Volitional action or volitional act. What is a “strong-willed person”

An act of will is a complex, multi-stage process, including a need (desire) that determines the motivation of behavior, awareness of the need, struggle of motives, choice of method of implementation, launch of implementation, control of implementation.

Desire, desire, will are states of consciousness that are well known to everyone, but cannot be defined in any way. We want to experience, have, do all sorts of things that we are not currently experiencing, having, or doing. If with the desire for something we are associated with the awareness that the object of our desires is unattainable, then we simply desire; if we are sure that the goal of our desires is achievable, then we want it to come true, and it comes true either immediately or after we take some preliminary actions.

The only goals of our desires that we realize immediately, directly, are the movement of our body. Whatever feelings we wish to experience, whatever possessions we strive for, we can achieve them only by making several preliminary movements for our goal. This fact is too obvious and therefore does not need examples: therefore, we can take as the starting point of our study of the will the proposition that the only immediate external manifestations are bodily movements. We now have to consider the mechanism by which volitional movements are made.

Volitional acts are voluntary functions of our body. The movements that we have considered so far belonged to the type of automatic, or reflex, acts, and, moreover, acts, the meaning of which is not foreseen by the person performing them (at least by the person performing them for the first time in his life). The movements which we now begin to study, being deliberate and knowingly constituting an object of desire, are, of course, performed with full awareness of what they should be. It follows that volitional movements represent a derivative, and not a primary function of the body. This is the first point that should be kept in mind to understand the psychology of the will. And reflex, and instinctive movement, and emotional are primary functions. The nerve centers are so constructed that certain stimuli cause their discharge in certain parts, and the being experiencing such a discharge for the first time experiences a completely new phenomenon of experience.

The main features of a volitional act:

1) applying effort to perform an act of will;

2) the presence of a well-thought-out plan for implementing a behavioral act;

3) increased attention to such a behavioral act and the lack of direct pleasure received in the process and as a result of its execution;

4) often the efforts of the will are aimed not so much at defeating circumstances, but at overcoming oneself.

Functions of the will

The will ensures the fulfillment of two interrelated functions - incentive and inhibitory - and manifests itself in them.

The incentive function is provided by human activity, which generates action due to the specific internal states of the subject, revealed at the moment of the action itself (for example: a person in need of obtaining the necessary information calls out to a friend, experiencing a state of irritation, allows himself to be rude to others, etc.).

In contrast to volitional behavior, which is characterized by unintentionality, activity is characterized by volitionality, i.e. conditioning of action by a consciously set goal. Activity may not be caused by the requirements of the momentary situation, the desire to adapt to it, to act within the boundaries of the given. It is characterized by supra-situationalism, i.e. going beyond the initial goals, the ability of a person to rise above the level of the requirements of the situation, to set goals that are redundant in relation to the original task (such as “risk for the sake of risk”, creative impulse, etc.).

According to V.A. Vannikov, the main psychological function of the will is to strengthen motivation and improve, on this basis, the conscious regulation of actions. The real mechanism for generating an additional incentive to action is a conscious change in the meaning of the action by the person performing it. The meaning of an action is usually associated with a struggle of motives and changes with certain, deliberate mental efforts.

The need for volitional action arises when an obstacle appears in the path of motivated activity. An act of will is associated with overcoming it. First, however, it is necessary to understand and comprehend the essence of the problem that has arisen.

Volitional action is always associated with the consciousness of the purpose of the activity, its significance, and the subordination of the actions performed to this purpose. Sometimes there is a need to give a special meaning to a goal, and in this case the participation of the will in the regulation of activity comes down to finding the appropriate meaning, the increased value of this activity. Otherwise, it is necessary to find additional incentives to carry out, to complete an already started activity, and then the volitional meaning-forming function is associated with the process of performing the activity. In the third case, the goal may be to teach something, and actions associated with learning acquire a volitional character.

The energy and source of volitional actions is always, in one way or another, connected with the actual needs of a person. Relying on them, a person gives conscious meaning to his voluntary actions. In this regard, volitional actions are no less determined than any others, only they are associated with consciousness, hard work of thinking and overcoming difficulties.

