Robert Semenovich Nemov

Psychology. Dictionary reference: in 2 hours. Part 1

Preface

Currently, psychology is studied in many secondary specialized and higher education institutions. educational institutions. A lot has been published good textbooks and textbooks on a variety of areas of psychology. They present scientific and practical knowledge in sufficient detail, and yet students experience great difficulty in studying, preparing and passing exams in psychological disciplines. These difficulties are caused, in particular, by the fact that textbooks and teaching aids are voluminous, often containing redundant information and many new, not clearly defined terms. Information presented in textbooks and textbooks, is so extensive that it is not possible to remember and retain all of it in memory, especially if exams in the relevant discipline are held much later than the time when this discipline is studied (for example, in state exams questions are included on various branches of psychology studied over a number of years). As for the terms, there are so many of them in different areas of psychology that remembering their definitions is problematic even for a person who has good memory. This also applies to personalities, that is, the names of specific scientists who have made a significant contribution to the development of psychological science and practice.

In this regard, it is useful to have a manual that would, in a short, compact form, but at the same time fairly fully present the basic knowledge of the branches of psychology being studied. This - general psychology, age-related psychology, educational psychology, social psychology, psychophysiology, practical psychology and history of psychology.

Particular difficulties in studying psychology arise in connection with the assimilation of its terminology. In published psychological dictionaries, on the one hand, it contains many terms that are not studied in educational institutions, on the other hand, it offers too complex definitions of these terms, which do not always correspond to those that are available in educational literature, thirdly, sometimes there are no definitions of those terms that, on the contrary, are found in educational and additional literature in psychology. The author also tried to overcome this difficulty: the manual contains exactly the terminology that is most often found in psychology textbooks and corresponds to training courses, taught in secondary specialized and higher educational institutions.

This book, unlike a number of manuals with titles like “100 answers to exam questions» not designed for careless students. At the same time, in the book the reader will find almost ready-made, complete answers to 105 exam questions, will find necessary information another 450 specific questions, learn the definitions of almost 1,500 terms used in psychological literature, and receive brief information about 120 famous psychologists. This is quite enough to successfully pass exams in the above psychological disciplines, as well as prepare an essay, write a term paper or dissertation. The manual is an additional information source to existing psychology textbooks.

How does a reference dictionary work?

The book consists of three parts: a dictionary, a reference dictionary and a dictionary of personalities. The dictionary represents all the terms and articles available in the dictionary-reference book. Using it, you can quickly determine whether there is a definition of a particular term in the reference dictionary.

If we are talking only about the definition of a term, then the term is given in the dictionary without repetitions and clarifications, presented after the term in brackets. If a detailed answer to a particular question is required, then in the dictionary, in addition to the keyword associated with this question, it is indicated in parentheses which aspect of the phenomenon corresponding to this word is considered in the article. In addition, if we are talking about articles that contain complete answers to possible exam questions, then the names of terms in the glossary and in the dictionary are repeated several times. So, for example, on the topic “Character” you will find the following articles in the dictionary and reference dictionary: CHARACTER (DEFINITION AND MANIFESTATIONS), CHARACTER (STRUCTURE), CHARACTER (TYPOLOGY), CHARACTER (FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT). This means that these four articles on several pages of the reference dictionary discuss in sufficient detail the questions indicated in brackets regarding the character of a person, and from these articles one can obtain complete information to answer the corresponding exam question.

The material included in the contents of the reference dictionary is considered basic, which the student should know. In addition, from the reference dictionary you can also glean some additional information that is not required for passing the exams. They are given in footnotes to the relevant articles.

The “Personalities” section of the dictionary-reference book contains brief information about psychologists who made the greatest contribution to the development of psychology, whose names appear in the dictionary. In parentheses after brief information one of his main works in the field of psychology is indicated about the scientist.

How to use the reference dictionary

If you want to get a complete answer to your question, we advise you to do the following:

1. Select in the question you are interested in keyword.

2. Find all entries related to this keyword in the dictionary.

4. In the relevant key articles of the reference dictionary, find the basic information you need.

5. Ask for additional information on the question you are interested in, to the subscript links or to those additional terms and articles that are referenced in the article you read.

Let's say that you are interested in the answer to the question " Psychological aspects human relationships." You highlight the keyword “people relationships” and find the following articles in the reference dictionary: this topic: RELATIONS OF PEOPLE (DEFINITION), RELATIONS OF PEOPLE (KINDS), RELATIONS OF PEOPLE (FACTORS AFFECTING RELATIONSHIPS), RELATIONS OF PEOPLE (PROBLEMS). Thus, if you wish, you can get complete answers to the following questions:

1. What are human relationships?

2. What are the types of human relationships?

3. What factors influence human relationships?

4. What problems exist in human relationships?

If you are interested Additional Information on problems of psychology human relations, then you can obtain it by reading the materials contained in following definitions terms and articles: AGGRESSIVENESS, AUTHORITY, AFFILIATION, HELPLESS, PERCEPTION OF A PERSON BY A PERSON, SOCIAL GROUP, DEFENSE MECHANISMS, INTERACTION, PSYCHOLOGICAL CLIMATE, COLLECTIVE, COMMUNICATIONS, CONFLICT, MASS LEADERSHIP, PSYCHIC PHENOMENA, FEEDBACK, COMMUNICATION, HALO EFFECT, ALIENATION, IMITATION , gender role behavior, “BRAINWASHING”, PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTANCE, PSYCHOLOGICAL COMPATIBILITY, PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIER, PSYCHOLOGICAL CRISIS, REFERENCE GROUP, SANCTIONS, SOCIAL DISTANCE, SOCIAL INTERFERENCE , SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY, SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY, COHESION, DESIRE FOR EXCELLENCE, EMPATHY and in a number other articles and definitions of terms. The vast majority of articles and definitions of terms contained in the dictionary-reference book have links of this kind, using which you can obtain fairly complete information on many issues of scientific and practical psychology.

ABSOLUTE UPPER THRESHOLD SENSATION- cm. Absolute threshold of sensation, Absolute lower threshold of sensation.

ABSOLUTE LOWER THRESHOLD OF SENSATION- cm. Absolute threshold of sensation, Absolute upper threshold of sensation.

ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD OF SENSATION- cm. Absolute lower threshold of sensation, Absolute upper threshold of sensation.

MOTOR SKILL AUTOMATION(PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECT ACCORDING TO N. A. BERNSTEIN)- cm. Motor skill.

