Volitional personality traits and their development. List of used literature

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Strong-willed qualities personalities and their formation

The process of self-education is closely related to will. A sufficient level of will development is a necessary basis and condition for the implementation of a self-education program. Therefore, self-education of the will is not only the goal of developing one of the personality qualities. It is necessary for its formation as a whole.

Human behavior depends on many factors, but primarily on our will. When will and convictions are harmoniously combined, a person is capable of doing noble and even heroic deeds. Also, a person’s will is closely related to his character. By apt expression English writer S. Smiles's character is manifested in a course of action inspired and directed by principles, honesty, and practical wisdom. In his highest manifestation it's nothing more than personal will

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of will in human life. It is necessary in normal Everyday life and especially in difficult moments when great obstacles have to be overcome. On the contrary, weak-willed people not only cannot do big things, but they also cannot cope with everyday life. life tasks, turn out to be insufficiently productive, in need of help and care from others. Some of them become victims of base passions, negative habits, which they do not have enough willpower to overcome (alcoholics, drug addicts).

Courage, boldness, patience, perseverance and other strong-willed qualities are highly valued only if they are aimed at doing things useful for society. If a person uses his will to live at the expense of others, to oppress people for the sake of personal well-being, then such will cannot be considered as a positive quality of a person.

That. the volitional qualities of a person are among the most significant, which determines the importance of studying this issue and confirms the relevance of the topic “Volitional personality traits and their formation.”

The first materialistic explanation of the nature of will was given by Sechenov, who pointed out that will is the active side of the mind and moral sense, expressed in a person’s ability to perform purposeful actions and deeds that require overcoming difficulties.

Will is a property (process, state) of a person, manifested in his ability to consciously control his psyche and actions.

In everyday life, there is usually no difficulty in identifying phenomena that relate to manifestations of the will. Volitional includes all actions and deeds that are performed not out of internal desire, but out of necessity, as well as those actions that are associated with overcoming various life difficulties and obstacles. Available whole line personality traits that are traditionally designated as volitional: perseverance, endurance, determination, patience, etc. (2)

In psychology, there are two functions of the will: incentive (stimulating) and inhibitory. Ilyin approached the analysis of will and the structure of voluntary control more broadly. He is considering. In the structure of voluntary control, Ilyin includes: self-determination (motives, goals, desires); self-initiation and self-inhibition of action, self-control, self-mobilization and self-stimulation.

The need for volitional action arises when, on the way to implementation motivated activity an obstacle has appeared. Volitional action is always associated with the consciousness of the purpose of the activity, its significance, and the subordination of the actions performed to this purpose.

The energy and source of volitional actions is always, in one way or another, connected with current needs person. Relying on them, a person gives conscious meaning to his voluntary actions.

The following characteristic features of will can be distinguished:

Endurance and perseverance of will, which are characterized by the fact that vigorous activity covers long periods life of a person striving to achieve his goal.

Fundamental consistency and constancy of will, as opposed to fickleness and inconsistency. The fundamental consistency is that all a person’s actions flow from a single guiding principle of his life, to which a person subordinates everything incidental and secondary

Criticality of the will, contrasting its easy suggestibility and tendency to act rashly. This feature lies in deep thoughtfulness and self-critical assessment of all one’s actions. Such a person can be persuaded to change his line of behavior only through well-founded argumentation.

Decisiveness, which consists in the absence of unnecessary hesitation in the struggle of motives, in quick acceptance decisions and bold implementation of them.

Will is characterized by the ability to subordinate one’s personal, individual aspirations to the will of the collective, the will of the class to which the person belongs.(3)

All volitional actions are purposeful. But for goals to be achieved, necessary actions must be consistent. Without specific purpose and taking into account the circumstances under which they have to act, people would not be able to subjugate nature and use its benefits, lead human image life and jointly produce everything that is necessary to satisfy their material and spiritual needs

Will is the active side of human consciousness, that is, its quality, thanks to which mental activity influences practical activities.

