs the main function of language - the function of communication (in the narrow sense of the word), its purpose is the direct transmission of information mainly orally (with the exception of private letters, notes, diary entries). The linguistic features of the conversational style are determined by the special conditions of its functioning: informality, ease and expressiveness of verbal communication, the absence of preliminary selection of linguistic means, automaticity of speech, routine content and dialogical form.

The situation—the real, objective context of speech—has a great influence on conversational style. This allows you to extremely shorten a statement that may lack individual components, which, however, does not interfere with the correct perception of colloquial phrases. For example, in a bakery the phrase “One with bran, please” does not seem strange to us; at the station at the ticket office: “Two to Rekshino, children and adults,” etc.

In everyday communication, a concrete, associative way of thinking and a direct, expressive nature of expression are realized. Hence the disorder, fragmentation of speech forms and emotionality of style.

Like any style, colloquial has its own special scope of application, a specific topic. Most often, the subject of conversation is weather, health, news, any interesting events, purchases, prices... It is possible, of course, to discuss the political situation, scientific achievements, news in cultural life, but these topics are also subject to the rules of conversational style, its syntactic structure , although in such cases the vocabulary of conversations is enriched with book words and terms.

For a casual conversation, a necessary condition is the absence of formality, trusting, free relationships between the participants in the dialogue or polylogue. The attitude towards natural, unprepared communication determines the attitude of speakers towards linguistic means.

In the conversational style, for which the oral form is primordial, the most important role is played by the sound side of speech, and above all by intonation: it is this (in interaction with a peculiar syntax) that creates the impression of conversationality. Relaxed speech is characterized by sharp increases and decreases in tone, lengthening, “stretching” of vowels, scanning of syllables, pauses, and changes in the tempo of speech. By sound, you can easily distinguish the complete (academic, strict) style of pronunciation inherent in a lecturer, speaker, professional announcer broadcasting on the radio (all of them are far from the colloquial style, their texts represent other book styles in oral speech!), from incomplete, characteristic of colloquial speech. It notes a less distinct pronunciation of sounds, their reduction (reduction). Instead of Alexander Alexandrovich we say San Sanych, instead of Marya Sergeevna - Mary Sergeevna. Less tension in the speech organs leads to changes in the quality of sounds and even sometimes to their complete disappearance (“hello”, not “hello”, not “says”, but “grit”, not “now”, but “ter”, instead of “what”) "" what ", etc.). This “simplification” of orthoepic norms is especially noticeable in non-literary forms of colloquial style, in common parlance.

In radio and television journalism there are special rules of pronunciation and intonation. On the one hand, in improvised, unprepared texts (conversations, interviews), it is natural and natural to follow the pronunciation norms of the conversational style, but not vernacular versions, but neutral ones. At the same time, the speaker’s high culture of speech requires precision in the pronunciation of words, emphasis, and expressiveness of the intonation pattern of speech.

Conversational style vocabulary is divided into two large groups:

1) common words (day, year, work, sleep, early, possible, good, old);

2) colloquial words (potato, reading room, zapravsky, perch).

It is also possible to use colloquial words, dialectisms, jargon, professionalisms, that is, various extra-literary elements that reduce style. All this vocabulary is predominantly of everyday content, specific. At the same time, the range of book words, abstract vocabulary, terms and little-known borrowings is very narrow. The activity of expressive-emotional vocabulary (familiar, affectionate, disapproving, ironic) is indicative. Evaluative vocabulary usually has a reduced connotation here. The use of occasional words (neologisms that we come up with on occasion) is typical - “good guy”, “deloputka”, “kundepat” (to do poorly).

In the colloquial style, the law of “saving speech means” applies, so instead of names consisting of two or more words, one is used: condensed milk - condensed milk, utility room - utility room, five-story building - five-story building. In other cases, stable combinations of words are transformed and instead of two words one is used: forbidden zone - zone, academic council - council, sick leave - sick leave, maternity leave - maternity leave.

A special place in colloquial vocabulary is occupied by words with the most general or vague meaning, which is specified in the situation: thing, thing, matter, history. Close to them are “empty” words that acquire a certain meaning only in context (bagpipes, bandura, jalopy). For example: Where are we going to put this bandura? (about the closet).

The conversational style is rich in phraseology. Most Russian phraseological units are of a colloquial nature (at your fingertips, unexpectedly, like water off a duck's back, etc.), colloquial expressions are even more expressive (the law is not written for fools, in the middle of nowhere, etc.). Colloquial and colloquial phraseological units give speech vivid imagery; They differ from book and neutral phraseological units not in meaning, but in special expressiveness and reduction.

Let's compare: to leave life - to play in the box, to mislead - to hang noodles on one's ears (to rub one's glasses in, to suck it out of one's finger, to take it from the ceiling).

The word formation of colloquial speech is characterized by features determined by its expressiveness and evaluativeness: here suffixes of subjective evaluation are used with the meanings of endearment, disapproval, magnification, etc. (mommy, honey, sunshine, child; crooked, vulgar; home; cold, etc.), as well as suffixes with a functional connotation of colloquialism, for example in nouns: suffixes ‑to– (locker room, overnight, candle, stove); -ik (knife, rain); -un (talker); -yaga (hard worker); -yatina (yummy); -sha (for feminine nouns, names of professions: doctor, conductor). Suffixless formations are used (snoring, dancing), word formations (lounger, windbag). You can also indicate the most active cases of word formation of adjectives of evaluative meaning: eye-asty, bespectacled, tooth-asty; biting, pugnacious; thin, healthy, etc., as well as verbs - prefixal-suffixal: to play pranks, to talk, to play, suffixal: der-anut, spe-kul-nut; healthy; prefixal: lose weight, buy, etc.

In order to enhance expression, doubling of adjective words is used, sometimes with additional prefixation (he is so huge - huge; the water is black - very black; she is big-eyed; smart - superlative), acting as a superlative degree.

In the field of morphology, the colloquial style is distinguished by the special frequency of verbs; they are used here even more often than nouns. The particularly frequent use of personal and demonstrative pronouns is also indicative. Personal pronouns (I, we, you, you) are widely used due to the constant need to designate the participants in a conversation. Any dialogue (and this is the main form of conversational speech) presupposes I - the speaker, you - the listener, who alternately takes on the role of the speaker, and he (he) - the one who is not directly involved in the conversation.