AUTOMATED SKILLS- cm. Automation of a motor skill ( physiological aspect according to N.A. Bernstein), Automatisms, Skill, Ability.

AGGLUTINATION- cm. Internal speech.

AGGRESSIVE MOTIVATION- cm. Aggression theory, Motivation, Frustration.

AGGRESSIVENESS THEORY – cm. Aggression motivation, Aggression, Frustration.

AGGRESSIVENESS- cm. Aggression.

AGGRESSION- cm. Aggressiveness.

TRANSACTIVE AGGRESSION- cm. Aggressiveness.

ADAPTATION- cm. Sensory adaptation, Social adaptation.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION

PSYCHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION(IN FAMILY LIFE)

SENSORY ADAPTATION

ACCOMMODATION- cm. Visual perception.

ACME- cm. Acmeology.

ACMEOLOGY- cm. Acme.

ACTIVATION THEORY OF EMOTIONS- cm. James-Lange theory of emotions, Cannon-Bard theory of emotions.

ACTIVITY- cm. Action, Activity, Behavior, Reaction.

ACTIVITY OF MENTAL PROCESSES(PSYCHOLOGICAL) REFLECTIONS

CHARACTER ACCENTUATIONS- cm. Age crisis, Neurosis, Psychosis, Character.

ACCENTUATION cm. Trait.

ACCENTUATED PERSONALITY- cm. Character accents.

ACCENTUATED(ACcentuated) CHARACTER TRAITS- cm. Character accents.

ACTION ACCEPTOR- cm. Functional system.

ALTERNATIVE PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Astrology, Gestalt therapy, Mysticism, Neurolinguistic programming, Occultism, Parapsychology, Psychosynthesis, Sufism, Telekinesis, Telepathy, Body therapy, Theosophy, Extrasensory perception, Clairvoyance.

ALTRUISM- cm. Social needs, Social behavior.

AMNESIA- cm. Memory.

AMNESIA ANTEROGRADE- cm. Amnesia.

AMNESIA RETROGRADE- cm. Amnesia.

ANALYZER- cm. Afferent nerve pathways, Receptor, Effector, Efferent nerve pathways.

VESTIBULAR ANALYZER

TASTE ANALYZER- cm. Sensations (types).

VISUAL ANALYZER- cm. Visual perception,Image,Receptor.

SKIN ANALYZER- cm. Sensations (types).

MUSCLE ANALYZER- cm. Sensations (types).

OLfactory ANALYZER- cm. Sensations (types).

TOUCH ANALYZER- cm. Sensations (types).

EQUILIBRIUM ANALYZER- cm. Sensations (types).

HEARING ANALYZER- cm. Sensations (types).

ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY(PERSONALITY) K. YUNGA- cm. Archetype, Collective unconscious, Personal unconscious.

ANALOGUE- cm. Analogy.ANALOGY- cm. Analog.

ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF HUMAN MEMORY- cm. Memory.

ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF MOTIVATION- cm. Motivation.

ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF EMOTIONS- cm. Emotions.

ANIMA- cm. Animism, Soul, Psyche.

ANIMISM- cm. Anima.

ANTI-LOCALIZATIONISM- cm. Localizationism.

ANTI-SEMITISM- cm. Nationalism, Fascism.

ANTICIPATION- cm. Action acceptor.

ANTHROPOMORPHISM- cm. Analogy, Animal psychology, Comparative psychology, Analogy.

APPERCEPTION- cm. Will, Monadology, Motivation, Consciousness.

ARCHETYPE- cm. Analytical psychology (personality) by K. Jung, Collective unconscious, Complex.

ASSIMILATION- cm. Intelligence theory by J. Piaget.

ASSOCIATIVE PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Associative psychology.

ASSOCIATION

ASSOCIATIONISM(ASSOCIANISM) - see. Association, Associative psychology.

ASTHENIC(ASTHENIC BODY TYPE)- cm. Athletic (athletic body type), Introversion, Picnic (picnic body type).

ASTHENIC EMOTIONS

ASTROLOGY- cm. Alternative psychology.

ATAVISM

ATHLETIC(ATHLETIC BODY TYPE) – cm. Asthenic (asthenic body type), Picnic (picnic body type).

ATOMISM- cm. Associationism, Association, Soul.

CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION- cm. Causal attribution.

AUTISM- cm. Autistic thinking.

AUTISTIC THINKING- cm. Autism.

AUTOGENOUS TRAINING(AUTO TRAINING)

APHASIA cm. Ataxic aphasia, auditory aphasia, motor aphasia, optical aphasia, syntactic aphasia

APHASAIA ATAXIC

APHASIA CLASSROOM

MOTOR APHASAIA

APHASAIA OPTICAL

SYNTACTIC APHASIA

AFFECT- cm. Emotions (types).

AFFECT OF INDEQUACY- cm. Inferiority complex, Frustration.

AFFERENT NERVE PATHWAYS- cm. Efferent nerve pathways.

AFFERENT- cm. Efferent.

AFFILIATION- cm. Social needs, the need for power, the need to achieve success.

BASIC(BASAL) – see Basic personality traits.

BARRIER PSYCHOLOGICAL- cm. Affect of inadequacy, inferiority complex.

HELPLESS(HELPLESS BEHAVIOR) - see Motive (need) to achieve success, Motive (need) to avoid failure), Self-esteem, Social behavior, Anxiety, Level of aspirations.

UNCONSCIOUS- cm. Consciousness.

BIOGENETIC LAW- cm. Ontogeny, Phylogeny.

BIOLOGICAL CONDITIONALITY OF HUMAN PSYCHE AND BEHAVIOR- cm. Genotype, Genotypic conditioning of the human psyche and behavior, Social conditioning of the human psyche and behavior, Environmental conditioning of the human psyche and behavior.

BIOLOGICAL- cm. Genotypic, Social.

BIOSOCIAL

BEHAVIORISM(CLASSICAL, ORTHODOX) - see. Neo-behaviorism, Neo-neo-behaviorism, Psychoanalysis, crisis in psychological science, Structuralism.

TWIN METHOD(GEMINI METHOD) - see. Homozygous twins, Heterozygous twins, Genotype, Environment.

GEMINI DIZYGOTIC(DZ-TWINS, HETEROSYGOTIC TWINS)- cm. Genotype, Twin method, Monozygotic twins.

