The Myers Briggs Personality Typology (MBTI), based on Jung's typology, originated in the 1940s and has since gained universal acceptance. On its basis, the Myers Briggs Identifier was created, which is widely used in business, for recruiting and working with personnel. The Myers-Briggs ID is also used for career guidance. For example, in the USA, up to 70% of high school graduates undergo personality type determination using the Myers Briggs test for the purpose of choosing a future profession. Since the 1960s of the 20th century, companies around the world began to use the Myers-Briggs identifier to work with personnel. The Myers-Briggs typology examines 16 personality types.
Another popular typing system, which was developed in the early 70s (founders Oscar Ichazo and Claudio Naranjo) and also widely recognized, including in business, is called the Enneagram. The Enneagram is a model of subconscious motivation that describes 9 basic human motivations, 9 “pictures of the world,” strategies around which subconscious level people organize their lives.
Today the Enneagram is studied in the USA and Europe in business schools and other educational institutions. It is also widely used in practice: by companies for recruiting personnel and for working with highly paid employees, it is used in psychological and psychotherapeutic practice, in schools, in government and public organizations, law enforcement agencies, etc. For example, the Enneagram is actively used in companies such as Boeing Corporation, The DuPont Company, General Motors, Alitalia Airlines, KLM Airlines, Kodak, Hewlett Packard, Toyota, Procter & Gamble, Reebok, Motorola, Sony, American Press Institute, Coca Cola, Avon Products and many other.
At the same time, the question often arises: if the Myers Briggs typology works and is actively used in the company, then why use the Enneagram as well? Both models have a lot in common, and to some extent people interested in the Enneagram have studied the Myers Briggs typology. Although, in many aspects the models are quite different (different definitions, methods, presumptions are used), although they are perfectly combined with each other in their practical application.
The fact is that each of the models considers a different part of what Jung called the psyche. Myers Briggs analyzes mainly the conscious part of the psyche, and the Enneagram focuses on its subconscious part, on what motivates us from the depths of our psyche, on our deepest needs and fears, on what we are usually (or often) not aware of. Accordingly, Myers Briggs focuses on behavior, while the Enneagram focuses on motivation. If, with the help of the Myers Briggs typology, one can say exactly which areas of one’s behavior a person needs to develop first of all, then the Enneagram can tell how to do this, how to understand and eliminate that internal contradiction, which prevents us from changing our usual behavior.
The fact that the original source of the Myers Briggs typology is more accepted (Carl Jung), and the original source of the Enneagram model is somewhat blurred, may lead to the fact that the model Myer Briggs will be more readily used. In addition, the Myers Briggs typology has a number of well-developed practical tools and its study is approved by the American Psychological Association as part of the continuing education of psychologists. However, many people believe that the 16-type system is somewhat complex and does not provide a clear, effective and lasting path to development. In addition, this is a fairly old instrument and people know what to expect from it and do not expect much (been there, seen it, know it). Enneagram types are easier to remember, and despite the relative “youth” of the model, personality development (leader, manager, etc.) and personal growth is integral part models. In this regard, it is not entirely correct to call the Enneagram a typology. The Enneagram also gives a certain new direction to work with personnel, with the selection and placement of personnel, and work on the development of leadership and emotional competencies. The Enneagram is the only personality type model that not only describes the types and their manifestations, but also the behavior of people both "at their best" and describes their "normal" behavior, as well as the behavior of people under stress when they cannot get out of the grip of protective mechanisms and personality structures, and also explains the underlying reasons for such behavior and shows the path of development. It is this vertical component of the Enneagram types that allows us to see the most effective path personal growth for each type, realize and eliminate internal subconscious contradictions that prevent people from developing.
It can be said that these two models should and do complement each other. The combination of models leads to greater and better efficiency in working on oneself or when making decisions about hiring, placement or development of company personnel. Different Myers Briggs preferences explain why people of the same Enneagram type are different from each other, or the same Myers Briggs preferences explain why people of different Enneagram types can be so similar to each other (but have different underlying motivations!) . The combination of the two models can give a more accurate and reliable result and will lead to a more optimal and effective approach to working on yourself or working with company personnel (selection, placement, development).
Before giving some examples of how much more accurate results can be achieved by applying not only the Myers Briggs Identifier to people, but also the Enneagram, it is worth giving a short description of the types that are distinguished in the Myers Briggs typology and in the Enneagram.
Myers Briggs typology is based on the fact that in life people from birth give preference to four of the eight fundamental personality traits. These eight properties are grouped into four groups, each of which contains two quite opposite properties.
These groups are:
- Extraversion (a person takes energy from the outside world - people, events, communication) or Introversion(a person recovers by turning to his inner world) (designated as E (extraversion) or I (introversion))
- Sensitivity (a person receives information using the five senses, paying attention to the real) or Intuition(information is collected using the so-called “sixth sense”, paying attention to opportunities) (S or N)
- Thinking (a person makes decisions with his head, based on logic and objective facts) or Feelings(a person who makes decisions with his heart, based on personal beliefs and subjective values) (T or F)
- Judgment (a person prefers an orderly and planned lifestyle) or Perception(person prefers to behave spontaneously and flexibly) (J or P)
Taking into account the fact that a person chooses one of two preferences in each of the above four groups, there are 16 combinations, each of which is a Myers Briggs Identifier type. For example, a person who prefers Extraversion (E), Intuition (N), Thinking (T) and Judging (J) would be labeled as ENTJ by Myers Briggs typology and so on.
Enneagram describes 9 personality types:
Reformer
Rational, organized type. Principled, goal-oriented and perfectionistic. They have an extremely developed sense of right and wrong. It is important for this type of person to maintain quality and high standards. They focus on detail and strive to improve existing procedures. They are great at teaching others how to improve themselves and be more effective. They are motivated by the desire to be perfect, they want to live a good life, improve themselves and others, and control their anger.
Representatives of Type 1 according to the Myers Briggs typology can be ISTJ, ISTJ , ISFJ, ENFJ, ENTJ, ISFJ, INFJ, INTJ, ESTJ, ESTP, ENTP (the most common ones are highlighted).
Assistant
Caring, interpersonal type. They are sincere and have a good heart. This type is friendly, generous and self-sacrificing, but can also be sentimental and subservient. They are well-intentioned and created to be close to people. However, they can “do kindness” only for the purpose of feeling their need. They appreciate the talents of other people and can build relationships with others very well. Motivated by a desire for connection, they want to be loved and appreciated and express their positive feelings to others.
Representatives of Type 2 according to the Myers Briggs typology can be ESFJ, ENFJ, ESFP, ENFP, ISFP, ISTP, ISFJ
Achiever
An adaptable, success-oriented type. They are self-confident, attractive and charming, self-sufficient, and are the “model” of an outstanding person. Ambitious, competent and energetic, they may also care solely about status and promoting themselves. They are usually workaholics and concerned about their competitiveness. Tend to cut corners to remain the best. Motivated by the desire to be outstanding, they want to be productive, achieve success and avoid failure.
Representatives of Type 3 according to the Myers Briggs typology can be ESTP, ENTP, ENTJ, ESTJ, ESFJ, ENFJ, ISFJ, ENTJ
- Individualist
Introspective, romantic type. They are self-aware, sensitive and reserved. They know how to find beauty in places where we wouldn't normally expect to find it. They are able to provide personalized service and create a product known for its sophistication and style. But they can be uncompromising when it comes to using a particular word or design. Motivated by the desire to be unique, they want to understand their feelings, find meaning in their lives and avoid the ordinary.
Representatives of Type 4 according to the Myers Briggs typology can be INFJ, INFP, ENFJ, ISFP, ENFP, ESFP
Thinker
Deep, intellectual type. Such people are attentive, insightful and curious. They are able to concentrate and focus on developing complex ideas and skills. Independent, analytical, rationalizers and inventors, they can also get caught up in their thoughts and imaginary constructs, not paying attention to deadlines and relationships. They may become isolated, nervous and tense. Motivated by a desire to be detached, want to know what interests them, to be self-sufficient and left alone, and avoid situations where they don't know the answer or where they look stupid.
Representatives of Type 5 according to the Myers Briggs typology can be INTP ISTP INTJ, ISTJ, INFJ
- Loyalist
Loyal, safety-oriented type. You can usually rely on such people. They are charming, work hard, have a strong sense of responsibility and can be trusted. They have an amazing “sniff” for problems and can predict them, and are also able to determine the motivation of other people, and therefore appear when it is necessary to ensure effective cooperation, instruct and guide employees and colleagues. Motivated by the desire to be safe, they want to feel that they will not be left in trouble, and to challenge their fears.
Representatives of Type 6 according to the Myers Briggs typology can be ISFJ, ESFJ, ENTJ , INTJ, INFP, ENFP, ISTJ INTP
Enthusiast
Busy, productive type. People of this type are generally extroverted, optimistic, versatile and spontaneous personalities. Constant change, excitement and novelty are important to them. Due to the fact that they often express their thoughts very well and have a good sense of humor, they are able to “ignite” people with their ideas. They know the latest trends in the world and are constantly looking for new opportunities and alternatives. They are able to easily cope with several tasks at the same time, but at the same time they can easily overload themselves and abandon projects halfway. Motivated by the desire to be excited, want to be happy and plan a good time, and avoid feelings of deprivation and pain.
Representatives of Type 7 according to the Myers Briggs typology can be ESTP, ESFP, ENTP ENFP, ISTP, ENFJ
Confrontator
Powerful, decisive type. People of this type are confident, strong and assertive. They have a very clear idea of what they want to achieve and the will to achieve it. They are able to accept complex solutions and consider serious difficulties simply as another life challenge, as an obstacle that must be overcome. They believe that they must rely on themselves, prove strength, confront weakness, be important in their world, do something big and great. They are motivated by the desire to be strong, want to rely on themselves, do something big and avoid weakness.
Representatives of Type 8 according to the Myers Briggs typology can be ENTJ, ESTJ ENTP ESTP, ESFP, ENFP, ISTJ
Peacemaker
A modest type with a light character. People of this type are stable, accept the situation as it is, and trust people. They have the gift of seeing things from different sides, understanding various points vision. They are able to create harmony among people working together by paying attention to positive aspects situations, thereby smoothing out problems and conflicts. They support and help their colleagues, happily allowing others to lead. But at the same time, they tend to unnecessarily give in and “turn a blind eye” to their own achievements, which leads to the fact that they are angry inside themselves, without showing it to anyone and not always realizing it themselves. They are motivated by the desire to be peaceful, want to maintain peace and avoid conflict.
Representatives of Type 9 according to the Myers Briggs typology can be ISFP , INFP, ISFJ, ESTP, ISTP
Now let's move on to an example, how the Enneagram can, for example, complement and improve the development plan of a particular employee or leader. For example, an employee tested using the Myers Briggs typology as an ENTJ. According to statistics, this Myers Briggs type is very often Threes (Enneagram Type 3) or Sixes (Enneagram Type 6). In a company where they do not know about the Enneagram, but know Myers Briggs and use it as a system for selecting, placing, training and developing personnel, such people will be treated the same way. However, when looking at underlying motivation, the approach to Type 3 and Type 6 (even if they are the same Myers Briggs type) must be completely different in many respects.
The Enneagram Personality Type is understood as a combination of psychological attitudes and behaviors that result from the type’s preferred strategy. Since the preferred strategy of Threes is to strive to be outstanding, they therefore exhibit traits such as self-confidence and goal orientation, they want to be successful, fulfilled, valuable, effective, etc. They work hard to exceed standards and be successful in everything they do. Threes believe that they should always achieve their goal and achieve more than the average person.
Sixes, whose preferred strategy is to be safe, often presupposes a desire to be “in the middle”, not to stand out. Threes often neglect this strategy because it somewhat contradicts the Threes' desire to be outstanding. If you are “safe” by finding acceptance in a group, and in particular have secured yourself by finding an average job, having an average house, etc., as Sixes often do, then it is difficult for you to stand out. Therefore, Threes are uncomfortable with this strategy and they distort this strategy and view it as mediocrity. They believe that if they are too safe, they will happy with that that is, they will become lazy and mediocre and lose their drive to be outstanding.
Based on this short description, one can already assume how different the underlying motivations may be for these two people belonging to the same Myers Briggs type, and how differently it is necessary to interact with them.
The main emotional competencies that Threes need to develop first are the competencies of cooperation (the ability to work with others on common task), reliability (the basis for building relationships, and means that you can be counted on to fulfill your obligations) and empathy (awareness of and involvement in the feelings, ideas and needs of other people). Threes are often not team players, which is dictated by their preferred strategy. Typically strong emotional competencies for Threes are the competencies of self-confidence, adaptability, and leadership.
Sixes, on the contrary, usually do well with the competence of cooperation (they are very often team players), but many Sixes need to work on the competence of self-confidence and adaptability. Another competency that many Sixes should pay priority attention to is the competency of optimism. All three competencies are interconnected. Sixes' ability to guess and expect positive development situation (optimism) develops when they develop flexibility in dealing with change (adaptability). Self-confidence helps adaptability competence because Sixes become more successful at managing their reactions and become more confident in themselves to take quick and decisive action to change a situation.
The above example demonstrates why using the Enneagram can be useful for companies already using a tool like the Myers Briggs Identifier with their employees. The combination of these two tools can bring enormous benefits to businesses and the people who work there.
The article discusses the development of Jung's typology. The American and domestic branches of the development of his ideas are compared. The overlaps and divergences between socionics and MBTI are discussed.
Key words: Jung, socionics, MBTI, Myers-Briggs typology, tests, theory, distribution.
As you know, the analogue of socionics in the USA is the Myers-Briggs typology, which is often briefly called MBTI after the name of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) questionnaire - Today it is an officially recognized test and scientific direction in psychology. More than 3 million typings are carried out per year in the USA alone; 86 of the 100 largest companies form teams taking this typology into account.
Developing independently and, accordingly, having differences in terminology and models, socionics and MBTI still represent one scientific direction and coincide in the main thing: types and their descriptions. At the same time, many of the obstacles that socionics faces today are already a passed stage in the development and recognition of MBTI.
Socionics and MBTI, being in unrelated, parallel development, repeat the history of many exact and natural sciences, for a long time developing on opposite sides of the Iron Curtain or oceans. Examples of such development can be aircraft rocket science, cybernetics, genetics and many other sciences. Today we see that MBTI is more focused on practical application, while socionics is more focused on deep study of the theoretical part, as well as on the development of additional models.
What is socionics?
T.N. Prokofiev describes the basis of socionic theory as follows:
“The socionics approach is based on the idea of K.G. Jung about the presence of mental functions, each of which does its own job. K.G. Jung identified four mental functions: thinking, feeling, intuition, sensation, which can be considered as channels for perceiving, processing and transmitting information of varying quality. By analogy with the natural metabolism of cells, the flow of information coming to a person is split by the psyche into separate components. But not just any one, but a specific channel corresponding only to it is responsible for receiving and processing each of these components.”
In this regard, A. Augustinavichiute writes:
“The discovery of C. G. Jung is the discovery of a mechanism for selecting signals perceived by the psyche. This mechanism can be called the information metabolism (IM) code or the rules of the language through which information is transmitted.” Therefore, the second name of Socionics is “the theory of types of information metabolism.”
In socionics, Jung's mental functions are renamed by A. Augustinavichiute, and thinking, feeling, intuition and sensations are called logic, ethics, intuition and sensory, respectively.