Demonstrative pronouns and others are needed in conversational style due to their inherent breadth and generality of meaning. They are concretized by a gesture, and this creates the conditions for a very compressed transmission of this or that information (for example: It’s not here, but there). Unlike other styles, only colloquial allows the use of a pronoun accompanied by a gesture without prior mention of a specific word (I won’t take that; This one doesn’t suit me).

Of the adjectives in colloquial speech, possessive ones are used (mother’s work, grandfather’s gun), but short forms are rarely used. Participles and gerunds are not found here at all, and for particles and interjections, colloquial speech is their native element (What can I say! That’s the thing! God forbid you even remember about it! It’s a surprise for you!).

In the conversational style, preference is given to variant forms of nouns (in the workshop, on vacation, at home; a glass of tea, honey; workshop, mechanic), numerals (fifty, five hundred), verbs (I’ll read, not read, raise, not raise). In live conversation, truncated forms of verbs are often found that have the meaning of instant and unexpected action: grab, jump, jump, knock, etc. For example: And this one grabs his sleeve. Conversational forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives (better, shorter, more difficult), adverbs (quickly, more conveniently) are used. Even colloquial forms are found here in humorous contexts (her boyfriend, her comrades). In colloquial speech, zero endings have been fixed in the genitive plural of such nouns as kilogram (instead of kilograms), gram (instead of grams), orange (instead of oranges), tomato (instead of tomatoes), etc. (one hundred grams of butter, five kilograms of orange).

Under the influence of the law of economy of speech means, the conversational style allows the use of material nouns in combination with numerals (two milks, two fermented baked milk - in the meaning of “two servings”). Here, peculiar forms of address are common - truncated nouns: mom! dad! Roll! Van!

Colloquial speech is no less original in the distribution of case forms: the nominative dominates here, which in oral remarks replaces the book controlled forms.

For example: I bought a fur coat - gray astrakhan fur (I bought a fur coat made of gray astrakhan fur) ; Porridge - look! (conversation in the kitchen). The nominative case is especially consistent in replacing all others when using numerals in speech: The amount does not exceed three hundred rubles (instead of: three hundred); with one thousand five hundred and three rubles (with one thousand five hundred and three).

The syntax of colloquial speech is very unique, which is due to its oral form and vivid expression. Simple sentences dominate here, often incomplete and extremely short. The situation fills in the gaps in speech: Please show me in the line (when purchasing notebooks); From the heart to you? (in a pharmacy), etc.

In oral speech, we often do not name an object, but describe it: Were you wearing a hat here? As a result of unprepared speech, connecting constructions appear in it: We must go. In Saint-Petersburg. To the conference. This fragmentation of the phrase is explained by the fact that the thought develops associatively, the speaker seems to recall details and complements the statement.

Complex sentences are not typical for colloquial speech; non-union sentences are used more often than others: If I leave, it will be easier for you; You speak, I listen. Some non-union colloquial constructions are not comparable to any book phrases. For example: Is there a lot of choice there or haven’t you been?; And next time, please, this lesson and the last one!

The order of words in live speech is also unusual: as a rule, the most important word in the message is placed first: Buy me a computer; Paid in foreign currency; The most terrible thing is that nothing can be done; These are the qualities I value.

The following features of conversational syntax should be noted:

1. The use of a pronoun that duplicates the subject: Faith, she comes late; The district police officer noticed it.

2. Placement of an important word from the subordinate clause at the beginning of the sentence: I like bread to be always fresh.

3. Use of words-sentences: Okay; Clear; Can; Yes; No; From what? Certainly! Still would! Well, yes! Not really! Maybe.

4. The use of plug-in structures that introduce additional, additional information that explains the main message: I thought (I was still young then), he was joking; And we, as you know, are always happy to have a guest; Kolya - he is generally a kind person - wanted to help...

5. Activity of introductory words: maybe, it seems, fortunately, as they say, so to speak, let's say, you know.

6. Widespread lexical repetitions: so-so, just about, barely, far, far, quickly, quickly, etc.

In conclusion, we note that the colloquial style, to a greater extent than all other styles, has a striking originality of linguistic features that go beyond the scope of the standardized literary language.

This does not mean that colloquial speech always conflicts with literary language rules. Deviations from the norm may vary depending on the intra-style stratification of the conversational style. It contains varieties of reduced, rude speech, vernacular speech that has absorbed the influence of local dialects, etc. But the colloquial speech of intelligent, educated people is quite literary, and at the same time it differs sharply from bookish speech, bound by the strict norms of other functional styles.

Questions for self-control:

1. How does the sphere of functioning determine the linguistic characteristics of conversational style?

2. Vocabulary and word formation in conversational style.

3. Morphological and syntactic features of oral conversational speech.

Table 1. Characteristics of conversational style

Under conversational style speeches are usually understood by the features and flavor of oral speech of native speakers of a literary language. The spoken language developed in an urban environment; it is devoid of dialectal features and has fundamental differences from the literary language.

Conversational style presented both orally and in writing - notes, private letters.

The sphere of conversational style of speech is the sphere of everyday relations, professional (oral form).

General signs: informality, ease of communication; unpreparedness of speech, its automaticity; the predominant oral form of communication (usually dialogical), a monologue is possible.
Emotionality, gestures, facial expressions, the situation, the nature of the relationship between the interlocutors - all this affects the characteristics of speech, allows you to save the actual linguistic means, reduce the linguistic volume of the statement, and simplify its form.