By performing volitional acts, a person in the process of activity develops volitional qualities in himself that characterize him as a person and have very great importance for life and work. Some properties make a person more active, which is associated with the predominance of excitation processes in the cerebral cortex; other qualities manifest themselves in inhibition, delay, suppression of unwanted mental processes and actions. (4)

The volitional qualities of a person are considered as a fusion of innate and acquired, as a phenotypic characteristic of a person’s existing capabilities. Volitional qualities combine moral components of the will, which are formed in the process of education, and genetic ones, closely related to typological characteristics nervous system. For example, fear, the inability to endure fatigue for a long time, or to make decisions quickly depend to a large extent on the innate characteristics of a person. When forming and nurturing volitional qualities, flexibility is required, individual approach, patience and sensitivity of teachers. Volitional qualities are considered as individual characteristics freedoms inherent individuals. Positive qualities include persistence, determination, endurance, etc. Qualities that characterize a person’s weakness of will: unprincipledness, lack of initiative, lack of restraint, timidity, stubbornness, etc.

A clear classification of volitional qualities was made by V.K. Kalina. He classifies such volitional qualities as energy, patience, endurance and courage as basal (primary) personality qualities. Energy means the ability by force of will quickly increase activity to the required level. Patience is defined as the ability to maintain, through auxiliary volitional effort, the intensity of work at a given level, in the event of an emergency. internal obstacles(fatigue, Bad mood, minor painful manifestations).

Endurance is the ability, through volitional effort, to quickly slow down (weaken, slow down) actions, feelings and thoughts that interfere with implementation decision taken.

Courage is the ability, in the event of danger (to life, health or prestige), to maintain the stability of the organization mental functions and not reduce the quality of activity.

Systemic (secondary) volitional qualities are certain combinations of unidirectional manifestations of consciousness: perseverance, discipline, independence, determination, initiative, organization.

Purposefulness lies in a person’s ability to be guided in his actions and actions by general and sustainable goals determined by his strong convictions.

Integrity is the ability of an individual to be guided in his actions by stable principles, confidence in the appropriateness of certain moral standards behaviors that regulate relationships between people.

The volitional qualities that best characterize the willpower of an individual include independence and initiative.

Independence is the ability to cope in one’s actions without someone else’s help, as well as the ability to be critical of other people’s influences, evaluating them according to one’s own views and beliefs. An independent person does not wait for hints or instructions from other people, he actively defends his views, can be an organizer, and lead him towards the realization of a goal.

Initiative is the ability to find new, unconventional solutions and means of their implementation.

One of the important volitional qualities of a person is his determination. Decisiveness is the ability to make thoughtful decisions. An indecisive person is inclined to either reject the final decision or endlessly revise it.

The totality of manifestations of positive (basal and systemic) volitional qualities forms the willpower of the individual.

A person who has strong will, knows how to overcome any difficulties encountered on the way to achieving a set goal, while displaying such strong-willed qualities as determination, courage, boldness, endurance, etc. Weak-willed people give in to difficulties, do not show decisiveness, perseverance, and do not know how to restrain themselves , suppress momentary impulses in the name of higher, morally justified motives of behavior and activity.(5)

Volitional actions are realized in acts of will that have a certain structure and content. The structure of a complex volitional act is formed by the following main stages:

emergence of motives for activity;

struggle of motives;

action decision;

execution of the decision.

1. Motivation is the actualization of motivation with awareness and setting of a goal towards which this action is directed. The goal is the desired or intended result of an action aimed at an object with the help of which a person intends to satisfy a particular need.

The situation of the struggle of motives as specific incentives action (one desire is opposed to another, collides with it) can require a person to master his behavior, forces him to make appropriate efforts to comprehend it. The struggle of motives is the stronger, the more weighty the opposing motives are, the more equal in strength and significance they are for a person. The stage of the struggle of motives and the choice of ways to achieve a goal is central in a complex act of will.

The stage of implementing the decision made, however, does not free a person from the need to make volitional efforts.

In most cases, decision making and volitional behavior in general are associated with greater internal tension, sometimes becoming stressful. The presence of volitional effort experienced by the subject is very characteristic feature act of will. (6)

Particular attention is paid to the formation of will in adolescence, since for many teenagers willpower becomes one of the most valuable qualities individuals and almost all children of this age begin to purposefully and actively develop their will.

