Decembrists in the Yenisei province The collection is dedicated to the 190th anniversary of the Decembrist uprising on Senate Square (December 14, 1825)

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Contents: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Introduction……………………………………………………… ………………. 2 Arbuzov Anton Petrovich…………………………………… 5 Belyaev brothers Alexander Petrovich and Pyotr Petrovich………………………………………….. 8 Davydov Vasily Lvovich………… …………….... 11 Krasnokutsky Semyon Grigorievich…………….. 14 Kryukov Nikolay Aleksandrovich………………… 16 Lisovsky Nikolay Fedorovich…………………… 19 Mozalevsky Alexander Evtikhievich……… …… 21 Mitkov Mikhail Fotievich………………………….. 24 Shchepin-Rostovsky Dmitry Aleksandrovich 26 Tyutchev Alexey Ivanovich…………………………. 29 Falenberg Petr Ivanovich……………………………. 32 Fonvizin Mikhail Aleksandrovich……………… 34 Shakhovskoy Fedor Petrovich……………………….. 36 Yakubovich Alexander Ivanovich………………… 39 Conclusion…………………………… …………………. 41 1

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Introduction The history of the events of December 14, 1825, and its participants, had a huge impact on the history of Russia. This is also true for the Krasnoyarsk Territory (the territory of the former Yenisei province). Many figures of the Decembrist movement were sent to the Yenisei province, where they carried out productive activity, the fruits of which became the then emerging culture of Russian Siberia. By studying the Yenisei Decembrists, we study our past, the past of our ancestors. Consideration of the past to prevent future mistakes will never lose relevance. In this regard, we, a team of students and teachers of the School of Distance Education, turn to the biographies and activities of the Yenisei Decembrists. With this we continue their work to transform Siberia into a center of culture, science and Enlightenment. The relevance of Decembrism for Siberia does not require detailed justification. The Decembrists - scientists, artists, thinkers and philosophers - all of them left a deep mark on the history of our land. The purpose of our collection is to educate the compilers and readers complete picture influence of the Decembrists on the development of the Yenisei province. Our tasks: - formation of a systematized catalog of Decembrists, whose activities affected the Yenisei province of the first half and mid-19th century. - a description of their life path, their role in the events of December 14, 1825 - an analysis of their activities in Siberia, its motives and meanings, and the most significant results for their contemporaries and descendants. Methodologically, our collection will be formed in accordance with the ideographic and historical-genetic method. The ideographic approach will be expressed in the description of facts, phenomena and events, without which no historical research is possible. 2

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The historical-genetic approach will be associated with tracing the genesis - i.e. the origin and development of the phenomenon being studied. Despite difficult trials, small numbers, and all sorts of obstacles from the authorities, the Decembrists did not betray their ideals and continued to serve the people. Their activities were mainly educational in nature. The Decembrists believed that skilled labor played a big role in improving the well-being of the people, along with education, so they attached great importance labor education of students. By introducing new techniques and teaching methods, the Decembrists significantly expanded the level of general education training students compared to government schools. In the programs and pedagogical practice of the Decembrist schools, much attention was paid to natural science subjects, the full introduction of clarity, and the use of local material. Much of what the Decembrists introduced in their educational work was reflected and further developed in Soviet and then Russian pedagogical practice. The Decembrists raised their students in the spirit of citizenship and patriotism, love for the Motherland and their native land, tolerance and respect for other peoples, seeing in them people who would transform society on a more equitable basis. They were the first to begin creating public libraries and libraries at primary schools, where they had not previously existed. The Decembrists forever changed the Siberian region, which in the first half of the 19th century was at an extremely low level of socio-economic development. The first shoots of the Enlightenment, planted by exiled revolutionaries, blossomed into fruits that modern Siberians have the opportunity to enjoy. 3

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Without understanding this, without realizing the origins of the gradual transformation of the Yenisei province from a distant, desert outskirts into an industrial, cultural and scientific center, it is impossible to assess the future of our region. And those who are destined to create this future - today's schoolchildren - are obliged to understand what kind of heritage has fallen into their hands. Nowadays, when we receive an education and become familiar with art, we consciously or unwillingly turn to the path of development that the Decembrists laid down. Behind our universities, conservatories, research centers and theaters lie the shadows of those tragic figures. Reproducing, through upbringing and education, the culture of our ancestors, we are obliged to turn to its origins. And the Decembrists are the source that we, students and teachers, are considering now. The introductory speech was written by G.A. Illarionov, Candidate of Philosophy, history teacher. 4

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Arbuzov Anton Petrovich (1797 or 1798 - January 1843) One of the central streets of the city of Nazarovo bears the name of the Decembrist A.P. Arbuzov, who was in a settlement in the village of Nazarovskoye from August 1839 to February 10, 1843. Memoir literature provides almost no information about this fearless and unusually modest man, since he did not, like other Decembrists, leave his diaries and notes. We learn about him only from the protocols of the investigative commission and the diaries and memoirs of some Decembrists (I.D. Yakushkin, D.I. Zavalishin, M.M. Spiridov and others). A.P. Arbuzov was a lieutenant in the Guards crew. From the nobles. Father - Pyotr Arbuzov (apparently died before 1826, there were 50 souls behind him in the Tikhvin district of the Novgorod province), mother - nee Zavyalova. He was educated in the Naval Cadet Corps, where he entered on 12.2.1810, midshipman - 7.6.1812, midshipman - 27 (or 21).7.1815, lieutenant 27.2.1820, assigned to the Guards crew - 20.11.1819, from 1812 he made voyages By Baltic Sea, in 1823 on the frigate "Provorny" sailed to Iceland and England, in 1824 on the sloop "Mirny" - to Rostock. One of the founders of the secret “Guards Crew Society” (1824), author of its “statutes”. In 1825, Zavalishin was accepted into the Order of Restoration, member Northern Society(December 1825), an active participant in the uprising on Senate Square. Anton Petrovich was among the first to be arrested, on the night of December 14-15, and taken to the Winter Palace. Here the emperor himself and Adjutant General Levashov interrogated those arrested, after which Arbuzov was sent to Peter and Paul Fortress, the shackles of the Alekseevsky ravelin, put on Arbuzov, weighed half a pound. During interrogations, and the investigation into the Decembrist case lasted five months, Arbuzov denied his belonging to the society; after, when his comrades revealed all the facts of involvement in the uprising, he still first of all thought about his comrades, claiming that they had succumbed to his agitation , offered to shoot himself. On July 10, 1826, the Supreme Criminal Court, established by decree of the Tsar, sentenced the Decembrists, dividing them into eleven categories according to degree of guilt. 5

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A.P. Arbuzov was assigned to the first category and sentenced to death by beheading. The same sentence was passed on sailors D.I. Zavalishin and V.A. Divov, but soon the tsar, instead of the death penalty, sentenced those convicted in the first category to “hard labor forever.” On July 12, Arbuzov, among fourteen sailors, under heavy escort, was sent to Kronstadt on a prisoner schooner. On the flagship "Prince Vladimir" the convicts were demoted from officers to sailors. Before getting to Siberia, Arbuzov served imprisonment in the Rochensalm fortress in Finland for fifteen months, and only in the fall of 1827 the order was issued to “shackle him in iron and send him to Siberia.” The convicts were shackled on their feet, each was placed in a separate cart, and a gendarme sat in it with each. Thus began Arbuzov’s long journey to Siberia. On the outskirts of St. Petersburg, at one of the stations in front of Ladoga, he had a meeting with his brother. The Decembrists arrived in Irkutsk on November 22; on that day the frost reached 32 degrees. Here they were first told that they were being sent to Chita. The next day, the shackles were removed from Arbuzov, Tyutchev and Yakushkin and sent on horseback to Verkhneudinsk, and from there on a sleigh to Chita. The stay in Chita was temporary, since a prison was built specifically for the Decembrists at the Petrovsky Plant. In September 1830, the convicts were transferred here. Arbuzov was placed in prison cell No. 36, where he spent many years. His neighbors in prison were I.V. Kireev and I.V. Basargin. The Decembrists ground flour twice a day using hand millstones. Arbuzov mastered the skill of tailoring and became an excellent tailor-cutter. The notes of D.I. Zavalishin also mention that Arbuzov invented new way steel hardening accepted into production. In November 1832, good news came: the convicts' sentence of hard labor was reduced to 15 years, and three years later the term was reduced by another three years. At the end of the thirteen-year term, by decree of July 10, 1839, the Decembrist Arbuzov was “sent to settle in the village of Nazarovskoye, Achinsk district, Yenisei province,” where he arrived in August 1839. There is very little information about Arbuzov’s stay in Nazarovsky, so the letter of the Decembrist M.M. Spiridov from the village of Drokino near Krasnoyarsk to the Decembrist I.I. Pushchin in Turinsk on April 1, 1841 is of particular interest: “Arbuzov lives moderately and abstinently in the Achinsky district. His brother He promises everything and to this day has done nothing... Meanwhile, Arbuzov started a small arable land and several hives and somehow gets by... One can’t help but be glad that he maintained his behavior - I saw many officials who stopped by to see him , and everyone unanimously speaks of him with great praise." From official reports it is known that Arbuzov at the settlement “was engaged in housekeeping and reading books.” According to a decree issued in 1835, the Decembrists were allowed to receive 15 acres of arable and hay land per capita. However, Arbuzov refused this, and had only “a small arable land and a few beehives” 6

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We learn the details of the last days of the life and death of A.P. Arbuzov from the entry in the diary of the official V.D. Filosofov, a participant in the senatorial audit in Siberia: “The man is unusually smart, kind and has thorough information. He reached such poverty that he subsisted on fish, which caught himself. On which day there is no catch, on that day he is without food. Finally he fell ill. He lay for four days and during this time he begged twenty fish from the hostess. On the fifth day, the hostess refused to give him further supplies. In frosts up to 30 degrees, he was sick , went fishing. He began to clean out the old ice hole, but his weak strength failed him, he fell straight into the water, climbed out, but did not go home, but continued to fish, throwing a wade, and, fortunately, caught the required amount to pay off the hostess. Arriving home, he coolly paid her his debt and said that he would no longer need fish or anything. She thought that he was hinting that money had been sent to him, and she went to look after him. He was lying already dead in bed. So in the 45th year this man died in the wilderness and oblivion, and his feat - isn’t this fishing a feat? is heard only in a remote area of ​​Siberia." In the metric book of the Trinity Church in the village of Nazarovskoye for 1843, an entry was made under number three, which reads: "On February 10, the exile Anton Petrovich Arbuzov died of consumption. He was buried on February 12 in the parish cemetery." This is how the life of one of the prominent participants in the December uprising of 1825, Nikolai Bestuzhev’s closest friend, ended. given time his memory is immortalized by a memorial plaque in the city of Nazarovo, where he lived in a settlement from 1839 to 1843. List of literature and sources: 1. Decembrists on the Yenisei land http://decembrists.krasu.ru/ 2. “The granary of Krasnoyarsk. Nazarovo district”, “Letter”, 2004, pp. 15 – 19. The material was prepared by 5th grade student Angelina Soldatova under the guidance of history teacher Yu.S. Obukhova. 7

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Alexander Petrovich Petr Petrovich Belyaev brothers Belyaev Alexander Petrovich (1803 - 12/28/1887) Belyaev Petr Petrovich (1805 - 1864) TRUE BENEFIERS OF SIBERIA. ABOUT THE EDUCATIONAL AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF THE A.P. BROTHERS And P.P. BELYAEVS IN MINUSINSK. In Minusinsk there is the first and only museum of the Decembrists in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (opened on August 13, 1997). The memory of the 12 Decembrists who lived in the settlement from 1827 to 1861 is preserved here. in Minusinsk. Unfortunately, students do not have enough knowledge on this topic, which was found out during the survey. Therefore, the topic I have chosen is timely and relevant. The purpose of my work is to identify the role and influence of the Decembrists brothers A.P.I. and P.P. Belyaev on the life and development of Minusinsk. Tasks that are solved during the work - a review of the literature and an introduction to the book by A.P. Belyaev “Memoirs of a Decembrist about what he experienced and felt”, an analysis of the economic and educational activities of the Decembrists in Minusinsk, identifying the contribution of the Decembrists to the development of Minusinsk. Decembrists Alexander Petrovich and Pyotr Petrovich Belyaev arrived to settle in Minusinsk - Pyotr in 1832, Alexander in 1833. They launched energetic activities in the cultural and economic life of the city, which we learn about from the book by A.P. Belyaev “Memoirs of the Decembrist about what he experienced and felt”, published in the magazine “Russian Antiquity” of St. Petersburg (1880 - vol. 29, 1888 - vol. 30). Midshipmen of the Guards Naval Crew, the Belyaev brothers, with the people entrusted to them, were participants in the uprising on December 14 on the square in front of the Senate. Accused under the 4th category of “knowing about the intent to commit regicide” and personally participating “with the agitation of lower ranks” in the uprising. Sentenced to 12 years of hard labor and eternal settlement in Siberia. Hard labor was served in Chita and the Petrovsky plant. Alexander Petrovich, in chapters 14 and 15 of his “Memoirs...”, described his life with his brother in a settlement in Minusinsk, which he called “the promised land for Siberians and settlers.” This is how Minusinsk was imprinted in the memory of the Decembrist: “ Main center In the Minusinsk district there was then a small town called Minusinsk, which had a dozen wide streets, one pretty stone church, warm in winter, and with it an almshouse where the old and crippled were kept, a guest courtyard of decent architecture with columns, public places, two squares, in a word, everything necessary and necessary for the city. It was very recently renamed into a city from the village of Minusy...” 8

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Alexander and Peter decide to start farming. The farm of the Belyaev brothers was quite large and its methods were rational and advanced. They bought themselves a house, rented 60 or 70 acres of arable land, bought horses and sheep, hired workers and “became farmers in the full sense.” The Belyaevs' arable land was located 20 versts from the city. They made a threshing machine themselves, became suppliers to gold mines, and sold cereals, flour, and beef. The brothers first introduced the sowing of buckwheat and Himalayan multi-fruited barley in Minusinsk. For cattle breeding, they rented an island adjacent to the city and distant from it by the Yenisei channel. Here they set up a farmstead with yards for livestock and a hut for shepherds. They had 200 head of cattle, including 20 cows that were milked and sold for butter, and the bulls were sold to herders. All of the Belyaevs' employees were exiled settlers. Special attention The educational activities of the Belyaev brothers deserve. The Decembrists taught children, establishing the first private school in the city, despite the prohibitions of the tsarist government. “When farming became our full-time occupation, my brother and I alternated every week. On Monday, one of us went to the arable land, and the other stayed at home and studied at the school, which we set up at the request of the townspeople, peasants near the villages and some officials. We had with us a small number of textbooks on grammar, geography, history and arithmetic... Of course, our teaching was limited to correct reading, good and somewhat correct writing, brief concepts about geography, sacred and Russian history. “The school had at different times twenty students... Among our students there was also a Tatar, the son of a local nomad, a rich man.” The school was closed a few years later due to denunciation, but the teaching system of the Belyaev brothers had already had a significant impact on the students, a positive impact on the life of the city. “Our main goal was,” wrote A.P. Belyaev, “with the development of the mind, to instill the rules of pure morality, reasonable religiosity, honesty and the destruction of bad habits, which, as it seems, we have managed to do with God’s help.” The Belyaev brothers lived in a settlement in Minusinsk for about seven years; by imperial command they were transferred to the Caucasus. In recent years, Pyotr Petrovich was an agent in Saratov; he died in 1865. Alexander Petrovich died in Moscow in 1887. Ivan Pyzhlev, a political exile of the 1880s, wrote: “The Decembrists, despite the most miserable living conditions, did so much good for Siberia that it itself would not have done in a whole hundred years or more... These people were the true benefactors of Siberia.” . 2015 marks the 190th anniversary of the Decembrist uprising. In Minusinsk, the good memory of the “unfortunate knights of 1825” is preserved. Conclusion: Research work convinced me that the stay of the Decembrists in Minusinsk was one of the most striking events in my hometown. These people left a bright mark on the life of the Minusinsk people. With their moral character, way of life, and deeds, they won the respect of local residents. The Decembrists were pioneers of many useful endeavors both in cultural life and in the economy. All this is perfectly confirmed by the life and work of the Belyaev brothers. 9

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House Museum of the Decembrists Museum exhibits List of literature and sources: 1.Decembrists. Biographical reference book. Edited by M.V. Nechkina. M. Science 1988. Author: Belyaev Alexander Petrovich - “Memories of the Decembrist about what he experienced and felt.” Part 1 Chapter 14-15. The material was prepared by 9th grade student Sofia Kravchenko under the guidance of history teacher L.G. Kochutina. 10