Volitional regulation can be included in activity at any of the stages of its implementation: initiation of activity, choice of means and methods of its implementation, adherence to the intended plan or deviation from it, control of execution. The peculiarity of the inclusion of volitional regulation at the initial moment of activity is that a person, consciously abandoning some drives, motives and goals, prefers others and implements them contrary to momentary, immediate impulses. Will in choosing an action is manifested in the fact that, having consciously abandoned the usual way of solving a problem, the individual chooses another, sometimes more difficult, and tries not to deviate from it. Finally, volitional regulation of control over the execution of an action consists in the fact that a person consciously forces himself to carefully check the correctness of the actions performed when there is almost no strength and desire left to do this. Particular difficulties in terms of volitional regulation are presented for a person by such activities where problems of volitional control arise throughout the entire path of the activity, from the very beginning to the end.

A typical case of the inclusion of will in the management of activity is a situation associated with the struggle of difficultly compatible motives, each of which requires the performance of different actions at the same moment in time. Then the consciousness and thinking of a person, being included in the volitional regulation of his behavior, look for additional incentives in order to make one of the drives stronger, to give it greater meaning in the current situation. Psychologically, this means an active search for connections between the goal and the activity being carried out with the highest spiritual values of a person, consciously giving them much greater significance than they had at the beginning.

The following characteristic features of will can be distinguished:

Endurance and perseverance of will, which are characterized by the fact that energetic activity covers long periods of a person’s life striving to achieve a goal.

Fundamental consistency and constancy of will, as opposed to fickleness and inconsistency. The fundamental consistency is that all a person’s actions flow from a single guiding principle of his life, to which a person subordinates everything incidental and secondary

Criticality of the will, contrasting its easy suggestibility and tendency to act rashly. This feature lies in deep thoughtfulness and self-critical assessment of all one’s actions. Such a person can be persuaded to change his line of behavior only through well-founded argumentation.

Decisiveness, which consists in the absence of unnecessary hesitation in the conflict of motives, in quickly making decisions and boldly implementing them.

Will is characterized by the ability to subordinate one’s personal, individual aspirations to the will of the collective, the will of the class to which the person belongs.

V. a. always represents a purposeful human action. When implementing it, a person controls the progress of activities and the current situation. Therefore V. a. - this is an intentional action of a person; he is aware of the very act of intention and himself as its source. As its goal, V. a. always presupposes an actual goal, that is, justified and specified by the plan of activity, providing for the direct implementation of the goal. Purpose as abstract ideal cannot become the subject of V. a.

V. a. can be aimed at finding the necessary meaning of an activity, at performing an activity, at teaching something. Therefore, it is an epistemologically significant condition and prerequisite for cognitive processes. In particular, V. a. plays an important role in the formation of personal knowledge, focusing on persistence in finding a solution, consistency in the implementation of freedom of thought. The special significance of V. a. acquires to form the ability of the subject of cognition to carry out risky, innovative cognitive operations, make a decision about their assumption and implement it. V. a. activates images of memory as a reproductive mechanism for reproducing spiritual reality, which persists under the threshold of consciousness; This is where the imagination often begins in the creative process.

V. a. keeps the object in the subject’s field of consciousness for the entire time necessary to complete the task; supports a person's attention focused on an object. Duration of V. a. varies: from a few moments to several years. V. a. ends only with the realization of the goal of the activity. It can be directed both at an object - at an external obstacle, and at a subject - at an internal obstacle (at overcoming a series or one of its characterological features). V. a. can be included in an activity at any stage of its course - from initial to final. From the late 30s to the 80s. 20th century in Western and domestic psychology, research on will has practically ceased, due to the dominance of the ideas of “activity reductionism”. With the establishment of the interpretation of man as an active subject in his development and behavior, the problem of will again acquired current importance.

- AN ACT OF VOLITION is one of the manifestations of higher mental functions, expressed in a person’s ability to overcome obstacles that arise in the path of carrying out motivated activity...
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- WILLED, oh, oh. 1. see will 1. 2. Possessing a strong will1, demonstrating a strong will1. Strong-willed nature. V. voice...
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- VOLEVOY, strong-willed, strong-willed. adj. to will in 1 value Volitional impulse. Willful desire. || The same in 2 digits. Strong-willed commander...
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- strong-willed adj. 1. ratio with noun will I 1. associated with it 2. Possessing a strong will, not backing down in the face of difficulties. Ott. Characteristic of such a person. 3...
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Volition

From the book Philosophical Dictionary author Comte-Sponville Andre

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"Strong-willed" chin

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"Strong-willed" chin

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Figurative-volitional attitude

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From the book Zhukov vs. Halder [Clash of Military Geniuses] author Runov Valentin Alexandrovich

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30. Violations of the volitional sphere

From the book Clinical Psychology author Vedehina S A

30. Violations of the volitional sphere The concept of will is inextricably linked with the concept of motivation. Motivation is a process of purposeful, organized, sustainable activity (the main goal is to satisfy needs). Motives and needs are expressed in desires and intentions.