“By presenting, following Jung, each of the four functions in an extroverted and introverted setting, Aushra received eight mental functions, which correspond to eight aspects of information flow. The combination of computer science and psychology made it possible for Aušra Augustinavičiūta to build models of the structure of psychological types. Model A is built in accordance with the position of S. Freud's psychoanalysis on the structure of the psyche, including consciousness and the unconscious: ego - superego - id. The structure is depicted as two rings of functions. The mental ring reflects primarily the social in a person, the vital ring reflects the biological. The socionic model serves for reliable diagnosis of psychological types, as well as for determining the relationships between personality types» .
What is MBTI?
In 1921 K.G. Jung published a book called Psychological Types, the academic language of which was difficult for the layman to understand, and, accordingly, few could apply his ideas in practice. However, during the Second World War, two American women, Isabel Briggs Myers and her mother, Katherine Briggs, developed an accessible way to use Jung's ideas in Everyday life. Their goal was to give people the ability to easily determine their type without diving deeply into Jung's academic theory.
The Myers-Briggs Indicator has been the subject of widespread scientific analysis and study, sufficient evidence has been collected for the validity and reliability of the test (Carlson, 1985; Furnham & Stringfield, 1993). The Myer-Briggs Indicator Form G is based on Jung's teachings about personality types. Typing is carried out in a self-diagnosis format using a test printed on paper. It consists of 94 questions with a choice of one of 2 answer options. Based on these answers, preferences are determined according to the four dichotomies described in Jung’s theory: extraversion/introversion (Extraversion–Introversion), sensory/intuition (Sensation–Intuition), logic/ethics (Thinking–Feeling), rationality/irrationality (Judging–Perceiving). By the way, it should be noted that Russian word“irrationality” has a negative connotation, corresponding to the Russian “unreasonable”. “Form G” is a marking of the evolutionary development of the questionnaire, which went through several stages of clarifying questions based on the results of a scientific analysis of the methodology and results of this test. Thus, MBTI theory currently defines dichotomies, types (16), and several small groups have been described.
The MBTI is the most popular test in the United States and, according to written sources, in the world. It is mainly used in business and education to work more effectively with students and employees in corporations. The test results are used primarily for career guidance, as well as to determine your leadership style and to form effective teams. Those. Most often, the test is financed not by the person being typed, but by an interested organization. There are special practices and exercises aimed at teaching employees to use their strengths for more effective solution tasks and to better understand the actions and thinking of other team members.
The questionnaire is also informally used during hiring, although the MBTI organization itself is categorically against this and regards it as discrimination. In the USA, the resume does not indicate gender, age, nationality or skin color, because... If denied, the company may be sued for denial on grounds of discrimination, even if the person provided the information themselves. That is, for ethical reasons, the MBTI is considered a tool for improving the inclusion of people in the work process, and not for filtering.
It is important to note that MBTI is not a science, it is a product. It was created to make Jung's type theory accessible to people, and the result is a branded, proprietary test. The test has been developed for decades, tested and verified. But nevertheless, the test itself is a derivative of psychology, including Jungian psychology, which is developing and includes interpretations and analysis of the MBTI test.
The main development in the popularity of MBTI is thought to have occurred in the 1970s, with 1.5 million typings recorded in 1986 and 3.5 million typings in 2011. This means personal paid typing followed by work with a licensed specialist.
Anyone can obtain the right to use the test by completing a four-day training and briefly learning how to interpret its results. Mostly the target audience– These are personal growth coaches, corporate trainers and psychologists. Psychology in the USA is a licensed profession. Therefore, according to the law, in order to work with clients, you must constantly gain qualification points for professional education and pass exams every 5-10 years. The MBTI is part of a scoring system in psychology.
Similarities and differences
Over the past decades, many attempts have been made to link these two systems. We would like to present the resulting conclusions from an article by Lithuanian researcher Lilita Zelita from 2014 in the journal “The humanities and social studies”.
Lilita Zelita has studied more than a hundred works of socionic researchers and more than sixty works of MBTI specialists. General conclusion sounds like this: “Socionics and MBTI have something in common theoretical basis(Theory of psychological types by C. G. Jung), general description main dichotomies, partially divergent functional models and overall final results (16 types and their characteristics). Both theories do not contradict each other, but are mutually complementary, and thus can be used to better understand oneself and others in everyday situations, in the family, in education, in work.".
That's what it means. All basic dichotomies coincide, several small groups are known in MBTI, the general description of the types coincides with the socionic one.
At the same time, the MBTI also has functional models of each type.
Rice. 1 Type functions in MBTI
For half of the types (extroverts), the models completely coincide with the socionic ones. And the models of introverted types differ from socionic ones (Fig. 1). So, for example, for the ISFP type, which stands for introvert/sensory/feeling/receptive or in socionic terms introvert/sensory/ethical/irrational, i.e. SEI (ISFP, “Dumas”) theoretical model of the order and scope of functions is as follows - the first, dominant function is introverted ethics, and the second, complementary one is extroverted sensing. According to the socionic model, this would correspond to the ESI type (ISFJ, “Dreiser”)..
The functions in the MBTI model are defined as follows.
It is important to note that the type in MBTI is determined through the dichotomies of Jung’s basis based on the results of filling out the questionnaire, and the models do not form the basis for further theoretical constructions and practical application.
Lilita Zelita explains the differences in the theoretical layout and descriptions in MBTI and socionics by differences in the types of their founders and key representatives. The language used in type theory is understandable to ordinary people, since its founders - Katherine Briggs, Isabel Briggs Myers and others, were from the humanities club, and their leading functions were ethics and intuition. Socionics was founded by A. Augustinavichiute, and most of its key representatives, including V. Gulenko, G. Reinin, A. Bukalov, T. Prokofieva - from the club of researchers with the leading functions of logic and intuition.
It is important to note that MBTI is considered as self-identification, self-report: a person shows who he wants to be, what interests him. This is done on the basis of independently completing a test of 96 questions within 20 minutes. Additionally, information is provided on the percentage advantage dominant trait. In this way, a person can see which functions are more pronounced, and where the excess or deficiency is insignificant. Often a recommendation is given to look at information about a related type. The test results are then verified by a specialist.
Socionics focuses on assessing the type from the outside, which is more objective, but technically much more difficult. For correct self-diagnosis, a person must not only have a very deep knowledge of socionic theory, Model A, the characteristics of various types and be free from social stereotypes and approved models of behavior, but also understand and know himself well, accept himself as he is. Such requirements make self-diagnosis very difficult and biased. This issue is discussed in more detail in the article by T.N. Prokofieva and V.G. Prokofiev “Puzzle technology. Quality standards for socionic diagnostics".
This fact - self-diagnosis - explains the difference in assessing the uniformity of the distribution of types among people according to MBTI and socionics. In socionics, as far as we know, it is believed that the distribution is approximately uniform, but in MBTI there are statistics according to which the distribution is uneven. The extreme representatives are the ISFJ ethical-sensory introvert types - 13.8% of the population, and ENFJ ethical-intuitive extrovert - 1.5%
A number of articles discussing the complexities of MBTI typing emphasize that the main problem is an overly simplified description of types. After all, extroverts are not necessarily noisy and introverts are quiet, but the point is how a person perceives and processes information. Here you can see a direct connection with the concept of “information metabolism” and the coincidence in this issue between MBTI and socionics. And in order to avoid superficial interpretation, it is recommended that the diagnostician personally explain the results of the MBTI test.
In 2008, personality researchers (Linda V. Behrens and Dario Nardi) added four additional functions in the MBTI model, the so-called “shadow” functions that a person in good condition does not manifest itself, but which can occur when a person is under stress. Shadow processes " work more at the edges of our awareness... We usually experience these processes in a negative way, but when we are open to them they can be quite positive“- write scientists in the manual for working with the MBTI test “Understanding Yourself and Others: An Introduction to the Personality Type Code”. Thus, in the latest MBTI model there are 8 functions, of which 4 are in the conscious block and 4 in the shadow block. Here is a table with a translation into Russian based on materials from the site http://www.cognitiveprocesses.com/16types/16types.cfm.
Accordingly, extroverted functions of the type in MBTI are reflected by introverted ones in the shadow block, and vice versa. Thus, in the latest theoretical model of MBTI researchers, the presence of 8 functions, 4 main and 4 shadow, is deduced, which theoretically corresponds to the mental and vital rings in the socionic model A. At the same time, “shadow” functions “are activated at the borders of awareness” and more often demonstrate themselves with the negative side, which coincides with the characteristics of the subconscious according to Freud and Jung, but does not quite correspond to their location in model A, because the reaction to the vital functions of model A is not always negative.
It should be noted that the interpretation of the “main” functions of the MBTI is generally similar to the socionic one, but not in all respects.
The first one is basic. Develops first in childhood and requires minimal amount energy to use, the strongest and most confident, can sometimes cause inconvenience to others with its “dominance”
The second is auxiliary, the second is developing. With it we support both ourselves and those around us. In a positive manifestation - a caring parent, in a negative one - too caring, critical, inhibiting.
The third is additional to the auxiliary(although interpreted as a function of children's joy). Source of energy. At the age of 20-30, we are attracted to activity in this function. Often creativity occurs through the third function, but in its negative manifestation a person is too infantile.
The fourth is painful. This function can develop already in adulthood, giving balance to life. Before this, fears, negative projections on others and “shoulds” are associated with it.
The interpretation of the role of each of the identified “shadow” functions in MBTI still differs from the interpretation of the socionic model, while reflecting the corresponding main functions.
Fifth the function is characterized as crybaby.
Sixth – critical parent, stopping and demoralizing others.
Seventh - a deceptive distraction, according to it, what is not important seems important to us.
Eighth – demonic, destructive a function whose actions are usually regretted later.
Comment by T.N. Prokofieva:
"Let us analyze the correspondence of models using the example of TIM ILE (ENTP, Don Quixote) to see the similarities and differences.
What can we say? In some places the characteristics are similar, in others they are not at all. Especially in terms of the functions of the ID block, the MBTI interpretation is not similar to the socionic one. And with awareness and unconsciousness, not everything is clear.
Of course, I would like to read more detailed descriptions of what “basic” means in MBTI, for example.
Is it the same as in socionics? What about “auxiliary”? This was the case with Jung, but a lot of time has passed since then. How do Western colleagues understand all this now?
Well, what about introverted models? Let's look at the example of SEI (ISFP, “Dumas”).
If certain similarities were observed with the extroverted model, then judge for yourself with the introverted model. So far the result is puzzling. Does anyone use this model? Does it have detailed interpretation and practical application?
And the most important thing I want to say is: a model is just a model. It is designed to model some processes for easier study and description. It is far from a fact that this model is conceived and interpreted as a model of information metabolism in the socionic sense. Perhaps it serves to model completely different processes.
There is no way to say that there are different types in the MBTI just because the functions have been assigned a different number. We know the main thing: types are determined using a questionnaire based on basic dichotomies and applied on the same grounds. Models are not involved in diagnostics, nor in type descriptions. What exactly do they describe and whether they are used for something or whether they remain simply written on paper - I would like to understand"
conclusions
The MBTI test does not fundamentally contradict socionic theory in terms of Jung’s basis. This is not surprising, because both theories have the same basis. Moreover, the latest theoretical research MBTI brings it even closer to socionic theory. At the same time, the MBTI test is supported by a significant number of international studies confirming both its scientific significance and reliable support for the idea of four dichotomies and 16 types.
The key difference between MBTI and socionics is the point of view of the person being typed. In one case, this is self-typing, which, in fact, results in information not so much about who a person is, but about who he sees himself. In socionics, the methodology is aimed at independent typing of a person the way he interacts with real world. The difference between the results of self-typing and typing can be very significant, because in fact, these are answers to completely different questions.
When needed: to identify the employee’s personal preferences and style of working in a team.
Myers–Briggs Typology Test
Instructions
Purpose of the indicator. This set of questions is designed to determine your personality type. What is important here is not the questions themselves, but the answers that indicate certain likes and dislikes.
Such preferences are important because they create many useful and valuable human differences - in interests and skills, in satisfaction with and success in a particular type of work.
Understanding these differences and how significant they can be helps you live, work, and interact effectively with people.
How to use the indicator. Read one question and all the answer options at once, then quickly choose your answer without hesitation. Your first reaction will most likely be the natural way of thinking, feeling or acting that you need to find. Don't try to be consistent. If you find a question for which both answers are equally correct for you, and you cannot choose, then do not mark any of them or mark any one. Skip this question and move on.
How to mark answers. Find on the answer sheet the number of the question you are answering and the letter of the selected answer, then circle that letter.
Example question:
167. Would you rather watch a movie?
(a) at home on TV, or
(b) at the cinema?
Sample answer:
If you would rather watch a film at home on TV, then circle the letter a, but if in a cinema, circle b.
If you make a mistake and circle the wrong letter, cross it and circle the correct answer.
Test
1. Does following a schedule (a) attract you, or (b) constrain and limit you?
2. Do you usually get along better with (a) imaginative people or (b) pragmatic people?
3. If strangers stare at you in a crowd, are you (a) usually aware of it, or (b) rarely notice it?
4. Are you more careful about (a) people's feelings, or (b) their rights?
5. Do you tend to (a) enjoy making decisions, or (b) rejoice in the fact that there are circumstances that make decisions for you?
6. When you are in a group, are you more likely to (a) join in the general conversation, or (b) talk individually with people you know well?
7. When you know or are more skilled in some area than the people around you, do you prefer to (a) protect your superior knowledge, or (b) share it with those who want to learn?
8. When you have done everything you can to correct an unpleasant situation, are you (a) able to stop worrying about it, or (b) does it continue to haunt you to a greater or lesser extent?
9. If you are asked on a Saturday morning what you are going to do that day, will you (a) be able to answer quite clearly, or (b) list twice as many things to do, or (c) answer “wait and see”?
10. Do you think, in general, (a) life is best for children, or (b) life is more interesting for adults?
11. When doing what many other people do, do you prefer to (a) do it the conventional way, or (b) invent your own way?
12. When you were little, (a) you were confident in parental love and deep affection for you, or (b) felt that they admired and approved of some other child more than you?
13. Do you (a) prefer to do things at the last minute, or (b) find it too stressful?
14. If a breakdown or confusion has stopped the work you and many others have been working on, your urge will be to (a) enjoy a break, or (b) find a piece of work that can still be done, or (c) join the “emergency team.” team” that will fight the difficulty?
15. Do you usually (a) express your feelings freely, or (b) keep them to yourself?
16. Once you have chosen a course of action, do you (a) revise it if unforeseen difficulties are encountered, or (b) usually follow it to the end, even if it may cause inconvenience to you or others?
17. When reading for pleasure, do you (a) enjoy strange, original ways of expressing ideas, or (b) prefer writers who clearly say what they mean?
18. In a typical emergency situation, would you rather (a) follow orders and be helpful, or (b) give orders and be responsible?
19. At parties, do you (a) sometimes get bored, or (b) always have fun?
20. Do you find it more difficult to adapt to (a) routine, or (b) constant change?
21. You would rather take on a heavy load. overtime for (a) additional convenience and luxury, or (b) a chance to achieve something important?
22. Are the things you plan or undertake (a) almost always those things that you can complete, or (b) more often those things that prove too difficult to complete?
23. Are you more attracted to (a) a person with a quick and brilliant mind, or (b) a practical person with common sense?
24. Do you find that people in general are (a) not smart enough to evaluate and accept ideas other than their own, or (b) quite receptive?
25. When you need to meet strangers, is it (a) pleasant for you, or at least not difficult, or (b) takes a lot of energy from you?
26. Do you tend to (a) value feeling more than logic, or (b) value logic more than feeling?
27. Do you prefer (a) to arrange dates, parties, etc. in advance, or (b) to be free to do what seems interesting when the time comes?
28. When planning something that concerns other people, do you prefer (a) to let them in on your secrets, or (b) to keep them in the dark until the last moment?