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Davydov Vasily Lvovich (28.3.1793 - 25.10.1855) Came from a noble noble family, famous not only for its wealth, but also for its bright, talented people. General I. N. Raevsky, hero Patriotic War 1812, was his maternal brother, the famous poet and legendary partisan Denis Davydov was his cousin, Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya, the wife of a Decembrist, his niece. From 10 to 12 years old he was brought up in the boarding house of Abbot Nicolas, then received home education under the guidance of Abbot Froment. Military service. On October 11, 1807, at the age of 14, he enlisted as a cadet in the Life Guards Hussar Regiment. From March 24, 1808 - cadet harness, cornet from December 21, 1808, lieutenant with appointment as adjutant to the regiment commander, Major General I. E. Shevich from August 5, 1811. He took part in the Patriotic War of 1812 and was wounded twice. In 1812 he was the adjutant of Prince Bagration. For participation in the Battle of Borodino he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, IV degree with a bow. For his distinction in the battle of Maloyaroslavets he was awarded a golden sword for bravery. Participated in foreign campaigns. He took part in the battles of Lützen and Bautzen (awarded the Order of St. Anne, 2nd degree), was wounded at Kulm (awarded the Prussian Order of Merit) and Leipzig. He was captured near Leipzig. Released from captivity by Prussian troops. Staff captain from July 17, 1813, captain from March 7, 1816. On January 17, 1817, he was transferred to the Alexandria Hussar Regiment with the rank of lieutenant colonel. eleven

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On May 11, 1819 he was dismissed for treatment. Appointed to serve with the cavalry on July 11, 1820. Since 1819, he lived permanently on his mother’s estate, in the village of Kamenka, Chigirinsky district, Kyiv province. Owned 2926 souls. On January 29, 1822, he was dismissed as a colonel. Mason, member of the Alexander Lodge of Triple Salvation, member of the Welfare Union (since 1820) and the Southern Society. Together with S.G. Volkonsky, he headed the Kamensk administration of the Southern Society. Participated in congresses of leaders of the Southern Society, liaised with the Southern Society and the Northern Society. Arrest and exile. Arrested in Kyiv on January 14, 1826 by order of December 30, 1825. Delivered to St. Petersburg on January 20, 1826. Placed in the Peter and Paul Fortress on January 21. Convicted of the first category, sentenced to life hard labor. Sent to Siberia on July 21, 1826. On August 22, 1826, the term of hard labor was reduced to 20 years. On August 27, 1826 he arrived in Irkutsk. From Irkutsk, Davydov was sent to work at the Aleksandrovsky Distillery, from where he returned to Irkutsk on October 6. From Irkutsk he was sent to work at the Blagodatsky mine on October 8, 1826. He worked at the mine from October 25, 1826 to September 20, 1827. From the Blagodatsky mine he was sent to the Chita prison, where he arrived on September 29, 1827. From the Chita prison in September 1830 he was sent to the Petrovsky plant. On November 8, 1832, the term of hard labor was reduced to 15 years. On December 14, 1835, the term of hard labor was reduced to 13 years. At the end of the 13-year term, by decree of July 10, 1839, he was ordered to settle in the city of Krasnoyarsk. In Krasnoyarsk. The Davydov family arrived in Krasnoyarsk in September 1839. In Krasnoyarsk, the family settled in the house of gold miner Myasnikov - now on this site there is a city hospital (the intersection of Mira Avenue and Weinbaum Street). Later, the Davydovs built their house on the corner of Voskresenskaya Street and Batalionny Lane (the intersection of Mira Avenue and Dekabristov Street). The first harpsichord in Krasnoyarsk appeared in the Davydovs’ house, and a literary circle was formed. Political exiles were prohibited from creating schools, so the Davydovs created a home class in their home for their seven children born in Siberia. The class had no official status and could be attended by anyone. From local residents, Davydov received the nicknames “Lord of Thoughts” and “Box of Enlightenment.” Davydov's home school program later became the basis for the educational program of the Krasnoyarsk men's gymnasium. The Davydov house was demolished in 1937. The house had five rooms, a hallway, five Dutch ovens, and a cold mezzanine. Vasily Lvovich in Krasnoyarsk had close relationships with P.I. Kuznetsov, architect Ledantu, medical inspector Popov and others. 12

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At the request of Davydov, G. S. Batenkov designed the building of the Noble Assembly for Krasnoyarsk. The building was built in 1854 - 1856. Currently, his address is 67 Mira Ave. The Decembrists, exiled to Krasnoyarsk, gathered in the Davydovs’ house, and later, probably in the Noble Assembly. 27 September 1842 Governor General Eastern Siberia in his own. At the request of Davydov, G. S. Batenkov designed the building of the Noble Assembly for Krasnoyarsk. The building was built in 1854 - 1856. Currently, his address is 67 Mira Ave. The Decembrists, exiled to Krasnoyarsk, gathered in the Davydovs’ house, and later, probably in the Noble Assembly. On September 27, 1842, the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia, in his circular, demanded that the Yenisei governor prohibit public meetings of “state criminals.” Vasily Lvovich Davydov died on October 25, 1855 in Krasnoyarsk. He was buried at Trinity Cemetery. In 1883, nephew Alexander Petrovich Davydov, heading as an envoy to Japan through Krasnoyarsk, installed a marble monument made in Italy on the grave. The monument still stands at the grave. Marble monument to Vasily Lvovich Davydov at the Trinity Cemetery in Krasnoyarsk List of literature and sources: 1. Tamara Komarova. "Polar Star". Volume 25. Irkutsk. 2005 2. “V.L. Davydov. Essays. Letters." Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk local history museums. 2004 3. Sergeev M. “Misfortune’s faithful sister.” // Irkutsk, 1978 4. “Letters from V.L. Davydov.” Siberian letters of the Decembrists. // Krasnoyarsk, 1987. 5. Komint Popov, “Decembrists on the banks of the Yenisei” // Krasnoyarsk worker, December 20, 2002 The material was prepared by 8th grade students Maria Maslyukova, Victoria Perevalova and Tatyana Tabarintseva under the guidance of history teacher Mukhametdinov M.S. . 13

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Krasnokutsky Semyon Grigorievich (1787 or 1788-3.2.1840) Actual state councilor, chief prosecutor in the 1st department of the 5th department. Senate. From the nobles of the Kyiv province. Father - Kiev governor, prosecutor, state councilor G.I. Krasnokutsky (d. 12/23/1813), mother - Sofya Stepanovna Tomara (in 1826 she lived on the Mitsalovka estate, Zolotonosha district, Poltava province, followed by 238 souls). He was educated in the 1st Cadet Corps, where he entered - September 1, 1798, non-commissioned officer - November 15, 1802, released as an ensign in the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment - September 7, 1805, participant in the 1807 campaign (Friedland - awarded a golden sword for bravery), second lieutenant - August 17 1807, lieutenant - January 26, 1809, staff captain - May 1, 1811, participant in the Patriotic War of 1812 (Borodino, Tarutino, Maloyaroslavets) and foreign campaigns (Lutzen, Bautzen, Kulm, Leipzig, Paris), captain - September 23, 1813, colonel - January 13, 1816, commander of the Olonets infantry regiment - March 2, 1816, dismissed from service as a major general with a uniform and pension - November 25, 1821, at the chief prosecutor's desk in the 4th department. Senate with renaming to actual state councilor - January 26, 1822, chief prosecutor in the 1st department of the 5th department. Senate - June 11, 1823. Mason, Senate member of the Elizabeth to Virtue lodge in St. Petersburg (1819). area. Member of the Welfare Union (1817) and the Southern Society, participant in the preparation of the uprising. The first half of the 19th century in the history of the Yenisei province was closely intertwined with the destinies of a fairly large group of Decembrists. At various times from 1826 to 1855, 33 Decembrists visited settlements in Achinsk, Kansk, Minusinsk districts, and the Turukhansk region of the Yenisei province. Ten of them, by the will of fate, ended up in Krasnoyarsk. Brothers NS. and P.S. Bobrishchev-Pushkin, A.A and N.A. Kryukovs, V.L Davydov, M.M. Spiridov, M.F. Mitkov, S.G. Krasnokutsky, F.P. Shakhovsky, I.B. Avramov, A.P. Arbuzov Each of them leaves the educational dungeons. The recovery and settlement programs contributed to the formation of others in Siberia. implementation of casemates 14

Tsaregorodtsev Ivan,

Kansk Technological College

The flower of everything that was educated and truly noble in Russia was sent in chains to hard labor in an almost uninhabited part of Siberia. As A.S. Pushkin wrote, “the hanged are hanged, but the hard labor of 120 friends, brothers, comrades is terrible.”

The history of Siberia in the first half of the 19th century is closely connected with the history of Decembrism. The Decembrists were the founders of an open revolutionary struggle against the feudal-serf system; Grigory Batenkov in his testimony called December 14 “the first experience of a political revolution in Russia, an experience venerable in everyday life and in the eyes of other enlightened peoples.” The experience was...: 5 were hanged, 120 were sentenced to exile to hard labor for a period of 2 to 20 years, followed by settlement in Siberia, or to indefinite exile to a settlement, to demotion to the ranks of soldiers.

Many thought that they were not taking them to Siberia, but to prison fortresses. Siberia is remote and scary, but still no more terrible than the stone casemates of Petropavlovsk or Shlisselburg.

On the night of July 21 and July 23, 1826, the first two parties (8 people) were sentenced to be sent to Siberia, they were taken from the Peter and Paul Fortress to Siberia. They made their way to Irkutsk in the “leg glands”. A gendarme was sitting in the cart. “We galloped day and night,” recalls Baron Andrei Rosen, “it was awkward to doze in the sleigh; It was uneasy to spend the night in shackles and clothes. Therefore, we dozed at the stations for several minutes during re-harness: Kostroma, Vyatka, Perm, Yekaterinburg, Tyumen, Achinsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kansk, Irkutsk... 9 cities at a distance of 3000 miles.” The road to Siberia showed the Decembrists the deep sympathy of the population. And not only simple people, but even many Siberian governors and officials tried to show them signs of attention in any way; Nikolai Basargin for many years treasured a coin given to him on the road by a poor old woman.

“The further we moved into Siberia, the more she won in my eyes. The common people seemed to me much freer, smarter, and even more educated than our Russian peasants, especially the landowners. He understood human dignity more, we value our rights more..."

At first they wanted to scatter the Decembrists throughout Siberia, but then, in order to have complete control over everyone, place them nearby: Nerchinsk, Blagodatsky mine, Petrovsky plant... All the years they lived in a prison “dark and dirty, stinking hard labor, eaten by all types of insects” - This is what Princess Maria Volkonskaya wrote. They worked in the mines from 5 a.m. to 11 p.m. The norm is at least 3 pounds of ore, carried on a stretcher. The head of the Nerchinsky mine, Burnashev, was very sorry that the instructions for keeping convicts mentioned caring for the health of the Decembrists. “Without this squiggle, I would have put everyone out of business in 2 months.” They worked in leg and hand shackles. Convicts were paid 6 kopecks. per day and 2 pounds of flour per month. The most prominent participants in the uprising were sentenced to hard labor. The remaining convicts of categories 6-8 were sentenced to settlement in sparsely populated areas of Western and Eastern Siberia. There were 11 categories in total. They lived very poorly; not everyone had rich relatives. Later they were given a salary for the maintenance of a soldier - 4 rubles 35 kopecks. silver per month, and even later they allocated 15 acres of land. It was not for nothing that there were those who went crazy (that’s 5 people) and died in the prime of life at the age of 29-35 years (12 people).

While still in prison and the mines, they outlined a number of programmatic demands in the struggle for the rise of culture and education in Siberia:

creation of a wide network of primary schools through voluntary donations from the local population;

officially granting exiles the right to educate their children;

increasing the number of secondary educational institutions;

provision of government support in universities of the capital for graduates of Siberian gymnasiums;

the creation of a special class at the Irkutsk gymnasium to train people for service in Siberia;

opening of the Siberian University;

The Decembrists believed that agriculture was the main source of prosperity and national wealth, foreign trade. Therefore, we developed the following software requirements:

shift the burden of taxes from poor peasants to wealthy ones;

sell state-owned lands into private hands;

organize model farms;

open agricultural schools and generalize best practices in agricultural technology;

provide economic assistance to peasants in starting a farm through the opening of peasant banks in each volost.

Industry Development Program:

meet Russian society and Siberians with the enormous natural wealth of the region, attract capital from Russian and Siberian merchants to develop the wealth;

allow and encourage the formation of commercial and industrial companies;

prepare and attract educated people capable of applying and disseminating the achievements of science and technology to the development of the region’s wealth.

The proposals of the Decembrists to promote the development of trade in Siberia are interesting:

start a merchant fleet Pacific Ocean, open new routes of communication along the system of Siberian and Russian rivers;

build a railway from Perm to Tyumen and country roads connecting the cities of Western and Eastern Siberia;

open commercial schools.

Political demands of the Decembrists:

the destruction of serfdom and colonial oppression in Siberia;

providing Siberia with freedom and self-government;

transformation of the administrative apparatus of management;

reorganization of the court.

Over the years, the life of the prisoners acquired a certain stability: the Decembrists, educated and extraordinary people, began to share knowledge with each other, began to study languages, created small instrumental ensembles, and took up gardening, which greatly diversified their meager table. “The real field of life began with our entry into Siberia, where we are called to serve by word and example the cause to which we have dedicated ourselves,” wrote Mikhail Lunin.

“In the prison, everything was common - things, books, but it was very crowded: there was no more than an arshin distance between the beds: the clanking of chains, the noise of conversations and songs... The prison was dark, with windows near the ceiling, like in a stable,” wrote Maria Volkonskaya. “In the summer we dig the ground, level the roads, fill up the ravines, and in the winter we grind flour by hand using millstones. We live among ourselves like brothers. Everything is common, nothing is our own,” wrote Kornilovich. “We all wore our own clothes and underwear; the haves bought them and shared them with the have-nots. They did everything decisively among themselves: both grief and penny. We sewed everything ourselves: shoes, clothes, caps.” (A. Rosen.)

The Decembrists created an artel, where they contributed money for common food, and this equalized those who received financial assistance from relatives with those who had nothing. Those who completed their term of hard labor and began exile were given an allowance from the artel sums, which alleviated difficulties on the way and made it possible at first to settle down and acquire the most necessary things.

In 1832, the Decembrists, convicted of category 8, were given the opportunity to leave prison; they were now sent to a settlement. Then those who were convicted of categories 7, 6, and 5 set off. The prison casemates gradually emptied, the prisoners were resettled throughout the vast Siberia. They now faced lifelong exile in the remote outskirts of the country. In July 1839, the last Decembrists, those who were convicted under the first category, left prison. Three dozen carts, carts, wagons set off through forests, mountains, rivers - each had their own lot, their own destiny. Began new stage lives of heroes of Russia - settlement. It became quiet in the cells, the dust settled on the road. The Decembrists set off on a journey towards the unknown, towards new trials prepared for them.

Decembrist Nikolai Basargin wrote: “We can positively say that our long-term stay in different places in Siberia brought several new and useful ideas into the public eye regarding the moral education of Siberian residents.”

“The last act of our drama has already begun and is being torn apart…”, this is how the Decembrists wrote about the beginning of the move to the settlement. In the Yenisei province there were 31 people in exile. 5 Decembrists were assigned to the Kansky district of the Yenisei province:

In the village of Taseevskoye - Igelstrom Konstantinovich Gustavovich (Evstafievich) (1799-1851), captain, commander of the 1st company of the Lithuanian Pioneer Battalion stationed in the city of Bialystok. Born May 6, 1799 in Shumsk, Volyn province, on the Victorino estate, which belonged to father Gustav Gustavovich. The Decembrist graduated from the 2nd Cadet Corps. A very educated person: he knew German, French, and Polish. He was interested in history, geography, algebra, geometry. 10 days after the uprising in St. Petersburg, his soldiers refused to swear allegiance to the new Emperor Nicholas I, Captain Igelstrom led his company away shouting “Hurray,” breaking the whole ceremony. Nicholas I wrote on his deed: “To be hanged.” The death penalty was replaced by hard labor. He was not a member of the Decembrist society, but shared their views, therefore, when he was arrested, he was sentenced to hanging, then the sentence was replaced by hard labor and exile for 10 years, followed by settlement in Siberia. They were transported to Tobolsk on horseback and then on foot. He walked from Tobolsk to Irkutsk together with a party of convicts, and was in the Nerchinsk penal servitude (1827-1832) for exactly 5 years. While in hard labor he practiced practical medicine. He played the flute beautifully. Forgotten by his relatives, he was in great need of a settlement, so he wrote a request to be sent to the active army in the Caucasus and his request was finally granted: after spending 4 years in Taseevsky, in 1836 he became a private in the Caucasian separate corps. For his bravery he was even promoted to ensign, but due to injury he retired in 1843. He lives on a pension in Ukraine - in the city of Taganrog (military settlement Kamenskoye), works at customs. He was a wonderful musician. After hard labor and exile, he married in the Caucasus in 1842. in polka Bertha Borisovna Elzingek. In 1843 retired.