Volitional process

From the book Fundamentals of General Psychology author Rubinshtein Sergey Leonidovich

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1. Spiritual-volitional potential

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35. WILL AND VOLITIONAL PROCESSES

Volitional action can be realized in simple and complex forms.

In a simple act of will the impulse to action passes almost directly into action, without being preceded by a complex conscious thought process. The goal does not go beyond the immediate situation; it is achieved through habitual actions that are performed almost automatically.

In a complex act of will Between the impulse and the action there is a complex conscious process mediating the action. It is preceded by taking into account its consequences, awareness of motives, decision-making, the emergence of an intention to implement it, and drawing up an action plan. An act of will turns into a complex process, including a whole chain of different moments and a sequence of different stages or phases.

A complex volitional act includes four stages: 1) the emergence of motivation and preliminary goal setting; 2) discussion and struggle of motives; 3) decision; 4) execution.

Content first phase– the emergence of motivation and awareness of the goal are interconnected and interdependent. In real volitional action, various phases can, depending on conditions, acquire greater or lesser specific weight, sometimes concentrating the entire volitional act in themselves, sometimes dropping out completely. Any truly volitional action is a selective act that connects conscious choice and decision. Content second phase is determined by the need to take into account the consequences that the fulfillment of desire entails. It turns an act of will into an action mediated by thought. Taking into account consequences reveals that a desire generated by one need or a certain interest, in a specific situation, turns out to be feasible only at the expense of another desire; a desired action may, under certain conditions, lead to undesirable consequences.

Before action needs to be done choice. Choice requires judgment. When a person feels that the further course of events depends on him, awareness of the consequences of his action and the dependence of what will happen on his own decision gives rise to a sense of responsibility specific to an act of will. Sometimes solution does not stand out in consciousness at all, and the act of will is performed without a special decision. Sometimes the decision comes as if by itself; it is a complete resolution of the conflict that caused the struggle of motives. It also happens that even when making a decision, each of the motives continues to retain its strength. Then the decision in favor of one of the motives is made because the necessity or expediency of neglecting others and sacrificing them is realized.

Every volitional action presupposes as a starting point a state that develops as a result of the long and complex internal work that precedes it and which is characterized as state of readiness, mobilization.

Volitional action- this is a conscious, purposeful action through which a person achieves the goal facing him, subordinating his impulses to subconscious control and changing the environment in accordance with the plan.

From the book Encyclopedic Dictionary (B) author Brockhaus F.A.

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From the book Psychology author Bogachkina Natalia Alexandrovna

Will Alexey Zakharov Will is a structure that helps a person perform certain actions to achieve a goal. It follows that a person must have a goal. The more the goal coincides with Divine purpose, the greater the desire

From the book The Newest Philosophical Dictionary author Gritsanov Alexander Alekseevich

25. Development of a person’s will, volitional qualities In the structure of a person, one can distinguish volitional qualities, the significance of which in a person’s life is very great. Purposefulness is manifested in a person’s desire to subordinate his behavior to achieving a sustainable life