Towards the end of adolescence and the beginning adolescence the basic volitional qualities of the individual can be considered formed. In practice this means the following. Firstly, if by this age a person’s will has been developed, then he can independently manifest it in all matters that he undertakes. Secondly, if a person lacks will, then after this age it is already difficult to fight this deficiency. Thirdly, teenagers who have a will usually begin from this age to develop personally faster than teenagers who grew up weak-willed. Beyond adolescence, that is, after 25-30 years, the will, apparently, no longer develops in a person. If to given age a person has already become strong-willed, then he most likely will remain so; if by this age he turns out to be weak-willed, then, most likely, he will remain so in the future.

volitional quality

Literature

1.Psychology.net.ru: World of Psychology: Dictionaries: Psychological Dictionary

2. Ilyin E.P. Psychology of will. - St. Petersburg, 2002. p. - 114

3. Ilyin E.P. Psychology of will. - St. Petersburg, 2002. p. - 132

4.Leontiev A.N., Volya/A.N.Leontiev//Bulletin of Moscow University.-2003-No. 2

5. Gippenreiter Yu.B., Introduction to general psychology: lecture course. - M.: CheRo, 2005

6. Ivapnikov V. Psychological mechanisms volitional regulation._SPb.: Peter, 2006

7.All-psychology.ru: Volitional personality traits and their formation

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The concept of will and volitional qualities

Definitions

Will is a certain ability of an individual, which consists of the conscious regulation of behavior and activity in order to complete assigned tasks.

Volitional qualities - specific features volitional regulation, which are personality traits and manifest themselves in situations of varying difficulty.

Types of volitional qualities

Strategic (achieving long-term goals);
active (achieving short-term goals).

Stubbornness. The negative pole of determination.

Initiative and independence. Initiative is an internal readiness to achieve set goals. Independence can manifest itself in:

decision making,
the ability not to be influenced,
critical approach in general.

Determination. Manifests itself in timely decision making.

Self-control. Subordination of motives.

Let's fix it this material using Figure 2.

Figure 2. “Volitional qualities”

Development of strong-willed qualities

Will, as a mental process, is formed during human ontogenesis.

First spontaneous desires children are characterized by great instability.

Only in the fourth year of life do desires acquire a more or less stable, conscious character. At this age, children experience the emergence of a struggle of motives for the first time. When a child gains consciousness, he begins to actively master moral standards.

The higher the formation of moral attitudes, the more more likely It is moral motives that will win. In this struggle, the formation of willpower, self-control and other strong-willed qualities occurs.

Volitional qualities are largely transmitted from parents and other people around the child to the child himself.

Studying at school gives the child the opportunity to look at his life in perspective. Gradually comes the realization that every success or failure today can affect the future.

The formation of will in adolescence (according to L. I. Bozhovich) is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. “Will in adolescence”

Signs of an act of will:

1. An act of will is always associated with making efforts, making decisions and their implementation.

2. An act of will is characterized by the presence of a well-thought-out plan

carrying out any actions.

3. An act of will characterizes increased attention to the action and the absence of direct pleasure received in the process and as a result of its implementation (meaning emotional, not moral pleasure).

Will is the active side of human consciousness, that is, its quality through which mental activity influences practical activity. Influenced volitional processes a person can make efforts to intensify his actions and actions and achieve their successful completion in the face of overcoming difficulties. But the same person, thanks to his will, can refrain from committing some actions or actions, slow down or stop them if they have begun, or direct them in a different direction. This is very important and complex property personality.

By performing volitional acts, a person in the process of activity develops volitional qualities that characterize him as a person and are of great importance for life and work. Some properties make a person more active, which is associated with the predominance of excitation processes in the cerebral cortex, while other qualities manifest themselves in inhibition, delay, and suppression of unwanted mental processes and actions. Qualities associated with activity include determination, courage, perseverance, and independence.

The uniqueness of a person’s activity is embodied in his volitional qualities. Volitional qualities are relatively stable mental formations independent of the specific situation that certify achieved by a person level conscious self-regulation behavior, her power over herself.

The volitional qualities of a person are considered as a fusion of innate and acquired, as a phenotypic characteristic of a person’s existing capabilities. Volitional qualities combine moral components of the will, which are formed in the process of education, and genetic ones, closely related to the typological characteristics of the nervous system. For example, fear, the inability to endure fatigue for a long time, or to quickly make decisions largely depend on the innate characteristics of a person (strength and weakness of the nervous system, its lability). This means that when forming and nurturing volitional qualities, flexibility, an individual approach, patience and sensitivity of educators are required. Volitional qualities include three components: the actual psychological (moral), physiological (volitional effort) and neurodynamic ( typological features nervous system). Volitional qualities are considered as individual characteristics of freedom inherent in individual people. Positive qualities include persistence, determination, endurance, etc. Qualities that characterize a person’s weakness of will: unprincipledness, lack of initiative, lack of restraint, timidity, stubbornness, etc.