From Igelstrom’s letter to the Decembrist Kryukov:

“Now I’ll say something about my place of residence. Taseevskoye lies 179 versts directly north of Kansk on the Usolka River. It is surrounded on all sides by forest. It has 250 houses, a volost administration, a stone church, two shops, a salt exhibition, and two taverns. The main industry of the local residents is arable farming and squirrel hunting, which is bought locally by Yenisei merchants. Women weave linen and peasant cloth. Their main characteristic feature is drunkenness and laziness, this latter is so deeply rooted that some of the residents buy fathoms of firewood for a ruble, whereas no more than a mile from their houses they could chop several thousand fathoms of firewood. Think about the climate: yesterday everyone was riding sleighs here. In the summer there are so many midges that you can’t go outside without a net, but the location is incredibly beautiful. The prices of food supplies are incomparable. Imagine that while bread is sold at 25 kopecks per pound, for 100 potatoes they pay 60 kopecks, for a pound of beef they pay 3.5 and 4 rubles, and a calf, which contains more than 1 pound, can be bought for 2 rubles with skin. They demand from me that I plow the land. I spent 10 years in the cadet corps, 10 years in military service, 7 years in various prisons. The question is, where could I learn farming? Throughout Lent I was fed porridge with water, boiled potatoes, beets, and sometimes barley jelly, all of which was served with horseradish diluted in beer vinegar. And for such a “dainty table” they charged me only 15 rubles a month. And best of all, yesterday the landlady told me that if I don’t increase the rent, I can move to another apartment, so I decided to buy myself some kind of house and have already asked, but have not yet received permission.”

The father treated his criminal son unfriendly, wrote him little, did not help him during difficult years, as evidenced in the letters of M. N. Volkonsky. But my heart trembled when my son in 1834. returned home, he gathered his entire large family in Novogruduk. Igelstrom's brothers and sisters arrived with their wives, husbands, and children. The meeting was joyful and sad; they had not seen each other for 20 years. November 13, 1851 died visiting his sister (Lapteva) in Kremenskoye. Life has passed.

Coming from an old princely family, staff captain of the Life Guards of the Moscow Regiment. Father - captain Alexander Ivanovich, mother - Olga Mironova (nee Varentsova). He was educated in the Naval Cadet Corps and went from midshipman to lieutenant commander. He sailed from Kronstadt to Spain on the ship Neptunus. When he left the navy, he was assigned to serve in the Moscow Life Guards Regiment, guarding the Winter Palace. The investigation later established that he was not a member of the secret societies of the Decembrists, but he was present at the last meeting of the secret society (on the eve of the uprising); it was the Moscow regiment that arrived first on Senate Square on December 14, 1825. by 11 o'clock in the morning. The regiment lined up in a combat quadrangle (square) near the monument to Peter I, i.e. Dmitry Alexandrovich was an active participant in the uprising on December 14. He was arrested on the same day and on July 10, 1826 he was sentenced to category I - “sentenced to hard labor forever.” Then the period was reduced to 20 years. In his arrest file, his characteristics were preserved: “height 2 arshins 6 vershoks, white complexion, thin, brown eyes, long, straight nose, dark brown hair on the head and eyebrows.” He was in the Chita prison and the Petropavlovsk Plant, his sentence was reduced twice more: to 15 years, to 13 years. After serving hard labor (from 1827 to 1839), i.e. 12 years, he was sent to settle in the village of Taseevskoye, Yenisei province, Kansk district and stayed here for 3 years. At the request of his mother, he was transferred to the city of Kurgan, but the Kurgan mayor Tarasovich disliked Prince Shchepin-Rostovsky, constantly denounced him that “the prince was conducting propaganda, his speeches breathed the republican spirit,” there was even an investigation into this conflict by specially sent officials. After the amnesty of 1856, having lived in Siberia for 33 years, he left for Russia, but with a ban on living in the capitals, he lived in the Yaroslavl province (the village of Ivankovo) in the Rostov district. He was in great need financially, and therefore he was ordered by the highest order to pay an allowance of 114 rubles annually. 28kop. silver According to one version, he died in the city of Shuya, Vladimir province, according to another - in Rostov-Yaroslavl. He was 60 years old.

Bibliography:

1. Memoirs of the Bestuzhevs. M.-L., 1951.

2. Memoirs and stories of secret society figures. 1820s. M. 1974, vol. 1-3.

3. Decembrist uprising. Documentation. M.-L., 1980, vol. 1-17.

4. Gorbachevsky I. I. Notes, letters. M., 163.

5. Notes, articles, letters of the Decembrist I. D. Yakushkin. M., 1951.

6. Decembrist movement. Bibliography, 1959/ Comp. R. G. Eymontova. Under general Ed. M. V. Nechkina. M., 1960.

7. Druzhinin N. M. Decembrist Nikita Muravyov. M., 1980.

8. Landa S. M. The spirit of revolutionary transformations., 1816-1825. M., 1975.

9. Nechkina M. V. Decembrist Movement. M., 1955, vol. 1-2.

11. Semevsky V.I. political and social ideas of the Decembrists. St. Petersburg, 1990.

12. Shatrova G.P. Essays on the history of Decembrism. Krasnoyarsk, 1982.

13. Newspaper: “Taseevo - Sibirskoe village”, No. 5,6. TO THE 65TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE TASEEVSKAYA GARTISA REPUBLIC.

Decembrists in the Yenisei province 1

Your path lay into the depths of Siberia...
“The casemate gradually emptied; the prisoners were taken away, at the end of each term, and resettled throughout the vast Siberia. This life without family, without friends, without any society was harder than their initial imprisonment.”
M.N.Volkonskaya
“The Decembrists, despite the most miserable living conditions, often completely terrible, vile, did so much good for Siberia that it itself would not have done in a whole hundred years or more... they explored Siberia in the anthropological, natural, economic, social and ethnographic position, in a word, they did incomparably more than everything done during this time for people from another Russian region. These people were the true benefactors of Siberia both in moral, social, and material terms."
I.G. Pryzhov.
The life path of these people was connected with the Yenisei province (let us recall that in 1822 the West Siberian (center of Tobolsk) and East Siberian (center of Irkutsk) general governorships were created. At the same time, at the suggestion of M. M. Speransky, who carried out audit of Siberian possessions, Emperor Alexander I signed a decree on the formation Yenisei province consisting of five districts: Krasnoyarsk, Yenisei (with the Turukhansk Territory), Achinsk, Minusinsk and Kansk. The city of Krasnoyarsk was approved as the administrative center of the newly formed province).

Baryatinsky A.P. (7.1.1799 - 19.8.1844). He died in the Tobolsk hospital and was buried in the Zavalnoye cemetery.
Belyaev A.P. (1803 - 12/28/1887). He spent the last years of his life in Moscow (he lost his sight) and was buried at the Vagankovskoye cemetery. Memoirist.
Belyaev P.P. (1805 - 1864). In 1856 he was released from supervision; subsequently he was the manager of the office of the Caucasus and Mercury shipping company in Saratov, where he died.
Bobrishchev - Pushkin N.S. (21.8.1800 - 13.5.1871). Buried in the village. Pokrovsky-Korostin, Aleksinsky district, Tula province, the grave has not survived.
Bobrishchev - Pushkin P.S. (15.7.1802 - 13.2.1865). He died in Moscow in the house of N.D. Fonvizina - Pushchina. He was buried at the Vagankovskoye cemetery.
Igelstrom K.G. (8.5.1799 - 13.11.1851). He died in the military settlement of Kremensky near Taganrog.
Kireev I.V. (31.1.1803 - 20.6.1866). He died in Tula and was buried in the village of Dementeevo.
Krasnokutsky S.G. (1787 or 1788-3.2.1840). He died in Tobolsk and was buried in the Zavalnoye cemetery.
Krivtsov S.I. (1802 - 5.5.1864). He died on his estate. Timofeevsky, Bolkhov district, Oryol province.
Kryukov A.A. (14.1.1793 - 3.8.1866). He spent the last years of his life in Brussels, where he died of cholera.
Mozgan (Mazgana (Mazgan) P.D. (1802 - 11/8/1843). Killed during the capture of the Gergebil fort near Tiflis by the mountaineers.
Petin V.N. (approx. 1801 - 29.6.1852). He died in the village of Petrovka, Kozlovsky district, Tambov province. Soloviev V.N. baron (c. 1798 - 1866 or 1871). Died in Ryazan.
Falenberg P.I. (29.5.1791 - 13.2.1873). He died in Belgorod and was buried in Kharkov. Memoirist.
Fonvizin M.A. (20.8.1787-30.4.1854). Arrived in Moscow - May 11, 1853, sent with the gendarme to Maryino. He died in Maryino and was buried in Bronnitsy near the city cathedral. Memoirist and publicist. Scientific works of M.A. Fonvizin: “On the serfdom of farmers in Russia”, “Review on the history of philosophical systems”, etc.
Frolov A.F. (24.8.1804-6.5.1885). In 1879 he moved to Moscow, where he died, three years before his death, struck by a nervous attack. He was buried at the Vagankovskoye cemetery. Memoirist.
Shakhovskoy Fedor Petrovich (12.3.1796-22.5.1829). He died in a monastery in Suzdal. Author of notes about the Turukhansk region.
Shchepin-Rostovsky D.A. (1798-22.10.1858) / Died in the city of Shuya, Vladimir province.

They remained forever in the Yenisei province.

Avramov Ivan Borisovich(1802 - 17.9.1840) - in 1828 it was turned into a settlement in the city of Turukhansk, Yenisei province. According to a petition submitted together with N.F. Lisovsky on October 24, 1831, they were given the highest permission to engage in trade in the Turukhansk region and travel to buy bread and other supplies to Yeniseisk. He died in the village of Osinovo, Antsyferova volost, while traveling from Turukhansk to Yeniseisk on a ship with fish and various goods.

Arbuzov Anton Petrovich(1797 or 1798 - January 1843) - At the end of his term of hard labor, he was in a settlement in the remote village of Nazarovskoye, formerly. Achinsk district of the Yenisei province. Trained in the casemate by N. A. Bestuzhev in metalworking skills, he could not apply it to anything. Settled far from his comrades, he did not have the opportunity to receive from them the help that was usual in prison. Forgotten by his brother, the Tikhvin landowner E.P. Arbuzov, he was forced to support his existence by catching and selling fish. His plight was the cause of his death.

Davydov Vasily Lvovich(28.3.1793 - 25.10.1855) - At the end of his term, by decree of 10.7.1839 he was sent to settle in Krasnoyarsk, where he died.

Kryukov Nikolay Alexandrovich(1800 - 30.5.1854) - Died in Minusinsk, the grave has not survived. Wife (civilian since 1842, married 11/9/1853) - Marfa Dmitrievna Sailotova (née Chotushkina, ca. 1811 - 2/15/1868), daughter of a Khakass and a Russian peasant woman (before that she was a cook for the Decembrists Belyaev brothers). Sons (carried the surname Sailotov and were assigned to the Sagai Steppe Duma): Ivan (1843 - 1865), a student at Moscow University, and Timofey (4.5.1845 - 31.3.1918), teacher, honorary citizen of Minusinsk, at the end of the 19th century. unsuccessfully petitioned to restore his father's surname. N.A. Kryukov was also raising two sons of his wife from his first marriage - Mikhail (b. 1831) and Vasily Alekseevich Sailotov.

Lisovsky Nikolai Fedorovich(May 1802 - January 6, 1844) - At the end of his term in April 1828 he was sent to settle in the city of Turukhansk. He and I.B. Avramov were given the highest permission to engage in trade in the Turukhansk region and travel to Yeniseisk to buy bread and other supplies - 10/24/1831. In the 1840s, he was in Turukhansk the attorney for drinking taxes of the tax farmer N. Myasoedov. He died suddenly for an unknown reason, while on trade business on Tolstoy Nos on the Yenisei (downstream about 1 thousand versts from Turukhansk). To his property to compensate for the alleged shortage of government wine in the amount of 10 thousand rubles. sequestration was imposed. Wife (from March 1833) - daughter of Turukhansk archpriest Platonida Alekseevna Petrova; children: Nadezhda (in 1847 enrolled in a syrup institution in Irkutsk), Vladimir and Alexey (in 1847 placed in a boarding school at the Irkutsk provincial gymnasium).