The most characteristic linguistic means that create style features:

In vocabulary and phraseology	words that have a colloquial connotation, including everyday content; specific vocabulary; a lot of words and phraseological units with expressive-emotional overtones (familiar, endearing, disapproving, ironic). Limited: abstract, foreign language origin, terminological vocabulary; book words. However, the overwhelming majority of words are commonly used and neutral.
Synonymy	more often (situational).
Word formation features	conversational style are associated with its expressiveness and evaluativeness. Suffixes of subjective evaluation with the meaning of endearment, disapproval, magnification, etc. are widely used. (sweetie, sunshine, cold, mud); with a touch of colloquialism: -To- (overnight, candle), -yaga (hard worker, hard worker), -yatina (dead meat, vulgarity), -sha (doctor, usherette). Formation of adjectives of evaluative meaning ( big-eyed, skinny, hefty), verbs ( play pranks, talk, get healthy, lose weight). To enhance expression, word doubling is used ( big-big, big-eyed-big-eyed, black-black).
In morphology:	there is no predominance of the noun over the verb. Verbs are more common here. Personal pronouns and particles are used more often (than in the artistic style of speech) (including colloquial ones: well, there you go). Possessive adjectives are very common ( Petya's sister, Fedorov's wife). Participles are rare, gerunds are almost never found. Short adjectives are rarely used. Among the case formations, variants of the forms of the genitive and prepositional cases in -y (from home, on vacation, no sugar). Tendency: not to decline the first part of one’s own name (to Ivan Ivanovich), not to decline compound numerals (from two hundred and thirty-five), to decline abbreviations (in RAI). The tense meanings of the verb are varied (past and future in the meaning of the present). Verbal interjections (jump, hop, bang) are widely used.
Characteristic features of syntax	incomplete sentences, interrogative and imperative sentences.
Order of words in a sentence	free

Simple verbal predicates expressed by an infinitive ( she's crying again); interjection ( and he hits the ground); repetition of the predicate ( and don't do).

Impersonal sentences are widespread in colloquial speech. In oral speech, pauses, the emphasis of certain words in the voice, acceleration and deceleration of the rate of speech, strengthening and weakening of the strength of the voice become of great importance.

In oral colloquial speech there are many peculiar turns of phrase that are not characteristic of book speech.

For example: People are like people; And the boat floated and floated; The rain keeps pouring down; Run and buy some bread; Wow, smart girl! So I will listen to you! And he was also called a comrade! What a man! I found someone to be friends with! Good helper!

Conversational speech is also characterized by emotionally expressive assessments of a subjective nature, since the speaker acts as a private person and expresses his personal opinion and attitude. Very often this or that situation is assessed in a hyperbolic way: “Wow the price! Go crazy!”, “There’s a sea of ​​flowers in the garden!” , "I am thirsty! I’ll die!” It is typical to use words in a figurative meaning, for example: “Your head is a mess!”

The conversational style of speech is characterized by rich figurative and expressive capabilities of the language. Poets, writers, and publicists often turn to the means of verbal expression.

The word order in spoken language is different from that used in written language. Here the main information is specified at the beginning of the statement. The speaker begins his speech with the main, essential element of the message. To focus the attention of listeners on the main information, intonation emphasis is used. In general, word order in colloquial speech is highly variable.

So, the dominant of the colloquial style, especially colloquial speech that exists in the oral form of informal personal communication, is to minimize concerns about the form of expression of thoughts, hence phonetic vagueness, lexical imprecision, syntactic carelessness, widespread use of pronouns, etc.

Sample conversational style text

- What time is it already? Something is hunting. I'd like some seagull.
- Out of idleness, people have developed the habit of chattering, as Gogol said. I'll put the kettle on now.
- Well, you and I have worked a lot today, but do you know what idleness is?
- I guess.
- and what would you do then when idleness sets in?
- I can not even imagine. You have to study, it's idleness!

Stylistics

Stylistic features of conversational style of speech

A high culture of spoken and written speech, good knowledge and development of a flair for the native language, the ability to use its expressive means, its stylistic diversity is the best support, the surest help and the most reliable recommendation for every person in his social life and creative activity.

V.A. Vinogradov

Introduction

My work is devoted to the study of conversational style of speech.

The main goal is to identify the stylistic features of a given style of speech, to understand how colloquial differs from other styles. My task is to define the colloquial style of speech, divide it into types, determine the specifics and intra-style features of the colloquial style.

Language is a means of communication between people, a tool for the formation and expression of thoughts and feelings, a means of assimilation of new information, new knowledge. But in order to effectively influence the mind and feelings, the native speaker of a given language must be fluent in it, that is, have a speech culture.

M. Gorky wrote that language is the primary element, the main material of literature, i.e. that vocabulary, syntax, the entire structure of speech is the primary element, the key to understanding the ideas and images of a work. But language is also an instrument of literature: “The struggle for purity, for semantic precision, for the sharpness of language is a struggle for an instrument of culture. The sharper this weapon is, the more accurately it is aimed, the more victorious it is.”

Stylistics (the word “style” comes from the name of the needle or stiletto with which the ancient Greeks wrote on waxed tablets) is a branch of the science of language that studies the styles of literary language (functional styles of speech), the patterns of language functioning in different spheres of use, the peculiarities of the use of linguistic means depending on the situation, content and purpose of the statement, the sphere and condition of communication. Stylistics introduces the stylistic system of the literary language at all its levels and the stylistic organization of correct (in compliance with the norms of the literary language), accurate, logical and expressive speech. Stylistics teaches the conscious and purposeful use of the laws of language and the use of linguistic means in speech.

There are two directions in linguistic stylistics: stylistics of language and stylistics of speech (functional stylistics). Language stylistics examines the stylistic structure of language, describes the stylistic means of vocabulary, phraseology and grammar. Functional stylistics studies, first of all, different types of speech, their dependence on different purposes of utterance. M. N. Kozhina gives the following definition: “Functional stylistics is a linguistic science that studies the features and patterns of language functioning in various types of speech corresponding to certain spheres of human activity and communication, as well as the speech structure of the resulting functional styles and “norms” “selection and combination of linguistic means” 1. At its core, stylistics must be consistently functional. It should reveal the connection between different types of speech with the topic, the purpose of the statement, with the conditions of communication, the addressee of the speech, and the attitude of the author to the subject of speech. The most important category of stylistics is functional styles - varieties of literary speech (literary language) serving various aspects of public life. Styles are different ways of using language when communicating. Each style of speech is characterized by the originality of the selection of linguistic means and their unique combination with each other.

The classification of styles is based on extralinguistic factors: the scope of use of the language, the subject matter determined by it and the goals of communication. The areas of application of language correlate with types of human activity corresponding to forms of social consciousness (science, law, politics, art). Traditional and socially significant areas of activity are: scientific, business (administrative and legal), socio-political, artistic. Accordingly, they also distinguish between the styles of official speech (book): scientific, official business, journalistic, literary and artistic (artistic).

Functional style ¾ is a historically established and socially conscious variety of a literary language (its subsystem), functioning in a certain sphere of human activity and communication, created by the peculiarities of the use of linguistic means in this sphere and their specific organization.