29. Which is a greater compliment: to be called (a) a person of genuine feelings, or (b) a consistent and sensible person?
30. When you need to make a decision, do you usually (a) make it right away, or (b) delay making a decision as long as possible?
31. When you encounter an unexpected difficulty in what you are doing, do you view it as (a) a misfortune, or (b) a hindrance, or (c) business as usual?
32. Do you almost always (a) enjoy the present moment and make the most of it, or (b) feel that the most important and valuable things are just ahead?
33. Are you (a) easy to recognize as a person, or (b) difficult to recognize as a person?
34. With most people you know, do you (a) feel like they mean what they say, or (b) feel like you have to watch for hidden meanings?
35. If you start a big project that you must complete in a week, do you (a) set aside time to make a list of things to do and determine the order in which they should be completed, or (b) just dive into it?
36. When solving a personal problem, do you (a) feel more confident if you asked other people for advice, or (b) feel that no one but you is in a good position to make a judgment?
37. Do you admire people more who (a) adhere to generally accepted norms of behavior so as to never be conspicuous, or (b) are too unusual and individual to care whether they stand out or not?
38. Which delusion is more typical for you: (a) to drift all your life from one thing to another, or (b) to remain in a well-trodden rut, even when it does not suit you?
39. When you come across people who have erroneous beliefs, do you feel that (a) it is your duty to set them on the right path, or (b) it is their right to make mistakes?
40. When a tempting chance to become a leader comes your way, you (a) accept it as something you know you can handle, or (b) sometimes deliberately pass it up because you are too modest about your capabilities, or (c) leadership doesn’t even bother you. attracts?
41. Among your friends, are you (a) one of the last to know how things are going, or (b) the one who has a lot of news about everyone?
42. Are you best if you (a) deal with the unexpected, or (b) follow a carefully laid out plan?
43. Does the importance of doing the test correctly in general (a) help you concentrate and do your best, or (b) prevent you from concentrating and answering correctly?
44. In your free time, do you (a) really like to stop somewhere and eat, or (b) usually prefer to spend your time and money in other ways?
45. When things hit you in the worst possible way, you believed that (a) you were in trouble hopeless situation, or (b) can you get out if you only do the most necessary things?
46. Do most people you know (a) take their fair share of praise and blame, or (b) take all the credit they can and shift the blame to someone else?
47. When you find yourself in an awkward situation, do you usually (a) change the subject of the conversation, or (b) make it a joke, or (c) a day later still think about what you should have said?
48. Are the emotional ups and downs that you are able to feel (a) very noticeable, or (b) rather mild?
49. Do you find that doing daily routine work (a) is a comfortable way to get things done, or (b) painful, even if necessary?
50. Are you usually (a) outgoing, or (b) rather quiet and reserved?
51. In early childhood (ages 6–8), did you (a) think your parents were very wise people who should be obeyed, or (b) find their guidance tiresome and avoid it whenever possible?
52. When you have a suggestion that makes sense in a meeting, do you (a) stand up and do it as a matter of course, or (b) hesitate to do it?
53. Are you more annoyed by (a) fancy theories, or (b) people who don't like theories?
54. When you help a group activity, are you more often surprised by (a) the cooperation in teamwork, or (b) the ineffectiveness of teamwork, or (c) You do not participate in group activities?
55. When you go somewhere for the day, do you (a) plan what you will do and where, or (b) just go?
56. Are the things you worry about (a) often not really worth it, or (b) always more or less serious?
57. Taking important decision Do you (a) believe that you can trust your feelings in choosing what to do, or (b) think that you should do the logical thing regardless of how you feel about it?
58. You strive to have (a) deep friendly relations with a few people, or (b) extensive friendships with many different people?
59. Do you think that your friends (a) sense that you are open to suggestions, or (b) know better than to try to talk you out of something you've already decided to do?
60. Does the idea of making a list of things you need to do over the weekend (a) appeal to you, or (b) leave you indifferent, or (c) definitely overwhelm you?
61. Would you rather go on a tourist trip (a) with a companion who has already traveled and is knowledgeable in this area, or (b) alone, or with someone even less experienced than you?
62. Would you rather have (a) an opportunity that could lead to great things, or (b) an experience that is sure to bring you pleasure?
63. Do your personal beliefs include (a) some ideas that cannot be tested, or (b) only those views that can be supported by evidence?
64. Would you rather (a) support the generally accepted methods of doing good deeds, or (b) analyze what is still wrong and deal with unresolved problems?
65. In your experience, do you (a) often fall in love with an idea or project and then be bitterly disappointed, as if you had risen to heaven and fallen back to earth, or (b) are critical enough of your enthusiasm that you do not allow yourself to be disappointed and fall?
66. Do you think that (a) you are more enthusiastic than ordinary people, or (b) you are less enthusiastic than ordinary people?
67. If you were to divide all the people you know into those you like, those you don’t like, and those you are indifferent to, there would be more of (a) those you like, or (b) those you like Do you feel hostility?
(On next question(No. 68), and only to this, you can mark two answers.)
68. In your daily activities, do you (a) enjoy a rush situation that forces you to complete work on time, or (b) hate working under pressure, or (c) usually plan your work so that there is no need to work under pressure?
69. Are you more likely to speak up to (a) praise, or (b) condemn?
70. Which would be greater praise: to say that a person has (a) insight, or (b) common sense?
71. When playing cards, do you most enjoy (a) the social interaction, (b) the joy of winning, (c) the challenge of maximizing your winnings, (d) the risk of playing for money, or (e) Do you not enjoy playing cards?
Which word (phrase) in each pair do you like best?
|
72. (a) unshakable (b) kind-hearted 73. (a) imaginative (b) prosaic 74. (a) regular (b) spontaneous 75. (a) congenital (b) acquired 76. (a) assumption (b) certainty 77.(a) informal party (b) theater 78. (a) build (b) invent 79. (a) analyze (b) sympathize 80. (a) popular (b) intimate 81. (a) monetary reward (b) heartfelt gratitude, blessing 82. (a) random (b) exact 83. (a) acting (b) thinking 84. (a) non-critical (b) critical 85. (a) regulated (b) spontaneous 86. (a) convincing (b) touching 87. (a) taciturn (b) talkative 88. (a) statement (b) abstract concept |
89. (a) soft (b) hard 90. (a) production (b) design 91. (a) forgive something (b) endure, put up with something 92. (a) energetic (b) calm 93. (a) who (b) what 94. (a) impulse (b) decision 95. (a) speak (b) write 96. (a) affection (b) tenderness 97. (a) punctual (b) leisurely, leisurely 98. (a) sane (b) enchanted 99. (a) changeable (b) constant 100. (a) determined (b) devoted 101. (a) system (b) highlight 102. (a) facts (b) ideas 103. (a) compassion (b) foresight 104. (a) concrete (b) abstract 105. (a) justice (b) mercy 106. (a) calm (b) animated |
107. (a) do (b) create 108. (a) wary (b) trusting 109. (a) orderly (b) carefree 110. (a) assert (b) doubt 111. (a) supportive (b) inflexible 112. (a) base (b) spire 113. (a) quick (b) careful 114. (a) thinking (b) feeling 115. (a) theory (b) experience 116. (a) sociable (b) isolated 117. (a) sign (b) symbol 118. (a) systematic (b) episodic 119. (a) literal (b) figurative 120. (a) peacemaker (b) judge 121. (a) accept (b) change 122. (a) agree (b) discuss 123. (a) manager (b) scientist |
Which answer comes closest to describing how you usually think, feel, or act?
124. Do you view the most routine parts of your day as (a) relaxing, or (b) boring?
125. If you think that the organization you belong to is not paying you fairly, is it best to (a) shut up and accept it, or (b) if necessary, use the threat of dismissal to assert your rights?
126. Can you (a) talk to almost anyone for as long as you need, or (b) can only talk for a long time with some people or in certain circumstances?
127. When strangers pay attention to you, does it (a) make you uncomfortable, or (b) not bother you at all?
128. If you were a teacher, would you be more willing to teach (a) practical subjects, or (b) subjects that include theory?
129. When something starts to become fashionable, are you usually (a) one of the first to try it, or (b) not very interested in it?
130. Solving a difficult one personal problem, Do you (a) worry more than is useful for making a decision, or (b) worry no more than the situation requires?
131. If you feel like people are neglecting you, do you (a) tell yourself that they didn’t mean anything by it, or (b) stop believing in their good intentions and remain wary of them later?
132. When you have a particularly important job to do, do you prefer to (a) organize it carefully before you start, or (b) discover as you go along what is needed?
133. Which do you think is the worst fault: (a) showing too much warmth, or (b) not having enough warmth?
134. At a party, do you like to (a) help make it a success, or (b) let everyone have their own fun?
135. When appears new opportunity, then you (a) make a decision about it fairly quickly, or (b) sometimes miss the chance because you take too long to decide?
136. When managing your life, do you (a) take on too much and end up in difficult situations, or (b) restrain yourself to make it more convenient to manage?
137. When you are definitely wrong about something, do you (a) admit your mistake, or (b) do not admit the mistake, even if everyone knows about it, or (c) You are never wrong?
138. Do new people you meet tell you what you are interested in (a) right away, or (b) only after they really get to know you?
139. When you have completed some household activity at home, do you (a) know exactly what to do next and are ready to take on this task with diligence, or (b) are you happy to relax until the next inspiration?
140. What do you think is more important: (a) to be able to see opportunities in a situation, or (b) to be able to adapt to real facts?
141. Are you convinced that the people you personally know owe their success to a greater extent to (a) ability and hard work, or (b) luck, or (c) deception, connections and the ability to go over their head?
142. To get a job done, do you try to (a) start early so that you have some time to spare at the end, or (b) develop a very high speed at the last moment?
143. After interacting with superstitious people, do you (a) feel humiliatingly infected by their superstitions, or (b) remain completely unaffected?
144. When you disagree with what has been said, do you usually (a) leave everything as it is, or (b) have a discussion or argue?
146. Among all the useful decisions you have made, (a) are there any that you adhere to to this day, or (b) there is not a single one that has survived to this day?
147. Would you rather work under the guidance of a person who is (a) always kind, or (b) always fair?
148. In a large group, are you more likely to (a) introduce people to each other, or (b) be introduced?
149. Would you rather be friends with someone who (a) always comes up with new ideas, or (b) has both feet on the ground?
150. When you have to do business with strangers, do you (a) feel confident and at ease, or (b) are a little fussy and worried that they won’t want to get involved with you?
151. If it has been established in advance that you must do certain things at a certain time, is this (a) pleasant for you because it allows you to coordinate plans, or (b) somewhat unpleasant because it ties you down?
152. Do you believe that sarcasm (a) should never be used where it might hurt people's feelings, or (b) is too much effective form speech to be rejected for such a reason?
153. When you plan to do a small task or a small purchase, do you (a) usually forget about it for a long time, or (b) write things down on paper, or (c) always complete the idea without reminders?
154. Do you more often allow (a) your heart to rule your head, or (b) your head to rule your heart?
155. When listening to a new idea, are you more concerned about (a) fully understanding it, or (b) assessing whether it is right or wrong?
156. Are you depressed by (a) many different worries, or (b) relatively few?
157. If you don't approve of your friend's behavior, do you (a) wait and see what happens next, or (b) do or say something about it?
158. What do you think is the worst fault: (a) being callous, or (b) being unreasonable?
159. When a new situation arises that conflicts with your plans, do you first try to (a) change plans to accommodate the situation, or (b) change the situation to accommodate your plans?
160. Do you think that your loved ones know what you think (a) about most things, or (b) only if there is a special reason to tell them?
161. When you have to make a serious choice, do you (a) almost always come to a clear decision, or (b) sometimes do you find it so difficult to decide that you do not fully pursue any of the alternatives?
162. On most issues, do you (a) have a definite opinion, or (b) prefer to remain open-minded?
163. When you get to know people better, it most often turns out that (a) they disappoint you in some way, or (b) your acquaintance is improving?
164. If the truth might be impolite, are you more likely to tell (a) a polite lie, or (b) a brutal truth?
165. Do you prefer to lead (a) an original lifestyle, or (b) a traditional lifestyle?
166. Would you rather discuss the meaning of (a) most of these questions, or (b) just a few?
Answer form
The answer form is printed along with the list of questions.
| 1 | A. b. | 43 | A. b. | 85 | A. b. | 127 | A. b. |
| 2 | A. b. | 44 | A. b. | 86 | A. b. | 128 | A. b. |
| 3 | A. b. | 45 | A. b. | 87 | A. b. | 129 | A. b. |
| 4 | A. b. | 46 | A. b. | 88 | A. b. | 130 | A. b. |
| 5 | A. b. | 47 | A. b. With. | 89 | A. b. | 131 | A. b. |
| 6 | A. b. | 48 | A. b. | 90 | A. b. | 132 | A. b. |
| 7 | A. b. | 49 | A. b. | 91 | A. b. | 133 | A. b. |
| 8 | A. b. | 50 | A. b. | 92 | A. b. | 134 | A. b. |
| 9 | A. b. With. | 51 | A. b. | 93 | A. b. | 135 | A. b. |
| 10 | A. b. | 52 | A. b. | 94 | A. b. | 136 | A. b. |
| 11 | A. b. | 53 | A. b. | 95 | A. b. | 137 | A. b. With. |
| 12 | A. b. | 54 | A. b. With. | 96 | A. b. | 138 | A. b. |
| 13 | A. b. | 55 | A. b. | 97 | A. b. | 139 | A. b. |
| 14 | A. b. With. | 56 | A. b. | 98 | A. b. | 140 | A. b. |
| 15 | A. b. | 57 | A. b. | 99 | A. b. | 141 | A. b. With. |
| 16 | A. b. | 58 | A. b. | 100 | A. b. | 142 | A. b. |
| 17 | A. b. | 59 | A. b. | 101 | A. b. | 143 | A. b. |
| 18 | A. b. | 60 | A. b. With. | 102 | A. b. | 144 | A. b. |
| 19 | A. b. | 61 | A. b. | 103 | A. b. | 145 | A. b. |
| 20 | A. b. | 62 | A. b. | 104 | A. b. | 146 | A. b. |
| 21 | A. b. | 63 | A. b. | 105 | A. b. | 147 | A. b. |
| 22 | A. b. | 64 | A. b. | 106 | A. b. | 148 | A. b. |
| 23 | A. b. | 65 | A. b. | 107 | A. b. | 149 | A. b. |
| 24 | A. b. | 66 | A. b. | 108 | A. b. | 150 | A. b. |
| 25 | A. b. | 67 | A. b. | 109 | A. b. | 151 | A. b. |
| 26 | A. b. | 68 | A. b. With. | 110 | A. b. | 152 | A. b. |
| 27 | A. b. | 69 | A. b. | 111 | A. b. | 153 | A. b. With. |
| 28 | A. b. | 70 | A. b. | 112 | A. b. | 154 | A. b. |
| 29 | A. b. | 71 | A. b. With. d. e. | 113 | A. b. | 155 | A. b. |
| 30 | A. b. | 72 | A. b. | 114 | A. b. | 156 | A. b. |
| 31 | A. b. With. | 73 | A. b. | 115 | A. b. | 157 | A. b. |
| 32 | A. b. | 74 | A. b. | 116 | A. b. | 158 | A. b. |
| 33 | A. b. | 75 | A. b. | 117 | A. b. | 159 | A. b. |
| 34 | A. b. | 76 | A. b. | 118 | A. b. | 160 | A. b. |
| 35 | A. b. | 77 | A. b. | 119 | A. b. | 161 | A. b. |
| 36 | A. b. | 78 | A. b. | 120 | A. b. | 162 | A. b. |
| 37 | A. b. | 79 | A. b. | 121 | A. b. | 163 | A. b. |
| 38 | A. b. | 80 | A. b. | 122 | A. b. | 164 | A. b. |
| 39 | A. b. | 81 | A. b. | 123 | A. b. | 165 | A. b. |
| 40 | A. b. With. | 82 | A. b. | 124 | A. b. | 166 | A. b. |
| 41 | A. b. | 83 | A. b. | 125 | A. b. | ||
| 42 | A. b. | 84 | A. b. | 126 | A. b. |
Thanks for answers!