Mitkov Mikhail Fotievich(1791 - 10/23/1849) - 1835 appointed to settle in the village. Olkhinskoye, Irkutsk district, but due to consumption he was temporarily left in Irkutsk; on the recommendation of the Governor General of Eastern Siberia S.B. Bronevsky, he was allowed to be sent to Krasnoyarsk - 11/17/1836, where he died. He was buried in the former Trinity Cemetery, the grave was lost, and in 1980 a monument was erected at the supposed burial site.
Siberian letters of the Decembrist M.F. Mitkov
There is not yet a single serious work about Mikhail Fotievich Mitkov; memoirs and epistolary literature are not replete with mentions of him. Meanwhile, Mitkov’s conviction under the second category, almost a year and a half of detention in the fortresses of Sveaborg, Svardgol, Kexgolm indicate that he was not an ordinary Decembrist. Only recently have new materials about him begun to appear in the literature. All the more valuable for a future researcher of the thoughts, views, and life of this man - a man of great culture, deep honesty, strict rules and immense courage - are his letters from Siberia.
Mikhail Fotievich Mitkov, colonel of the Life Guards of the Finnish Regiment, a prominent member of the Northern Society of Decembrists, was born in 1791 in the family of a major and court councilor.
In 1806, Mitkov was released as an ensign from the second cadet corps and assigned to the Finnish regiment, in which he served until the day of his arrest in December 1825. Mitkov was a brave officer, a participant in many battles, had three military orders and medals, and for the Battle of Borodino - a golden weapon with the inscription “For Bravery.” With the regiment he reached Paris. At the age of 27 he is promoted to colonel. The regiment returned from a foreign campaign in June 1814. Mitkov was one of the leading, highly educated and well-read officers, he knew languages, and during his stay abroad he studied advanced social teachings and political systems of a number of countries. His judgments were consistent and bold. He is a supporter of the establishment of a republic, the abolition of serfdom and the reduction of the length of military service. And it was quite natural that Mitkov took the path of the liberation movement. He joined the Secret Society in 1821: “It was during Lent. As far as I can remember in the following way. He (N. Turgenev) came to me (Mitkov lived on Vasilievsky Island) and made me an offer to join the society, saying that I would find good people. When I gave him my consent, he demanded that I first give him a receipt..."
Mitkov was not only prepared for the Society with a “free way of thinking,” but also became an active member of it, being a participant in many meetings of the Society in 1821, 1823, 1824. In 1824, in Ryleev’s apartment, he met Postel, who had arrived from the south. Mitkov belonged to the most radical wing of the Northern Society. In October 1823, he was introduced to the Supreme Duma of the Society and called for agitation among the peasants, citing his experience of conversations with them in the village. In the same year, the Charter of the Society, “rules for all members of the Society,” was adopted at Mitkov’s apartment, which became a big event in the history of the Northern Society. Mitkov took an active part in the discussion of the Charter.
In the summer of 1824 he went abroad for treatment and stayed there for almost a year. He spent the second half of 1825 in Moscow, actively working in the Moscow Council of the Society and in developing a plan to help his St. Petersburg comrades, when news arrived about the failure of the uprising on Senate Square.
By the Supreme Criminal Court, Mitkov, among 31 Decembrists, was sentenced to death by “cutting off the head,” which was replaced by Nicholas I with twenty-five years of hard labor, later reduced to 10 years. After a long period of detention in the northern fortresses, he was taken to Chita in 1828, and in 1835 he was taken out to settlement.
Mitkov's letters are kept in the State Historical Museum named after V.I. Lenin in Moscow. For the first time, a senior researcher at this museum, Ph.D., worked with them historical sciences M. Yu. Baranovskaya. She wrote a short article dedicated to Mitkov's letters, but, unfortunately, the death of the author prevented its publication. The article came to me from a close friend of Baranovskaya, a famous Decembrist scholar, great-granddaughter of the Decembrist N. O. Mozgalevsky - Maria Mikhailovna Bogdanova, who now lives in Moscow.
There are few letters, and the more valuable they are to the modern reader.
The first was received from Petrovsk on September 10, 1831, written in French by Trubetskoy’s hand and signed: “E. Trubetskaya, devoted to you.” It was addressed to A. N. Soimonov in Moscow, sent to the addressee through the III department with the accompanying letter:
“The III Department of His Imperial Majesty’s Own Chancellery has the honor to forward to His Highness Alexander Nikolaevich a letter from Ekaterina Ivanovna Trubetskoy.
Branch manager A. Mordvinov.
№5638
November 11, 1831
His Highness A.N. Soimonov."
This letter dates back to that period. when the Decembrists imprisoned in Siberian prisons were not allowed to correspond with their relatives, close and friends, therefore E. I. Trubetskaya, having assumed the role of a correspondent for many Decembrists, including M. F. Mitkov, resorted to some veiling of his text, avoids calling specific individuals by name. Here is the text of the letter:
“I have received, dear sir, your letter dated July 11 and the money that you sent me for your nephew, who in turn received letters from you and his cousins.
I cannot tell you how happy he is that you remember him and for the friendship you show him. He is very sincerely attached to you and is imbued with great interest in your whole family and sees great consolation in the fact that he can receive news about you: and he asked me to convey to you his great joy and gratitude.
He thanks his cousins ​​a thousand times for their sincere letters and for the details they describe. He values ​​these letters very much and asks them to continue writing about everything whenever they have a free moment. Your nephew asks you to convey his gratitude for the money you sent him. He asks you to write all the news about his cousin Sergei and convey his deep regards to his aunt. My husband spoke of you very often as a friend of his brother, and he was touched by your attitude towards him. Convey my respects to Mlle Soymanova and your young ladies’ daughters and believe me that I will be happy to give you news about your nephew every time you want.
Please accept, I ask you, dear sir, the assurance of a very sincere feeling of reverence and respect."
In this letter, Trubetskoy writes about Soimonov’s nephew. Who is he? M.Yu. Baranovskaya, examining letters from M.F. Mitkov to his brother Platon and the Soymonovs in Moscow, came to the conclusion that the “nephew” was the Decembrist himself, Mikhail Fotievich Mitkov. The Decembrist’s mother, whom he lost early, was born Soymonova, apparently the sister of Alexander Nikolaevich, whom Mitkov in his letters calls “his most respected uncle.”
The Decembrist's father remarried. It is known that his wife’s name was Praskovya Lukinichna. She was a good, noble person and replaced the Decembrist’s mother, trying in every possible way to alleviate his situation during his imprisonment in the Peter and Paul fortresses and other fortresses.
The ten-year hard labor sentence ended in 1835, and Mitkov was first taken to settle in the village of Olkhinskoye, Irkutsk District, but due to his painful condition (tuberculosis) he was temporarily left for treatment in Irkutsk. And then, on the recommendation of the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia S.B. Bronevsky, he was allowed permanent settlement in Krasnoyarsk. From that time on, all of Mitkov’s correspondence was connected with Krasnoyarsk.
Mitkov built himself a house, about which he wrote to his brother Platon Fotievich: “... I love my home shelter.” “... my house is warm, it is not afraid of any frost, it has the necessary amenities for the patient.” Mitkov liked Krasnoyarsk: “It’s good for me to live here,” “just the climate is very harsh, but with all that, it is considered the best of all the provincial cities of Siberia.”
In another letter, he wrote: “...We have an extraordinary winter: at the beginning of November, there were 12 (days) of decent frosts in a row, from 20 to 28 degrees, and since then the weather has been moderate, which has never happened to me: it rarely happens during the day up to 10 degrees, and there is also a slight thaw.
This is good for me, I can use the air, otherwise I would have to sit locked in a room: shortness of breath in the extreme cold does not allow me to go out into the air. It’s a pity that there is still no snow, we have to ride on wheels... I was very sick when I received your letter..."
On July 12, 1845, Mitkov wrote to his brother: “We have a wonderful summer this year, the weather the other month is always wonderful, it rains as much as is needed to freshen the air. The harvest, they say, is quite extraordinary. It is my pleasure to spend most of the day in my flower garden... If it weren’t for the painful illness, I could call myself happy and satisfied with the situation in which I find myself.”
From the very first days of his settlement in the provincial town, Mitkov gained the respect of the residents, who could not help but appreciate his nobility and integrity.
Decembrist A.E. Rosen mentions in his “notes”: when Mitkov in the Peter and Paul Fortress received a bundle of linen and an English flannel blanket from his house, he asked if all his comrades received books, things, and tobacco from their relatives. “Having heard a negative answer, he tied the knot again and asked to return it, said that he could do without these things. His health was generally upset. This act of him within the fortress walls was consistent with his character, with his rules. I remember when and Previously, at parades and maneuvers, he commanded our battalion, and during a rest or halt they brought large baskets of breakfast to Baron Sarger, then Mitkov refused the treat each time, asking him to excuse him due to ill health, but in reality the reason was that he was not I could share this snack with the whole battalion."
Other contemporaries say about Mitkov that he shared the latter with the poor. All these qualities of the Decembrist earned him universal respect in the settlement.
In Krasnoyarsk, Mitkov laid out a garden at his house and started greenhouses and a vegetable garden, about which he wrote to his brother: “It is my pleasure to spend most of the day in my flower garden, which occupies a space of up to 5 square fathoms.”
In one of the letters, he asked his brother to send flower seeds: “a package of double poppies, double asters.” In another: “Do me a favor, send me some garden seeds: including watermelons, melons, pumpkins, cucumbers, rutabaga, carrots.. beans, sugar snap peas, parsley, celery, extragone, zori, dill.”
Mitkov Garden, as well as sundial in the same garden, built by the Decembrist P. S. Bobrishev-Pushkin, who lived in a settlement (in 1832-1839) in Krasnoyarsk, delighted the residents of nearby streets.
Platon Fotievich Mimov, the Decembrist’s brother on his father’s side, loved his older brother very much and sent the exile everything he needed at home for a comfortable existence, as well as clothes and books. At the request of the Decembrist, who treated the entire district. P.F. Mitkov sent medicines and medical supplies from Moscow requested by the settler.
“Do me a favor,” M. F. Mitkov wrote to his brother, “send me the following books. Complete information on the treatment of all diseases of Dr. Lomovsky, second edition. Rural clinic, or “Medical instructions for state peasants.”
The Decembrists passing through Krasnoyarsk visited Mitkov, as A. L. Belyaev mentions in his “Notes”:
"Mikhail Fotievich Mitkov, most wonderful and at the same time very original person, lived as a perfect philosopher. He had a nice little apartment, which was kept in the most pedantic cleanliness... It was literally impossible to find a speck of dust here. He had a big library. Reading was his passion..."
Mitkov read a lot. In his letters to his brother, he kept asking for books to be sent to him. From him M.F. Mitkov received all Moscow newspapers and magazines. Mitkov followed the cultural life of Moscow, the new trend in literature, which bookstores sold this or that book. My brother always sent the books he asked for.
“Do me a favor,” writes Mitkov, “subscribe for me to the History of the Russian State (attack) N. M. Karamzin.”
“Pushkin’s stories have come out,” Mitkov asks his brother, “you won’t find a superfluous word in them, conciseness, simplicity in everything, elegance. There was a time when our critics reproached Pushkin for his simplicity of style, and G. Thiers, the famous historian, boasts of this.” .
Expressing gratitude to his brother for the books and glasses he sent, Mitkov asks to send him newly published works by Lermontov.
Having learned from Moscow newspapers about the publication of new poems by V. A. Zhukovsky, Myatkov asks his brother to send them to him and indicates; "On sale at the Moskvityanina bookstore, 10, on Tverskaya."
In one of his letters to Platon Fotievich, Mitkov asks him to send Gogol’s “Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends.”
It is known that all of advanced reading Russia greeted this book by Gogol with anger and reproach towards the great writer.
Did Mitkov familiarize himself with the statements of the great democrat V. G. Belinsky regarding “Correspondence with Friends” in his famous letter to Gogol? No answer has yet been found to these questions.
A person like the Decembrist M. F. Mitkov could not have approved of Gogol’s “Correspondence,” but it is very likely that, out of caution, he did not trust his thoughts to letters.
“I live here peacefully,” Mitkov writes in another letter to his brother, “and despite my painful attacks that force me to do housework, I don’t get bored. Reading and housekeeping classes are interrupted by a pleasant conversation with my comrades (Decembrists V.L. Davydov and M M. Spiridonov - M. B.) and others educated people, who are here."
In the first time after his settlement, Mitkov wrote to his brother about worthy people of Krasnoyarsk who became close to him and visited his house.
In another letter he wrote: “The gold industry has attracted several people to this region, educated and learned people with whom one can have a pleasant conversation, so in winter time When health allows, you can have pleasant entertainment..."
However, soon the predatory gold miners from local residents and those visiting the Yenisei province arouse Mitkov’s indignation, about which he writes to his brother: “Gold mines have changed life here a lot. Five years ago, not only was there not a single rich person in Krasnoyarsk, but even moderate fortune, and now several millionaires who have several hundred thousand, up to a million or more annual income, and all people are on their own for the most part meaningless, rude, without any education, waste money, drink champagne like water - this is all luxury, they do not know the conveniences of life; and nothing has been done for the public good: the hospital, the almshouse, the insane asylum, everything is in the most pitiful state. Some of these rich people were unknown to anyone when they had almost no wealth. Due to the increasing demand of workers for gold mines, which is disproportionate to the population of the region, prices are becoming more expensive every year.”
He was outraged by this rude, predatory company of gold miners, who indulged in revelry and debauchery, and did nothing for the public and the improvement of the city. Undoubtedly, some of those whom Mitkov used to host became involved in revelry with unworthy people, lost their moral character and were chasing only profit. Of course, such a principled person as Mitkov could no longer have anything in common with them. He wrote to his brother: “Before, it used to be that once a week in the evening my friends (whom you can imagine, the number is very limited), I can’t receive now?”
The disease gradually did its destructive work. Mitkov often wrote to his brother about this: “I was already thin, and now I’ve lost even more weight and become so weak that when I sit for a while doing something and suddenly get up, I feel dizzy... My health is almost in the same situation, as it was. I received a lot of treatment, patiently, did not allow myself the slightest deviation from the doctor’s instructions, but there was little benefit. There is not a single good doctor here. The severity of the climate also has an effect on me, but there is nothing to do - you won’t find a better one in Siberia.. "
In the last years of his life, complaints about his suffering are increasingly found in Mitkov’s letters to his brother. Mitkov was treated by Krasnoyarsk doctor Egor Ivanovich Betiger. Mitkov wrote to his brother: “It seems to me that I have become even more sensitive to the participation, affection and love that they show me. It has now been more than a year that I have been constantly ill and have no rest.”
At the same time as Mitkov, the Decembrist Vasily Lvovich Davydov lived in a settlement in Krasnoyarsk. Mitkov was very close to him and his family, about which he wrote to his brother: ... it is known from my letters what friendly relations I have with the family of Vasily Lvovich Davydov... I am like family to them... except for sincere affection, We became spiritually related, one of his daughters is my goddaughter, a dear child. I love her very much, and she loves me, as soon as she sees that I have arrived, she shouts: “Dad, my godfather has arrived,” and runs to meet me.”
This girl, the daughter of V.L. Davydov, was called Sophia, and Mitkov took care of her, which was a joy in his lonely life.
“I’ll tell you about my life, my dear friend,” Mitkov wrote in one of his last letters to his brother, “that, despite my painful condition, my reclusive life is not a burden to me. With the exception of my good comrade Vasily Lvovich Davydov , who visits me almost every day, when there are no sick people in his family, my acquaintances rarely visit me, and besides, painful attacks often prevent me from receiving even people who you know are really taking part in. Being always busy, I don’t know about boredom , and when the pain subsides, I don’t see how time passes. If sometimes I feel sad, it’s due to a serious illness..."
During the nine years of graying in Krasnoyarsk, from January 1, 1838, Mitkov regularly, day after day, kept careful meteorological observations and records.
“Observations included measurements of temperature and air pressure (in inches), air temperature in the room where the barometer was installed, characteristics of the state of the sky, for which 35 symbols were used. First of all, it was marked with signs: clear, cloudy, cloudy. Particular attention was paid to the records about the nature of clouds (scattered clouds, clouds on the horizon, thin clouds thin clouds near the horizon, local clouds, cirrus, cumulus, cirrocumulus, stratus, stratocumulus, cirrostratus, rain). thick fog, rain, heavy rain, torrential rain, drizzling rain and hail, snow, snow, small and large, blizzard, lightning and lightning, thunder, thunder and lightning, blizzard (quiet) and wind..
The notes for each month provided additional visual characteristics of the weather for individual days, which included data on the opening and freezing of the Yenisei, as well as details on precipitation and frost.
His observations became the property of world geophysics. Apparently, they were started by Mitkov at the request of Academician Kupfer (director of the Main Physical Observatory), who did a lot for their publication and use by science. Mitkov was equipped with the best meteorological instruments, verified with the exemplary instruments of the Normal Observatory.
Two years before his death, Mitkov abandoned his observations, since illness did not give him the opportunity to continue these studies.
In 1843, Ernest Karlovich Hoffman (1801-1871), a professor at St. Petersburg University, visited Krasnoyarsk, as Mitkov wrote to his brother, for geological observations. “And he, leaving here, was so kind that he undertook to personally deliver my letter to you. You can ask him about me, he, in his good nature and straightforwardness, will tell you what he knows. Science did not suppress his love for humanity, but developed and strengthened It's a sublime feeling."
Undoubtedly, E.K. Hoffman, upon returning to St. Petersburg, handed over Mitkov’s meteorological records to the scientists of the Main Physical Observatory, and they were included, like the works of other Decembrists, in the climatological atlas published by the director of the Main Physical Observatory, Wild, in 1881.
While settling in Krasnoyarsk, Mitkov lived with memories of Moscow. “We believe,” writes M.Yu. Baranovskaya, “that the Soymonovs’ house was his home, as well as his uncle’s estate near Moscow - the village of Teploye, Serpukhov district - now a district. Soymonov’s daughter, Susanna Alexandrovna, in her marriage to Mertvago, left sketches of this a beautiful area where artists and musicians visited in the summer and where the future Decembrist lived."
Mitkov's letters to his brother are permeated with thoughts about Moscow. He writes about his brothers, Soimonov and his family: “All my relatives are in Moscow and its environs... I would really like to have your portraits. On my bureau, where I always sit, there are 4 portraits of the family of my venerable uncle Al (exander) N (ikolaevich). Yours are missing for my heartfelt memories."
Having received daguerreotype portraits from his brother - his brother, his wife and children - and adding them to Soimonov’s, Mitkov writes: “They gave me inexplicable pleasure.
The last two years of Mitkov's life were painfully difficult. The remarkable Moscow doctor F.I. Inozemtsev, shortly before the Decembrist’s death, began treating him in absentia. “The instruction you sent from Dr. Inozemtsev,” Mitkov wrote to his brother about my illness, pleased me with the hope that perhaps the proposed treatment would ease my painful attacks.” But it was already too late. Warmed the whole being of his dying brother's letters from his dear Moscow.
Letters from Platon Fotievich to his brother, correspondence between Mitkov and Soimonov and his family are unknown. Their letters could contain interesting information about Moscow and Siberia at that time. In Krasnoyarsk, Mitkov lived with memories of Moscow, which he loved so much. Platon Fotievich, when his wife, Maria Klavdievna, died, sent his brother the “Panorama of Moscow” that belonged to her, which evoked grateful lines from the exiles: “Thank you, dear brother, Platon Fotievich, for the “Panorama of Moscow” that belonged to your unforgettable friend.”
On October 23, 1849, Mitkov died. He was buried in the city cemetery. A monument was erected at the grave - a column on a stylobate, crossed with rustication, topped with an urn with a cross. Exactly 6 years later, his former prisoner and comrade V.L. Davydov was buried next to Mitkov. The monument at the latter’s grave has been preserved, but Mitkov’s monument was stolen. In 1937, a photograph was sent from Siberia to the Literary Museum (Moscow) depicting monuments on the graves of M. F. Mitkov and V. L. Davydov in Krasnoyarsk.