HETEROSYGOTIC TWINS- cm. Twin method, Homozygous twins, Dizygotic twins.

TWINS HOMOZYGOTUS- cm.

MONOSYGOTIC TWINS- cm. Twin method, Dizygotic twins.

BRAIN BLOCKS- cm. Brain (human).

LARGE SOCIAL GROUP- cm. Large group, small group, social group.

RAVE(DELUSIONAL STATE) - see. Hallucinations.

BRAINSTORING- cm. Small group, Efficiency (activities) of a small group.

BOOMERANG EFFECT

VALIDITY(METHODOLOGIES)- cm. External validity, Internal validity, Criterion validity, Practical validity, Theoretical validity.

VALIDITY EXTERNAL VALIDITY INTERNAL

CRITERIAL VALIDITY(CRITERIA-ORIENTED, CRITERIA-RELATED)

VALIDITY PRACTICAL VALIDITY THEORETICAL

LEADING ACTIVITY- cm. Activity, Subject activity,

LEADING LEVEL OF MOVEMENT BUILDING- cm. Motor skill (construction according to N.A. Bernstein), Background levels of movement control.

VERBAL COMMUNICATION- cm. Non-verbal means of communication, Communication.

VERBAL

VERBAL LEARNING- cm. Learning.

BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS- cm.

PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS- cm. Relationships between people (types).

RELATIONS OF PEOPLE(DEFINITION)- cm. The setting is social.

RELATIONS OF PEOPLE(KINDS)

RELATIONS OF PEOPLE(FACTORS AFFECTING RELATIONSHIPS)

RELATIONS OF PEOPLE(IMPACT ON HUMAN LIFE)

RELATIONS OF PEOPLE(PROBLEMS)- cm. Psychological barrier, interpersonal conflict.

INFORMAL RELATIONS(INFORMAL) - see Relationships between people (types).

RELATIONS OFFICIAL(FORMAL) - see Relationships between people (types).

VICARRY TEACHING- cm. Learning.

TASTE SENSATIONS- cm. Taste analyzer, Sensations, Receptors.

TASTE SYSTEM- cm. Taste analyzer.

ATTENTION(DEFINITION)

ATTENTION(KINDS)

ATTENTION(PROPERTIES)

ATTENTION(FUNCTIONS)

ATTENTION(ANATOMIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL BASICS)- cm. Dominant, Novelty Detector Neurons, Reticular formation.

ATTENTION(DEVELOPMENT)- cm. Internal speech.

ATTENTION DIRECT- cm. Attention (types).

ATTENTION INVOLVED- cm. Attention (types).

ATTENTION INDICATORY- cm. Attention (types).

ATTENTION POST-VOLUNTARY- cm. Attention (types).

ATTENTION NATURAL- cm. Attention (types).

ATTENTION ARBITRARY- cm. Attention (types).

ATTENTION IS SOCIALLY CONDITIONED- cm. Attention (types).

SUGGESTIBILITY- cm. Emotionality, Impressionability.

SUGGESTION- cm. Suggestibility.

MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Military psychology.

EXCITABILITY- cm. Excitation.

EXCITATION

PRESCHOOL AGE- cm. Developmental psychology.

AGE INFANT- cm. Developmental psychology.

AGE JUNIOR SCHOOL- cm. Developmental psychology.

AGE TEENAGE- cm. Developmental psychology.

AGE EARLY- cm. Developmental psychology.

AGE HIGH SCHOOL- cm. Developmental psychology.

PSYCHOLOGICAL AGE- cm. Psychological test, Psychological processes, Psychological properties, Binet-Simon test.

MENTAL AGE– Mental age.

PHYSICAL AGE

AGE-RELATED PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Developmental psychology.

AGE DEVELOPMENT PERIODIZATION- cm. Periodization of age development.

WILL(DEFINITION)

WILL(HISTORY OF RESEARCH AND CURRENT STATE OF THE PROBLEM)

WILL(DEVELOPMENT)

IMAGINATION(DEFINITION)

IMAGINATION(KINDS)

IMAGINATION(ROLE, FUNCTIONS)

IMAGINATION(DEVELOPMENT)

QUESTIONNAIRE(QUESTIONNAIRE) PSYCHOLOGICAL

PERCEPTION(DEFINITION, PROPERTIES)

PERCEPTION(KINDS)- cm. Perception of time, Perception of movement, Perception of space.

PERCEPTION(PROPERTIES)- cm. Perception (definition, properties).

PERCEPTION OF TIME

PERCEPTION OF MOTION

PERCEPTION OF SPACE

(DEFINITION, STRUCTURE, FACTORS AFFECTING IT)

PERCEPTION OF PERSON BY PERSON(MECHANISMS)

PERCEPTION OF PERSON BY PERSON(IMPACT ON PEOPLE'S RELATIONSHIPS)

PLAYBACK(REMEMBER) - see Memory.

IMPRESSIONABILITY

REACTION TIME

SECOND SIGNAL SYSTEM- cm. First signaling system.

SECONDARY QUALITIES- cm. Primary and secondary qualities.

SAMPLE- cm. Representative sample, General population.

REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE- cm. Sample, General population.

EXPRESSIVE(EXPRESSIVE) MOVEMENTS- cm. Gestures, Facial expressions, Non-verbal means of communication, Pantomime.

HIGH NERVOUS ACTIVITY(GNI) - see. Psychophysiology, Physiology of higher nervous activity.

HIGHER PSYCHIC(PSYCHOLOGICAL) FUNCTIONS(PROCESSES) – see Cultural-historical theory of the origin and development of higher mental functions of man, Elementary Psyche.

CROWDING OUT- cm. Analytical psychology (personality) by K. Jung, Unconscious, Defense Mechanisms, Subconscious, Psychoanalysis, Regression.

WURZBURG SCHOOL OF THINKING- cm. Introspection, Thinking, Attitude, Ugly Thinking, Attitude.

HALLUCINATIONS- cm. Rave.

HEDONISM

POPULATION- cm. Sample.

GENERAL

GENETICS- cm. Genetic psychology, Genotype.

GENETIC PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Genotype.

GENETIC METHOD

GENIUS(HUMAN) - see. Giftedness, Abilities, Talent.

GENOTYPE- cm. Wednesday.

GENOTYPICAL CONDITIONALITY OF HUMAN PSYCHE AND BEHAVIOR- cm. Biological conditioning of the human psyche and behavior, Social conditioning of the human psyche and behavior.