ACT OF WILL- one of the manifestations of higher mental functions, expressed in a person’s ability to overcome obstacles that arise in the path of carrying out motivated activity. Source V. a. is always associated with some actual needs of a person as a subjective factor and the immediate situation of expression of will - as an objective one. During V. a. a person rises above his alternative, competing, sometimes equal drives, comprehends them, and carries out their selection. There are 3 characteristic features of V. a.: increased motivation to action; the presence of two meanings of an action (transformation of an insignificant or insignificant action into a highly significant one; connection of this action to the semantic sphere of the individual); the presence of double arbitrariness of action (by the method of motivation and by the method of carrying out the action). Signs of V. a. are the conscious subordination of strong inclinations to more important goals; suppression of other inclinations and desires that arise impulsively in a given situation; lack of emotional pleasure in the process of performing an action. V. a. - this is the readiness of the subject for one or another specific activity and a certain prototype of this activity, in which, to a certain extent, the scheme of the upcoming activity is already anticipated. Therefore, the presence of a well-thought-out action plan, the application of efforts to implement it, and increased attention to actions to implement the planned plan are another number of important signs of V. a. It can be characterized as a program of logically thought-out actions, a system of algorithms that determine what, how, when and where needs to be done. According to its determination in the internal plan, V. a. there is a result of the work sensations, perceptions, ideas, thinking, imagination etc. Therefore, the will shows the holistic nature of the psyche, as the interconnection of all mental functions. When implementing V. a. a person gains an understanding of his abilities necessary to realize his plans, takes into account his life experience. V. a. always represents a purposeful human action. When implementing it, a person controls the progress of activities and the current situation. Therefore V. a. - this is an intentional action of a person; he is aware of the very act of intention and himself as its source. As its goal, V. a. always presupposes an actual goal, that is, justified and specified by the plan of activity, providing for the direct implementation of the goal. Purpose as abstract ideal cannot become the subject of V. a. V. a. can be aimed at finding the necessary meaning of an activity, at performing an activity, at teaching something. Therefore, it is an epistemologically significant condition and prerequisite for cognitive processes. In particular, V. a. plays an important role in the formation of personal knowledge, focusing on persistence in finding a solution, consistency in the implementation of freedom of thought. The special significance of V. a. acquires to form the ability of the subject of cognition to carry out risky, innovative cognitive operations, make a decision about their assumption and implement it. V. a. activates images of memory as a reproductive mechanism for reproducing spiritual reality, which persists under the threshold of consciousness; This is where the imagination often begins in the creative process. V. a. keeps the object in the subject’s field of consciousness for the entire time necessary to complete the task; supports a person's attention focused on an object. Duration of V. a. varies: from a few moments to several years. V. a. ends only with the realization of the goal of the activity. It can be directed both at an object - at an external obstacle, and at a subject - at an internal obstacle (at overcoming a series or one of its characterological features). V. a. can be included in an activity at any stage of its course - from initial to final. From the late 30s to the 80s. 20th century in Western and domestic psychology, research on will has practically ceased, due to the dominance of the ideas of “activity reductionism”. With the establishment of the interpretation of man as an active subject in his development and behavior, the problem of will again acquired current importance. M.A. Kukartseva

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WILL - a person’s ability to act consciously and purposefully, suppressing immediate desires and aspirations.

Simple volitional actions include those in which a person, without hesitation, goes towards the intended goal, that is, the incentive to action directly turns into the action itself.

In a complex act of will, one can distinguish at least four phases:

First phase-- the emergence of motivation and preliminary goal setting.

Second phase- discussion and struggle of motives.

Third phase-- decision-making.

Fourth phase-- execution of the decision.

Let us give a brief description of each of the four phases.

First phase characterizes the beginning of a volitional act. An act of will begins with the emergence of an impulse, which is expressed in the desire to do something. As the goal is realized, this desire turns into a desire, to which is added the installation for its implementation. If the orientation towards realizing the goal has not been formed, then the act of will may end there before it has even begun. Thus, for the emergence of a volitional act, the emergence of motives and their transformation into goals is necessary.

Second phase a volitional act is characterized by the active inclusion of cognitive and mental processes in it. At this stage, the motivational part of the action or deed is formed. The fact is that the motives that appeared at the first stage in the form of desires may contradict each other. And the individual is forced to analyze these motives, remove the contradictions that exist between them, and make a choice.

Third phase associated with accepting one of the possibilities as a solution. However, not all people make decisions quickly; prolonged hesitation is possible while searching for additional facts that will help confirm their decision.

Fourth phase-- execution of this decision and achievement of the goal. Without execution of the decision, the act of will is considered incomplete. Execution of a decision presupposes overcoming external obstacles and objective difficulties of the case itself.

The peculiarity of the course of a volitional act is that the mechanism for its implementation is volitional efforts at all phases. The implementation of an act of will is always associated with a feeling of neuropsychic tension.

To the number involuntary actions First of all, we should include the so-called automatic actions. This is, for example, withdrawing a hand from something that causes pain, turning the head towards an unexpected sound or flashing light, a sudden movement of the arms, tilting the body forward or to the side in order to maintain balance and not fall when a person slips, this is a jump from the road to the side when a car suddenly appears, etc. Actions of this kind are called automatic; their muscular and nervous mechanisms are innate. Each such action is considered by the physiology of nervous activity as an unconditioned reflex, as a response to external or internal stimulation, the mechanism of which does not require any specially organized conditions for its formation. These mechanisms, according to the laws of biology, are passed on from generation to generation and are basically innate.