Key to the MBTI typological indicator test
Description
The MBTI typological indicator is intended to determine the personality type in accordance with the theory of psychological types by K.G. Jung, aimed at students and adults. Form F includes 166 questions.
MBTI allows you to determine whether a respondent belongs to one or another pole of four bipolar scales personal preferences: extraversion (E) - introversion (I), sensory (S) - intuition (N), thinking (T) - feeling (F), organization (J) - flexibility (P), and to one of the 16 personality types formed them.
Stencil keys for the test
For forms F and G MBTI, five stencil keys are used: 1) E and I; 2) S and N; 3) T and F for men; 4) T and F for women; 5) J and P.
Processing steps.
1. Calculation of raw scores.
Calculate the total weight of the answers for each pole of the four scales:
1.1. Review the answer sheet for questions that may have more than one answer. In Form F, only question 68 can be answered with two answers at once. There are also two questions (9 and 60) in which answer b is counted (1 point) and answer c is not counted (0 points). If any other question has multiple answers, highlight it in red and do not count it.
1.2. Place the stencil key on the answer sheet so that the question and answer numbers match.
1.3. Using a stencil, count the answers circled by the subject. An answer is awarded 1 point if the number on the stencil is 1, and 2 points if the number on the stencil is 2.
The keys indicate the maximum possible number of points for each preference. If your total preference score is greater than this maximum, recalculate it.
1.4. Record your overall preference score in the table at the bottom of your answer sheet.
1.5. When calculating TF preferences, be sure to take the key that matches the gender of the subject. If you are processing a group of answer sheets, first separate them into male and female. To avoid errors, start processing by using the keys to these preferences (TF). Please note that the key for men T has extra point, which is added to the sum of the subject’s answers.
1.6. Repeat the scoring procedure for all preferences and record the scores in the table.
2. Convert raw scores into preference scores.
The preference score consists of a letter indicating the direction of preference and a number indicating the strength of the preference. Isabel Myers considered the letter to be a more important part of the preference assessment.
To determine the letter, compare the scores on both poles of preference. The larger number shows the direction of preference, and the letter part of the preference follows from it (for example, if E is 17 and I is 9, then E dominates).
To determine your preference number, do the following:
Subtract the smaller one from the larger raw score. Record this difference in the form table (column 3). Then refer to the right or left side of the score conversion table (for example, left side for J, right side for P). Find the figure corresponding to the resulting difference and, based on it, the preference estimate. Write it down in the 6th column. Please note that the difference equal to zero is only in the columns for I, N, F, P.
| Preference | Point | Point difference | Point | Preference | Preference Score | Continuous assessment | Type |
| E | 19 | 13 | 6 | I | 25 | 75 | ENTP |
| S | 10 | 7 | 17 | N | 15 | 115 | |
| T | 25 | 18 | 7 | F | 35 | 65 | |
| J | 11 | 0 | 11 | P | 1 | 101 |
3. Continuous assessments.
To conduct correlational studies with the MBTI, it is convenient to treat dichotomous preference scores as continuous scales. Continuous scores are linear transformations of preference scores (see example, column 7):
- for preferences E, S, T or J, continuous score = 100 – preference score number;
- for preferences I, N, F, P continuous score = 100 + preference score digit.
4. In column 8 of the table of the answer form, write down the letter formula of the type.
Keys for women
| Scales | E | I | S | N | T | F | J | P | ||||||||
| response number | point | response number | point | response number | point | response number | point | response number | point | response number | point | response number | point | response number | point | |
| 6a | 1 | 6b | 2 | 2b | 1 | 2a | 2 | 4b | 1 | 26a | 2 | 1a | 2 | 1b | 2 | |
| 15a | 1 | 19a | 1 | 11a | 1 | 11b | 1 | 26b | 2 | 29a | 1 | 13b | 1 | *9b | 1 | |
| 19b | 2 | 25b | 1 | 17b | 1 | 37b | 2 | 29b | 2 | 79b | 2 | 20b | 1 | 13a | 1 | |
| 25a | 1 | 33b | 2 | 37a | 1 | 53b | 1 | 72a | 2 | 81b | 1 | 27a | 2 | 20a | 1 | |
| 33a | 1 | 41a | 1 | 53a | 1 | 70a | 2 | 79a | 2 | 84a | 1 | 35a | 2 | 27b | 1 | |
| 41b | 2 | 47c | 2 | 64a | 2 | 76a | 2 | 81a | 1 | 86b | 1 | 42b | 1 | 35b | 1 | |
| 47b | 1 | 50b | 2 | 70b | 1 | 78b | 1 | 84b | 1 | 100b | 2 | 55a | 2 | 42a | 1 | |
| 50a | 2 | 58a | 1 | 73b | 2 | 88b | 1 | 86a | 2 | 103a | 1 | 60a | 1 | 49b | 2 | |
| 58b | 2 | 66b | 1 | 76b | 1 | 102b | 1 | 89b | 2 | 105b | 2 | 68c | 1 | 55b | 2 | |
| 66a | 1 | 87a | 1 | 78a | 2 | 104b | 2 | 91b | 2 | 114b | 1 | 74a | 2 | *60b | 1 | |
| 77a | 1 | 92b | 2 | 88a | 2 | 112b | 2 | 93b | 1 | 122a | 1 | 85a | 2 | 68a | 1 | |
| 87b | 2 | 95b | 1 | 90a | 1 | 115a | 2 | 100a | 1 | 147a | 2 | 94b | 1 | 74b | 2 | |
| 92a | 1 | 106a | 1 | 98a | 2 | 119b | 1 | 103b | 2 | 154a | 2 | 97a | 1 | 85b | 2 | |
| 106b | 1 | 116b | 1 | 102a | 2 | 128b | 2 | 105a | 1 | 158a | 2 | 99b | 1 | 94a | 2 | |
| 116a | 1 | 126b | 2 | 104a | 1 | 145b | 2 | 108a | 2 | 109a | 2 | 97b | 1 | |||
| 126a | 2 | 129b | 2 | 107a | 2 | 149a | 1 | 111b | 2 | 118a | 2 | 109b | 1 | |||
| 134a | 1 | 134b | 2 | 117a | 1 | 114a | 2 | 124a | 1 | 113a | 1 | |||||
| 138a | 1 | 138b | 1 | 119a | 1 | 120b | 2 | 132a | 1 | 118b | 2 | |||||
| 148a | 2 | 148b | 2 | 121a | 1 | 133a | 1 | 151a | 1 | 132b | 2 | |||||
| 160a | 1 | 160b | 1 | 128a | 2 | 154b | 2 | 153b | 1 | 142b | 1 | |||||
| 140b | 1 | 151b | 1 | |||||||||||||
| 145a | 2 | 153a | 1 | |||||||||||||
| 149b | 2 | |||||||||||||||
| 165b | 1 | |||||||||||||||
Maximum possible values for each preference:
For men: T = 33 F = 19
For women: T = 33 F = 21
Keys for men
The keys for women and men differ only in their T and F preferences.
| Scales | E | I | S | N | T | F | J | P | ||||||||
| response number | point | response number | point | response number | point | response number | point | response number | point | response number | point | response number | point | response number | point | |
| 6a | 1 | 6b | 2 | 2b | 1 | 2a | 2 | 4b | 2 | 26a | 2 | 1a | 2 | 1b | 2 | |
| 15a | 1 | 19a | 1 | 11a | 1 | 11b | 1 | 26b | 2 | 29a | 1 | 13b | 1 | *9b | 1 | |
| 19b | 2 | 25b | 1 | 17b | 1 | 37b | 2 | 29b | 2 | 79b | 2 | 20b | 1 | 13a | 1 | |
| 25a | 1 | 33b | 2 | 37a | 1 | 53b | 1 | 72a | 2 | 81b | 1 | 27a | 2 | 20a | 1 | |
| 33a | 1 | 41a | 1 | 53a | 1 | 70a | 2 | 79a | 1 | 84a | 1 | 35a | 2 | 27b | 1 | |
| 41b | 2 | 47c | 2 | 64a | 2 | 76a | 2 | 81a | 1 | 86b | 2 | 42b | 1 | 35b | 1 | |
| 47b | 1 | 50b | 2 | 70b | 1 | 78b | 1 | 84b | 1 | 100b | 1 | 55a | 2 | 42a | 1 | |
| 50a | 2 | 58a | 1 | 73b | 2 | 88b | 1 | 86a | 2 | 103a | 1 | 60a | 1 | 49b | 2 | |
| 58b | 2 | 66b | 1 | 76b | 1 | 102b | 1 | 89b | 2 | 105b | 2 | 68c | 1 | 55b | 2 | |
| 66a | 1 | 87a | 1 | 78a | 2 | 104b | 2 | 91b | 2 | 111a | 1 | 74a | 2 | *60b | 1 | |
| 77a | 1 | 92b | 2 | 88a | 2 | 112b | 2 | 93b | 1 | 114b | 2 | 85a | 2 | 68a | 1 | |
| 87b | 2 | 95b | 1 | 90a | 1 | 115a | 2 | 3a floor | 1 | 147a | 1 | 94b | 1 | 74b | 2 | |
| 92a | 1 | 106a | 1 | 98a | 2 | 119b | 1 | 100a | 1 | 154a | 1 | 97a | 1 | 85b | 2 | |
| 106b | 1 | 116b | 1 | 102a | 2 | 128b | 2 | 103b | 2 | 158a | 1 | 99b | 1 | 94a | 2 | |
| 116a | 1 | 126b | 2 | 104a | 1 | 145b | 2 | 105a | 1 | 109a | 2 | 97b | 1 | |||
| 126a | 2 | 129b | 2 | 107a | 2 | 149a | 1 | 108a | 2 | 118a | 2 | 109b | 1 | |||
| 134a | 1 | 134b | 2 | 117a | 1 | 111b | 2 | 124a | 1 | 113a | 1 | |||||
| 138a | 1 | 138b | 1 | 119a | 1 | 114a | 2 | 132a | 1 | 118b | 2 | |||||
| 148a | 2 | 148b | 2 | 121a | 1 | 120b | 2 | 151a | 1 | 132b | 2 | |||||
| 160a | 1 | 160b | 1 | 128a | 2 | 133a | 1 | 153b | 1 | 142b | 1 | |||||
| 140b | 1 | 154b | 1 | 151b | 1 | |||||||||||
| 145a | 2 | 153a | 1 | |||||||||||||
| 149b | 2 | |||||||||||||||
| 165b | 1 | |||||||||||||||
*Only 1 point is awarded for answer b or c for these questions.
The numerical part of the preference score is equal to the difference in scores found by subtracting the lower score from the larger one. If the letter part of the raw score is T, then you need to subtract the F score from the T score, find this difference for T in the score conversion table and enter the corresponding score in the table column on the answer form. If the letter part is E, subtract the score for I from the score for E, etc. Use left side translation tables for finding preference estimates for E, S, T, J, and the right side for I, N, F, P.
Table for converting the difference between raw points (Difference in Points) into preference score (Preference Score) and continuous score (Continuous Score)
| E, S, T or J | I, N, F or P | ||||
| Point difference | Preference Score | Continuous assessment | Point difference | Preference Score | Continuous assessment |
| 1 | 1 | 99 | 0 | 1 | 101 |
| 2 | 3 | 97 | 1 | 3 | 103 |
| 3 | 5 | 95 | 2 | 5 | 105 |
| 4 | 7 | 93 | 3 | 7 | 107 |
| 5 | 9 | 91 | 4 | 9 | 109 |
| 6 | 11 | 89 | 5 | 11 | 111 |
| 7 | 13 | 87 | 6 | 13 | 113 |
| 8 | 15 | 85 | 7 | 15 | 115 |
| 9 | 17 | 83 | 8 | 17 | 117 |
| 10 | 19 | 81 | 9 | 19 | 119 |
| 11 | 21 | 79 | 10 | 21 | 121 |
| 12 | 23 | 77 | 11 | 23 | 123 |
| 13 | 25 | 75 | 12 | 25 | 125 |
| 14 | 27 | 73 | 13 | 27 | 127 |
| 15 | 29 | 71 | 14 | 29 | 129 |
| 16 | 31 | 69 | 15 | 31 | 131 |
| 17 | 33 | 67 | 16 | 33 | 133 |
| 18 | 35 | 65 | 17 | 35 | 135 |
| 19 | 37 | 63 | 18 | 37 | 137 |
| 20 | 39 | 61 | 19 | 39 | 139 |
| 21 | 41 | 59 | 20 | 41 | 141 |
| 22 | 43 | 57 | 21 | 43 | 143 |
| 23 | 45 | 55 | 22 | 45 | 145 |
| 24 | 47 | 53 | 23 | 47 | 147 |
| 25 | 49 | 51 | 24 | 49 | 149 |
| 26 | 51 | 49 | 25 | 51 | 151 |
| 27 | 53 | 47 | 26 | 53 | 153 |
| 28 | 55 | 45 | 27 | 55 | 155 |
| 29 | 57 | 43 | 28 | 57 | 157 |
| 30 | 59 | 41 | 29 | 59 | 159 |
| 31 | 61 | 39 | 30 | 61 | 161 |
| 32 | 63 | 37 | 31 | 63 | 163 |
| 33 | 65 | 35 | 32 | 65 | 165 |
| 34 | 67 | 33 | 33 | 67 | 167 |
Description of psychological types
ESTP/Marshal
ESTP is an outgoing and accurate type. Enthusiastic and easily excitable, ESTPs are “hustlers” who live in a world of action. Rough (blunt), direct and risky, they are willing to take on any important task, without fear of getting their hands dirty. They live here and now and do not give of great importance introspection or theory. Look at the actual state of the situation, instantly decide what needs to be done, execute it and move on to the next one.
ESTPs have an uncanny ability to see where people really stand and what motivates them. They notice little things that go completely unnoticed by most other types: facial expression, posture and posture. They are usually a couple of steps ahead of the person they are communicating with. ESTPs use this ability to take what they need from a situation. Rules and laws are perceived as general guidelines, but not at all as the limit of one’s own powers. If an ESTP has decided that something needs to be done, then their “get it done and live with it” attitude overrides any rules. However, the ESTP tends to have their own beliefs about what is right and wrong, and will stubbornly adhere to personal principles. The principles of coexistence may be of negligible value to ESTPs, but they will not change their own inviolable rules under any circumstances and will not do anything that seems wrong to them.
ESTPs have a strong sense of drama and style. They move quickly, speak quickly and appreciate the finer things in life. They may be swindlers or spendthrifts. They are generally excellent storytellers and improvisers. They tend to take on things as they come, rather than doing things according to a plan. They love to have fun and love to be surrounded by fun people. Sometimes they can have a pernicious influence on others without realizing it, just as they usually do not know and may not care about the effect that their words have on those around them. This does not mean that they do not care about people, but only that their decision-making process does not take people's feelings into account. They make decisions based on facts and logic.
The least developed area of ESTPs is their intuitive side. They are irritated by theory and see no benefit from it in their determination to “get it right.” At times, ESTPs exhibit strong intuition that is often misplaced, but sometimes very insightful and accurate. The ESTP does not trust his instincts and is often distrustful of the intuition of those around him.