GENOTYPICAL- cm. Biological, Social.

GERONTOPSYCHOLOGY

HETEROSYGOTIC TWINS- cm. The twins are heterozygous.

GESTALT- cm. Gestalt psychology, Gestalt therapy.

GESTALT GROUPS- cm. Gestalt therapy.

GESTALT PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION OF PERCEPTION- cm. Gestalt, Gestalt psychology, Figure-ground.

GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Atomism, Gestalt, Psychological science crisis, Associative psychology, Reductionism, Structure, Phenomenology, Phi-phenomenon.

GESTALT THERAPY- cm. Gestalt groups, Psychotherapy.

BAR CHART

DEPTH PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Depth psychology.

HUMAN BRAIN- cm. Brain blocks, cerebral cortex, reticular formation, thalamus.

HOMEOSTASIS(HOMEOSTASIS)

HOMOZYGOTIC TWINS- cm. The twins are monozygotic.

GRAPHOLOGY

DREAMS- cm. Imagination.

GEORGIAN SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

LARGE GROUP- cm. Small group, social group.

INDIFFERENT GROUP- cm. Reference group.

INTERACTIVE GROUP- cm. The group is coactive.

COACTIVE GROUP- cm. The group is interactive.

CONTROL GROUP- cm. Experimental group.

SMALL GROUP(DEFINITION)

SMALL GROUP(KINDS)

SMALL GROUP(STRUCTURE)

SMALL GROUP(IMPACT ON PEOPLE'S PSYCHOLOGY)

PSYCHOCORRECTIONAL GROUP- cm. Small group, Psychocorrection, Psychotherapeutic group.

PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC GROUP- cm. Small group, psychocorrectional group, Psychotherapy.

REFERENCE GROUP- cm. The group is indifferent.

GROUP SOCIAL- cm. Large group, small group.

EXPERIMENTAL GROUP- cm. Experiment, Control group.

GROUP DYNAMICS– Small group, Social group, Social psychology.

GROUP NORM- cm. Social group, Social norm.

GROUP POLARIZATION(GROUP POLARIZATION EFFECT) – see. Small group, group cohesion.

GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY- cm. Gestalt groups, Meeting groups, Psychodrama groups, Body therapy groups, Art therapy groups, Psychotherapy.

MEETING GROUPS(SENSITIVITY TRAINING GROUPS) - see. Psychological barrier, Small group, Group psychotherapy, Psychocorrection, Psychotherapy,

PSYCHODRAMA GROUPS- cm. Small group, Psychocorrectional group, Psychotherapeutic group, Group psychotherapy, Psychodrama.

SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAINING GROUPS(TGROUPS) - see. Group psychotherapy, Psychocorrectional groups, Psychotherapeutic groups, Psychocorrection, Psychotherapy, Social and psychological training.

BODY THERAPY GROUPS- cm. Group psychotherapy, Psychocorrection, Psychotherapy, Body psychotherapy.

ART THERAPY GROUPS- cm. Group psychotherapy.

SENSITIVITY TRAINING GROUPS- cm. Meeting groups.

HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Humanistic psychology.

MOTOR SKILLS- cm. Automation of a motor skill (physiological aspect according to N. A. Bernstein), Motor skill (construction according to N. A. Bernstein), Skill, Ability.

MOTOR SKILL(CONSTRUCTION ACCORDING TO N. A. BERNSTEIN)- cm. Skill, Motor skills.

DEHUMANIZATION- cm. Deindividuation, Depersonalization.

DEDUCTION- cm. Induction.

DISADAPTATION- cm. Social maladjustment.

DEINDIVIDUALIZATION- cm. Dehumanization, Depersonalization, Depersonalization.

ACTION- cm. Activity, Operation, Behavior, Reaction.

ACTION PERCEPTUAL- cm. Perceptual action.

ACTION THEORY- cm. Action.

DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP STYLE- cm. The leadership style is democratic.

DEPERSONALIZATION- cm. Dehumanization, Deindividuation, Depersonalization.

DEPRESSION DEPRIVATION

SENSORY DEPRIVATION- cm. Deprivation.

LIE DETECTOR- cm. Reaction time, Psychological test.

DETERMINISM- cm. Indeterminism.

DETERMINATING TREND- cm. Wurzburg school of thought.

DETERMINISTIC APPROACH- cm. Determinism, Indeterminism, Phenomenology.

CHILD PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Child psychology.

CHILDHOOD

DEFECTOLOGY- cm. Special psychology.

ACT- cm. Activity, Personality.

ACTIVITY THEORY- cm. Activity, Isomorphism, Interiorization, Theory of systematic (stage-by-stage) formation of mental actions.

ACTIVITY(DEFINITION, STRUCTURE)

ACTIVITY(DYNAMICS)

ACTIVITY(COGNITIVE PROCESSES AND ACTIVITY, ACTIVITY APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING COGNITIVE PROCESSES)

EXTERNAL ACTIVITIES- cm. Activity.

INTERNAL ACTIVITIES- cm. Activity.

SUBJECT ACTIVITY- cm. Activity.

JAMES–LANGE THEORY OF EMOTIONS- cm. Cannon-Bard theory of emotions, Emotions.

PSYCHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS- cm. Validity, Reliability, Psychological test.

DYAD- cm. Small group, Triad.

DIVERGENCE- cm. Conference.

GROUP DYNAMICS- cm. Group dynamics.

DYNAMIC STEREOTYPE- cm. Motor skill (construction according to N.A. Bernstein), Motor skills.

DYNAMICITY

DISCOMFORT

DISCRETE

DISCUSSIVE THINKING– Discourse, Discussion, Thinking.

DISCOURSE- cm. Discursive thinking, Discussion, Psycholinguistics.

DISCUSSION- cm. Discursive thinking.

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE- cm. Quantitative methods,Mathematical statistics.

DISPERSION- cm. Average.

DISPOSITION- cm. The setting is social.

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTANCE- cm. Social group, Interpersonal alienation.

DISTRESS- cm. Stress.

DIFFERENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Psychology is differential.

DIFFERENTIAL- cm. Integral.

DIFFERENTIAL THRESHOLD OF SENSATION- cm. Absolute upper threshold of sensation, Absolute lower threshold of sensation, Absolute threshold of sensation, Relative threshold of sensation.

DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY- cm. Large group, mass, crowd.

LONG TERM MEMORY- cm. Memory (types).

DOMINANT

PRE-OPERATIVE STAGE OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT(BY J. PIAGET)- cm. Specific operations are the stage of development of intelligence (according to J. Piaget).

PRESCHOOL AGE- cm. Preschool age, Periodization of age development.

DUALISM- cm. Worldview, Monism.

SPIRIT OF TIME

SOUL- cm. Everyday concept, Scientific concept, Materialism, Idealism, Psyche.

EUGENICS

BARELY NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE METHOD- cm. Differential threshold of sensations, Psychophysics.

NATURAL SCIENCE(PHYSIOLOGICAL) PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Natural science psychology.

NATURAL EXPERIMENT- cm. The experiment is natural.

GESTURES- cm. Communication is non-verbal.

PERSONAL LIFE STYLE(according to A. ADLER)- cm. Individual psychology A. Adler.

EVERYDAY PSYCHOLOGY

DEPENDENT VARIABLE- cm. Independent variable, Experiment.

EARNINGS- cm. Capabilities.

WEBER-FECHNER LAW(BASIC PSYCHOPHYSICAL LAW) - see. Sensations, Fechner's law.

YERKES-DODSON ACT- cm. Emotions.

SUBSTITUTION(SUBLIMATION) - see. Defense mechanisms, Psychoanalysis.

MEMORY- cm. Memory.

INFECTION

PROTECTION MECHANISMS- cm. Unconscious, Id, Psychoanalysis, Consciousness, Anxiety, Super-Ego, Ego.

COMMON SENSE

MIRRORING- cm. Confession, Client, Psychological counseling, Psychocorrection, Psychotherapy.

SIGN- cm. Symbol.

MEANING- cm. Sign, Meaning.

MEANING OF THE WORD- cm. The meaning of the word.

ZONE OF POTENTIAL(CLOSEST) PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

ZOOPSYCHOLOGY- cm. Comparative psychology.

VISUAL SYSTEM- cm. Visual analyzer.

VISUAL PERCEPTION- cm. Perception.

VISUAL ANALYZER- cm. Visual analyzer.

A GAME- cm. Subject game, object-manipulative game, plot game, symbolic game, game with rules, role-playing game, plot-role-playing game.

GAME "DEFENDANT'S DILEMMA"

SUBJECT GAME

OBJECT-MANIPULATIVE GAME

ROLE GAME- cm. The role is social.

SYMBOLIC GAME- cm. Symbol.

GAME WITH RULES

GAME WITH STORY

ROLE-PLAYING GAME

GAME METHODS- cm. Psychological diagnostics, Psychotherapy.

ID(IT, UNCONSCIOUS) - see. Psychoanalysis, Super-Ego, Ego.

IDEAL

MORAL IDEAL

IDEALIZATION- cm. Ideal, moral ideal.

GENDER ROLE IDENTIFICATION- cm. Gender-role identification.

IDEOMOTORICS

ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS- cm. Hypnosis, Delirium, Hallucinations, Illusions, Mental processes, Consciousness.

ISOMORPHISM

ICONIC(INSTANT) MEMORY- cm. Memory (types).

ILLUSIONS

IMPLICIT THEORY OF PERSONALITY- cm. Perception of a person by a person, Personality, Communication.

IMPRINTING- cm. Learning, conditioned reflex learning, operant learning, trigger stimulus.

IMPULSIVITY INDETERMINISM- cm. Determinism.

INDIVIDUAL- cm. Individualization, Individuality, Personality, Man.

INDIVIDUALIZATION- cm. Deindividuation.

INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY OF A. ADLER- cm. Compensation, Personality, Psychotherapy, Unconscious, Consciousness, Striving for superiority, Fictitious finalism, Feelings of inferiority and compensation (according to A. Adler).

INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOTHERAPY – cm. Group psychotherapy.

INDIVIDUALITY- cm. Individual, Personality, Man.

INDIVIDUAL STYLE OF ACTIVITY- cm. Temperament.

INDIVIDUAL LIFESTYLE INDUCTION- cm. Deduction.

ENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Engineering psychology.

INSIGHT- cm. Gestalt psychology, Intuition.

INSTINCT- cm. Instinct of life, Instinct of death.

INSTINCT OF LIFE(BY Z. FREUD)– see Death Instinct (according to Z. Freud), Libido.

DEATH INSTINCT(according to S. FREUD)- cm. Masochism, Sadism, Life Instinct (according to S. Freud).

INTEGRAL- cm. Differential.

INTELLIGENCE- cm. Thinking, Intelligence tests.

INTELLIGENCE THEORY OF J. PIAGET- cm. Pre-operational stage of development of intelligence (according to J. Piaget), Concrete operations stage of development of intelligence (according to J. Piaget), Sensorimotor intelligence stage of development of intelligence (according to J. Piaget), Scheme, Formal operations stage of development of intelligence (according to J. Piaget).

INTELLIGENCE TESTS- cm. Intelligence tests.

AN INTERACTIVE APPROACH TO LEADERSHIP- cm. Social group, Leader, Leadership.

INTERACTIONISM- cm. Interaction, Biological, Social.

INTERACTIONIST THEORIES OF PERSONALITY- cm. Interaction.

INTERACTION

INTERVIEW- cm. Survey.

INTEREST- cm. Motive.

INTERIORIZATION- cm. Psychological processes, Cultural-historical theory of the formation and development of higher mental functions, Exteriorization.

INTERNALIZATION- cm. Internal, Externalization.

INTERNAL- cm. External.

INTERORECEPTOR- cm. Receptor.

INTROVERSION- cm. Introvert, Extroversion.

INTROVERT- cm. Introversion, Extrovert.

INTROSPECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Psychology is introspective.

INTROSPECTION INTUITION- cm. Insight.

INFORMATION THEORY OF EMOTIONS

HISTORICAL METHOD- cm. Genetic method(in psychology).

COMMUNICATION CHANNELS- cm. Small group, Communications, Communication.

CATHARSIS- cm. Psychoanalysis.

CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION- cm. Perception is social.

CAUSAL- cm. Causal attribution.

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS- cm. Quantitative analysis.

CANNON-BARD THEORY OF EMOTIONS- cm. Activation theory of emotions, James–Lange theory of emotions, Thalamus.

CYBERNETIC(INFORMATION-CYBERNETICS) MEMORY THEORY- cm. Cognitive psychology.