Chapter 1. Conversational style of speech

Conversational style is a functional style of speech that serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

The usual form of implementation of the conversational style is dialogue; this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no preliminary selection of language material. In this style of speech, extra-linguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, and the environment.

The conversational style is characterized by emotionality, imagery, concreteness, and simplicity of speech. For example, in a bakery it doesn’t seem strange to say: “Please, with bran, one.”

The relaxed atmosphere of communication leads to greater freedom in the choice of emotional words and expressions: colloquial words are used more widely ( be silly, talkative, talkative, giggle, cackle), vernacular ( neigh, weakling, awsome, disheveled), slang ( parents - ancestors, iron, world).

In a conversational style of speech, especially at a fast pace, a smaller reduction of vowels is possible, up to their complete elimination and simplification of consonant groups. Word-formation features: suffixes of subjective evaluation are widely used. To enhance expressiveness, doubling words is used.

Oral speech is a form of speech activity, including the understanding of spoken speech and the implementation of speech utterances in sound form (speaking). Oral speech can be carried out through direct contact between the interlocutors or can be mediated by a technical means (telephone, etc.) if communication occurs at a considerable distance. Oral speech, in contrast to written speech, is characterized by:

• redundancy (presence of repetitions, clarifications, explanations);
• use of non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions),
• economy of speech utterances, ellipses (the speaker may not name, skip what is easy to guess).

Oral speech is always determined by the speech situation. There are:

• unprepared oral speech (conversation, interview, speech in a discussion) and prepared oral speech (lecture, report, speech, report);
• dialogical speech (direct exchange of statements between two or more persons) and monologue speech (a type of speech addressed to one or a group of listeners, sometimes to oneself).

· Literary conversational style

Literary language can be divided into two functional varieties - bookish and spoken.
Calling this division of the literary language “the most general and most indisputable,” D.N. Shmelev wrote about this: “At all stages of the development of a literary language, even when overcoming the alienation of the written language in one way or another, when the halo of simply literacy and proficiency in a special book language fades, speakers in general never lose the feeling of the difference between “how can be said" and "how to write".
The next level of division of the literary language is the division of each of its varieties - book and spoken languages ​​- into functional styles. The spoken variety of a literary language is an independent and self-sufficient system within the general system of a literary language, with its own set of units and rules for combining them with each other, used by native speakers of a literary language in conditions of direct, unprepared communication in informal relations between speakers.
A spoken literary language is not codified: it certainly has certain norms (thanks to which, for example, it is easy to distinguish the oral speech of a native speaker of a literary language from the oral speech of a native speaker of a dialect or vernacular), but these norms have developed historically and are not consciously regulated by anyone or enshrined in in the form of any rules and recommendations.
Thus, codification - non-codification is another, and very significant, feature that distinguishes bookish and colloquial varieties of a literary language. Conversational style is a special type of language that is used by a person in everyday, everyday communication.
The main difference between the conversational style and the book styles of the Russian language is the different manner of presenting information. So, in book styles, this manner is subject to the rules of language recorded in dictionaries. Conversational style is subject to its own norms, and what is not justified in book speech is quite appropriate in natural communication.

· Colloquial style

The colloquial style functions in the sphere of everyday communication. This style is implemented in the form of casual speech (monologue or dialogue) on everyday topics, as well as in the form of private, informal correspondence. Ease of communication is understood as the absence of an attitude towards a message of an official nature (lecture, speech, answer to an exam, etc.), informal relations between speakers and the absence of facts that violate the informality of communication, for example, strangers. Conversational speech functions only in the private sphere of communication, in everyday life, among friends, family, etc. In the field of mass communication, colloquial speech is not applicable. However, this does not mean that the colloquial style is limited to everyday topics. Conversational speech can also touch on other topics - a conversation with the family or a conversation between people in informal relationships: about art, science, politics, sports, etc.; conversation between friends at work related to the speaker’s profession, conversations in public institutions, such as clinics, schools, etc.
The colloquial and everyday style is contrasted with book styles, since they function in the same areas of social activity. Colloquial speech includes not only specific linguistic means, but also neutral ones, which are the basis of the literary language. Therefore, this style is associated with other styles that also use neutral language means.

The colloquial and everyday style is contrasted with book styles, since they function in certain areas of social activity. However, colloquial speech includes not only specific linguistic means, but also neutral ones, which are the basis of literary language. 3
Within a literary language, colloquial speech is contrasted with codified language. (The language is called codified because work is being done in relation to it to preserve its norms, its purity). But codified literary language and colloquial speech are two subsystems within the literary language. As a rule, every native speaker of a literary language speaks both of these varieties of speech. With
The main features of the everyday conversational style are the already mentioned relaxed and informal nature of communication, as well as the emotionally expressive coloring of speech. Therefore, in colloquial speech all the riches of intonation, facial expressions, and gestures are used. One of its most important features is its reliance on the extra-linguistic situation, i.e. the immediate context of speech in which communication takes place. For example: (Woman before leaving home) What should I wear? (about the coat) This is it, or what? Or that? (about the jacket) Won't I freeze? Listening to these statements and not knowing the specific situation, it is impossible to guess what they are talking about. Thus, in colloquial speech, the extra-linguistic situation becomes an integral part of the act of communication.

3 - Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook (edited by Prof. V. I. Maksimov. - M.: Gardariki, 2002. - 89 - 93 p.

Everyday conversational style of speech has its own lexical and grammatical features. A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is its lexical heterogeneity. Here you can find the most diverse thematic and stylistic groups of vocabulary: general book vocabulary, terms, foreign borrowings, words of high stylistic coloring, as well as facts of vernacular, dialects, jargons. This is explained, firstly, by the thematic diversity of colloquial speech, which is not limited to everyday topics and everyday remarks; secondly, the implementation of colloquial speech in two tones - serious and playful, and in the latter case it is possible to use a variety of elements.
Syntactic constructions also have their own characteristics. For colloquial speech, constructions with particles, with interjections, constructions of a phraseological nature are typical: “They tell you and tell you, but it’s all to no avail!”, “Where are you going? There’s dirt!” and so on.