ESTPs tend to have difficulty with learning, especially in higher education where theoretical areas become important. ESTPs begin to get bored in subjects where they don't think they will get any useful material for real life. ESTPs may be brilliantly educated, but learning will be a chore for them.
The ESTP needs to be constantly on the move, and he/she thrives in careers where he/she is unconstrained and has a lot of room to maneuver. They become depressed and unhappy when they have to deal with routine work. ESTPs naturally have an abundance of energy and enthusiasm, which makes them good entrepreneurs. Things and deeds excite them very much, and they are able to motivate others to enthusiasm and action. They can convince anyone to buy anything. They are action-oriented and make decisions very quickly. In general, they have an extraordinary talent for starting things. They are not very good at maintaining and finishing them and may leave things to others. Excellence in getting things done is something that ESTPs should pay particular attention to.
ESTPs are practical, observant, fun-loving, spontaneous and risky people who have the brilliant ability to instantly come up with an effective solution to a problem. They are full of enthusiasm, easily convey it to others, and are fun to be around. If an ESTP recognizes his/her true talents and acts in those areas, he/she will be able to create truly exciting things.
ESFP/Politician
ESFPs live in a world of human possibility. They love people and new experiences. They are bright and cheerful personalities who love to be the center of attention. They live in the here and now and enjoy excitement and drama in their lives.
ESFPs have strong interpersonal skills and often act as mediators. Because they make decisions based on their personal values, they are usually empathetic individuals who care about the well-being of others. They are usually kind and warm. They are very attentive to people, and feel before others what happened to someone, responding warmly with an offer of practical help. They are not the best advisers in the world, because they do not like theory and long-term planning, but they are amazing at providing care in practice.
ESFPs are spontaneous and optimistic individuals. They love to have fun. If ESFPs do not develop their thinking side by focusing on rational thinking, they may become too soft and place more importance on immediate gratification and sensations than on their duty and obligations. For ESFPs, the world is a stage.
They like to be the center of attention and play for people. They constantly present shows to others to entertain them and make them happy. They love to excite people's senses, and they are excellent at it. They love nothing more than a long celebration of life where they play the role of the fun-loving host.
ESFPs love people, and people love ESFPs. One of their main gifts is acceptance of any person. They are optimistic and enthusiastic people who genuinely enjoy almost everything. ESFPs are incredibly warm and kind to their friends, and generally treat everyone as their friend. However, if someone tries to contradict, the ESFP will willingly make a cruel and stubborn decision against him. In such situations, they are unusually skillful in expressing the deepest hostility.
When under extreme stress, ESFPs become overwhelmed with negative thoughts and perspectives. Just like optimistic people living in a world of opportunity, negative opportunities don't sit well with them. In an attempt to combat these thoughts, they tend to resort to simple, general formulations to explain what is happening. These simplistic explanations may not get to the root cause of the problem, but they help ESFPs by allowing them to overcome difficulties.
As a rule, ESFPs are very practical people, although they hate routine. They like to go with the flow, trusting their ability to improvise in any situation presented to them. They learn faster in a practical setting than from a book, and they are uncomfortable dealing with theory. If ESFPs have not developed their intuitive side, they may tend to avoid situations that require advanced theoretical thinking or are confusing and ambiguous. For this reason, ESFPs may have difficulties in school. ESFPs perform extremely well in situations where they are allowed to learn through interactions with others or where they “learn as they go.”
ESFPs have a well-developed sense of aesthetics and beauty, as well as an excellent sense of space and purpose. Having enough money, they willingly purchase many beautiful things and skillfully furnish their homes. In general, they enjoy aesthetic objects. They usually have a fine taste for the finer things in life, such as food and wine.
ESFPs are excellent team players. He or she will not create problems or start quarrels, but will prefer to create the most fun environment for completing the task at hand. ESFPs will work best where they can use their excellent people skills along with their ability to organize ideas into structured forms. Because they are active individuals who love new experiences, they should choose careers that offer or require variety as well as human qualities.
ESFPs typically enjoy feeling a close connection with other people, animals, and small children in a way that most other types don't. They are usually able to subtly understand the beauty of nature.
ESFPs absolutely love life and know how to have fun. They like to involve others in their fun, and are usually a lot of fun to be around. They are flexible, adaptable, genuinely interested in people, and generally kind. They have a special ability to take a lot of fun out of life, but they need to beware of mistakes that are closely related to living one day at a time.
ENTP/Innovator
Possessing dominant extroverted intuition, ENTPs are primarily interested in understanding the world in which they live. They constantly absorb ideas and images of situations they encounter in life. Since they use intuition to perceive information, they usually have the ability to quickly and accurately look at the entire current situation. The ENTP understands reality more deeply than any of the other types, with the exception of its cousin ENFP.
This ability to intuitively understand people and situations gives the ENTP a distinct advantage in life. As a rule, they grasp everything quickly and with amazing depth. Accordingly, they are quite flexible and adapt well to a wide range of tasks. They are good at almost everything that interests them. As their personality and intuition abilities develop, they begin to see better and better the possibilities that the situation conceals, which gives them a wide arsenal of tools for solving various problems.
ENTPs are people of ideas. Their perceptive abilities allow them to see opportunities everywhere. Their own ideas arouse great enthusiasm in themselves, and they are able to infect others with this enthusiasm. This way, they receive the support they need to realize their own ideas.
However, ENTPs are much less interested in developing action plans and making decisions than they are in generating ideas and opportunities. Ensuring that an idea comes to fruition usually becomes a chore for the ENTP. As a result, some ENTPs develop a habit of never finishing what they start. ENTPs who do not develop their thought process will have a problem moving chaotically from one idea to another without following any plans. ENTPs need to take care to fully think through their own ideas and get the full benefit from them.
The auxiliary process of introverted thinking determines how ENTPs make decisions. Because ENTPs are more interested in gathering information than making decisions, they are quite logical and consistent in their conclusions. The results of applying ENTP thinking to your intuitive perceptions can be truly remarkable. A well-developed and balanced ENTP is extremely insightful, resourceful, and adventurous.
ENTPs are easygoing, have a very agile mind, and enjoy verbally sparring with people. They love to discuss controversial issues and can even sometimes change sides - all from a love of discussion. However, when it comes to expressing their fundamental principles, they may feel awkward and speak harshly and tensely.
Some ENTPs are "Lawyer" types. The ENTP lawyer quickly and accurately understands the situation and acts on it objectively and logically. Their thinking side bases action and decision on a set of objective rules and laws. So, if an ENTP is defending someone who actually committed a crime, they can take advantage of legal loopholes and get their client off the hook. If they actually win the case, they will consider their actions to be fair and appropriate to the situation because their actions were legal. The client's guilt or innocence will not matter at all. If this line of reasoning is taken for granted by the ENTP, others will perceive it as unethical and dishonest. ENTPs, for whom it is natural to essentially disregard the individual and human elements in decision making, should not forget about the subjective side of understanding the situation. This is a potential problem for all ENTPs. While logical capabilities give ENTPs strength and intention, they can also isolate them from own feelings and surrounding people.
The least developed area of the ENTP is the area of sensing and feeling. If the sensory area is not given any attention, ENTPs will stop caring about the details of their lives. If ENTPs neglect their feelings, they will not value the personal contributions of individuals or will become too harsh and aggressive.
When under stress, ENTPs can lose their ability to see opportunities and become obsessed with unimportant minutiae. These little things may seem extremely important to ENTPs, but in reality they are usually not very important to the matter.
In general, ENTPs are good visionaries. They value knowledge highly and spend much of their lives seeking greater understanding of the order of things. They live in a world of possibilities and get excited by concepts, doubts and challenges. When faced with a problem, they are great at improvising and quickly finding a creative solution. Resourceful, intelligent, inquisitive, and theoretical, ENTPs are highly versatile.
ENFP/Initiator
ENFPs are warm, energetic, typically very bright and full of potential. They live in a world of possibilities and become excited and delighted by new circumstances. Their enthusiasm is greater than other types and gives them the ability to push and inspire those around them. ENFPs express themselves regardless of the situation. They love life, considering it a special gift, and try to take everything from it.
ENFPs have an unusually wide range of skills and talents. They are good at almost everything that interests them. Project-oriented, they can try themselves in various professions throughout their lives. To others, ENFPs may appear to be flighty people with no purpose, but in reality, ENFPs are highly consistent individuals who live by their own strong moral standards. Everything they do must be consistent with their values. ENFPs need to feel like they are living in alignment with their true selves, believing that what they believe is true. They see meaning everywhere and are in a constant search to adapt themselves and their life values with the sole goal of finding inner peace. They are constantly on guard and slightly afraid of losing contact with themselves. Since emotional excitement and the desire to be the center of attention are important parts of an ENFP's life, they tend to be full of emotions and have well-developed values.
ENFPs need to focus on completing their projects, otherwise they may get into trouble. Unlike other extroverted types, ENFPs need time alone to make sure the direction they are going is in line with their values. Goal-oriented ENFPs are usually quite successful in their endeavors. Others may have a habit of quitting when suddenly interested in new opportunities, so they never achieve much success.
Most ENFPs have brilliant human qualities. They are genuinely warm interested people individuals who attach great importance to their relationships with others. ENFPs almost always have a strong need to please others. Sometimes, especially at a young age, ENFPs tend to be insincerely sentimental and hypocritical and can generally overdo their desire for recognition. Despite this, if an ENFP can once learn to balance the need to be truthful with himself with the need to be recognized, he will get rid of the desire to appear better than everyone else and, as a rule, will become truly loved. ENFPs have the exceptional ability to intuitively understand people after a short interaction and use their intuition and flexibility to establish communication on their own level.
Because ENFPs live in a world of exciting possibilities, the details of everyday life are perceived as unpleasant minutiae. They do not attach any importance to everyday issues and often forget about these things. They are not satisfied with themselves when they do have to do it. This problematic side affects many ENFPs and can be upsetting to those close to them.
ENFPs who have gone astray can manipulate people, and quite skillfully. The talkativeness they are endowed with helps them achieve whatever they want with ease. However, many ENFPs will not abuse this opportunity because it goes against their values.
ENFPs sometimes make serious errors in their judgment. They have an excellent natural ability to intuitively understand a person or situation, but when trying to make a decision based on the information received, they may come to the wrong conclusions.
ENFPs who don't learn to follow through can have trouble having happy marital relationships. They constantly see only what could be, so they may become bored with what actually exists. Although many ENFPs have a strong value system that initiates them into relationships. However, ENFPs enjoy being excited and are best suited to people who are comfortable with constant change and new experiences.
Children have a lot of fun with ENFP parents, but such parents can still cause stress in children with sensory and decisional tendencies. Such children may see ENFP parents as inconsistent people who are difficult to understand when parents drag children into their hurricane of emotions. ENFPs sometimes want to be best friends with their children, but can sometimes play the role of dictator. However, ENFPs are always consistent in their own value system, which they will primarily instill in their children along with a love of life.
ENFPs tend to be happy people. They can feel unhappy when constrained by rigid schedules and day-to-day obligations, so ENFPs work best in places where they are given freedom and where they can work with people and ideas. Many go into private work. They are capable of being highly productive with minimal supervision, as long as they are passionate about what they do.
Because ENFPs are so alert and impressionable, constantly aware of their surroundings, they often suffer from a lot of stress. They need to be independent and resist being controlled and labeled. They need to control themselves, so they do not believe in the control of others. Their dislike of dependence and suppression extends to others as well as themselves.
ENFPs are charming, open, risk-taking, impressionable, outgoing individuals with all sorts of abilities. They are endowed with many talents, which they will realize in order to improve themselves and those around them, if they learn to find balance and master the ability to follow generally accepted rules.
ESTJ/Administrator
ESTJs live in a world of facts and concrete needs. They live in the moment and constantly monitor their surroundings to ensure that everything runs smoothly and systematically. ESTJs respect tradition and the law and have a clear set of norms and beliefs. They expect the same from others and do not tolerate people who do not accept these rules. They value competence and effectiveness, so they like to see immediate results from their efforts.
ESTJ determined people and take responsibility with great willingness. They almost always know how everything should be and freely take leadership positions. They are self-confident and aggressive, extremely gifted at developing systems and plans of action, and at seeing what steps need to be taken to get things done. Sometimes they can be demanding and do not reach into their pockets for criticism, since they firmly hold on to their high beliefs and, if their standards are not accepted, they prefer to express all their dissatisfaction without reserve. However, their comments can be taken literally - ESTJs are extremely frank and honest.
Typically, ESTJs are exemplary citizens and pillars of society. They take their responsibilities seriously and follow their own standards of “good citizenship” to the last detail. ESTJs enjoy being with people and love to have fun. ESTJs can be active and cheerful in informal gatherings, especially in family, community, or work settings.
ESTJs should try not to get too caught up in the little things and be less harsh. Although they give heavy weight their own beliefs, it is important that they do not downplay the opinions and contributions of those around them. If ESTJs neglect their feelings, they will have trouble understanding people's needs for privacy and privacy, and may unknowingly hurt a person's feelings by applying logic and reason to situations where emotional sensitivity is required.
Stressed ESTJs are withdrawn. They feel misunderstood and underappreciated, and their efforts taken for granted. ESTJs have difficulty expressing emotions and communicating during times of stress, even though they have no difficulty expressing them under normal conditions.
ESTJs value safety and social order above all else, and therefore feel it is their responsibility to do whatever they can to improve the quality of these things. ESTJs believe that they should do everything to improve and advance these goals. They will mow the lawn, vote, attend homeowners' meetings, and generally do everything in their power to maintain personal and public safety.
ESTJs will put a lot of effort into any business they take on. They are extremely enthusiastic about doing whatever they feel is necessary in their work, marriage and society. ESTJs are honest, practical, realistic, and reliable individuals. While ESTJs will diligently do whatever is necessary to complete the practical part of a task, they can easily overlook or fail to appreciate the importance of things beyond its utilitarian scope. However, if ESTJs can see the importance of these things for real-life matters, you can be sure that they will try their best to understand them and include them in own plan for implementation.
ESFJ/Enthusiast
ESFJs are public figures, they love people and are warmly interested in them. They use their Sensing and Judging preferences to gather specific, detailed information about others and use this information to provide support. They are attracted to people and have a special skill in helping bring out the best in others. They read others extremely well and understand their points of view. A strong desire to please, or at least to be liked, makes them very sensitive to the needs of other people. People love being around ESFJs because ESFJs have a special gift for helping all people feel good about themselves.
ESFJs take their commitments very seriously and are very reliable. They value security and stability and are very focused on the details of life. They see better than others what needs to be done and do everything necessary until they are sure that everything is completed completely. They enjoy these types of tasks, and ESFJs have no equal in them.
ESFJs are warm and full of energy. They need the approval of others to feel good about themselves. They are hurt by indifference and do not understand ill will. They are very giving people who get great satisfaction from the happiness of others. They want to be valued for who they are and what they do. They are very sensitive to others and easily provide practical care. ESFJs are such caring people that they sometimes have a hard time seeing or accepting the painful truth about the person they care about.
With dominant extroverted feeling, ESFJs are focused on reading other people. They are driven by a strong desire to please and control. They are extremely good at understanding others and often change their own behavior to better please whoever they are interacting with at the moment.
The ESFJ's value system is determined by their environment. As a rule, they have well-formed views on how things should be and are not shy in expressing them. However, they prefer to compare own values and morality with the world around them than with their internal value system. They may have a strong moral code, but that code will be determined by the society in which they live much more than by any internal factors.