KINESTHETIC SENSATIONS(KINESTHESIA) - see. Skin analyzer, Sensations, Receptors.

CLIENT-CENTERED PSYCHOTHERAPY- cm. Client, Humanistic Psychology, Behavioral Psychotherapy.

PSYCHOLOGICAL CLIMATE(SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL) – see. Psychological climate(atmosphere).

CLINICAL METHOD- cm. Clinical psychology, Medical psychology.

COGNITIVE HELPLESS- cm. Helpless behavior.

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Cognitive psychology.

COGNITIVE THEORY OF EMOTIONAL RESPONSE(EMOTIONS) – see. Activation theory of emotions, James–Lange theory of emotions, Information theory of emotions, Cannon–Bard theory of emotions.

COGNITIVE DISSONANCE THEORY- cm. Cognitive psychology, The cognitive dissonance,Cognitive consonance.

COGNITIVE PROCESSES- cm. Psychological (mental) processes.

COGNITIVE

THE COGNITIVE DISSONANCE- cm. Cognitive dissonance theory, Cognitive consonance.

COGNITIVE CONSONANCE- cm. Cognitive dissonance theory, Cognitive dissonance.

SKIN SENSITIVITY- cm. Sensations (types).

GALVANIAN SKIN RESPONSE(GSR)

SKIN ANALYZER- cm. Skin analyzer.

QUANTITATIVE METHODS- cm. Analysis of variance, Correlation analysis, Mathematical statistics, Factor analysis.

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS- cm. Qualitative analysis.

COLLECTIVE- cm. Social group, Superadditive effect, Excessive activity, Stratometric concept of the team, Level of social- psychological development groups, Efficiency of small group activities.

COLLECTIVISM- cm. Team.

COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS- cm. Depth psychology, Analytical psychology (personality) by K. Jung, Archetype, Personal unconscious.

COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE- cm. Communication.

COMMUNICATIONS- cm. Communication channels, Mass communications, Non-verbal communications.

MASS COMMUNICATIONS- cm. Large social group.

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION- cm. Non-verbal means of communication, Paralinguistic means of communication.

TWO-WAY COMMUNICATION- cm. Communication is one-way.

ONE WAY COMMUNICATION- cm. Communication is two-way.

COMPENSATION- cm. Defense mechanisms, Individual psychology by A. Adler.

COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE- cm. Communicative competence.

COMPLEX- cm. Analytical psychology (personality) by K. Jung, Archetype, Compensation, Guilt complex, Defense complex, Inferiority complex, Neurotic personality, Character trait.

GUILT COMPLEX- cm. Complex.

PROTECTION COMPLEX- cm. Complex.

INFERIORITY COMPLEX- cm. Complex, neurotic personality.

REVIVAL COMPLEX- cm. Infant age.

COMPLEX OF EXCELLENCE- cm. Complex.

CONVERGENCE- cm. Visual perception, Divergence.

SPECIFIC OPERATIONS STAGE OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT(BY J. PIAGET)- cm. Intelligence theory by J. Piaget, Operation.

CONSTANT- cm. Constancy of perception.

CONSTANTITY OF PERCEPTION- cm. Gestalt, Gestalt psychology.

CONSTANTITY OF IMAGE- cm. Constancy of perception.

CONSULTANT PSYCHOLOGIST- cm. Psychological counseling.

PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSULTING

CONTEXT SOCIAL

CONTENT ANALYSIS

CONTROL GROUP- cm. Experiment, Experimental group.

SOCIAL CONTROL- cm. Social norms.

COUNTERSUGGESTION- cm. Suggestibility, suggestion.

CONFLICT- cm. Internal conflict, intrapersonal conflict, interpersonal conflict, “approach-distance” conflict.

INTERNAL CONFLICT- cm. The conflict is intrapersonal.

INTRAPERSONAL CONFLICT- cm. Conflict.

INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT- cm. Conflict, Interpersonal relationships.

CONFLICT “APPROACH - REMOVEMENT”"(CONFLICT OF THE "APPROACH - AVOIDANCE" TYPE") - see. Conflict, K. Lewin's field theory.

CONFORMISM- cm. Conformity.

CONFORMITY- cm. Suggestion, Conformism.

CONCEPTUAL REFLECTOR ARC- cm. Reflex arc.

MOVEMENT COORDINATION- cm. Action, Motor skill.

CORTEX- cm. Brain, Neuron.

PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRECTION- cm. Psychocorrection.

CORRELATION ANALYSIS- cm. Quantitative methods, Correlation, Correlation coefficient.

CORRELATION- cm. Correlation analysis.

INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT QUOTE- cm. Intelligence, IQ, Test norm, Intelligence tests.

TO COEFFICIENT OF CORRELATION- cm. Correlation analysis, Correlation.

IQ- cm. Coefficient intellectual development, Mental development coefficient.

SHORT-TERM MEMORY- cm. Memory (types).

A CRISIS- cm. Age crisis, Crisis adolescence, Old age crisis, Psychological crisis, Midlife crisis, Three-year-old crisis.

AGE CRISIS- cm. Internal conflict, age crisis, teenage crisis, psychological crisis.

ADOLESCENCE CRISIS- cm. Teenage crisis.

OLDER AGE CRISIS

PSYCHOLOGICAL CRISIS- cm. Frustration, Age crisis.

MIDDLE AGE CRISIS

CRISIS AT THREE YEARS OF AGE

CULTURAL-HISTORICAL PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Cultural-historical theory of the origin and development of higher mental functions of man, Customs, Psychology of peoples, Traditions.

CULTURAL-HISTORICAL THEORY OF THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER MENTAL FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN- cm. Higher mental functions, Cultural-historical psychology.

LABILITY- cm. Lability of the nervous system, emotional lability.

LABILITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM- cm. Properties of the nervous system.

EMOTIONAL LABILITY- cm. Lability of the nervous system, Temperament.

LABILE

LABORATORY STUDY- cm. Field research, Natural experiment, Laboratory experiment.

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT- cm. Laboratory experiment.

LATENT- cm. Latent period of the reaction.

LATENT PERIOD OF REACTION- cm. Sense organ, Central nervous system.

LENINGRAD(ST. PETERSBURG) SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY – cm. Georgian School of Psychology, Moscow School of Psychology, Psychological school L. S. Vygotsky, Psychological School of S. L. Rubinstein.