Go to category involuntary actions also include more complex ones, the so-called instinctive actions. They, as a rule, consist of a number of simple automatic actions, the system of which ensures the performance of a number of vital functions of the body.

Instinctive actions are part of human activity, however, they are subordinated to specifically human, volitional actions, that is, actions the emergence and development of which is carried out according to the laws of human life, and not of animals.

VIOLATIONS OF VOLITIONAL ACTIVITY. Disorders of the will may be associated with changes in the level of motivation for activity, the degree of awareness of the goal, i.e. with the formation of a motive, decision-making and implementation of action.

Weakening (decrease) of volitional activity. Hypobulia - decreased volitional activity. Associated with a weakening of drives, in connection with this, appetite decreases, sexual and defensive drives are suppressed, and activity decreases. It is observed to one degree or another in mental retardation, organic lesions of the central nervous system, and schizophrenic defects.

Abulia is an extreme option for reducing volitional activity until all activity completely disappears. Most often found in deep schizophrenic defects.

Stupor is a motor numbness, manifested in absolute or almost complete immobility, with increased muscle tone. The patient lies in bed without moving, maintaining the same position. Most often, this is the position of the embryo (with the chin brought to the chest, arms bent at the elbows, knees bent and legs pressed to the stomach), sometimes another, even very uncomfortable position, but never changed independently. There are no reactions to what is happening around. The patient does not take care of himself; he goes to bed for natural needs or holds back bowel movements and urination. The staff have to feed. Speech communication is impossible (mutism).

Substuporous state is an inhibited state without complete immobility. In this case, it is possible to freeze in certain positions for a short time (standing by the bed, with a raised arm or leg). Sometimes the patient can be brought out of this state for a short time. The patient partially takes care of himself, uses the toilet, and eats food. Either very quiet, monosyllabic speech or its absence is noted.

Children rarely experience stupor with complete immobility; its partial manifestations are more typical in the form of rudimentary signs of lethargy and occasional holding of one position (freezing with a spoon brought to the mouth, with a raised hand when dressing, etc.).

Both stupor and substuporous state are observed in catatonic schizophrenia, severe psychogenic depression or manic-depressive psychosis.

Strengthening (increasing) volitional activity. Hyperbulia is an increase in volitional activity associated with increased drives. May manifest itself in increased appetite, hypersexuality, aggression, active or even disinhibited behavior; Often these symptoms are combined.

Motor excitement manifests itself either in the desire to move, or in more or less appropriate actions.

Catatonic agitation is monotonously repeated (stereotypical), meaningless movements or impulsive motor acts. In younger children it can manifest itself in the form of monotonous running in a circle, such stereotypical movements as jumping, shaking hands, etc. Older children shout, sing, swear, talk endlessly about something, shout out incoherent phrases.

Manic arousal is characterized by purposeful, but extremely active, mobile and tireless behavior. The severity of arousal can vary from such that even a slight increase in productivity is possible, to complete chaotic behavior and actions. Speech activity also changes from increased talkativeness to speech incoherence. In children, manifestations of this condition can be in the form of excessive mobility with disobedience, foolishness and disinhibition of drives.

Epileptic agitation, which occurs during dysphoria, is usually provoked by the patient’s dissatisfaction with the attitude of others towards him. At the same time, aggression or destructive actions appear against the background of rage or anger. The latter are usually monotonous and last a long time. The patient shouts swear words for a long time, threats, having started a fight, cannot stop, performing the same blows or actions on the victim, destroying what comes to hand, without stopping, destroying everything around with the same movements.

Anxious excitement. Depending on the degree of severity, this is the inability to sit still, throwing from side to side, wringing of hands, desire for self-harm and attempts to die, sobbing, wailing, lamentations, calls for help, curses against fate, calls to punish obvious and imaginary offenders .

Perversion of volitional activity (parabulia). These include: echopraxia - copying gestures and movements of others, echolalia - repetition of heard words and sentences, negativism (active or passive) - resistance to external influences, mutism - refusal to speak, stereotypy - repetition of the same movements or actions, catalepsy, or waxy flexibility - the patient maintains the position given to him; pathology - a kind of suggestibility - unquestioning obedience to the instructions of others. All phenomena of parabulia relate to catatonia and occur either as individual symptoms or in one or another combination in schizophrenia.