A committee consisting of I. I. Pushchin, V. L. Davydov and M. I. Spiridonov, having received permission from the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia N. N. Muravyov-Amursky, sold M. F. Mitkov’s house and other property, compiled a statement of the proceeds and distributed them to poor Decembrists living in various places Siberia. The appearance of Mitkov's house in Krasnoyarsk is unknown.
Georgy Chernov
Research activities of M.F. Mitkov in Krasnoyarsk.
Important contribution Ten years of observations were introduced into meteorology by a prominent member of the Northern Society, Mikhail Fotievich Mitkov, who was in a settlement in Krasnoyarsk.
He was one of the most educated Decembrists. His interests were varied: he was interested in languages, mathematics, history, geography, and drawing. Arriving in Krasnoyarsk in 1836 after serving hard labor, the Decembrist took up floriculture and read a lot. His distinctive qualities were discipline, precision, and strict adherence to principles. According to I. I. Pushchin, who visited Mitkov in Krasnoyarsk, he had “everything on time and everything was in order.” He did not deviate from his rules even then, when a serious illness - a consequence of ten years in prison and hard labor - confined him to bed.
Despite his progressive consumption, he found the strength and determination to once again serve his fatherland, now in the field of science. For ten years, continuously, with exceptional accuracy, he conducted meteorological observations. According to experts, during this period Mitkov completed the same amount of measurements as a station consisting of four people carries out today.
It is difficult to say with certainty what prompted the sick Decembrist to take on this painstaking and difficult work, but many facts indicate that it was started by Mitkov at the request of Academician Kupfer. At least, the measurements were carried out according to Kupffer’s “Guide to Making Meteorological Observations.” It is also known that the scientist received Mitkov’s notes, processed them and prepared them for publication.
The records of M. F. Mntkov were transferred from the archives of the Main Geophysical Observatory of the country to the Krasnoyarsk Koshevoe Directorate of the Hydrometeorological Service, and in 1986 they became the property of our local history museum.
The Decembrist's entries were made in a lined journal measuring 22x36.5 cm and containing 150 sheets. Each sheet is divided into vertical columns corresponding to the time and type of observation, from January 1, 1838 to December 31, 1847.
Observations included measurements of air temperature, atmospheric pressure (in inches), temperature in the room where the barometer was installed, and characteristics of the sky. At the beginning (until February 6, 1838). observations were carried out 3 times a day: at 9 o'clock in the morning, 4 o'clock in the afternoon and at 9 o'clock in the evening, then another period was added - 7 o'clock in the morning. In certain periods, the dates were shifted by 1 hour forward or backward: 6 o'clock and 10 o'clock in the morning and 10 o'clock in the evening. Dates were given in the new style, column headings were given in German, and individual verbal entries were in two languages: Russian and French, which corresponded to the norms of scientific records of that time.
Analysis of observations made it possible to establish that the air temperature outside was measured using a Reaumur thermometer, that the thermometer was alcohol (Kupfer in his “Manual” recommended using alcohol thermometers at temperatures below 30 degrees, when mercury freezes). The tables also show that Mitkov measured atmospheric pressure and temperature in the room with a mercury barometer equipped with a thermometer (observatories of that time used Kupffer siphon mercury barometers). Mitkov's records also indicate that he used precision instruments, verified with exemplary instruments of the main Russian (normal) observatory.
The state of the sky was marked with the letters: I, P, O, S, D, etc. (clear, cloudy, cloudy, snow, rain...). After 1842, forms of cloudiness are sometimes given: scattered clouds, clouds on the horizon, thin clouds, porous clouds, stratocumulus, etc. Mitkov sometimes pointed out the intensity of the phenomenon: thick fog, heavy rain, light snow. A combination of phenomena was also recorded: thunder with lightning, thunder without rain, storm with rain.
It can be stated that Mitkov noted basically all the phenomena that are observed according to modern manuals. Some of these phenomena were not indicated even in Kupfer’s “Manual”: lightning, frost, hail, blizzard, blizzard.
In addition to the columns in which these observations were recorded, the journal has one more, last, column for notes. In it, Mitkov placed data on observations between the main periods, most often at night. For example: “It rained at night.”
The notes for each month provided additional visual characteristics of the weather for individual days. There is, for example, data on the opening and freezing of the Yenisei. This was also provided for by the “Guide”: “In cities washed by large rivers, the day the river breaks up and freezes is noticed.”
The observations of M.F. Mitkov were of great value for the science of the last century. At a time when the vast expanses of Russia, especially its eastern regions, were white spots when the network had not yet been created geophysical observatories, each long-term series of observations had a discovery price.
That is why the works of three Siberian Decembrist meteorologists (L.I. Borisov, M.F. Mntkov and A.I. Yakubovich) were transferred to the Main Physical Observatory and preserved for posterity.
Mntkov's observations were given special honor. In 1866, they saw the light of day in the appendix (“addendum”) to the “Code of observations made at the Main Physical Observatories and its subordinate observatories for 1861.” On title page applications inscription in Russian and French:
Additions
Meteorological observations,
produced in
Krasnoyarsk
from 1838 to 1847 inclusive according to the new style
(Latitude 56°1", longitude 90°34" from Paris)
The observations were made by Mr. MITKOV.
It should be noted that only particularly valuable meteorological observational data, subjected to careful selection, were published in the “Appendices” to the “Code”. Thus, out of 263 stations that existed in Russia, only 47 stations made observations suitable for publication; in 1864, the number of such stations was reduced to 24. Mitkov’s observations were also placed next to the data from these stations.
The Decembrist's measurements were used in the works of outstanding climate scientists and meteorologists. The founder of Russian climatology A.I. Voeikov, more than any other Russian scientist, used the observations of the Decembrists, including Mitkov. These observations were included in his most famous works. For example, in the famous study "Climates globe and especially Russia." Thus, the conclusion that in winter there is usually no snow in Krasnoyarsk and its environs was made mainly based on Mntkov’s observations.
The data from the Decembrist's observations were analyzed in the major work of Academician G.I. Wild "On Air Temperature in the Russian Empire", and they were ranked among the best meteorological measurements in Russia in terms of quality and completeness.
Mitkov’s measurements were also included in the work of academician M. A. Rykachev “The opening and freezing of waters in the Russian Empire”; they were used in the “Climatological Atlas of the Russian Empire”, published in 1899, and in the multi-volume work “Climate of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics” ( Leningrad, 1931), which, in particular, shows the average monthly temperatures in Krasnoyarsk for the years when Mitkov lived here.
Thus, the observations of the Decembrist were included in the works that make up the golden fund of meteorological science.
The meteorological journal of M. F. Mitkov will provide the staff of the local history museum with significant assistance in creating a museum of the Decembrists. Firstly, he himself will be among the most significant exhibits of the museum, and secondly, with his help it will be possible to find and purchase meteorological instruments for the museum’s collection, similar to those used by the Decembrist researcher Mikhail Fotievich Mitkov.
V. S. PLEKHOV

Education Administration Agency

Krasnoyarsk Territory

KGOU SPO "Kan Pedagogical College"

Department of Pedagogy and Psychology

Toolkit

in literary local history

DECEMBERISTS IN SIBERIA

Published by decision of the editorial publishing council of Kansk Pedagogical College

Compiled by: L.M. Megalinskaya Reviewer: A.V. Kiselman. Decembrists in Siberia: Methodological manual. Kansk., 2007-34p. Intended for students of the Pedagogical College. In this methodological manual materials are presented on the activities of the Decembrists in Siberia, in the Kansk district: economic activities, life, features of the material and spiritual culture of the Decembrists. The materials will help college students in preparing and conducting lessons and elective classes in local history, and will provide a regional component. © Author – compiler: L.M. Megalinskaya © KGOU SPO "Kan Pedagogical College"

1. Explanatory note 52. Uprising road to Siberia 63. Decembrists in the Yenisei province 84. Decembrists in the Kansk district 174.1. Dmitry Aleksandrovich Shchepin-Rostovsky 174.2. Konstantin Gustavovich Igelstrom 204.3 Valentin Nikolaevich Solovyov and Alexander Evtikhievich Mozalevsky 214.4. Petr Ivanovich Falenberg 265. The right to memory 286. Questions and assignments on the topic “The Decembrist Uprising” 307. Bibliography 33

1. Explanatory note

Before modern school The difficult task is to raise a young man with an active civic position, inextricably linked with the education of love for the Motherland, which includes love for the small homeland, for the place where you live, for the history of your region, for its culture. Local history, one of the promising directions teacher's work, the need of the time. Addressing this topic is dictated by the changes that are taking place in society. Local history is part of the national-regional component and helps in expanding and updating the content of education. Local history has long-standing traditions, which are associated primarily with the patriotic desire for a deep, comprehensive knowledge of the material and spiritual riches of the native country. It also gives a lot in the field of aesthetic education; it is an effective means of introducing students to scientific research, to scientific research, to bibliographic and textual research, to work with archival documents. The teacher should strive to ensure that students develop a certain system of knowledge about their native land: about the main stages of its development, distinctive features, place and significance in historical development our Motherland. It is impossible to love a country without knowing your own small Motherland. It is difficult to protect the present without knowing what price our ancestors paid for it. The purpose of this teaching aid is to provide information about the Decembrists who served exile in the Yenisei province, to expand the understanding of their activities, and to promote the development of interest in the study of their native land. The Decembrists had a huge influence on public opinion in Siberia and left a deep imprint in the memory of the people. The methodological manual addresses the following issues: Uprising. Road to Siberia. Decembrists in the Yenisei province. Decembrists in Kansky district. The manual ends with self-test questions that will contribute to a stronger and deeper understanding of educational material. To answer some of them, you need not only to think about what you have read, suggested in the methodological manual, but also to turn to the literature recommended for independent work, go to a museum, look at reproductions in art albums, re-read the already familiar pages of Russian classics, read something first. The Decembrist Nikolai Basarin said very correctly: “I am sure that the good reputation of us will remain forever throughout Siberia, that many will say heartfelt thanks for the benefit that our stay brought them.”

2. Uprising road to Siberia

Uprising in St. Petersburg on December 14, 1826. - an unforgettable page in Russian history. More than three thousand soldiers under thirteen commanders took to Senate Square to renew Russia and grant democratic freedoms to the feudal country. Herzen called the Decembrists young navigators. What prompted the Decembrists to revolt? Serfdom in its ugliest forms, shameful human trafficking, troubles and sorrows of their native country aroused hatred and pain in their hearts. It especially strengthened freedom-loving moods. Patriotic War of 1812 and the foreign approach of the Russian army of 1813-1814. People who put the good of Russia above their personal good are uniting. The Northern, Southern societies and the Society of United Slavs were formed. Despite all the differences in their programs, what was common was the desire to eliminate the autocratic system and introduce democratic order. The sudden death of Emperor Alexander I in Taganrog in November 1825 accelerated the rise of the Decembrists. And although the uprising on December 14 ended tragically, it illuminated all of Russia, its dark corners, prison dungeons, and taverns. The echo of Senate Square reached the southern regiments, in which many members of the secret society served. On December 29, the Chernigov regiment rebelled. But other regiments did not support him. 869 soldiers and 5 officers were arrested. The Investigative Commission, and after it the Supreme Criminal Court, treated the Decembrists as criminals. Those arrested were divided into categories according to their degree of guilt. Several hundred people were interrogated, 120 were convicted, of which 5 people placed outside the ranks were sentenced to death. On the night of July 13, 1826, convicts outside the ranks of I.I. were hanged on the ramparts of the Peter and Paul Fortress. Pestel, K.F. Ryleev, S.I. Muravyov-Apostol, M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, P.P. Kakhovsky. In the winter of 1826-1827, Decembrists began to be sent to Siberia in small groups. “We galloped day and night,” recalls the Decembrist Rosen, “it was awkward to doze off in the sleigh; it was restless to spend the night in shackles and in clothes, so we dozed for several minutes during the re-harness... Our path from Tobolsk lay through the cities: Tabu, Kainsk, Kolyvan, Tomsk, Achinsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kansk, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk; nine cities at a distance of 3000 miles...” Then the Decembrists were sent beyond Baikal. Initially, the convicts served hard labor at the Blagodatsky mine. In the dark adits, Volkonsky, Trubetskoy, the Borisov brothers, Artamon Muravyov, Obolensky, Yakubovich and Davydov were given the same “lesson” as the criminals, but they were kept many times worse. Usually, after work, the convict returned to the house where his family lived, and the Decembrists were kept in dark cells, lit by a dim candle. The arrival of the wives had a beneficial effect on the lives of the prisoners. Then the Decembrists were transferred to Chita, and in 1830 they made a trek on foot to a new casemate at the Petrovsky plant. After the expiration of the term, they were sent to a settlement. The Decembrists were mainly settled in Eastern Siberia. In the Yenisei province, most of the Decembrists were in settlements in Minusinsk, Krasnoyarsk, Yeniseisk and Kansk. The Decembrists spent thirty years in Siberia and left a deep mark on its memory.