ESFJs who grow up surrounded by a strong value system that upholds moral requirements and focuses on true kindness will readily become very kind and endlessly generous people who will gladly give their last shirt without a moment's hesitation. The selflessness of such people is sincere and pure. Those ESFJs who have not had the good fortune to develop their values and compare them with a good external system may have very questionable values. In such cases, ESFJs very often sincerely believe in the integrity of their imbalanced value system. Moreover, they do not have the inner understanding of the meaning of their own values to transform them properly. By comparing their own values with public values, they find enough support to justify any immoral act, no matter what it may be. ESFJs like these really dangerous people. Extroverted feeling drives them toward control and manipulation, and their lack of intuition prevents them from seeing the full picture. They are usually known and liked by people and are very good at manipulating them. However, unlike their ENFJ cousin, they do not have the intuition that can help them understand the real consequences of their own actions. They manipulate people to achieve their own goals, even though they believe that they follow a clear moral code in management.
All ESFJs tend to have a desire to control their environment. Their dominant function needs structure and organization and strives for completeness. ESFJs feel most comfortable in an environment complete order. They do not enjoy dealing with things that involve abstract theoretical concepts or objective analysis. They actually enjoy tidying up and creating structure and are excellent at tasks that require these types of skills. ESFJs should be careful around people who don't like being controlled.
ESFJs respect and believe in the laws and rules of authority and believe that others should do the same. They are traditionalists and prefer to do things using proven methods rather than venturing into unknown boundaries. Their desire for security instills in them a willingness to accept and recognize the principles of the established system. This tendency can sometimes cause people to blindly accept rules without understanding them or questioning their validity.
ESFJs who are even slightly less than ideally developed may be predisposed to be insecure and focus all their attention on pleasing others. He or she may also be overly sensitive, overly controlling of others, and imagining bad intentions where there is none.
ESFJs share many of the qualities traditionally associated with women in our society. However, ESFJ men do not appear feminine at all. In contrast, it is typical for ESFJs to be very gender role conscious, and any of them will feel very comfortable in the role society has assigned to their gender. ESFJ men will be very masculine (but very sensual if you get to know them) and ESFJ women will be very feminine.
Well-balanced ESFJs are warm, pleasant, friendly, tactful, down to earth, practical, thorough, consistent, organized, energetic, enthusiastic, and helpful. They enjoy tradition and security, and strive for a stable life rich in interaction with friends and family.
ENTJ/Entrepreneur
ENTJs are born to be leaders. ENTJs live in a world of opportunity, see many goals that must be overcome, and want to be the one responsible for achieving them. They have a desire for leadership, which is reliably supported by their agility in moving from solving one complexity to another, the ability to perceive and store a large amount of objective information and quickly make adequate decisions. These people are happy to take the reins of government.
ENTJs are career-focused and fit naturally into the corporate world. They constantly monitor their environment for potential problems that can be solved. They tend to see things from a long-term perspective and are successful in developing plans to solve problems encountered, especially problems of a corporate nature. ENTJs tend to be successful in the business world due to their strong passion for leadership. They are tireless in their efforts at work and have a clear idea of who is really leading the organization.
There is no room for mistakes in the ENTJ world. They cannot stand to see mistakes repeated, do not tolerate incompetence, and become very harsh when their patience is tested in this area, because they are not in the habit of taking people's feelings into account; Moreover, they are not inclined to believe that they should adapt decisions to the feelings of others. ENTJs, like most types, have difficulty seeing things from perspectives other than their own, however, unlike others, ENTJs do not tolerate people who see things differently than themselves. ENTJs must consciously work to remember to value other people's opinions and handle feelings sensitively. In the absence of this, the ENTJ will become frantic, intimidating, and power-hungry. This can be a real challenge for the ENTJ and they may be deprived of important information and input from others, and in the area of personal relationships this can make some ENTJs overly domineering spouses and parents.
ENTJs have a huge amount of personal power and presence, which is the main force that allows them to achieve their goals. However, these abilities can also lead to insanity and grandiosity, which ENTJs should be wary of.
ENTJs are very energetic and determined individuals. They make decisions quickly and immediately demonstrate their own opinions and decisions to the world around them. ENTJs who do not develop their intuition will make decisions too hastily, without the necessary understanding of the issues and all possible solutions. On the other hand, non-thinking ENTJs will have trouble applying logic to their intuition and will often come to inappropriate conclusions. In this case, they may have brilliant ideas and a complete understanding of the situation, but too little skill in handling available information will not allow them to make adequate decisions and will make their actions inconsistent. ENTJs who are less than ideally developed in general can become autocratic and harsh, persistently giving orders and instructions without a clear justification for their reasons, without taking into account the personalities of the people associated with them.
Even though ENTJs don't really care about people's feelings, they often have strong sentimental traits. These traits usually affect ENTJs positively, although they may tend to hide them from others as a sign of weakness. Since feelings and values are not an area in which ENTJs are accustomed to operating, they can sometimes make harsh moral judgments and seek support from deep-seated emotions that are unfounded and inappropriate, which brings them nothing but trouble, sometimes very serious trouble.
ENTJs love to interact with people. They are extroverts, therefore, they receive energy and stimulation mainly from the outside. Nothing gives ENTJs more pleasure and satisfaction than a lively and challenging conversation. They especially respect people who are able not only to withstand themselves, but also to substantiate their own point of view. Not too many people can do this because the ENTJ is a very strong and dynamic opponent with enormous self-confidence and excellent verbal communication skills. This is why even the most self-confident individuals can sometimes experience doubts when debating with an ENTJ.
ENTJs want their homes to be beautiful, well furnished, and sensibly maintained. They tend to place special emphasis on the good education of their children and desire a pleasant and committed relationship with their mate. At home, ENTJs need to be in leadership positions as much as they are in them in their careers. The ENTJ gets along best with those who have the same clear self-image and who are thinking types. Because ENTJs are primarily career-focused, some have difficulty being away from home, either physically or mentally.
ENTJs have a lot of strengths that give them great power if they remember to maintain balance in their lives. They are assertive, innovative and visionary, with an excellent ability to translate possibilities and theories into precise plans of action. As a rule, these are extremely energetic individuals who have sufficient means to achieve any goals they set.
ENFJ/Mentor
ENFJs are people-oriented individuals. They live in the world of human possibilities and have better human qualities than other types. They understand and care about people and have a special talent for finding the best in others. The ENFJ's main interest in life is to provide love, support, and a good time to others. They focus on understanding, supporting and encouraging people. They turn people's desires into accomplished facts and get the highest pleasure from it.
Because ENFJs' human qualities are so exceptional, they have the ability to make people do exactly what they want. They get into people's souls and see what kind of reaction people expect. ENFJs' motives are usually selfless, but it is not uncommon for less-than-ideal ENFJs to use their power over people to manipulate them.
ENFJs are so outwardly focused that spending time alone is especially important to them. This can be difficult for some ENFJs because when they are alone they tend to dwell on dark thoughts and berate themselves. Consequently, ENFJs may try to avoid solitude and fill their lives with activities that attract people. ENFJs tend to determine their life's direction and priorities according to the needs of others and may be oblivious to their own needs. Putting the needs of others above their own is a characteristic of the ENFJ type, but they must also consider their own needs so as not to sacrifice themselves to the desire to help others.
ENFJs are less likely to put themselves out there than other extroverted types. They may have strong beliefs, but they will choose to refrain from expressing them if such behavior will interfere with finding the best in people. Because their highest interest is to be a catalyst for change in those around them, they will be more willing to interact with others in a "chameleon" manner than to be unique individuals.
But this does not mean that ENFJs do not have opinions of their own. They have certain values and beliefs that they know how to express clearly and concisely. These beliefs will be expressed until they become too personal. ENFJs are emotional and open in many situations, but are more focused on being responsive and supportive of others. When they are faced with a conflict between a strictly stated value and serving another person's need, they are more willing to choose the other person's need over the value.
ENFJs can feel completely alone even when surrounded by people. This feeling of loneliness can be exacerbated by a tendency not to show your true self.
People love ENFJs. They are fun to be around and truly understand and love people. They tend to be very frank and honest. ENFJs tend to be self-confident and have the amazing ability to do many different things at once. These are, as a rule, bright, full of potential, energetic and efficient people. They are often good at anything that gets their attention.
ENFJs like things to be well planned and will work hard to maintain order and resolve uncertainty. They tend to be fussy, especially at home.
ENFJs work well where they have the opportunity to interact with people. They are created for social committees. Their uncanny ability to understand people and say only what needs to be said to make them happy makes them natural advisors. They love to be the center of attention and are good in situations where they can inspire and lead others, such as teaching.
ENFJs do not like to deal with objective reasoning. They do not understand or appreciate its merits and become disheartened when they are forced to deal with logic and facts that are not related to the human factor. They live in the world of human possibilities and enjoy their plans more than their achievements. They are concerned about future possibilities, but the present can be worrying and boring.
ENFJs have a special gift for connecting with people and are generally happiest when they can use their gifts to help others. They take great pleasure in helping people. Their genuine interest in humanity and exceptional intuitive interest make it possible to get even the most reserved people talking.
ENFJs have a strong need for closure and intimate relationships and will put a lot of effort into creating and maintaining these relationships. They are very loyal and reliable if they ever commit themselves to a relationship.
ENFJs who have not developed their senses may have difficulty making good decisions and may begin to rely heavily on other people's ability to make decisions. If they do not develop their intuition, they may not recognize opportunities and will judge things too quickly, based on generally accepted value systems or social norms, without proper understanding of the current situation. ENFJs who have not found their place on earth are likely to become extremely sensitive to criticism and prone to excessive worry and intense feelings of guilt. In addition, they will shamelessly manipulate and control others.
In general, ENFJs are charming, warm, generous, creative, and diverse individuals with a well-developed ability to see what makes people tick. This special ability to see the amount of potential in others, combined with a sincere desire to help people, makes ENFJs truly valuable individuals. As selfless and caring as ENFJs can be, they need to value their own needs along with the needs of those around them.
ISTJ/Inspector
ISTJs are quiet and reserved individuals interested in security and a peaceful life. They have a strong inner sense of duty, which gives them motivation and seriousness to their intentions. Organized and methodical, they can achieve success in any business they undertake.
ISTJs are very loyal, loyal, and reliable. They place great emphasis on honesty and cohesion. These are “good citizens” who will do what is right for their families and organizations every day. Although ISTJs take things very seriously, they have a brilliant sense of humor and know how to have a lot of fun - especially with family or at informal work-related gatherings.
ISTJs tend to believe in law and tradition and expect the same from others. Forced to break laws or go against rules, they feel uncomfortable. If they see a good reason to deviate from established routines, they will do so, but ISTJs are more likely to believe that everything must be done according to plans and procedures. If ISTJs don't develop their intuition at all, they can become obsessed with regulations and insist that everything be done "the way it's supposed to be done."
ISTJs are incredibly true to their words and always do what they promise. For this reason, more and more work is sometimes transferred to them. ISTJs have such a strong sense of duty that they may find it difficult to say no when they are given a volume of work that they find difficult to handle. Therefore, ISTJs often work overtime, which gives them many advantages.
ISTJs devote a lot of time to work and invest a huge amount of energy in any task that, from their point of view, is important to achieving the final goal. At the same time, they prefer to refrain from spending energy on things that mean little to them or for which they see no practical use. They prefer to work alone, but if the situation demands, they can work well in a team. They strive to be thorough in everything they undertake, and love to have authority in their chosen field.
ISTJs rarely theorize or use abstract thinking, but their practical application skills are excellent. ISTJs have a great respect for facts and carry a huge variety of events and trivia in their heads, collected through their sensory preferences. They may have difficulty understanding ideas or concepts that are far from their personal worldview, however, if the importance and relevance of the idea to someone they respect or care about is demonstrated, the idea becomes a fact that the ISTJ will embrace and support . Once they have supported a cause or idea, ISTJs will stop at nothing, believing that they are fulfilling their duty to provide support where it is needed.
ISTJs generally do not consider their own feelings or the feelings of others. They may have serious problems quickly understanding the emotional needs of those around them. Being by nature perfectionists, they are not inclined to encourage the diligence of others, as well as to encourage diligence in themselves. However, ISTJs should not forget to thank people from time to time for the things they are obligated to do.
Typically, ISTJs feel uncomfortable expressing themselves to others. own emotions and affection. However, a strong sense of duty and the ability to see what needs to be done in a given situation usually allows them to overcome their natural reserve, causing them to become very tender and caring with the people they love. Once they understand the emotional needs of loved ones, the ISTJ will always try to satisfy them.
ISTJs are extremely honest and loyal. They are committed to traditions, have a family mentality (synonym - clan thinking - approx. trans.), They will make a lot of efforts to ensure that everything in their home and circle of close people goes well. They are responsible parents and take their parenting responsibilities seriously. They usually take good and generous care of their family and are very attentive to those close to them, although sometimes they feel uncomfortable expressing their love. ISTJs prefer to express their feelings through actions rather than words.
ISTJs have an excellent ability to take on a task, define it, organize it, plan it, and deliver it. full execution. They are very hard workers and do not let obstacles get in the way of them and their responsibilities. They usually do not leave themselves an extra chance to complete the work, since they see the completion of the work as an ordinary fulfillment of their obligations.
ISTJs typically have a great sense of space and the purpose of things, as well as a keen aesthetic taste. Their homes are usually pleasantly furnished and impeccably kept in order. They listen extremely strongly to their feelings and want to be in an environment that would satisfy their needs for order, routine and beauty.
When under stress, ISTJs can go into “catastrophe mode,” where they see nothing but what can go wrong. They begin to berate themselves for things they could have done differently or for obligations they could not fulfill. In such situations, they lose the ability to look at things calmly and rationally, driving themselves into depression with their own anticipations of defeat.
Generally speaking, ISTJs have great potential. Skillful, logical, intelligent and efficient individuals, driven by a desire to ensure safety and a peaceful life, ISTJs have what it takes to effectively achieve their chosen goals - whatever they may be.
ISFJ/Guardian
ISFJs live in a concrete and kind world. They are genuinely warm and kind and want to believe the best in people. They value harmony and interaction and tend to be very sensitive to other people's feelings. ISFJs are valued by others for their perspective, awareness, and ability to see the best in people due to their relentless desire to find the best.
ISFJs have a rich inner world that is not always accessible to observers. They constantly receive and accumulate information about people and situations that are important to them. This vast store of information is usually surprisingly consistent because ISFJs are excellent at remembering things that are important to their value system. It's not unusual for ISFJs to remember a certain facial expression or conversation in great detail years after the event that made an impression on them occurred.
ISFJs are very clear about how things should be and strive to make it happen. They value safety and kindness, respect traditions and the law. They believe that established routines exist because they work. Therefore, they are reluctant to do something in new ways until they are specifically shown that this new thing is better than what already exists.
ISFJs learn better by doing than by reading a book or applying theory. For this reason, they tend not to work in fields that require abstract analysis or theory. They value practical application. Traditional methods of higher education, which require a huge amount of theorizing and abstraction, tend to become an unpleasant chore. ISFJs learn best if they have been shown practical application. Once tasks are learned and their practical importance understood, ISFJs will faithfully and tirelessly carry them through to completion. ISFJs are extremely loyal.
ISFJs have an extremely well-developed sense of space, purpose, and aesthetic appeal. For this reason, they prefer to have beautifully furnished and functional homes. They make excellent interior decorators. This special ability, coupled with their sensitivity to the feelings and desires of others, makes them incredibly caring and allows them to choose the right gifts that will be truly appreciated by the recipient.