· Vernacular

Colloquial words are characteristic of colloquial speech. They serve as characteristics of a phenomenon in the circle of everyday relationships; do not go beyond the norms of literary usage, but impart ease to speech. Vernacular speech is characteristic of non-literary urban colloquial speech, which contains many recent dialect words, words of colloquial origin, new formations that arise to characterize various everyday phenomena, and word-forming variants of neutral vocabulary. A colloquial word is used in literary language as a stylistic means to give speech a tone of humorous, dismissive, ironic, rude, etc. Often these words are expressive, expressive synonyms for words in neutral vocabulary. Vernacular speech is one of the forms of the national language, along with dialectal, slang speech and literary language: together with folk dialects and jargons, it constitutes the oral, non-codified sphere of national speech communication - the colloquial language; has a supra-dialectal character. Vernacular speech, in contrast to dialects and jargons, is speech that is generally understandable to native speakers of the national language.

This is a variety of the Russian national language, the speaker of which is the uneducated and poorly educated urban population. This is the most unique subsystem of the Russian language, which has no direct analogues in other national languages. Vernacular speech differs from territorial dialects in that it is not localized within a particular geographical framework, and from the literary language (including colloquial speech, which is its variety) in that it is not codified, but normative, and the mixed nature of the linguistic means used. In terms of its functional role and in relation to the literary language, vernacular is a unique speech sphere within each national language. Functionally opposed to the literary language, vernacular, like the literary language, is communicatively significant for all speakers of the national language. Being a universal category for national languages, vernacular in each of them has specific features and its own special relationship with the literary language. Units of all language levels are represented in common parlance; Against the background of the literary language, vernacular language is revealed in the areas of stress, pronunciation, morphology, vocabulary, phraseology, word usage (“lay down” instead of “put down”, “back” in the meaning of “again”). The originality of vernacular language is especially clearly manifested in the use of elements of literary language (cf. “they show on TV”), in the grammatical and phonetic design of words of the general vocabulary (“slippers”, “after”, “here” instead of “slipper”, “after”, "Here"). Common speech is characterized by expressively “reduced” evaluative words with a range of shades from familiarity to rudeness, for which there are neutral synonyms in the literary language (cf. the pairs “shudder” - “hit”, “sleep” - “sleep”, “drag” - “run away” "). In the Russian language, vernacular is a historically established speech system, the formation and development of which is closely connected with the formation of the Russian national language (the word “vernacular” itself was formed from the phrase “simple speech” used in the 16-17th centuries). When colloquial speech was formed and began to function within the framework of the Russian literary language, the boundaries of vernacular speech stabilized. Forms of correlation and interaction between the vernacular and the literary language have emerged, as a result of which a literary vernacular has emerged, serving as the border between the literary language and the colloquial language - a special stylistic layer of words, phraseological units, forms, figures of speech, united by the bright expressive coloring of “lowness”, rudeness, familiarity. The norm of their use is that they are allowed into the literary language with limited stylistic tasks: as a means of socially verbal characterization of characters, for a “reduced” expressive characterization of persons, objects, events. Literary vernacular includes only those speech elements that have become entrenched in the literary language as a result of their long-term use in literary texts, after a long selection, semantic and stylistic processing. Along with colloquial words, dialectisms and jargons that have lost their local and socially limited attachment are included in the literary vernacular. Words denoting realities for which there are no nominations in the literary language, for example “greenery,” should also be classified as literary vernacular. Labels in explanatory dictionaries are “simple.” and "region" mean that the corresponding word or phraseological unit refers to literary vernacular. The composition of literary vernacular is fluid and constantly updated; Many words and expressions have acquired the status of “colloquial” and even “bookish”, for example “everything will work out”, “study”, “bow”, “time off”, “whiner”, “comb”. Certain phenomena appear in catchphrases and literary quotes (“They want to show off their education,” “Every time in this place”). In general literary speech, the term “vernacular” is often used as a designation of a separate word or phrase of a “reduced” rough or roughly familiar coloring.

· Extra-linguistic factors that determine the specifics of conversational style of speech

Facial expressions(Greek: μιμιχοζ - imitator) - expressive movements of the facial muscles, which are one of the forms of manifestation of certain human feelings - joy, sadness, disappointment, satisfaction, etc. Also, animals during biocommunication, for example primates, often use facial expressions to express certain feelings. Facial expressions are one of the auxiliary ways of communication between people. Accompanying speech, it contributes to its expressiveness. For a long time, humanity has been familiar with physiognomy. The art of reading faces was especially developed in Japan and China during the Middle Ages. In these countries, huge treatises on physiognomy were written, schools were created where it was patiently and carefully studied. In schools where they studied physiognomy, the human face was studied literally millimeter by millimeter, giving significance to every bump, every redness or pallor of the skin. Based on the accumulated material, physiognomists tried to determine the character and interpret his fate. The first correct explanation of the connection between stable facial expression and repeated movements of the facial muscles was made by Leonardo da Vinci. For his research in the field of physiognomy, he chose old people, since their wrinkles and changes in facial features spoke of the suffering and feelings they had experienced. There are:

Rice. 1 Children's facial expressions are involuntary

voluntary (conscious) facial expressions as an element of acting art, which consists of conveying the character’s state of mind through expressive movements of the facial muscles. It helps the actor in creating a stage image, in determining the psychological characteristics, physical and mental state of the character.

Facial expressions, just like speech, can be used by a person to convey false information (that is, in order to show emotions that are not those that a person actually feels at one time or another). The face is the most important characteristic of a person’s physical appearance. “Thanks to cortical control, a person can control every single muscle in his face. Cortical control of external components of emotions has developed especially intensively in relation to facial expressions. This is determined, as P.K. Anokhin notes, by its adaptive features and role in human communication. Social imitation, as one of the conditions for the development of facial expressions, is possible precisely due to its voluntary regulation. In general, the socialization of facial expressions is carried out as the use of organic manifestations to influence a partner and as the transformation of emotional reactions adequate to the situation. Society can encourage the expression of some emotions and condemn others, and can create a “language” of facial expressions that enriches spontaneous expressive movements. In this regard, we are talking about universal or specific facial signs, conventional or spontaneous facial expressions. Usually facial expressions are analyzed:

• along the line of its voluntary and involuntary components;
• based on its physiological parameters (tone, strength, combination of muscle contractions, symmetry - asymmetry, dynamics, amplitude);
• in social and socio-psychological terms (intercultural types of expressions, expressions belonging to a particular culture, expressions accepted in a social group, individual style of expression);
• in phenomenological terms (“topography of the facial field”): fragmentary, differential and holistic analysis of facial expressions;
• in terms of those mental phenomena to which these facial signs correspond.