3. Decembrists in the Yenisei province

The history of Siberia in the first half of the 19th century is connected with the history of Decembrism. The role of the Decembrists did not end with the uprisings of December 14, 1825 on Senate Square and in the South of Russia in 1825-1826. They were the founders of an open revolutionary struggle against tsarism and the feudal system. Lenin’s words that “in 1825 Russia saw for the first time a revolutionary movement against tsarism” became widely known. The ruling circles of Russia hastened to deal with the Decembrists. Five people were executed, 105 were sentenced to either exile or hard labor in Siberia, followed by settlement on the outskirts of Russia. A.I. Herzen characterized this period in the history of our country as follows: “The flower of everything that was educated, truly noble in Russia, went chained to hard labor to an almost uninhabited corner of Russia. The mental temperature in Russia has dropped... and for a long time.” Many of them went to hard labor on the territory of the Yenisei province, and over 30 Decembrists, from 1826 to the 50s, served exile here. The places of exile were very different: Krasnoyarsk, Yenisei, Turukhansk, Kansky districts. In addition, single individuals were assigned to settle in places in the province that were far removed from each other. But despite this, settlements continued. Considering it their duty to serve the public good, the Decembrists strived for this in Siberian conditions. Decembrist M.S. Lunin wrote: “Our real life’s journey began with our entry into Siberia, where we are called upon to serve by word and example the cause to which we have dedicated ourselves.” Most of the Decembrists launched energetic activities in various spheres of economic, scientific, and cultural life of Siberia. They hotly discussed political issues, the experience of the uprising of December 14, 1825, its lessons, closely followed events in Russia and foreign countries, and responded to them. The Decembrists contributed to the dissemination of ideas that were advanced for their time. The means of their dissemination were letters, manuscripts, journalistic and literary works, and oral conversations. Much attention was paid to the development of education. They considered it a powerful means of social transformation. The Decembrists taught the children of peasants and townspeople, set up schools, and spread knowledge. They carefully studied Siberia, its nature, history, economy and life of the Russian population, Buryats, Yakuts, Tungus (Evenks). The letters, diaries, and articles of the Decembrists contain a lot of valuable materials on the history of Siberia. The daily activities of the Decembrists are characterized by their connection with the needs of the region. By personal example of improved farming in local conditions, they contributed to the dissemination of craft and technical knowledge and skills, new production tools and farming methods. The most difficult conditions of exile were in the Turukhansk district. Abandoned to the Far North, among the harsh nature of a small population, separated from friends, deprived of their support, they felt thrown overboard of life. There were five of them: S.I. Krivtsov, Prince F.P. Shakhovsky, N.S. Bobrishchev-Pushkin, A.B. Abramov and A.F. Lisovsky. Two of them, Shakhovsky and Bobrishchev-Pushkin, went crazy, Lisovsky died under mysterious circumstances. Among them, the personalities of Prince Shakhovsky and A.I. are especially noteworthy. Yakubovich, who lived for a year in the village of Nazikovo, Yenisei District. F.P. Shakhovsky taught poor children for free, provided financial assistance to the local population, grew potatoes and garden crops in the Far North, and left “Notes and Stories about the Turukhansk Territory”, which have not yet been lost historical significance. Decembrist A. Yakubovich provided great assistance to the expedition of the Russian Academy of Sciences, headed by the famous Russian natural scientist A. Miadendorf. He managed to kindle the heart of I.P. with love for science. Kytmanov, the future founder of the Yenisei Museum of Local Lore. Large group Decembrists, after serving hard labor in the Nerchinsky mines and at the Petrovsky plant, were settled in Krasnoyarsk. Among them, the Decembrist V.L. especially stood out for his education, intelligence and honesty. Davydov. His house in Krasnoyarsk could be called the “headquarters” of the Decembrists not only in the city, but throughout the province. M.I. Pushchin, brother of the famous Decembrist I.I. Pushchin, Pushkin’s lyceum friend, exiled to the Krasnoyarsk garrison, wrote: “My four-month stay in Krasnoyarsk passed like the happiest dream.” There is reason to believe that it was the Decembrists who initiated the creation of the first secondary school and the first public library in Krasnoyarsk. It is no coincidence that outstanding events in the life of Siberians date back to the time of the Decembrists’ stay in Krasnoyarsk - the publication of the collective literary work of Krasnoyarsk residents - the Yenisei Almanac for 1812. Among its authors were the Yenisei poet Ivan Kozlov, Ryleev’s comrade in the St. Petersburg Cadet Corps, Governor A.V. Stepanov, a progressive person for that time. In the group of Minusinsk district settlements there were Decembrists 3 member of the Northern secret society: naval officers brothers Belyaev, Krivtsov, 4 members of the Southern secret society: brothers Kryukov, Falenberg, Krasnokutsky, 4 members of the secret society of the United Slavs, exiled to Siberia for promoting the ideas of the Decembrists among soldiers and junior officers - Mozalevsky, Frolov, Tyutcheva A., Kireeva. It is difficult to even list all the scientific and research work in the field of culture and education carried out by these people. For example, the Belyaev brothers, at the request of the residents of Minusinsk, the peasants of nearby villages and some officials, organized the first school in Minusinsk, engaged in farming, and improved the breed of sheep. According to the drawings of the Decembrist K.T. Thorson, member round the world expedition under the leadership of Bellingshausen, they assembled a mechanical thresher, which was the first experience of agricultural mechanization in the Minusinsk district. The exiled Decembrists were the first to become seriously interested in the history, geography, ethnography of this region, its folklore, and contributed a significant amount of work to the study of petroglyphs on the banks of the Yenisei. Admiring amazing beauty Siberia and its incurable riches, they considered this remote outskirts a country of enormous opportunities and predicted grandiose prospects for its development. “Siberia... with an increase in population, with the seeds sown in it, promises... a happy and glorious future,” wrote the Decembrist Rosen. They all contributed to this. The life and work of the most educated people on the outskirts of the Russian Empire left a deep imprint on public life these places. Scattered throughout villages and hamlets, the Decembrists did not lose contact with each other and formed settlement colonies or commonwealths, such as Irkutsk, Kurgan, and Tobolsk. Detailed commonwealths allowed the Decembrists not only to provide each other material support, but at the same time successfully resist the bureaucracy, create great opportunities for cultural and political influence on local population, gave rise to confidence in the Decembrists themselves in the rightness of their cause, moral and moral fortitude. The Irkutsk colony was very united. In letters they provided their comrades with information about their friends, their affairs, mood, and health. News received from Siberia or Transbaikalia became the property of everyone... “Letters from you are a common joy here and wherever you send your letter... it is sent, everyone is in a hurry to read it...” “We communicate your letters to each other or at least the news reported there,” writes Volkonsky in another letter to his permanent addressee I.I. Pushchina. Family holidays- name days, births of children, engagements, weddings - became common. Grief was also common when death claimed one of the members of the colony. “Every letter is a report on new logic. The memory of the deceased is sacred to us,” Volkonsky writes to Pushchin at the end of 1855. Speaking about the joys that entered the lives of the exiled Decembrists, it is impossible not to talk about their women. They, educated, loving art, noble, rich, followed their husbands to Siberia to support their spirit, to share with them the fate of the difficult life of Siberian penal servitude. B.I. Trubetskaya and M.N. were the first to go to the distant Siberian wilderness. Volkonskaya. The third to leave is Alexandra Muravyova, Nikita Muravyov’s wife. She went to Siberia, taking with her Pushkin’s message to the Decembrists, like a life-giving stream into a snowy desert. A little later, feeling their duty and responsibility, the following people leave the noisy capital cities to join their husbands: Kamilla Ivasheva, Alexandra Davydova, Anna Rosen, Elizaveta Naryshkina, Praskovya Annenkova, Maria Yushnevskaya. We still bow to the courage of the wives and brides of the Decembrists. Over the course of a century and a half, a lot has been written about them - and not only by ours, but also by foreign writers and scientists. Most of the Decembrists were still very young, some were only listed as wives. But instead of wedding bells, their life was invaded by the shackled ringing of Siberian mines and casemates. However, crippled life continued to remain life. Time passed and the Decembrists, one after another, began to marry Siberian girls. We know almost nothing about these women. And in pre-revolutionary literature there would be no need to look for special publications, because even in fragmentary information one can feel the authors’ lordly disdain for “common people.” Such marriages were regarded as a forced necessity, tantamount to hiring a servant or maid. “In Siberia he married a peasant woman; - and neither first nor last name.” “He had a son from a Buryat woman...” Everything is faceless, decorous, cold. The search continued: archives, manuscripts, meetings with the descendants of the Decembrists... And gradually the appearance of beautiful women who managed not only to create strong families, but also to bring true happiness to their husbands in a life so different from the previous one. There were 26 weddings in total, legal and several “illegal”, that is, those who were in civil marriages, but no less devoted and loving wives. The first of the Decembrists to marry was Mikhail Kuchelbecker, the beautiful fisherman Anna Tokareva. His brother Wilhelm also married here. His wife was an illiterate girl, Drosida Artemova. Was she good? It's hard to say. No one ever painted portraits of her, or of other Siberian wives. But this is how Drosida Ivanovna seemed to Kuchelbecker: “... I’m going to get married,” he wrote to Pushkin. “For you, a poet, at least one thing is important, that she is very good in her own way: her black eyes burn the soul; there’s something passionate in the face that you Europeans hardly have any idea about.” Drosida Ivanovna turned out to be a faithful and devoted wife to her husband until the end of his days. The wife of Prince E.P. Obolensky became the peasant woman Varvara Balanova, although all his comrades protested against this “unequal” marriage. After the amnesty, the Obolenskys left for Russia, as the Western European part of the country was then called, and Varvara appeared before her noble relatives. And here are the impressions of one of the eyewitnesses of this meeting: “Imagine, they all admire Varvara Samsonova, “bewitched by her intelligence and appearance.” Obolensky lived a long and happy life with his “Siberian” wife. Varvara gave him five daughters and three sons. V.F. married the peasant woman Evdokia Seredkina. Raevsky. He taught the woman to read and write and introduced her to social and political work. Having a huge library, they created a school where they taught children and adults. The fate of another woman is noteworthy - the daughter of the Cossack ataman of the Sayan village, Evdokia Nikolaevna Makarova. Arriving in Minusinsk from the village, she began to attend a school for adults, which was organized by the Belyaev brothers. They immediately drew attention to this extraordinary girl: they were amazed not so much by her beauty as by her mental abilities. They began to study with her according to an expanded program. She quickly learned to write, count, studied grammar, arithmetic and many other sciences. Fascinated by the intelligence, beauty and charm of this girl, the eldest of the brothers, midshipman Belyaev, proposed to her. She agreed to become his wife. But their wedding was not destined to take place. It was at this time that the decree “On easing the fate of state criminals” came: the brothers were sent as privates to the Caucasus, and soldiers were forbidden to marry. For a long time Dunya Makarova did not want to marry anyone else. And only years later, already 26 years old, she became a wife." state criminal» A.V. Frolova. She lived a long and wonderful life and died in 1902 in St. Petersburg. The respect she enjoyed among her husband’s relatives is evidenced by the fact that her ashes were transported to Moscow and buried next to her husband, at the Vagankovskoye cemetery. The marriages of other Decembrists were also strong and happy. M. Bestuzhev married a Cossack woman, Maria Semenova. Lieutenant Colonel Falenberg was married to a Cossack woman from the Sayano-Shushenskaya village, Anna Sokolova. The son and daughter were given by N.A. Bestuzhev Buryat Sobilaeva. Dmitry Zavalishin, Matvey Muravyov-Apostol and others were married to Siberian women. Almost all Siberian wives managed to create strong families based on possible love and deep affection. And I must admit: this was to a large extent the salvation of the Decembrists, scattered throughout the remote places of Siberia. The quiet life of these women is a high and reverent poem about Femininity, Loyalty and Love!

4. Decembrists in Kansky district

More than 120 Decembrists followed into the icy depths of Siberia; they were sentenced to hard labor for a period of 2 to 20 years, followed by settlement in Siberia or to indefinite exile in the settlement, to demotion to soldiers and sailors. In the Kansky district of the Yenisei province, 5 people served exile after hard labor: D.A. Shchepin-Rostovsky, K.G.Igelstrom, P.I. Falenberg, A.B. Mozalevsky, V.N. Soloviev. During these years, the Kansky district consisted of 5 large volosts: Rybinsk, Urinsk, Taseevskaya, Ustyanskaya, Ilanskaya. According to the census, there were 117 villages, 4,617 “common houses” and 4 public ones. The district center, Kansk, was small and provincial. It had only about one and a half thousand inhabitants, one church, one school, three drinking houses, a food store, a salt and grain store, and a wine store.

Pushchin Mikhail Ivanovich (1800-1869) - Decembrist, captain, commander of the Life Guards Cavalry Pioneer Squadron. From the nobles of the St. Petersburg province. Brother I.I. Pushchin, a prominent Decembrist, friend of A.S. Pushkin. Graduated from the 1st Cadet Corps. Knew about the existence of the Northern Society and participated in meetings with K.F. Ryleev on the eve of the uprising. Convicted of the X category, sentenced to deprivation of ranks and nobility and to conscription as a soldier until he completes his service.

M. Pushchin is the first Decembrist to enter the Yenisei province. On July 26, 1826, he arrived at the Krasnoyarsk garrison battalion, and 4 months later he was transferred to the Caucasus. He served in the military and civilian departments. After the amnesty, he participated in the preparation of the abolition of serfdom in the Moscow province. Subsequently he became an active state councilor, in 1865 he was renamed major general and appointed commandant of the Bobruisk fortress. He left memoirs where he described, in particular, his service in Krasnoyarsk.

Falenberg Petr Ivanovich - Decembrist

Falenberg Pyotr Ivanovich (1791-1873) - Decembrist, lieutenant colonel of the quartermaster service. From the nobles of the Mogilev province. Lutheran. Father is a German from Saxony in Russian service. P. Falenberg graduated from the Tsarskoye Selo Forestry Institute after several schools, and was a participant in the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns. As a member of the Southern Society (1822) he was convicted of category IV. After 8 years of hard labor, he was assigned to settle at the Troitsky Saltworks of the Yenisei District (decree of November 8, 1832), and in 1840 he was transferred to the village. Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district. After the amnesty of 1856, he lived in different places in European Russia. He died in Belgorod and was buried in Kharkov. For his second marriage, in 1840, he married the daughter of a Cossack constable of the Sayan village of the Minusinsk district, Anna Fedorovna Sokolova. In the settlement he was actively involved in economic activities, started a tobacco plantation, and built it with the help of the Decembrist A.F. Frolova wooden house, helped the Finnish scientist M. Castren in the study of ancient inscriptions in the Yenisei-Orkhon language.

Belyaev Alexander Petrovich - Decembrist

Belyaev Alexander Petrovich (1803-1887) - Decembrist, midshipman of the Guards crew. He came from the nobility of the Penza province. He graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps, sailed in the Baltic Sea, sailed to the shores of Iceland, England and France. One of the founders of the secret “Guards Crew Society” and a participant in the uprising on Senate Square. Convicted under category IV. After 8 years of hard labor and several months in a settlement in the Irkutsk province, by decree of July 23, 1833, he was transferred to Minusinsk, where he remained until March 1840, when he was allowed to enlist as a private in the Caucasus. Received his first officer rank. He spent the last years of his life after the amnesty in Moscow. He wrote a memoir, “Memories of Experiences and Feelings. 1805 - 1850", first published in 1881 in the magazine "Russian Antiquity", in which he described in detail his life and activities in Minusinsk. A.P. Belyaev, together with his brother Peter, were actively involved in agriculture, started a dairy farm, a meat herd of 200 heads, introduced new agricultural implements, and cultivated new productive varieties of buckwheat, barley, millet and sunflower. They opened a small school, compiled textbooks for it, and became teachers themselves.

Butashevich-Petrashevsky Mikhail Vasilievich - exile, revolutionary

In the history of the Russian liberation movement of the first half of the 19th century, the case of the members of the Petrashevites circle became perhaps the most high-profile after the investigative trial of the Decembrists. The organizer and soul of the circle was Mikhail Vasilyevich Butashevich-Petrashevsky, an extraordinary personality who stood out for his talent even against the background of such outstanding figures and members of the circle as F.M. Dostoevsky, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, A.N. Pleshcheev, N.A. Speshnev. Together with his associates, Mikhail Vasilyevich was sentenced to death in 1849, commuted to eternal hard labor.

Staying in Siberia became a severe test for the Petrashevites. For Dostoevsky, the sentence and Siberian penal servitude resulted in a deep spiritual change, a rejection of revolutionary socialist ideas, and an increase in religious sentiments. Other comrades of Petrashevsky, although not as sharply as Dostoevsky, condemned their past, accepted the science of compromise and managed to arrange their lives after the end of their hard labor and return to Russia. Many of the “Petrashevsky” people, but not Mikhail Petrashevsky himself. He was confident in his ability to fight this fight to the end. In one of his letters we read: “If I once entered into the struggle against all violence, against all injustice, now I cannot leave this path for the sake of acquiring petty benefits and the comforts of life.” However, he was not confident in the readiness of Russian citizens to defend their rights and the rule of law. “All of us Russians,” he admitted bitterly, “are some kind of defeated creatures, we all have a noticeable lack of independence, in the civilian sense - we are just cowards, although we are brave in fistfights and all kinds of massacres. In clashes with the authorities, we are so cowardly that even in a friendly circle we are afraid to express our thoughts to the end. We keep imagining the policeman behind our backs: We are stupefied by religious reverence in all power. We look at any administrative aphid, especially in a general’s uniform, as if they were thunder gods.”

Mikhail Vasilyevich considered the meaning of his life’s work not only to fight the arbitrariness of power through public disclosure through the press and courts, but also to educate civil consciousness in society. While still in Irkutsk, where he lived after serving hard labor, Petrashevsky, together with the Decembrist D. Zavalishin, began a campaign against the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia N.N. Muravyov, involved in the murder of the official Neklyudov in a duel. For this he was exiled in 1860 to the Yenisei province. His place of exile was assigned to Shushenskoye.

In May 1861, he was allowed to arrive in Krasnoyarsk to conduct a lawsuit against the Irkutsk authorities, and soon, thanks to the efforts of his sister, he was allowed to remain in Krasnoyarsk for permanent residence. From here he bombards the central authorities and Siberian newspapers with his revealing messages.

In 1863, Petrashevsky turned to the Yenisei Treasury Chamber with a request to be included in the class of Krasnoyarsk petty bourgeois. But the governor obliged the City Duma to obtain a signature from Petrashevsky that he would renounce his class rights. For refusal, the rebel was imprisoned for a month. But from the prison he managed to telegraph to St. Petersburg about the illegal actions of the authorities. This overflowed the governor’s patience, and on March 21, 1864, a decree was issued to expel Petrashevsky from Krasnoyarsk.

Mikhail Vasilyevich experienced his deportation very painfully. By his own admission, it had a worse effect on him than the death sentence in 1849 and hard labor. The point was not only that here he found a fertile environment for himself, people who ardently sympathized with the ideas of the public good. There is every reason to believe that he had certain plans regarding Krasnoyarsk. At one time, he refused the offer to escape. Explaining the reasons for the refusal, he wrote: “I did not take advantage of this for many reasons, which are unnecessary to explain, but I cannot keep silent about the fact that among them, in a very prominent place, was the awareness of the possibility of making Krasnoyarsk an exemplary city in many respects.”

Petrashevsky apparently hoped that here he would be able to develop public opinion in the right direction and rely on it in his struggle with the authorities. “It seemed to me,” he wrote, “that in Krasnoyarsk the heart, if not of all Russia, then of Siberia could be placed in the sense that Herzen, speaking about the reign of Nicholas I, found the head of Russia in the Nerchinsk factories.”

The expulsion of Petrashevsky caused a certain response in Krasnoyarsk society. Group of women - Sh.E. Latkina, O.V. Sidorova, E.V. Bostrom - protested to the provincial authorities. And although this did not save Petrashevsky from deportation, it was important for him as a manifestation of civic feeling. He wrote that “such actions as explosions of electricity in the air always refresh the atmosphere, bringing down beneficial actions in the decaying beginnings of social forces, stimulating their growth. They awaken humanity from sleep and with such acts they certify that a wonderful future awaits it, which only our ignorance, our ineptitude, the laziness of our thoughts, our apathy prevents us from making into our present.”

The Yenisei governor tried to have Petrashevsky assigned Turukhansk as a place of exile, but the higher authorities turned out to be more humane and he was sent back to the Minusinsk district, first to Shushenskoye, and then to Kebezh. However, even here Petrashevsky did not calm down. He writes his revealing correspondence, treats peasants, and becomes an intercessor in their cases.