More than other types, ISFJs are highly aware of their internal feelings, as well as the feelings of those around them. They usually do not express their own feelings and keep them inside. If these are negative feelings, they can gradually intensify within the ISFJ until they turn into specific decisions against people that, once established, are difficult to eradicate. Many ISFJs learn to express themselves and find an outlet for their strong emotions.
Just as ISFJs are reluctant to express their feelings, they are also reluctant to show that they know how others feel. However, they will talk openly when they feel that someone really needs their help. In such situations, they can truly help others by being aware of their feelings.
ISFJs have a strong sense of responsibility and duty. They take their responsibilities very seriously and can be counted on to see things through to completion. Therefore, people usually rely on them without any doubt. ISFJs have a hard time saying “no” when asked to do something, so they can become overly busy. In these cases, ISFJs usually do not talk about their difficulties to others because they really dislike conflict and also because they tend to put the needs of others above their own. ISFJs need to learn to identify, evaluate, and express their needs if they want to avoid being burdened by things they take for granted.
ISFJs need positive feedback from others. In the absence of positive feedback or in the face of criticism, ISFJs lose self-confidence and may become depressed. When depressed or under extreme stress, ISFJs begin to remember all the things that went wrong in their lives. They develop intense feelings of inadequacy and convince themselves that “everything is going wrong” or “I can’t do anything right.”
ISFJs are warm, kind, and independent. They have many special gifts, bringing to the attention of others their sensitivity and ability to keep things on track. They must remember not to be too demanding of themselves and give themselves a little warmth and love, which they can openly share with others.
INTJ/Analyst
INTJs live in a world of ideas and strategic planning. They value intelligence, knowledge and competence, and in these areas they tend to have high standards, which they strive to consistently implement. They expect no less from others.
With dominant introverted intuition, INTJs focus their energy on closely observing the world and forming ideas and possibilities. Their minds are constantly collecting information and making associations regarding it. People of this type are extremely insightful and usually understand new ideas very quickly. However, their highest interest is not in understanding the concept, but in its rational application. Unlike INTPs, they do not follow an idea as long as they can, but only try to understand it completely. They strive to come to decisions regarding thoughts and ideas. Their desire for completion and organization usually requires them to take action rather than sit idly by.
The great value they attach to system and organization, combined with their natural insight, makes them brilliant scientists. The INTJ scientist benefits our society by shaping his own ideas into a form that is convenient for his followers. INTJs have a hard time expressing themselves internal images, intuitions and abstractions. Inner form The INTJ's thoughts and concepts are highly individualized and are not ready to be transformed into a form that others can understand. However, the INTJ tries to translate their ideas into a plan or system, usually easy to understand, rather than making a direct translation of their own thoughts. Most of the time they don't see the price direct translation, and in addition, they experience difficulties in expressing their own ideas, which, as a rule, are non-linear. However, their utmost respect for knowledge and information motivates them to express their thoughts to a person who seems worthy of it.
INTJs are natural leaders, although they usually prefer to stay in the background until they see a real need to take on the leadership role. In leadership positions, they are quite effective because they are able to objectively see the real state of affairs, and are flexible enough to change things that are not working well. They greatest strategists– constantly scan available ideas and concepts, assessing their usefulness in the context of the current strategy, trying to adapt it to unforeseen circumstances.
INTJs spend a lot of time inside their own heads and may not have much interest in other people's thoughts and feelings. If their feeling side is poorly developed, they may have problems providing the level of close relationships (intimacy) required by the people around them. With insufficient sensory development, they may be inclined to ignore the details necessary to implement their ideas.
The INTJ's greatest interest in interacting with the world is making decisions, expressing judgments, and arranging everything they encounter into a system that makes sense and makes sense. Consequently, they are quick to express judgments. They often have outstanding intuition and are confident that they are right. Although they complement their intuitive understanding with a well-developed ability to express hunches, they often find themselves misunderstood. In such cases, INTJs are more likely to attribute misunderstandings to the limitations of the other party rather than to their own difficulties in expressing themselves.
INTJs are ambitious, confident, cautious, forward thinkers. Many INTJs pursue careers in engineering or science, although some enter the business world in areas that require organization and strategic planning. They don't like clutter and inefficiency and generally anything that is confusing and vague. They value clarity and efficiency and will invest enormous amounts of energy and time into organizing their decisions and intuitions into well-structured forms.
People around them may have difficulty understanding the INTJ. They may see INTJs as aloof and closed off. INTJs don't really show much of their own feelings and don't tend to express as much praise and positive encouragement as others need or want. This does not mean that he or she does not really feel sympathy and affection for others, it is just uncharacteristic for them to feel the need to express them. Others may mistakenly perceive INTJs as stern and going their own way. Nothing could be less true because INTJs are always looking for the objectively best strategy to implement their ideas and are usually willing to listen alternative ways actions.
When under extreme stress, INTJs can become obsessed with crazy sensory activities, such as drinking to excess. They may also be prone to getting carried away by little things and details that they would not normally consider important to the final goal.
INTJs should be mindful of the need to fully express themselves - this will avoid the difficulties of misunderstandings with people. In the absence of good development communication abilities, they can become harsh and concise in communicating with people, and sometimes completely isolate themselves from the outside world.
INTJs have a tremendous amount of ability to accomplish great things. They have an understanding of the big picture and strive to synthesize direct plans of action from their concepts. Reasoning abilities give them the ability to achieve this. Almost always, INTJs are very competent people and will have no problems with careers and learning. They are capable of achieving great success in these areas. Personally, it's all up to the INTJ to practice tolerance and make an effort to effectively express themselves to others in order to have an abundant and rewarding life.
INFJ/ Humanist
INFJs are very kind, caring, deep, and extremely intuitive individuals. Artistic and creative, they live in a world of hidden meanings and possibilities.
INFJs place great importance on being neat and systematic in the world around them. They invest enormous amounts of energy in determining the best way to do things and constantly define and redefine their priorities. On the other hand, INFJs do not act on their own, but on the basis of intuition, which is absolutely spontaneous. They perceive things intuitively without pinpointing the cause and without detailed knowledge of the subject. They are usually right and they know it. Consequently, INFJs trust their instincts and hunches immensely. This conflict between the inner and outer worlds can cause INFJs to not be as organized as other decision types. Or you can see some signs of disorder in the opposite tendency towards order, such as a constantly dirty table.
INFJs have an incredible ability to see through people and situations. They get "hunches" about things and understand them intuitively. One incredible example: Some INFJs report experiences of a psychic nature, such as a premonition that something has happened to a loved one. It later turns out that he was in a car accident. Other types reject or scoff at this trait, and INFJs themselves do not fully understand their intuition at the level at which it can be expressed in words. Therefore, most INFJs protect their inner selves and only share with those they choose to share it with, and only when they want to do so. INFJs are deep, complex, rather solitary individuals who tend to be difficult to understand. They always leave a part of themselves secret and this can make them withdrawn.
But INFJs are genuinely warm, as well as deep. INFJs hold a special place in the hearts of those closest to them, who are able to see their special abilities and the depth of their caring. INFJs are sensitive to the feelings of others and try to be gentle in order to avoid offending anyone. They are very susceptible to conflicts that they do not tolerate. Situations charged with conflict can send the normally peaceful INFJ into a state of confusion or violent anger. They tend to let conflicts pass through them and get health problems under conditions of extreme stress.
Because INFJs are deeply intuitive, they trust their instincts most. This can contribute to their stubbornness and tendency to ignore the opinions of others. They are sure they are right. On the other hand, INFJs are perfectionists who doubt that they are living up to their full potential. INFJs are rarely at peace with themselves—there is always something else they need to fix about themselves and the world around them. They believe in constant growth and often take no time to enjoy their own accomplishments. They have a strong value system and want to live by what they feel is right. Out of respect for the Feeling aspects, INFJs are kind and easy-going. On the other hand, they expect a lot from themselves and often from their family. They do not compromise on their ideals.
INFJs are true “nurturers”: patient, gentle and protective. They become loving parents and develop close relationships with their children. They expect a lot from their children and push them to be the best they can be. Sometimes this can manifest itself as hard-nosedness. But in general, INFJ children become sincere and devoted to parental guidance along with deep caring.
When it comes to work, INFJs tend to excel in areas where they can be creative and somewhat independent. They have a natural attraction to the arts, and many excel in science, where they use their intuition. INFJs can also work in the service industry. They are not very good at small things and detailed tasks. INFJs will either avoid such tasks or resort to the other extreme: surrounding themselves with details to the point that they cannot see the whole picture. Once petty, INFJs can be extremely demanding of other people.
INFJs are gifted in ways that other types are not. Life isn't always easy for INFJs, but they are capable of amazing depth of feeling and personal achievement.
ISTP/Master
ISTPs have an irresistible desire to understand how things work. They are good at logical analysis and are very willing to apply it to practical situations. They tend to be very persuasive, even if they are not interested in theories and concepts until they see practical application. They love to look at things in detail and figure out how they work.
First and foremost, ISTPs are independent and need space to make their own decisions about their next move. They don't believe in following rules and regulations because it prevents them from "doing their own thing." ISTPs have a spirit of adventure. They are attracted to motorcycles, airplanes, skydiving, surfing and more. They are crazy about action and are generally fearless. Their thirst for adventure and desire to constantly be on the move leads to the fact that ISTPs quickly become bored with their routine.
ISTPs are true to their motives and beliefs and firmly believe that people should be treated impartially and fairly. Although they do not respect the laws of the "System", they follow their own concepts and rules about what it means to behave honestly, and will never take part in anything that goes against their personal rules. The ISTP is extremely loyal and loyal to his “brothers.”
ISTPs enjoy spending time alone and need it because this is when they can sort things out in their head most clearly. They perceive a huge number of impersonal facts from the world around them and sort through them alone, making decisions based on them.
ISTPs cannot sit idle and, when busy, like to stay in shape. They are not the type of people who will sit at a desk all day and plan for the long term. Adaptable and spontaneous, they are responsible only for what they immediately leave behind. They usually have excellent technical abilities and can become effective leaders in this field. They focus on details and practicalities. They have an excellent sense of purpose and grasp details on the fly, allowing them to make quick, effective decisions.
ISTPs avoid making decisions based on personal values - they believe that judgments and decisions should be based on facts and be impartial. In fact, they rarely consider the impression they make on others. They not only do not pay the slightest attention to their own feelings, but they do not even believe them and try to ignore them, since they have difficulty distinguishing between emotional reactions and value judgments. This can be very difficult for most ISTPs.
ISTPs excel in crisis situations. Most of them are good athletes and have good coordination. They skillfully manage projects and tie up lost ends. They usually don't have big problems with school because they are introverts capable of logical thinking. As a rule, they are patient individuals, although they are prone to emotional outbursts due to their inattention to their own feelings.
ISTPs have many natural abilities that allow them to achieve high levels in many very different areas. However, they are happiest when they have the opportunity to focus on a task that requires constant activity, detailed logical analysis, and technical skills. They are very proud of their ability to do next step correct.
ISTPs are optimistic, full of good humor, loyal to their peers, simple in their desires, generous, trusting and sensitive people who do not limit themselves to commitments.
ISFP/Mediator
ISFPs live in a sensory world. They care about how things look, smell, sound, feel and taste. ISFPs have a keen aesthetic sense and are typically good artists, unusually gifted at creating and composing things that strongly appeal to the senses. ISFPs have a clear set of values that they strongly follow. ISFPs need to feel like they are living what they feel is true, so they will rebel against anything that conflicts with their worldview. They typically choose jobs and careers that provide them with the freedom to work toward values-oriented personal goals.
ISFPs tend to be quiet and reserved, which makes it difficult to get to know them well. They keep their ideas and beliefs to themselves, trusting them only with those closest to them. They are usually kind, gentle and impressionable when interacting with people. ISFPs are interested in people being healthy and happy, and they invest enormous amounts of energy and effort into causes in which they believe.
ISFPs have a passion for aesthetics and beauty. They tend to love animals and are able to appreciate nature. ISFPs are original and independent individuals who need personal space. They value people who will take the time to understand and support them in their unique way of achieving their goals. People who don't know ISFPs well may think that their unusual lifestyle is just a sign of frivolity, but in fact ISFPs take life very seriously, constantly accumulating information and putting it to the test of their value system in order to find clarity and meaning behind at the core of things.
ISFPs are very active individuals. They are "creators" and usually feel uncomfortable theorizing about concepts and ideas until they see practical application for them. ISFPs learn faster in a hands-on setting, so they quickly become bored with traditional teaching methods that impart special meaning abstract thinking. They don't like objective analysis, so they find it difficult to make decisions that are based strictly on logic. They believe that decision making depends on subjective beliefs rather than objective rules and laws.
ISFPs are extremely attentive and caring towards people. They accumulate information about others and try to figure out what it means. They are, as a rule, extremely careful in perceiving information about people.
ISFPs are very warm and empathetic people. They genuinely care about those around them and are extremely helpful in their desire to help. They care extraordinarily for those closest to them and tend to show their love through actions rather than words.
ISFPs do not want to control and manage, just as they do not want to be controlled and managed. They need a place and time for solitude in order to evaluate the conditions of their own life and reconcile them with their own value system. ISFPs are very respectful of other people's needs.
ISFPs don't let themselves slack off when they do the things they do well. Because of their value system, ISFPs are committed perfectionists and even criticize themselves with excessive severity.
ISFPs have a variety of abilities, especially in the areas of artistic expression and selfless service to others. ISFPs don't see life as easy because they take it so seriously, but they have everything they need to make their lives and the lives of their loved ones rich in rewarding experiences.
INTP/Critic
INTPs live in a world of theoretical possibilities. They see everything in the context of how it could be improved or what it could be turned into. They live primarily within their own minds and are capable of analyzing complex problems, recognize patterns and provide logical explanations. They seek clarity in everything and strive to acquire and create knowledge. These are the "absent-minded professors" who highly value intelligence and the ability to apply logic to theories to find solutions. They have such a strong desire to give logical explanations to problems that they spend most of their lives inside their own heads and may not attach much value or importance to the world around them. Their natural desire to distill theories into a form suitable for concrete understanding can translate into a sense of personal responsibility for solving theoretical problems and helping society move toward fuller understanding.
INTPs value knowledge above all else. Their minds are constantly working to create new theories, prove or disprove existing ones. They approach problems and theories with enthusiasm and skepticism, ignoring existing rules and opinions, and creating their own approach to the solution. They look for patterns and logical explanations in everything that interests them. They are usually extremely intelligent and capable of providing objective criticism in their analysis. They love new ideas and get excited by abstractions and theories. They love to discuss these concepts with others. They may appear "dreamy" and detached from others because they spend a lot of time thinking about theories inside their own heads. They hate working with routine things - they would rather create complex ones. theoretical solutions, leaving the implementation of the system to others. They are very interested in theories and spend a lot of time and energy to find a solution to a problem that piques their curiosity.
INTPs do not like to lead or control people. They are very tolerant and flexible in most situations, however, as soon as one of their sacred beliefs is violated or challenged, they will take a very rigid position. INTPs tend to be very shy when it comes to meeting new people. On the other hand, the INTP is very confident and outgoing around people he knows well or when discussing theories that he fully understands.
The INTP does not understand or place value on decisions made based on personal subjectivity or feelings. They always strive to bring things to their logical conclusion and do not understand the importance or significance of subjective emotional views in decision making. For this reason, INTPs tend to be insensitive to how people feel and naturally lack the ability to meet the emotional needs of others.