LIBIDO- cm. Unconscious, Life Instinct, Psychoanalysis.

LEADER- cm. People-oriented leader, Work-oriented leader.

TASK-ORIENTED LEADER- cm. Work-oriented leader.

PEOPLE-ORIENTED LEADER- cm. Leader, Task-oriented leader.

WORK ORIENTED LEADER- cm. Leader, People oriented leader.

LEADERSHIP ROLES R. BALES' THEORY- cm. Leadership style, Leadership.

LEADERSHIP STYLE- cm. Leader, Authoritarian leadership style, Democratic leadership style, Liberal leadership style.

LEADERSHIP STYLE ANARCHIC- cm. Leadership style is liberal.

LEADERSHIP STYLE AUTHENTIC- cm.

LEADERSHIP STYLE DEMOCRATIC- cm. Leadership style is authoritarian.

LEADERSHIP STYLE UNIQUE- cm. Leadership style is authoritarian.

LEADERSHIP STYLE COLLEGIAL- cm.

LEADERSHIP STYLE TEAM- cm. Leadership style is authoritarian.

LEADERSHIP STYLE LIBERAL

LEADERSHIP STYLE CONNECTIVE- cm. Leadership style is liberal.

LEADERSHIP STYLE COLLABORATIVE- cm. Leadership style is democratic.

LEADERSHIP THEORY- cm. Interactive approach to leadership, Leader, Leadership style, Leadership, Leadership theory based on value exchange, Leadership theory based on the personality traits of the leader, Situational leadership theory, Charismatic leadership theory.

LEADERSHIP THEORY BASED ON VALUE EXCHANGE- cm. Leader, Leadership theory.

LEADERSHIP THEORY BASED ON LEADER PERSONALITY TRAITS- cm. Leader, Leadership theory.

LEADERSHIP THEORY SITUATIONAL- cm. Leader, Leadership theory.

LEADERSHIP THEORY CHARISMATIC- cm. Leader, Leadership theory.

LEADERSHIP- cm. Interactive approach to leadership, Leader, Leadership style.

PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS(According to K. JUNG)- cm. Unconscious, Collective unconscious.

PERSONAL MEANING- cm. Meaning of the word.

PERSONALITY(DEFINITION)

PERSONALITY(APPROACHES TO STUDY)

PERSONALITY(STRUCTURE IN DIFFERENT THEORIES)

PERSONALITY(FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT)

NEUROTIC PERSONALITY- cm. Personality, Neuroses.

LOGOTHERAPY- cm. Psychotherapy.

LOCALIZATION OF MENTAL FUNCTIONS- cm. Anti-localizationism, Localizationism, Mental (psychological) processes, Mental (psychological) properties, Mental (psychological) states, Mental (psychological) functions.

LOCALIZATIONISM- cm. Antilocalizationism, Localization, Mental (psychological) processes, Mental (psychological) states, Mental (psychological) functions.

LOCAL LOCUS OF CONTROL

LONGITUDINAL(LONGITUDINAL) – see. Longitudinal (longitudinal) study.

LONGITUDINAL(LONGITUDINAL) STUDY- cm. Slicing method.

MASOCHISM- cm. Sadism, Personality Trait.

SMALL SOCIAL GROUP- cm. The group is small.

MARGINAL PERSONALITY

MARGINAL- cm. Marginal personality.

WEIGHT(OF PEOPLE)- cm. Crowd.

MASS PSYCHIC PHENOMENA- cm. Mass, Fashion, Public Opinion, Crowd, Panic, Rumors, Imitation.

MASS COMMUNICATIONS- cm. Mass communications.

MATH STATISTICS- cm. Mathematical statistics.

MATH MODELING- cm. Mathematical modeling.

INSTANT MEMORY- cm. Memory (types).

MEDITATION

MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Medical psychology.

INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION THEORY OF S. ASCH

INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS- cm. Relationships between people.

MELANCHOLIC- cm. Temperament (types).

TWIN METHOD- cm. Twin method (twin method).

PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION METHOD- cm.

METHOD OF IMPLANTED ELECTRODES- cm. Implanted electrodes method.

CLINICAL METHOD(IN STUDYING BRAIN FUNCTIONS)- cm. Clinical method.

METHODOLOGY OF PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Psychological categories.

TRIAL AND ERROR METHOD- cm. Trial and error method.

SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL METHOD- cm. Semantic differential method.

EXPERT METHOD

BLANK METHODS

OBJECTIVE METHODS- cm. Methods psychological research.

(RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY) (DEFINITION AND TYPES)

METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH(FEATURES OF DIFFERENT METHODS)- cm. Mathematical modeling, Mathematical statistics.

SCALING METHODS- cm. Scale.

PSYCHOLOGICAL PROTECTION MECHANISMS- cm. Protective psychological mechanisms.

MECHANISM- cm. Determinism, Reductionism.

FAMILY- cm. Expressive movements.

WORLDVIEW OF A MYSTIC- cm. Mysticism.

MYSTICISM- cm. Mystic.

INFANTRY AGE(INFANCY) - see. Periodization of age development.

JUNIOR SCHOOL AGE- cm. Periodization of age development.

MNEMOTECHNIQUES(MNEMONICS) - see. Memorization, Recall, Preservation, Recognition.

PUBLIC OPINION- cm. Public opinion.

MODALITY(FEELINGS)- cm. Feel.

MODELING- cm. Mathematical modeling, Model.

SIMULATION MATHEMATICAL MODEL

MODIFICATION- cm. Behaviorism, Behavior modification.

BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION- cm. Behaviorism.

MONADOLOGY

MONISM- cm. Dualism.

MORAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ATMOSPHERE OF A SMALL GROUP- cm. The climate is psychological (socio-psychological).

MOSCOW SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY MOTIV- cm. Motivation, Motivation, Needs.

POWER MOTIVE- cm. Inferiority complex, Compensation, Authoritarian personality, Motive.

MOTIVE(NEED) ACHIEVEMENT OF SUCCESS- cm. Motive, Motive (need) to avoid failures, Motivation, Motivation to achieve success.

MOTIVE(NEED) AVOIDING FAILURES- cm. Motive, Motive (need) for achieving success, Motivation for achieving success.