You can also analyze facial expressions based on those impressions-standards that are formed in the process of a person’s perception of facial pictures surrounding people. Actual standard images include features that not only characterize the model, but are sufficient for its identification.”

Gesture(from lat. gestus- body movement) - some action or movement of the human body or part of it, which has a certain meaning or meaning, that is, it is a sign or symbol. Sign language is rich in ways people express a wide variety of emotions and meanings, such as insult, hostility, friendliness, or approval towards others. Most people use gestures and body language in addition to words when speaking. Many gestures are used by people subconsciously.

Some ethnic groups are thought to use gestures more than others, and the culturally acceptable amount of gesturing varies from one place to another. For example, the same gesture in Germany or Scandinavian countries can be expressed with just a slight movement of the hand, while in Italy or Spain the same gesture can be expressed with a sweeping movement of the entire arm. Widely used gestures include actions such as pointing at something or someone (this is one of the few gestures whose meaning varies little between countries), and using the hands and body in sync with the rhythms of speech to emphasize certain words or phrases. Many seemingly similar gestures have different meanings in different countries. The same gesture may be harmless in one country and vulgar in another. In addition, even the same or similar gestures may differ slightly in different countries. For example, when a Russian counts something on his fingers, he usually bends his fingers inside his palm, while a typical American, on the contrary, straightens his fingers when counting. In the West, fingers spread out in the shape of the Latin letter V mean victory. But before World War II, fingers spread out in the shape of a Latin V, raised above the interlocutor, meant a call to silence. In Italy, this is an offensive reference to adultery. But for us it is a “goat”, that is, an expression of threat in a marginal environment. Gestures by nature and function can be divided into:

1) index fingers;

2) visual;

3) symbolic;

4) emotional;

5) rhythmic;

6) mechanical. Demonstrative gestures clarify the demonstrative pronouns that, that, that. Fine gestures are used when there are not enough words, when you want to “visually” demonstrate the shape of an object, its size, etc.

Symbolic gestures are conventional, they are associated with abstraction (for example, artists bowing to the audience after a performance). Emotional gestures serve as an expression of emotions and feelings. Rhythmic gestures reflect the rhythm of speech. These gestures emphasize slowing and accelerating speech, and also highlight logical stress.

Chapter 2 Intra-style features of colloquial speech

Speech, as a means of organizing communication between a small number of people nearby and well known to each other, has a number of distinctive features. This is colloquial speech, which is characterized by:

1) personalization of addressing, i.e. individual address of interlocutors to each other, taking into account mutual interests and possibilities for understanding the topic of the message; more careful attention to the organization of feedback with partners, since the addressee of colloquial speech is always present, has the same degree of reality as the speaker, actively influences the nature of verbal communication, the partner’s position is continuously reflected, rethought, reacted to, anticipated and evaluate;

2) spontaneity and ease: the conditions of direct communication do not allow planning the conversation in advance; the interlocutors interfere in each other’s speech, clarifying or changing the topic of the conversation; the speaker can interrupt himself, remembering something, returning to what has already been said;

3) the situational nature of speech behavior - direct contact between speakers, the fact that the objects in question are most often visible or known to their interlocutors, allows them to use facial expressions and gestures as a way to compensate for the inaccuracy of expressions that are inevitable in informal speech;

4) emotionality: situational nature, spontaneity and ease of speech in direct communication inevitably enhance its emotional coloring, bringing to the fore the emotional and individual perception by speakers of both the topic of conversation and the interlocutor, which is achieved with the help of words, the structural organization of sentences, intonations; the desire to be understood encourages interlocutors to privately express personal assessments, emotional preferences, and opinions.

5) Insufficiency arouses INTEREST in a person. At the moment when a person is interested, he actively thinks about this understatement, tries to choose its continuation himself, drawing for himself a huge number of options. In his head, many questions arise and many possible answers. In other words, a person who intrigues makes the other person think and question himself.

6) Incompleteness. The vocabulary of the Russian language is a single, complex system. In this case, a lexical system is an internally organized set of linguistic elements that are naturally interconnected by relatively stable relationships and constantly interact. This definition combines two interdependent aspects of the systematic nature of the vocabulary: the lexical system as a set of nominative means, and the lexical system as a form of organization and interaction of these elements. Therefore, the concept of incompleteness of statements must be considered from the point of view of both vocabulary and semantics, the syntax of the language structure. Lexical incompleteness of utterances manifests itself mainly in colloquial speech (in incomplete and elliptical sentences). And, according to the definition of Fomina M.I. “a stripped-down syntactic structure, justified by the semantic background that arose thanks to the integral lexical system of the dialogue.” In dialogue, as a rule, already named words are not repeated; preceding and subsequent remarks are closely interrelated, therefore, most often in colloquial speech, lexical incompleteness of statements is justified. But the underdevelopment of a person’s speech apparatus cannot be taken for lexical incompleteness of statements.. For this case, A.V. Prudnikova introduces a new concept - lexical inferiority of a statement, which implies distortion of the semantic, lexical, syntactic structure of a sentence.

The listed features define the most important functions of speech in interpersonal communication. These include emotive and conative. Emotive function is connected with the subjective world of the addresser (speaker), with the expression of his experiences, his attitude to what is being said, it reflects the speaker’s self-esteem, his need to be heard and understood. Conative function is associated with an orientation towards the addressee (listener), with the desire to influence him, to form a certain nature of relationships, it reflects a person’s need to achieve goals and influence other people; This function is manifested in the structural organization of conversation and the target orientation of speech.

As an illustration, we present a short excerpt from V. Shukshin’s story “Boots,” namely a scene of discussion in a men’s company about Sergei’s purchase of women’s boots.

«.. - Who is this for?

- To my wife.

Then everyone just fell silent.

- To whom ? - Rasp asked

- Klavke.

-Well, what?

The boot went from hand to hand; everyone also wrinkled the boot, clicked the sole...

- How many are they?

- Sixty five.

Everyone looked at Sergei in bewilderment. Sergei was slightly confused.

- Are you crazy?

Sergei took the boot from Rasp.

- Wow! - Rasp exclaimed. - Earring... gave! Why does she need these?

- Wear.

Sergei wanted to be calm and confident, but he was trembling inside...

- She ordered to buy these boots?