The list of positive and negative volitional qualities is very long, so let’s look at the main ones. A clear classification of volitional qualities was made by V.K. Kalina. He classifies such volitional qualities as energy, patience, endurance and courage as basal (primary) personality qualities. Their functional manifestations are unidirectional regulatory actions of consciousness, taking the form of volitional effort. Energy is understood as the ability to quickly raise activity to the required level through volitional effort. Patience is defined as the ability to maintain, through auxiliary volitional effort, the intensity of work at a given level, in the event of internal obstacles (fatigue, bad mood, minor painful manifestations).

Endurance is the ability, by force of will, to quickly slow down (weaken, slow down) actions, feelings and thoughts that interfere with the implementation of the decision made.

Courage is the ability, in the event of danger (to life, health or prestige), to maintain the stability of the organization of mental functions and not to reduce the quality of activity. In other words, courage is associated with the ability to resist fear and take justifiable risks for a specific goal.

Systemic (secondary) volitional qualities. Other manifestations of volitional regulation of personality are more complex. They represent certain combinations of unidirectional manifestations of consciousness. The consistency of volitional qualities is associated with wide range functional manifestations various fields(volitional, emotional, intellectual). Such volitional qualities are secondary, systemic. For example, courage, as components, includes courage, endurance, energy; determination - endurance and courage.

A number of strong-willed personality qualities are systemic - perseverance, discipline, independence, determination, initiative, organization. It is important to know that primary volitional qualities form the basis of secondary qualities, their core. Low level basal qualities makes it very difficult to form more complex, systemic volitional qualities.

Determination lies in a person’s ability to be guided in his actions and actions by general and sustainable goals, determined by his firm beliefs. A purposeful person always relies on a common, often distant goal and subordinates his or her specific goal. Such a person knows well what he wants to achieve and what to do. Clarity of goals - this is its dignity.

Perseverance is the ability to constantly and for a long time achieve a goal without reducing energy in the fight against difficulties. A persistent person correctly assesses circumstances and finds in them what helps achieve the goal. Such a person is capable of long-term and unremitting tension of energy, steady movement towards the intended goal.

The opposite of persistence is stubbornness and negativism, which indicate a lack of will. A person stubbornly defends his wrong positions, despite reasonable arguments.

Integrity is the ability of an individual to be guided in his actions by stable principles, confidence in the appropriateness of certain moral standards of behavior that regulate relationships between people. Integrity is manifested in disciplined behavior, in truthful, sensitive actions. The opposite of this quality is unprincipledness.

The volitional qualities that best characterize the willpower of an individual include independence and initiative.

Independence is the ability to cope in one’s actions without someone else’s help, as well as the ability to be critical of other people’s influences, evaluating them according to one’s own views and beliefs. Individual independence is manifested in the ability to organize activities on one’s own initiative, set goals, and, if necessary, make changes in behavior. An independent person does not wait for hints or instructions from other people, he actively defends his views, can be an organizer, and lead him towards the realization of a goal.

Initiative is the ability to find new, unconventional solutions and means of their implementation. The opposite qualities are lack of initiative and dependence. A person without initiative is easily influenced by other people, their actions, own solution questions, is not sure of their correctness and necessity. These qualities appear especially clearly in the form of suggestion.

One of the important volitional qualities of a person is his determination. Decisiveness is the ability to make thoughtful decisions and consistently implement them. Indecision is a manifestation of weakness of will. An indecisive person tends to either reject making a final decision or endlessly revise it.

Personal freedom is also characterized by its organization, which consists in a person’s ability to be guided in his behavior by a firmly established plan. This quality requires the ability not only to steadily implement your plan, but also to show the necessary flexibility when circumstances change.

So, the totality of manifestations of positive (basal and systemic) volitional qualities forms the willpower of the individual.

It has been established that people with a strong will have high level achievement motivation. Achievement motivation is persistence in achieving one’s goal, the desire to improve results, dissatisfaction with what has been achieved, and the desire to succeed.

A person with a strong will knows how to overcome any difficulties encountered on the way to achieving a set goal, and at the same time displays such strong-willed qualities as determination, courage, boldness, endurance, etc. Weak-willed people give in to difficulties and do not show determination and perseverance , do not know how to restrain themselves, to suppress momentary impulses in the name of higher, morally justified motives of behavior and activity.

The range of manifestations of weakness of will is as wide as characteristic qualities strong will. The extreme degree of weakness of will is beyond the bounds of the mental norm. These include, for example, abulia and apraxia.

Volitional personality traits and their development. List of used literature

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