INTPs may have problems with striving for grandeur and social rebellion, which conflicts with their creativity. Because their feeling side is at its weakest, INTPs have trouble expressing the warmth and support needed in close relationships. If the INTP does not understand the full significance of showing attention to human feelings, he may become overly critical and sarcastic with other people. If an INTP is unable to find a place where they can use their greatest strengths, they may become pessimistic and cynical. If the INTP does not sufficiently develop their sensory side, they may become unresponsive to their surroundings and become weak in performing regular tasks, such as paying bills and choosing appropriate clothing.
For INTPs, it is extremely important that ideas and facts are expressed correctly and concisely. They prefer to express themselves through ideas that they consider absolute truths. Sometimes their well-thought-out understanding of an idea is not easily understood by others, but INTPs do not tend to voluntarily cherry-pick the truth just to explain it clearly to others. INTPs may be inclined to abandon a project once they have fully imagined it and move on to the next thing. It is important that INTPs place great importance on clearly expressing the theories they have developed. After all, an amazing discovery means nothing if only you understand it.
INTPs tend to be very independent, unconventional and original people. They don't tend to place much importance on traditional goals like popularity and security. They usually have complex characters and tend to be restless and temperamental. They are very creative and have the ability to think outside the box, which allows them to analyze ideas in an unconventional way. A huge number of scientific discoveries in the world have been made by INTPs.
The INTP works on his theory as best he can if he does it independently of others. The INTP can do truly remarkable things when given an environment that supports their creative genius and possible change. They are the pioneers of new ideas in our society.
INFP/Romantic
INFPs, more than other intuitive feeling types, are focused on making the world a better place. Their goal is to find the meaning of life. What is their purpose and how best can they maintain humanity in their lives? They are idealists and perfectionists who stubbornly strive to achieve their goals.
INFPs are extremely intuitive when it comes to people. They rely heavily on their intuition and follow it, using their discoveries to constantly search for the values of life. They continually search for the truth and meaning behind things. Every event and every piece of knowledge is put to the test by the INFP's value system and evaluated for its potential to help the INFP define or improve their own behavior. In the end, the goal is always the same - to help people and make this world a better place.
INFPs are typically caring and considerate individuals who are good listeners and are at ease when interacting with people. They can be stingy in expressing emotions, but despite this, they are very deeply thoughtful and sincerely interested in understanding people. This sincerity is felt by others and makes the INFP a valuable friend who can be trusted with any secrets. The INFP can be warm with people he or she knows well.
INFPs don't like conflict and will go to great lengths to avoid it. If INFPs do encounter them, it is always from the perspective of their own feelings. In conflict situations, INFPs do not give much importance to who is right and who is wrong. They don't care whether they are right because they go by their feelings. They don't want to feel bad, which sometimes makes them look absurd in such situations. On the other hand, INFPs are very good conciliators who are usually kind in resolving conflicts, they are able to intuitively understand the feelings of the person they sincerely want to help.
INFPs are compliant and calm as long as their values are not violated. If something threatens their value system, INFPs become aggressive defenders, firmly standing up for an opinion. A job or project that interests INFPs becomes their “life’s work.” They are not focused on studying details and details; when working on the “work of life” they will protect themselves from any possible detail with determination and strength.
When it comes to everyday small things, INFPs tend to be completely inept. Carried away by their work, they may not notice stains on the carpet for a long time, but diligently blow off specks of dust from their project booklet.
INFPs don't like bare facts and logic. They are focused on their feelings, so it is difficult for them to look at things objectively. They don't believe in objective thinking and don't understand the value of it, so they are quite ineffective at using this kind of thinking. Most INFPs avoid objective analysis, although some develop this ability and become quite logical. In stressful situations, INFPs tend to forget about strict logic, carelessly throwing facts one after another in a fit of anger.
INFPs have high standards and strive for excellence in everything. They are usually demanding of themselves and do not give themselves an extra chance. INFPs may have trouble working on a team project because their standards are higher than those of the rest of the group. In group situations they may have “control” problems. INFPs need to work on reconciling their high ideals with the conditions of everyday life. Without resolving this conflict, they will never be satisfied with themselves, because they may become confused and not know what to do with their lives.
INFPs tend to be talented writers. They find it difficult and awkward to express themselves verbally, but have an excellent ability to express their feelings on paper. INFPs often choose socially oriented professions (consultant, teacher). They feel best in positions where they have the opportunity to work for the benefit of society and where they rarely have to use clear logic.
If an INFP works hard on his/her strengths, he/she will achieve amazing success. Many of the great scientists who made the greatest discoveries in the humanities were INFPs.
Myers-Briggs personality typology ( MBTI) arose on the basis of the ideas of Carl Jung in the 20s of the XX century. Its authors are Isabel Myers-Briggs and her mother Katherine Cook Briggs managed to significantly supplement Jung's theory and create their own method of study. They devoted their entire lives to the development of this typology, conducting research, developing diagnostic tools, etc. The first version of the test Myers-Briggs appeared in 1942, the first version of the manual for using the typology - in 1944.
Currently, the Myers-Briggs personality typology ( MBTI) is one of the most popular methods and techniques in the USA and Europe. In Russia and the CIS, the typology is becoming increasingly known with the release of publications translated into Russian.
Basics of MBTI Personality Typology
According to the MBTI, there are 16 personality types. A personality type is made up of a combination of four traits (or preferences in MBTI terminology).
Capital letters of English trait names are used to denote personality type.
1. E-I scale. Extroversion - introversion.
A line on this scale indicates what consciousness is directed towards.
E (Extraversion)- extraversion - orientation of consciousness towards the outside world and communication with people.
I (Introversion)- introversion - orientation of consciousness towards the inner world, inner experiences.
2. S-N scale. Specificity is intuition.
The line on this scale indicates how information from the outside world is perceived.
S (Sensing)- sensation – focusing on specific information, details and facts (i.e. what I “see”, “hear” and “feel”).
N (iNtuition)- intuition - focusing on the idea, the general vision of the situation and prospects (i.e., on how I perceive events).
3. T-F scale. Thinking - feelings.
A line on this scale indicates how decisions are made.
T (Thinking)- thinking – making decisions rationally, balancedly, logically.
F (Feeling)- feeling - decisions are made based on emotional attitude, values and attitudes.
4. J-P scale. Judgment is perception.
A line on this scale indicates what methods of preparation for action will this or that person use?
J (Judging) - judgment - preference to act on the basis of a constructed plan, organizing information (i.e. rationally)
P (Perception) - perception - preference to act flexibly, without a plan, depending on circumstances(i.e. irrational)
MBTI personality type formed by a combination of scales, for example, ESTP, INTJ, ESFJ etc. For example, for type ESTP the dominant features (preferences) are: E (extraversion), S (concreteness), T (thinking), P (perceiving).
Development of the theory and practice of using MBTI - 4 types of “temperament”
Psychologist David Keirsey, developing the ideas of Myers-Briggs, proposed using a two-letter type combination, the so-called “temperament type.” In addition to the theory, he identified 4 personality types: NT – “conceptualist”, NF – “mastermind” SJ – “administrator”, SP – “firefighter”. It should be noted that such typing by temperament is convenient in practice, since it allows you to quickly determine the type of person.
Practical Applications of MBTI
Myers-Briggs personality typology is widely used:
In business and consulting (team building, customer interaction and sales);
- in determining a career (choosing a profession that matches the strengths of your personality);
- in personal life (choosing a partner and building family relationships);
- in raising children;
- for self-knowledge.
Diagnosis of types according to MBTI
To determine MBTI types, test methods and the interview method are used.
Test methods.
- Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Myers-Briggs types),
there are translated and adapted versions of the test in Russia (for example, in the adaptation of Gippenreiter Yu.B).
- Keirsey Temperament Sorter (D. Keirsey's version of the test)
MBTI is a truly effective tool for getting to know yourself and the people around you. Those who own it have an incomparable head start in life and business.
MYERS-BRIGGS TEST
To obtain information about which job a particular candidate is most suitable for, it is best to use a succinct, but sufficient simple test Myers-Briggs.
To administer the test, ask the candidate to answer a series of questions. Explain to him that there are no right or wrong answers to the questions, since they are not testing the level of knowledge and abilities, but the characteristics of their personal make-up. So when answering, you need to choose those points that are most relevant to reality.
1. When you are in society, do you usually prefer:
a) participate in the general conversation;
b) talk to each person separately.
2. You are more of a person:
a) realistic;
b) prone to theorizing.
3. In your opinion, worse:
a) “hover in the clouds”;
b) “roll along the knurled track.”
4. You are more impressed by:
a) principles;
b) emotions.
5. You are more attracted to:
a) convincing;
b) touching.
6. If you have to do unusual work, you better:
a) plan it in advance;
b) find out what needs to be done during the work.
7. You tend to make choices:
a) carefully;
b) impulsively.
8. At parties you:
a) stay late, become more and more animated;
b) leave early, feeling tired.
9. You are more attracted to:
a) realists;
b) people with a rich imagination.
10. Are you more interested in:
a) actually existing;
b) possible.
11. Your judgments about people are based on:
a) on rules more often than on circumstances;
b) on circumstances more often than on rules.
12. In relation to other people, you usually:
a) objective;
b) subjective.
13. You act more often:
a) punctually;
b) leisurely and unhurriedly.
14. Do you prefer:
a) complete the work in advance;
b) putting everything off until the last minute.
15. Among your friends you:
a) full of news about everyone;
b) you will be the last to know what is happening.
16. Doing regular work makes you more enjoyable:
a) do it in the generally accepted way;
b) invent your own method.
17. When you read for pleasure, do you like it when the writer:
a) clearly says what he means;
b) expresses thoughts in an unusual, original form.
18. Are you more attracted to:
a) consistency and logic of reasoning;
b) harmony of human relations.
19. It is easier for you to make judgments:
a) based on logic;
b) values-based.
20. You are more attracted to situations:
a) defined and completed;
b) uncertain and incomplete.
21. You can say that you are more of:
a) a serious and strong-willed person;
b) a person who has an easy-going attitude towards life.
22. When talking on the phone, you:
a) rarely wonder if everything will be said;
b) think in advance what you will say.
23. Facts:
a) “speak for themselves”;
b) illustrate some patterns.
24. Dreamers and visionaries:
a) irritate you;
b) captivate and enchant.
25. More often than not you are a person:
a) cool and calm;
b) cordial and sympathetic.
26. Do you think it’s worse to be:
a) unreasonable;
b) unfriendly.
27. In most cases you should:
a) control the course of events;
b) rely on the natural course of events.
28. You feel better when:
a) have already made a purchase;
b) have the opportunity to make a purchase.
29. In the company you:
a) you are the initiator of the conversation;
b) wait for someone to contact you.
30. Common sense statements:
a) rarely raise doubts;
b) often raise doubts.
31. Would you like your friend to be a person:
a) who stands firmly on the ground;
b) who always has new ideas.
32. When making decisions, it is easier for you to deal with:
a) rules and standards;
b) feelings.
33. You are more of a person:
a) hard than soft;
b) soft than hard.
34. You are more attracted to the ability to:
a) purposefully organize;
b) use available opportunities.
35. Do you value more in a situation:
a) clarity;
b) unknown.
36. New and unusual interaction with people:
a) stimulates you and fills you with energy;
b) tires you and wastes energy.
37. In most cases, you are a person:
a) practical;
b) with imagination and whims.
38. You are more inclined to try to find out:
a) how other people can be useful;
b) other people's point of view.
39. Brings you more satisfaction:
a) thorough discussion of the issue;
b) reaching agreement on what is being discussed.
40. Your actions are largely controlled by:
a) Your head;
b) Your heart.
41. When you know that at a certain time you will be doing a certain thing:
a) You are glad that you can plan your time;
b) It’s unpleasant for you that you are bound by something.
42. Usually you:
a) strive to achieve specified results;
b) you are satisfied with what happens.
43. Do you prefer:
a) many friends and short relationships;
b) several friends and long-term relationships.
44. You are guided to a greater extent by:
a) facts;
b) patterns.
45. Are you more interested in:
a) production and distribution of products;
b) research and design.
46. Do you consider it a compliment if they call you:
a) a logical thinking person;
b) a sensitive person.
47. What you value more about yourself:
a) determination;
b) devotion.
48. Do you prefer statements:
a) final;
b) trial and preliminary.
49. You feel better:
a) after the decision is made;
b) before making a decision.
50. When communicating with unfamiliar people, you:
a) easily carry on long conversations;
b) find it difficult to find topics for conversation.
51. Do you trust more:
a) your experience;
b) your intuition.
52. Would you prefer to be considered:
a) a practical person;
b) an inventive person.
53. A person more worthy of praise:
a) having a clear mind;
b) capable of strong feelings.
54. Are you more likely to be:
a) fair and impartial;
b) sympathetic and empathetic.
55. If you act according to plan, this is:
a) you like it;
b) constrains and limits you.
56. Are you better at:
a) follow a well-thought-out plan;
b) cope with the unexpected.
57. You think that people close to you know your opinion:
a) about most things;
b) only if you tell it to them.
58. What you value more about yourself:
a) a strong sense of reality;
b) vivid imagination.
59. If you were a teacher, would you prefer to teach:
a) practical subjects;
b) theoretical subjects.
60. Do you consider it a bigger mistake to:
a) too hot-tempered;
b) too objective.
61. Do you consider yourself:
a) sober-minded;
b) merciful and sympathetic.
62. You are more attracted to situations:
a) ordered and planned;
b) disordered and unplanned.
63. You do:
a) in accordance with the rules more often than eccentrically;
b) eccentrically more often than in accordance with the rules.
64. Usually you:
a) a sociable person;
b) a calm and reserved person.
65. When you write, you prefer:
a) be expressed literally;
b) express yourself figuratively.
66. It’s more difficult for you:
a) feel solidarity with others;
b) benefit from others.
67. Would you wish for yourself:
a) greater mental clarity;
b) greater capacity for compassion.
68. Would you prefer to work with a manager:
a) who is always fair;
b) always friendly.
69. Do you prefer:
a) planned events;
b) unplanned events.
70. Are you more likely to:
a) to thoughtful behavior;
b) to spontaneous behavior.
The test determines personality type based on four characteristics:
1) energy replenishment (extrovert-introvert);
2) obtaining information (sensory-intuitive);
3) decision making (thinking-feeling);
4) lifestyle (decider-perceiver).
Extrovert (E). Prefers to draw energy from the outside world (people, activities, things).
Introvert (I). Prefers to draw energy from his inner world (thoughts, emotions, impressions).
Touch (S). Receives information through his own senses.
Intuitive (N). Generates information based on one’s own premonitions.
Thinker (T). Makes decisions with his head, based on logic and objective considerations.
Sensing (F). Makes decisions with the heart, based on personal beliefs and values.
Decisive (J). Prefers an orderly and planned lifestyle.
Perceiver (P). Prefers a spontaneous and flexible lifestyle.
Now choose the highest score from each of the four categories and write down your resulting personality profile as ISTJ, ISFJ, INFJ, INTJ, ISTP, ISFP, INFP, INTP, ESTP, ESFP, ENFP, ENTP, ESTJ, ESFJ, ENFJ, or ENTJ.
Based on the test results, you can make a rough estimate of whether the candidate is capable of holding the position offered to him. For example, if you need to work with people, manage a team, then it makes sense to invite a specialist with an external orientation (extrovert, E), and to organize the material base, production, and target planning - an introvert (I), although both will be sensory and logical and practices. But the first of them is the leader, the second is the organizer. And when choosing a successful seller, it is better to choose an extrovert, an intuitive with ethical and practical components.
If you make a mistake about whether a candidate is externally or internally oriented and offer to trade to an introvert, you can’t come up with anything worse, because an introvert can direct the actions of the team, inspire it, but there will be no practical benefit to trading from him. So, dividing candidates by type will help you not regret your choice, especially since the division system is quite simple.
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