On May 2, 1866, Petrashevsky was transferred to the village. Belskoye, Yenisei district, a remote abandoned village 100 versts from Yeniseisk, surrounded on all sides by impenetrable taiga. They settled him in a house on the edge of the village, in a cramped room with an earthen floor. But it was no longer possible to change Petrashevsky. From here he again sends his “insolent writings.” On December 6, 1866, he returned from Yeniseisk, where he had traveled to pursue his legal battle, and the next morning he was found dead in his home: a cerebral hemorrhage. Herzen’s “Bell” responded to his death: “Mikhail Vasilyevich Butashevich-Petrashevsky died suddenly in the village of Belsky, Yenisei province, 45 years old. May posterity preserve the memory of the man who died for Russian freedom as a victim of government persecution.”

Davydov Vasily Lvovich - Decembrist

Davydov Vasily Lvovich (1792-1855) - Decembrist, retired colonel, from the nobility of the Kyiv province. He entered service as a cadet in the Life Guards Hussar Regiment. A participant in the Patriotic War and foreign campaigns, he was repeatedly wounded. Served as adjutant under Prince Bagration (1812). A member of the Union of Welfare (1820) and the Southern Society, V. Davydov headed the Kamensk council of the Southern Society. Convicted of the 1st category, after 13 years of hard labor, by decree of July 10, 1839, he was sent to settle in Krasnoyarsk, where he lived with his family for 16 years. Here he had three children. The Davydov House is one of the centers of culture in the provincial Krasnoyarsk. There was a magnificent library and the only harpsichord in the entire province. In addition to our own children, children of good friends also studied at home school.

Memorable places associated with the name of V. Davydov in Krasnoyarsk: building on the street. Lenina, 43, standing still wooden house, purchased by “Colonel Alexandra Ivanovna Davydova”, on the street. Blagoveshchenskaya in the third curtain at No. 262, the left wing of the corner five-story building at 120 Mira Ave., occupying the site of a wooden house that was rented from 1846 and bought by the Davydovs in 1851 from gold miner N.F. Myasnikov (demolished in the 30s of the twentieth century). Davydov's grave in the city Trinity cemetery, marked by a monument made of Carrara marble in the form of a column on a plinth, entwined with an ivy branch. At the top of the column is a square slab topped with a ball with iron cross. Inscriptions are carved in the recesses of the slab: on the southern side - “Here lies the servant of God Vasily Lvovich Davydov”, on the next two - biblical sayings, on the eastern side - “Born 1793, March 28. Died 1855, October 25.” The monument was ordered, delivered and installed in the 80s of the twentieth century by one of Davydov’s sons, a diplomat.

Weinbaum Grigory Spiridonovich

“Exiled settler Grigory Spiridonov Weinbaum, son of a court councilor, former student of St. Petersburg University. By the verdict of the St. Petersburg Court Chamber on December 10, 1910, for belonging to the St. Petersburg organization of the RSDLP, he was exiled to Siberia for a settlement. Placed in the village. Podgornaya Yalanskaya volost. Upon arrival in exile, he organized the Social Democratic faction of exiled villages. Podgornoy, led, but unsuccessfully, propaganda of social democratic ideas among the peasants of the village. Podgornaya. He arranged essays for exiles, but soon, disillusioned with the composition of the exiles, he quit. He helped the exiled settler Valik Degot escape from exile by giving him a 5-year passport book he received from an unknown person, with which Degot escaped. He had connections with the “Paris Committee for Assistance to Exiles”, received money from it through Roller of Tar, which he distributed among the exiles. He knew several languages: French, German, Bulgarian, Latin, Greek, several dialects of the Balkan Peninsula (his mother is Bulgarian) and partly English. He was a well-developed, very conspiratorial man and enjoyed the respect of the exiles.” Captain of a separate corps of gendarmes (signature illegible).

Dmitrieva-Tomanovskaya Elizaveta Lukinichna

The history of the city is associated with the name of one of the most prominent women of the world and Russian revolutionary movement, Elizaveta Lukinichna Dmitrieva-Tomanovskaya. The illegitimate daughter of the landowner Kushelev, she, wanting to get higher education, in 1868, under the name Tomanovskaya, he went abroad. While still in Russia, she became interested in the ideas of serving the people that worried young people at that time. Therefore, in Geneva she shows a keen interest in the socialist movement and becomes close to the leaders of the Russian section of the 1st International. In 1870, on behalf of its members, she was sent to London to maintain connections with K. Marx. Marx highly valued her devotion to the revolutionary cause and, when the revolution began in France, he assigned her to be a correspondent for the General Council.

In Paris, she found herself at the very center of events, heading the Women's Union together with Louise Michel. Under the name Dmitrieva, Elizaveta Lukinichna became known among the rebels for her unparalleled courage and enthusiasm. Until the last days Paris Commune she fought on the barricades. Returning to Russia, she settled on her father's estate. Soon Dmitrieva marries I.M. Davydovsky, associated with revolutionary circles. However, her husband turned out to be involved in some kind of criminal adventure and was sentenced to deportation to Siberia. Dmitrieva-Tomanovskaya was confident in her husband’s innocence, and in this she was supported by K. Marx, F. Engels and her Russian friends - M. Kovalevsky and N. Utin. However, she failed to win the trial, and her husband was sent to settle in the Yenisei province in 1878. Elizaveta Lukinichna followed her husband.

For some time the Davydovsky family lived in Nazarovo, from 1881 in Emelyanov, and from 1898 to 1902 in Krasnoyarsk.

Life's trials did not break the young woman, and, despite the hardships and difficulties, she retained her spiritual strength, optimism and loyalty to the ideals of her youth. She took an active part in the work of the local department of the Red Cross “Narodnaya Volya”. In Siberia, Elizaveta Lukinichna showed her abilities in a new field, engaging in entrepreneurship (she ran a small confectionery factory in Krasnoyarsk) and research work. With her participation, research was carried out on the coal reserves of the Nazarovo volost and an application was made for their industrial development.

In 1902, the Davydovskys left Krasnoyarsk. And although the stay of the heroine of the Paris Commune on our land was short-lived, this fact in itself is significant. The spirit of revolutionary romance and enthusiasm, which the events of the Paris Commune stirred in Russian society, seemed to be embodied for contemporaries in this woman.

Klements Dmitry Alexandrovich - revolutionary, educator, researcher of Siberia

The name of Dmitry Aleksandrovich Klemenets is on a par with such figures of revolutionary populism of the 70s of the 19th century as P.A. Kropotkin, S.M. Kravchinsky, S.L. Perovskaya. They were perceived by contemporaries and subsequent generations only in the aura of revolutionary romance. But the canonical touch sometimes made it difficult to see their living faces.

Clements embarked on the path of social struggle while still a student. For him, as for thousands of young contemporaries, the choice of this path was determined by the ideal motives of serving the public good. For this, they were ready to sacrifice their careers, personal well-being, and even give up creativity, because they believed that a true intellectual does not have the right to indulge in the luxury of scientific or artistic creativity while evil and injustice reign in the world. And these were people generously endowed with talents. From the galaxy of revolutionaries of the 70s, to which Clements belonged, came outstanding scientists and writers - P.A. Kropotkin, N.A. Morozov, A. Bakh, S.M. Kravchinsky, V.G. Korolenko, N. Kibalchich. And against the background of these bright names, Clements occupied perhaps the most prominent place. According to the unanimous recognition of his contemporaries, he served in the Populist Party as its mental center. The deep analytical mind of a scientist, erudition, the sharp pen of a publicist - these qualities predetermined the exceptional influence of Clemenz on the spiritual mood of young people. He was put on a par with such masters of minds as A.I. Herzen, N.G. Chernyshevsky.

Even people who stood on ideological positions opposite to the revolutionaries were forced to recognize the amazing charm of his personality. Clements equally attracted a variety of people - from a simple homespun peasant to an academician and a minister, from a liberal to a monarchist. He went from a revolutionary, one of the most dangerous enemies of the throne, to an actual state councilor, the first director of a museum dedicated to Emperor Alexander III.

In the early 70s, he was one of the first to show democratic youth the path to the people. He carried the sincere conviction of his youth in the enormous creative potential of the Russian people, which can be realized only through enlightenment and familiarization with the benefits of civilization and culture, throughout his entire life. He tried to translate this conviction in word and deed. Clements was known as the author of numerous propaganda works, popular in his time both among revolutionaries and peasants. He is an editor and contributor to the revolutionary populist publications “Forward!”, “Community”, “Land and Freedom”.

But Dmitry Alexandrovich was not only a theorist and agitator, but also an excellent organizer and practitioner. He was responsible for several daring actions to release his comrades from prison and exile, which caused a great stir among the gendarmes. Twice Clements made attempts to free N.G. from exile in Siberia. Chernyshevsky. For almost ten years, he managed to fool his pursuers, evade ambushes, and hide. His secret talent was revered by the gendarmes themselves, and when he was finally arrested in 1879, they could not believe for a long time that they had managed to capture the elusive Clemenza.

In 1881, Clemenz was sentenced to five years of administrative exile in Siberia. The relatively “mild” sentence was explained by the fact that the propaganda activities, which were mainly incriminated against him, against the background of the intensifying Narodnaya Volya terror, to a certain extent lost their danger in the eyes of the government.

The initial place of exile for Clements was assigned to the Yakutsk region, but in 1882 he managed to get it replaced with Minusinsk. And although the living conditions here were incomparably easier, he still had a hard time being separated from his usual environment. Gradually he managed to overcome the psychological barrier. In the link he found a new field to apply his creative forces and social aspirations. In 1883-1886, Clements made a series of expeditions on behalf of the West Siberian Department of the Russian Geographical Society, as a result of which a vast area of ​​the upper reaches of the Yenisei, the river basin, was examined. Tomi and South part Kuznetsk Alatau. The studies provided valuable material for the geographical and geological characteristics of the area. His data were published in publications of the Russian Geographical Society and were subsequently used by the famous Austrian scientist Suess in his major work on the geological structure of the Earth, “The Face of the Earth” (Vienna, 1901).

Expeditions to the Minusinsk district determined the further direction of his scientific work. Clements entered science as an original researcher of the Russian and indigenous population of Siberia. He wrote his first major scientific work, “Antiquities of the Minusinsk Museum” (Tomsk, 1886), in Minusinsk. It was conceived as a catalog of the museum's archaeological collection. But in the process of work, the author went beyond the scope of the original plan, creating a completely independent scientific study, in which an original classification of archaeological material was given and a number of deep thoughts were expressed about the ethnic history of the ancient population of Siberia.

The book brought Clemenz fame in scientific circles. Prominent Russian historian and ethnographer A.N. Pypin saw the creation of scientific work of such a high level in the difficult conditions of the province as a scientific and civic feat.

In 1886, Clements conducted a survey of the vast gold mining region, which included the Achinsk and Minusinsk districts, as well as the mines of the South Yenisei taiga and the Kuznetsk district of the Tomsk province. The work was financed by the famous industrialist and philanthropist I.M. Sibiryakov. Clements collected unique material from 285 mines, characterizing the technical and economic state of the gold industry and the situation of workers. The materials of the expedition were summarized and prepared for publication in the manuscript “About economic situation mine workers." And although the manuscript remained unpublished, it is still important that Clements was the first, long before the appearance of the work famous historian IN AND. Semevsky, put this problem on the basis of serious scientific analysis.

Clements did a lot to study the economic and natural resources of the Yenisei province. When examining the Kansky and Achinsky districts, he was one of the first to point out the need for industrial development of local coal deposits. The scientist widely promoted the idea of ​​developing shipping in the upper Yenisei to expand trade and economic ties with Mongolia. This, according to Clemenza, should not only expand market ties, but also give impetus to the development of the local manufacturing industry.

Great credit belongs to Klemenets in the development of museum work in both Siberia and the Yenisei province. He promoted the creation of museums in the press, helped with advice and practical participation in the creation of museum exhibitions in Minusinsk, Krasnoyarsk, Achinsk, Kyakhta, Yakutsk. And when he became the director of the largest ethnographic museum in the country, he did not stop supporting Siberian museums. Having headed the department of Siberian ethnography at the museum, Clements oversaw the organization scientific expeditions. Thus, with his direct assistance, F. Kohn’s expedition was carried out to survey the indigenous population of the Uriankhai region (Tuva), which yielded brilliant results. Clements assisted in the scientific work of A. Makarenko, V. Arefiev, M. Ovchinnikov in the study of archaeological monuments, ethnography and folklore in the Yenisei province.

The role of Dmitry Alexandrovich in the development of the Siberian press is great. He not only corresponded, but also edited for some time the Sibirskaya Gazeta and Eastern Review, which determined the social climate in Siberia. Clements was the favorite author of Siberians. In his articles, essays, and feuilletons, the reader always found a response to the most burning questions of Russian life. Clements was also a brilliant master of artistic expression. His stories and tales about the life of ordinary Siberian people aroused in the reader touching sympathy for the simple-minded heroes, compassion for the bitter lot of the migrant, cut off from his native roots, the exile, vegetating in need. They did not leave a person indifferent, because the author put into his works a restless heart, open to everything that worried Russian society. Summing up the results of his 12 years of work in the Siberian press, Clements could rightfully say: “We didn’t write trifles, we wrote about the burning ulcers of the country.”

In 1897, Dmitry Alexandrovich left Siberia. Since 1900, he led the work to create the first national ethnographic museum. This was one of the largest scientific undertakings in the development of Russian ethnography and museology. And although it was patronized by the office of the imperial court, Clements managed to take the matter beyond the scope of the official direction, making the museum a genuine scientific center. Until the last days of his life, the scientist did not give up his research work. He died on January 8, 1914. His death was perceived as a great loss for Russian science and culture. “The furrow he made in Russian life is deep,” it was written in one of the obituaries, “his influence on environment great. He lived and died big man, a large value in social and scientific terms."

Despite the difficult turns in his life, Dmitry Alexandrovich always remained a passionate seeker of truth, which opens the way to a society organized on the principles of justice and goodness.

Karaulov Vasily Andreevich - public figure

Vasily Andreevich Karaulov was born in 1854. After graduating from the Vitebsk gymnasium, he entered Kyiv University, where, having joined the Narodnaya Volya party, he took an active part in promoting its ideas among workers and peasants. On March 4, 1884, Karaulov was arrested; based on intelligence information, he was tried as a terrorist under Article 249 of the Penal Code, punishable by death. Despite, however; Despite all the efforts of the gendarmerie department, it was not possible to prove the participation of Karaulov and his comrades in terrorist actions, and in November of the same 1884, Karaulov was sentenced by a military court to four years of hard labor.

The convict Vasily Andreevich had to serve his time in the Shlisselburg fortress. He entered there No. 37 and, according to his contemporary in captivity M.V. Novorussky, was the only short-term prisoner in this prison, intended for “serious criminals.” Plehve and D. Tolstoy then found that the court’s verdict in relation to Karaulov was too lenient and with Shlisselburg they “corrected the shortcomings of military justice.”

Four years later, Vasily Andreevich was sent to Siberia “and with a shaved head and with shackles on his feet, he measured the endless Vladimir.” In Siberia he was first settled in remote places Yenisei province, and then in Krasnoyarsk. The amnesty of 1905 returned all rights to Karaulov, and he again devoted himself to social activities. During all election periods before the convocation State Duma he was an elector and a candidate for the People's Freedom Party. He got into the Duma only during the third elections.

And here the strength of his convictions begins to be revealed in the fight against evil and injustice shown by the strong towards the weak. Vasily Andreevich defended the most dear right of the human spirit: to freedom of conscience, the right of every person, the right of the people to profess their religion, to honor their God as their inner feeling tells them. But at the same time, it was also deep religious person. Perhaps a religious feeling developed in him precisely under the influence of the difficult trials that befell him. In any case, one can only defend religious freedom the way Karaulov defended it only if one is a deeply religious person.

And his death resonates with pain in the hearts of millions of those oppressed and humiliated precisely for their faith, for the right of their conscience to profess the teaching that it recognizes as true.

“The happy man’s enemies die,
The unfortunate friend dies:

But they weren't the only ones who lost. The same Duma that so often tormented his aching nerves will not find him a replacement. His natural opponents also bowed to his sincerity. And at the funeral service representatives of all parties stood at the coffin; Purishkevich and Shulgin appeared.

Time will pass and what Vasily Andreevich fought for and desired with all the strength of his soul will come true. Without faith in this, the loss of such fighters would be even more difficult.