- What does this have to do with orders? I bought it and that's it.

- Where will she put them on? - Sergei was tortured cheerfully. - The mud is heavy, and he has boots for sixty-five rubles.

- These are winter ones!

- Where do they go in winter? ?

- Then it's on the city leg. Klavkina will never climb... What size is she? ? It's just on her nose.

- What kind of clothes does she wear? ?

- Fuck you!. - I got completely angry. Sergey. -What are you worried about?

- Laughed

- It’s a pity, Seryozha! You didn’t find them, sixty-five rubles.

- I earned money, I spent it wherever I wanted. Why talk in vain?

- She probably told you to buy rubber ones?

- Rubber... Sergei was angry with all his might...

- How these... sit, you whores, counting other people's money. - Sergei stood up. - Is there nothing more to do?

- Why are you climbing into the bottle? You did something stupid, they told you. And don't be so nervous...

- I'm not nervous. Why are you worried about me?! Wow, a survivor has been found! At least I could borrow it from him or something...

- I’m worried because I can’t calmly look at fools. I feel sorry for them.

- It's a pity - it's in the bee's ass. Sorry for him!

- We chatted a little more and went home...”

The above excerpt not only vividly reproduces the features and techniques inherent in colloquial speech (among them - a constant change of speaker-listener positions; personal interest and activity of the speakers; the use of incomplete sentences, short phrases, a large number of pronouns, everyday vocabulary, the absence of participles and gerunds and etc.), but the functions of speech in interpersonal communication are also superbly manifested: in the process of its unfolding, the conversation becomes increasingly emotional, which forces the interlocutors to clarify their own attitude to the subject of conversation, to check the stability of their own position and the positions occupied by others, thereby speech turns out to be a factor in the personal self-determination of participants in conversational communication.

Conclusion

So, we learned that the colloquial style, as one of the varieties of literary language, serves the sphere of relaxed communication between people in everyday life, in the family, as well as the sphere of informal relations in production, in institutions, etc. We also found out that the main form of implementation of the conversational style is oral speech, although it can also manifest itself in written form (informal friendly letters, notes on everyday topics, diary entries, remarks from characters in plays, in certain genres of fiction and journalistic literature). In such cases, the features of the oral form of speech are recorded.

The main extralinguistic features that determine the formation of a conversational style are: ease (which is possible only in informal relations between speakers and in the absence of an attitude towards a message of an official nature), understatement, emotionality, spontaneity and unpreparedness of communication. Both the sender of the speech and its recipient directly participate in the conversation, often changing roles; the relationships between them are established in the very act of speech. Such speech cannot be pre-thought out; the direct participation of the addresser and addressee determines its predominantly dialogical nature, although a monologue is also possible.

A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is emotionality, expressiveness, and evaluative reaction. A major role in spoken language is played by the environment of verbal communication, the situation, as well as non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions, the nature of the relationship between the interlocutors, etc.).
The extralinguistic features of the conversational style are associated with its most general linguistic features, such as standardity, stereotypical use of linguistic means, their incomplete structure at the syntactic, phonetic and morphological levels, intermittency and inconsistency of speech from a logical point of view, weakened syntactic connections between parts of the utterance or their lack of formality , sentence breaks with various kinds of insertions, repetitions of words and sentences, widespread use of linguistic means with a pronounced emotional-expressive coloring, activity of linguistic units with a specific meaning and passivity of units with an abstract-generalized meaning.

Literature

1) Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language / Russian Cultural Foundation. - M.: Az Ltd., 1992. - 960 p.
2) Radugin A.A. Russian language and culture of speech. M.: INFRA - M., 2004. - 250 p.
3) Russian language and speech culture: Textbook for universities / Ed. IN AND. Maksimova. - M.: Gardariki, 2002. - 411 p.
4) Modern Russian literary language. Textbook / Ed. Lekant P.A. M.: UNITY - DANA, 2004. - 250 p.

5) Russian language and speech culture: Textbook for universities / Ed. IN AND. Maksimova. – M.: Gardariki, 2002. P. 246

6) Culture of oral speech. Intonation, pausing, tempo, rhythm.: teaching pos-e/G. N. Ivanova - Ulyanova. - M.:FLINT: Science-1998.-150s-193s.

7) Kazartseva O. M. Culture of speech communication: Theory and practice of teaching: teaching post-e-2nd ed. - M.: Flint: Nauka-1999-496p.

8) Rhetoric. Reader for practical work. Muranov A. A. M.: Ross. teacher Agency, - 1997 - 158 p.

9) Russian language and speech culture: Textbook/edited by prof. V. I. Maksimova. - M.: Gardariki, 2002-490s.

10) L. A. Vvedenskaya, L. G. Pavlova, E. Yu. Kashaeva. Russian language and speech culture: Textbook. manual for universities. Posts N/A. From "PHOENIX" 2001-160s.

The definition of style is given in the works of: Vinogradov V.V. Results of the discussion of stylistic issues // VYa. 1955. No. 1. P. 73; Golovin B.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. M., 1988. P. 261; Sirotinina O.B. Stylistics as a science about the functioning of language // Basic concepts and categories of linguistic stylistics. Perm, 1982. P. 12; Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. M., 1983. P. 49; and etc.

Historically, functional or, as they also say, speech styles are divided into bookish (among them scientific, official business, journalistic and artistic) and colloquial.

Read more about book styles in previous articles on our website. Look at the analysis of style examples, and. And here we will analyze the conversational style in detail.

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So, the colloquial style of a text is a style that includes linguistic units (words, cliches, set expressions, phraseological units) characteristic of oral speech. This style is a style of relaxed communication, exchange of information in an informal setting. It is generally considered to be oral, but it is often used in written forms.

For example, in artistic speech, the dialogues of the characters are often framed in a conversational style, which helps to give the artistic reality of the work more authenticity.

Conversational style features:

1. A common form is dialogue, less often - monologue.
2. A loose selection of linguistic means and simplicity (and slang words, and professional terms, and dialectisms, and curses), imagery and emotionality.
3. Colloquial simplification of words (now - right now, what - what), sentences (one cup of coffee - one coffee). Phrases are often truncated and “tailored” to a specific situation in which clarification and details are not needed (closed the door, stood up and left); Doubling words is common (yes, yes, right, right).
4. Unclear adherence to logic and specificity of speech (if the interlocutors lose the thread of the conversation and move away from the initial topic).
5. The environment of verbal communication is important - facial expressions and gestures of the interlocutors, emotional reactions.
6. Frequent use of exclamation and interrogative sentences.