On the future monument that the society will erect on the grave of Vasily Andreevich, we will read what he himself said about himself from the rostrum to a deputy in a cassock in response to reproaches in the past. These words cannot be forgotten; they must be passed on to posterity.

“Yes, venerable father, I was a convict, and with a shaved head and shackles on my feet, I measured the endless Vladimir for daring to wish and say that you should sit in this chamber. For the desire to change the political system by non-violent means, I was tried by a military court, convicted, deprived of all the rights of the estate and sentenced to hard labor: And the fact that I was a convict constitutes my pride for the rest of my life: In that mighty wave that carried us into This hall contains both my drop of blood and my drop of tears. It is small and unnoticeable, but I know that it exists, and this is enough to justify my existence before God and before people.”

Kropotkin Alexander Alekseevich - exile, populist

Alexander Alekseevich Kropotkin is one of many thousands of Russian intellectuals for whom fate has prepared the sad fate of unclaimed and failed talent. Richly gifted with the deep mind of a philosopher, poetic talent and artistic nature, he could become a prominent scientist, artist, public figure, but ended his life in obscurity in a remote Siberian province at the age of 45. For his contemporaries and subsequent generations, his figure remained in the shadow of his illustrious brother Pyotr Alekseevich, an outstanding scientist and revolutionary, the father of Russian anarchism. Meanwhile, Pyotr Alekseevich himself admitted more than once that he owed his spiritual development to his brother Alexander.

On his father's side, he belonged to the descendants of the Rurikovichs. The Kropotkins descended from the grandson of the Grand Duke Smolensk Rostislav Mstislavovich Udaly. Under the Romanovs, their family fell into disgrace due to the rebellious, violent temper of its representatives. And through his mother, nee Sulimo, he was a descendant of the freedom-loving Zaporozhye hetmans. Apparently, both brothers inherited this spirit of rebellion from their ancestors. Alexander showed it already during his years of study at the Moscow Cadet Corps.

At Moscow University, he plunged into the student environment, excited by the beginning of liberal reforms. Due to his participation in student unrest, he does not inspire confidence in the gendarmes. And in 1864, taking advantage of the call of his brother, who served in the Irkutsk Cossack garrison, he went to serve in distant Siberia. In 1867, Kropotkin returned to St. Petersburg and entered the Military Law Academy Having finished it, he carried out a number of brilliant defenses. But, disillusioned with the prospect of a lawyer's career, he went abroad in 1872. Here he became close to the populist emigration, collaborated in the magazine P.L. Lavrova “Forward!” Being a supporter of parliamentary democracy, Alexander was deeply convinced that these forms of political structure were unacceptable for Russia due to the underdevelopment of political, legal and cultural conditions. He considered himself an “armchair revolutionary,” never becoming close to any of the revolutionary organizations. When his brother Peter was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress in 1874, Alexander hastily left for Russia. Concerned about the fate of his brother, he tried to help him by organizing support for public opinion through populist emigration. However, for the gendarmes to work for their revolutionary brother was tantamount to complicity in revolutionary affairs. Kropotkin was arrested. His attempts to obtain an open judicial investigation were unsuccessful. He was even refused his request to see his son, who was dying of consumption. The conclusion of the head of the III department in his case stated that A. Kropotkin was not guilty under the law on punishment for political crimes, but he discovered an “extremely harmful” way of thinking, and therefore his case was resolved not by the court, but by administrative procedure.

Kropotkin's place of exile was Minusinsk. The attitude of city residents towards political exiles was quite favorable. The memories of the Decembrists, who did so much for cultural development cities. Kropotkin quickly became close to T.N. Saimolov, the son of the Decembrist N. Kryukov, the creator of the city museum N.M. Martyanov.

Kropotkin devoted all his time and energy in exile to scientific pursuits. The yard of the house where he settled was immediately turned into a weather station; he installed a weather vane, a rain gauge, and a barometer. He took measurements three times every day and took part in the description and systematization of the museum’s collections. But his main hobby was astronomy. He published a number of articles in Russian and foreign publications on issues of astronomy and cosmogony: on the structure of the sun, the nature of falling stars, stellar nebulae, the origin of comets. They received highly appreciated in scientific circles. The prominent Russian scientist Gilden wrote that their author “has a remarkable gift of generalization and imaginative vision of the structure of the universe.” Kropotkin's scientific interests were not limited to any particular scientific sphere; he tried to create an integral philosophical picture of the world. “I tirelessly pursue one single goal,” he wrote in one of his letters, “to formulate in a serious scientific XIX language century what they tried to express in the children's language of the 18th century. In the near future, I must finally achieve my main goal of my entire life or fall in final exhaustion from the enormous work assigned to myself, because I considered it obligatory for myself to delve into the smallest details of both the exact sciences and the history of the intellectual and religious development of mankind.

However, carrying out this enormous task in conditions of exile and complete isolation from scientific centers, being unprotected from the arbitrariness of some police officer, was not an easy matter. He did not allow the authorities to make a single mistake, sending his revealing correspondence to Siberian and central publications. And the gendarmes responded with reports to the III department. The deadline for the end of exile was pushed further and further. In 1881, his sentence was once again increased for correspondence with his brother, who was in exile. In 1882, Alexander Alekseevich was transferred to Tomsk. The exhausting struggle with the authorities and poverty undermined health and peace of mind. “I am already forty years old, my memory is beginning to fail, the creative side of my intellect is weakening. I do not find support in society, in people who would be interested in the same things as me. And to add that there is nothing to even remember the fateful moment that so cruelly shattered my whole life,” he bitterly admitted in one of his letters. The fatal point in Kropotkin’s fate was marked by the departure of his family from Siberia. He could not bear the separation from his loved ones and on July 25, 1886 he shot himself.

Krutovsky Vladimir Mikhailovich - public figure

Vladimir Mikhailovich Krutovsky can rightfully be recognized as an outstanding public figure of Siberia, its ardent patriot, loving son, a multi-talented person who has clearly demonstrated himself in science, journalism, and a talented organizer in the field of Siberian education, healthcare, journalism, and political activity.

A native of the Yenisei province, he was born in 1856 in the gold mines that belonged to his father. After graduating from the Krasnoyarsk gymnasium, he entered the Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg in 1876. Even during his student years, his public sentiments were determined. Krutovsky was captivated by the ideas of serving the public good, protecting the weak and disadvantaged, which excited young minds at that time, participated in populist circles, and was a member of the Siberian student community, whose members were notoriously unreliable in the police department.

After graduating from the academy, Krutovsky returned to his native land, first working as a district doctor in Achinsk, then as a resident at the Krasnoyarsk city hospital. In 1882, the young doctor was involved by the provincial department in the case of the local department of the Red Cross of the People's Will for facilitating the escape of political exiles from the city prison.

In 1884, Krutovsky and his wife went to St. Petersburg. Here he becomes close to members of Narodnaya Volya. The Krutovskys’ apartment on Kirochnaya becomes a place for secret meetings of Narodnaya Volya leaders. Members of the Executive Committee of P.F. were here. Yakubovich, N.M. Salova, N.A. Morozov, A.P. Korba, revolutionary literature was hectographed and stored. Through L.M. Krutovskaya, who often traveled to Siberia, helped political exiles through the Red Cross of Narodnaya Volya. On February 12, 1885, Krutovsky was arrested in connection with the case of the St. Petersburg Narodnaya Volya group. By imperial command he was subjected to public surveillance and exiled to Krasnoyarsk.

The trials that befell him did not diminish the enthusiasm and dedication that service to the public cause required. However, both the public good and the forms of serving it at this stage were already presented differently by Krutovsky himself: not heroic self-sacrifice for the sake of distant bright ideals, but everyday everyday work to meet the urgent needs of today. From revolutionary romance to the prosaic needs of real life, from love of the distant to love of one's neighbor - many of Krutovsky's comrades in his revolutionary youth went this way. In Krasnoyarsk he was repeatedly elected to the City Duma. Being an ardent supporter of the democratization of local government in Siberia, Vladimir Mikhailovich sought to turn the City Duma into a real means for improving the lives of Siberians. On his initiative, the City Duma decided to create a committee to help immigrants, as well as the Society for the Care of Primary Education and the Krasnoyarsk Museum.

Krutovsky’s services in organizing the medical profession in the province are significant. In 1886, under his leadership, the Society of Doctors was created. Although in terms of its status it was a public organization, it essentially took upon itself the entire burden of problems in this area, doing what the zemstvos did in indigenous Russia. Under the auspices of the Society, a paramedic school was created, which laid the foundation for the training of medical personnel in the province, a surgical unit, a pharmacy and a free hospital.

Krutovsky’s report, made at a meeting of the Society based on materials from a medical and statistical examination of workers in gold mines, received great public and scientific resonance. Krutovsky reasonably proved that production standards were exceeded by entrepreneurs for workers, revealing the predatory nature of their exploitation. This report, as recognized by the provincial gendarmerie department, was of a political nature. “Krutovsky,” it said, “analyzing the relationship of gold miners and workers to each other, not only took the side of the workers as a doctor, but, defending their interests, gave his report a character that could awaken the workers against the gold miners.”

One of the directions in the activities of the Society of Doctors, with the active participation of Krutovsky himself, was the study medicinal properties salt lakes in the south of the province. This laid the foundations for the resort business in the region.

Vladimir Mikhailovich also declared himself as a talented journalist. His publications in the democratic publications “Eastern Review” and “Sibirskaya Gazeta” were always of an acutely topical nature, responding to the most burning needs of Siberians, awakening in the reader a sense of civic duty, love and pride for their land. Krutovsky himself acted as the organizer of some Siberian publications. Since 1907, under his leadership, the first special medical publication in Siberia, “Siberian Medical Gazette,” began to be published. And in 1916, Krutovsky began publishing the first literary and journalistic magazine in Siberia. Prominent Russian and Siberian writers, scientists G.N. have united around the editorial board. Potanin, N.N. Kozmin, E.E. Kolosov, S.Ya. Elpatievsky, A.I. Ivanchin-Pisarev, I.I. Popov, V. Shishkov, A. Novoselov, L. Panteleev, I.I. Popov. The publication was greeted with kind words in democratic literary circles.

Krutovsky devoted a lot of time and effort to his favorite hobby - gardening. His experiments in the acclimatization of garden crops in the garden he created near Krasnoyarsk were important for the development of Siberian gardening.

In Krutovsky’s worldview, populist and liberal features were intricately intertwined, refracted through regionalist ideas. He was an ardent champion of the ideals of social justice and freedom, broad democratic self-government of territories, including Siberia. In this he saw the guarantee of the power and prosperity of the Siberian region, the opportunity to put its colossal wealth at the service of the people.

He put all his strength and talent into the fight against arbitrariness and lawlessness, defending the fragile principles of democracy. So he enthusiastically accepted February revolution and the overthrow of the autocracy. Krutovsky was appointed commissar of the Provisional Government. From the first months, confrontation began to grow between him and the Krasnoyarsk Council, where radical elements prevailed. The Council disrupted all the activities that it tried to carry out in carrying out government decisions. On October 28, Soviet power was proclaimed in Krasnoyarsk. Krutovsky did not accept the October Revolution, considering the Bolshevik seizure of power illegal. And when the civil war began, he entered the Provisional Siberian Government, heading the Ministry of Internal Affairs. However, the hopes that he pinned on the white movement, associating with it the restoration of true democracy, were not justified. Krutovsky was bitterly forced to admit that it was not democracy that won, but the dictatorship of Kolchak, which replaced the dictatorship of the Soviets. And the white and green banner, symbolizing the Provisional Siberian Government, faded in his eyes. He joined the opposition. On the pages of the “Siberian Notes” he edited, he exposes arbitrariness, lawlessness, repression, the restoration of censorship and political exile. The opposition publication was soon closed. Thus, the intellectual ideals of democracy, which Krutovsky devotedly served throughout his life, turned out to be incompatible with Russian historical realities. This became a drama for many thousands of Russian intellectuals.

After the end of the civil war, Krutovsky continued his professional and social activities for some time in Krasnoyarsk, teaching at a medical college and working in the Society of Doctors. However, in 1938 he was arrested and ended his life in Siberian camps.

Lenin Vladimir Ilyich

Early in the morning of May 8, 1897, on a simple peasant cart drawn by a pair of horses, V.I. Lenin left for the village of Shushenskoye, where he arrived late in the evening that same day. The Yenisei governor reported to the office of the Irkutsk Governor-General: “The Minusinsk district police officer reported that the political administrative exile Vladimir Ulyanov arrived at his assigned place of residence, the village of Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, on May 8 of this year, and at the same time proper police supervision was established over him for a period for three years".

For Vladimir Ilyich, exile also took place under relatively favorable conditions. At the request of his mother, he was allowed, due to poor health, to serve it in the healthiest area of ​​Siberia, in the Minusinsk district. The village of Shushenskoye, or, as it was briefly called then, Shusha, was assigned to him as his point of exile. There were two or three Polish workers with him. The comrades in the case were sent to other villages. Yu.O. found himself in worse conditions - obviously as a Jew. Zederbaum (later Martov). He was exiled to the northernmost point, Turukhansk, separated by impassable swamps and swamps, and was cut off from his comrades for the entire duration of his exile. Others had the opportunity to meet, to come together for celebrations such as weddings, New Year's Eve, etc., to receive permission to travel to Krasnoyarsk for treatment - for example, my brother went there for dental treatment. Relations with Martov were maintained only by correspondence, but Vladimir Ilyich’s correspondence with him was the most active.

Vladimir Ilyich's time passed very monotonously, with intensive and intense work. During his exile, he wrote “The Development of Capitalism” (published in March 1899) and a number of articles, some of which were published in the then legal Marxist journal “New Word” and then collected in one little book entitled “Economic Studies and Articles.”

Having tamed himself to work regularly, he did not allow long breaks in his studies even when they are usually considered inevitable, for example, on the road or in an indefinite wait-and-see position. So, not only during the month that he spent in Krasnoyarsk awaiting his appointment, he went every day to study in the library of the merchant Yudin, three miles from the city, but even those three days for which he was allowed to stay with his own family, in Moscow , managed to use it partially for classes in the Rumyantsev Library. By this, he plunged into complete bewilderment one young student, Yakovlev, who had known our family since childhood, who ran to see him before leaving for a three-year exile. His recreation included walking through the surrounding forests, hunting for hares and game, which abounded in them in those years.

“The village is large, with several streets, quite dirty, dusty - everything is as it should be. It is located in the steppe - there are no gardens or vegetation at all. The village is surrounded by manure, which is not taken out to the fields here, but thrown right behind the village, so in order to leave the village, you almost always have to go through a certain amount of manure. Near the village there is a small river called Shush, which is now completely shallow. About 1-1.5 versts from the village (more precisely, from me: the village is long) Shush flows into the Yenisei, which forms a mass of islands and channels here, so there is no approach to the main channel of the Yenisei. I swim in the largest channel, which is now also becoming very shallow. On the other side (opposite the Shush River), about 1.5 versts away, there is a “pine forest,” as the peasants solemnly call it, but in fact it is a very bad, heavily cut down little forest, in which there is not even a real shade (but there are a lot of strawberries!) and which has no nothing in common with the Siberian taiga, which I have only heard about but have not been to (it is at least 30-40 versts from here). Mountains: I was very inaccurate about these mountains, because the mountains lie about 50 versts from here, so you can only look at them when the clouds do not cover them: exactly how you can look at Mont Blanc from Geneva. Therefore, the first (and last) verse of my poem contains a kind of poetic hyperbole (after all, poets have such a figure!) about the “foot”: Therefore, to your question: “what mountains did you climb” - I can only answer: sand hills, which are in the so-called “pine forest” - in general there is enough sand here.”

Lisovsky Nikolai Fedorovich (1802-1844) - Decembrist, lieutenant of the Penza regiment, came from the placeless nobles of the Poltava province. He studied at the Kremenchug Public School. He entered service as a lieutenant ensign of the Penza Infantry Regiment. As a member of the Society of United Slavs (1829) he was convicted under the VII category. After a year of hard labor in April 1828, he was sent to settle in the city of Turukhansk. He married the daughter of Turukhansk archpriest Platonida Alekseevna Petrova in March 1833, and had three children. Together with the Decembrist Avramov, he was allowed to engage in trade in the Turukhansk region with the right to travel to the city of Yeniseisk. In the 1840s he was the Turukhansk attorney for drinking taxes of the tax farmer N. Myasoedov. He died suddenly for an unknown reason, while on trade business at Tolstoy Cape on the Yenisei (1 thousand versts below Turukhansk). A sequestration was imposed on his property, allegedly for a shortage of government wine. The grave on Tolstoy Cape is marked with a modest monument.

People's encyclopedia "My Krasnoyarsk"