Moreover, written forms of conversational style (essays, sketches, notes, stories) are also distinguished by informality and “conversational” presentation of information.

Let's look at examples of analysis of conversational style texts.

Conversational style: case studies

Let us take for analysis an excerpt from K. Paustovsky’s essay.

Essay excerpt:

I am sure that in order to fully master the Russian language, in order not to lose the feeling of this language, you need not only constant communication with ordinary Russian people, but communication with pastures and forests, waters, old willows, with the whistling of birds and with every flower that nods his head from under a hazel bush. Every person must have their own happy time of discovery. I also had one such summer of discoveries in the wooded and meadow side of Central Russia - a summer full of thunderstorms and rainbows. This summer passed in the roar of pine forests, the cries of cranes, in the white masses of cumulus clouds, the play of the night sky, in the impenetrable odorous thickets of meadowsweet, in the warlike crows of cocks and the songs of girls among the evening meadows, when the sunset goldens the girls’ eyes and the first fog carefully smokes over the pools. . This summer I learned anew - by touch, taste, smell - many words that until then, although known to me, were distant and not experienced. Previously, they only evoked one regular, meager image. But now it turns out that every such word contains an abyss of living images.

As already mentioned, this text is written in the essay genre and belongs to the conversational style.

Let us note the signs of this style that are observed in the above passage.

1. Morphology:

• there is some preference for nouns over verb forms;
• participles and gerunds are often used;
• cardinal and ordinal numbers are used and collective numbers are almost completely absent;
• There is a characteristic selective attitude towards pronouns (relative and demonstrative are used primarily).

2. Logical presentation is achieved using the transition of connecting units from sentence to sentence. ( “For complete mastery you need communication - a time of discovery - a summer of discovery happened for me - this summer passed - this summer I learned a lot of words again - it turned out that in every such word there is an abyss of living images” and so on.)

1. This type of speech corresponds expanded complex syntacticdesigns (“This summer passed in the roar of pine forests, the cries of cranes, in the white masses of cumulus clouds, the play of the night sky, in the impenetrable odorous thickets of meadowsweet, in the warlike crows of cocks and the songs of girls among the evening meadows, when the sunset goldens the girls’ eyes and the first fog carefully smokes over whirlpools"), filled with descriptions and experiences, expressed in grammatical constructions - first-person narration, frequent use of the pronoun “I”, preference in the use of nouns and adjectives over verbs.

4. Theses of the verb structure are actively used: “I am sure that in order to fully master the Russian language, in order not to lose the feeling of this language, you need not only constant communication with ordinary Russian people”, “every person has his own happy time of discovery”, “every such word contains an abyss of living images". Theses of the nominative system are not marked in the proposed text.

5. Words and phrases related to both book and colloquial vocabulary: abyss, abundant, anew, gilds, girlish, impassable, screaming, whistling. There are no specific terms in the text.

6. Emotionally expressive means of language are used(primarily colloquial vocabulary), which adds emotionality, liveliness, imagery to the text, and conveys the author’s feelings.

7. Frequent means of artistic representation used in the text: personification ( “with every flower that nods its head from under the hazel bush, the play of the night sky”), metaphors ( "sunset turns golden"), adjectives ( "in the white masses of cumulus clouds"), repeat ( “I also had one such summer of discoveries in the wooded and meadow side of Central Russia - a summer full of thunderstorms and rainbows”), epithets ( "warlike rooster crowing").

8. The linguistic features of the text in connection with syntactic constructions are marked by the alternation of complex and simple sentences, when one complex sentence is replaced by two simple ones or vice versa.

Let's consider the second example of conversational style text analysis.

Excerpt from the article:

Borovoye was badly damaged during the war. A good half of the huts were burned. There are almost no livestock left. The gardens were cut down. And what gardens there were! Lovely to look at! The village was deserted. When our people arrived, maybe a sixth of the collective farmers remained in the village, or maybe less. Some left on their own - went to the east, some joined the partisans, and some were driven away by the Krauts to Germany. Oh, that was bad! True, in Borovoye the German was not yet as fierce as in the neighboring villages, but still... What can I say - he ruined the village. And now you won’t recognize Borovoy...

The text style is conversational. Signs of style in this passage:

1. Lax adherence to literary norms (applies to all language levels).
2. The use of commonly used vocabulary, against which special words are used that reflect the general mood of the text (The gardens were cut down. And what gardens there were).
3. Morphology is characterized by:

• some preference for nouns over verbs and verb forms (Borovoye was badly damaged during the war. A good half of the huts were burned);
• selective attitude towards pronouns (use of relative, demonstrative: such, as, after all, ours);

1. Logical presentation is achieved through the transition of connecting units from sentence to sentence (crippled - burned - there was none left - they were cut down - (which ones there were - it’s nice to see) - depopulated - a sixth of them remained - who left - oh, it was bad - though he wasn’t so fierce yet - he ruined the village - you can’t recognize it now).
2. Expanded complex syntactic structures (As our people arrived, maybe a sixth of the collective farmers remained in the village, or maybe less. Some left on their own - went to the east, some joined the partisans), filled with descriptions and experiences, which is reflected in grammatical constructions - first-person narration, preference in the use of nouns and adjectives over verbs.
3. Words and phrases related to both book and colloquial vocabulary (knocked out, Krauts, he was angry, it was bad). There are no specific terms in the text. The choice in favor of emotionally expressive expressions and figurative means of language adds emotionality, liveliness, imagery, and well conveys the author’s feelings.
4. Frequent use of tropes: metaphors (Borovoye was badly maimed) , metonymy and synecdoche (The German has not yet treated Borovoy so fiercely, ruined the village), hyperbolas (village deserted), dysphemisms (Krauts, ruined by the Germans).
5. The linguistic features of the text in the syntax are marked by the alternation of complex and simple sentences, when one complex sentence is replaced by two simple ones or vice versa (The village became deserted. When our people arrived, maybe a sixth of the collective farmers remained in the village, or maybe less. Some left on their own - went to the east, some joined the partisans. Oh, it was bad!).

Thus, the conversational style in terms of the use of linguistic units and semantic content is sharply different (and in many ways contrasted) with book styles.