MOTIVATION(DEFINITION)

MOTIVATION(SET OF FACTORS AFFECTING BEHAVIOR)

MOTIVATION(MOTIVATION THEORIES)

MOTIVATION TO ACHIEVE SUCCESS- cm. Motive (need) to achieve success, Motivation to avoid failure.

MOTIVATION TO AVOID FAILURE- cm. Motive (need) to avoid failure.

MOTIVATION- cm. Motive, Motivation.

MOTOR SKILLS

MOTOR THEORY OF VOLITIONAL ATTENTION

MOTOR,

AN UGLY THOUGHT- cm. Ugly thinking.

THINKING(DEFINITION)- cm. Cognitive, Concept.

THINKING(KINDS)- cm. Experience, Hypothesis, Ideal, Intuition, Autism.

THINKING(LOGICAL OPERATIONS)

THINKING(FORMES, CONCLUSIONS)

THINKING(CREATIVE)- cm. Thinking (types).

THINKING(FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT)

AUTISTIC THINKING- cm. Autism.

UGLY THINKING- cm. Wurzburg school of thought.

EVERYTHING THINKING- cm. Scientific thinking.

THINKING IS VISUAL AND EFFECTIVE- cm. Thinking (types).

THINKING SCIENTIFIC- cm. Everyday thinking.

IMAGINATIVE THINKING(VISUAL-FIGURATORY) - see. Thinking (types).

PRACTICAL THINKING- cm. Thinking (types).

PRALOGICAL THINKING- cm. Scientific thinking.

PRODUCTIVE THINKING- cm. Thinking (types), Reproductive thinking.

REPRODUCTIVE THINKING- cm. Thinking (types), Productive thinking.

THINKING VERBAL-LOGICAL- cm. Thinking (types).

CREATIVE THINKING- cm. Thinking (types).

THEORETICAL THINKING- cm. Thinking (types).

OBSERVATION- cm. Involved observation, Direct observation, Indirect observation, Open observation, Free observation, Hidden observation, Standardized observation, Third-party observation.

SUPERVISION INCLUDED- cm. Third party observation.

DIRECT OBSERVATION

INTERMEDIATE OBSERVATION

OBSERVATION OPEN- cm. Covert surveillance.

FREE OBSERVATION

HIDDEN SURVEILLANCE- cm. Observation is open.

STANDARDIZED OBSERVATION- cm. Observation is free.

THIRD PARTY SURVEILLANCE- cm. Observation included.

SKILL- cm. Automation of a motor skill, Automated skills, Motor skills, Motor skills.

MOTOR SKILLS- cm. Skill, Motor abilities and skills, Motor skill (construction according to N. A. Bernstein).

RELIABILITY OF THE METHOD- cm. Validity (methodology).

ORIENTATION OF PERSONALITY- cm. Personality, Needs.

PSYCHOLOGICAL TENSION

HEREDITY(INHERITANCE) – see. Genotype, Genotypic conditioning of the human psyche and behavior, Genotypic, Hereditary.

HEREDITARY- cm.

MOOD- cm. Emotions (types).

NATURALISTIC APPROACH(TO THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY)- cm. Zeitgeist, Personalistic approach.

NATURAL- cm. Genotype, Genotypic, Heredity.

LEARNING- cm. Training, Teaching.

VICARRY TEACHING

LATENT LEARNING- cm. Learning.

LEARNING BY TRIAL AND ERROR- cm. Trial and error method.

OPERANT LEARNING- cm. Learning, Operant behavior.

CONDITIONAL REFLEX LEARNING- cm. Learning, Conditioned reflex.

NATIONALISM- cm. Anti-Semitism, Fascism.

NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR- cm. Gestures, Facial expressions, Non-verbal means of communication, Pantomime, Paralinguistics.

NON-VERBAL- cm. Nonverbal means of communication.

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION- cm. Gestures, Facial expressions, Non-verbal, Nonverbal behavior, Pantomime, Para-linguistic means of communication.

NEUROSES

NEUROTIC- cm. Neuroses, Neuroticism.

NEUROTICITY(NEUROTICISM) - see. Impulsivity, Anxiety.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE- cm. Dependent variable, Experiment (scientific).

NEUROLINGUISTIC PROGRAMMING

NEURON- cm. Detector neurons.

NEURON DETECTORS- cm. Motion detector neurons, Length detector neurons, Contrast detector neurons, Novelty detector neurons, Spatial orientation detector neurons.

MOTION DETECTOR NEURONS- cm. Detector neurons.

LENGTH DETECTOR NEURONS- cm. Detector neurons.

CONTRAST DETECTOR NEURONS- cm. Detector neurons.

NOVELTY DETECTOR NEURONS- cm. Detector neurons.

SPATIAL ORIENTATION DETECTOR NEURONS- cm. Detector neurons.

NON-BEHAVIORISM- cm. Behaviorism (classical, orthodox), Neo-neo-behaviorism.

NEONEOBEAVIORISM- cm. Behaviorism (classical, orthodox), Neobehaviorism.

INFORMAL RELATIONS- cm. Relationships between people (types).

NEO-FREUDISM- cm. Psychoanalysis, Freudianism.

DIRECT- cm. Mediated.

DIRECT ATTENTION- cm. Attention (types).

IMMEDIATE MEMORY- cm. Memory (types).

INVOLUTIONARY MEMORY- cm. Memory (types).

INVOLVED ATTENTION- cm. Attention (types).

INVOLUNTARY- cm. Will.

NERVOUS SYSTEM PROPERTIES- cm. Properties of the nervous system.

NON-SPECIFIC PATH OF CONDUCTING SENSORY INFORMATION- cm. Reticular formation.

INFORMAL- cm. Formal.

LOWER ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD OF SENSATION- cm. The absolute lowest threshold of sensation.

NOVELTY EFFECT- cm. Primary effect.

NEWBORN PERIOD

NONCONFORMISM(NONCONFORMITY) – see. Conformism, Conformity.

SOCIAL NORM- cm. Group norm.

TEST NORM- cm. The test norm is age based, the test is psychological.

TEST NORM AGE- cm. Test norm.

DEPERSONALIZATION- cm. Depersonalization.

GENERALIZATION- cm. Thinking (logical operations), Psychological counseling.

SMELL- cm. Olfactory analyzer, Sensations (types and physical causes generating them), Olfactory receptors.

OLfactory SYSTEM- cm. Olfactory analyzer.

IMAGE- cm. Perception.

LIFESTYLE “IMAGE OF THE WORLD”

IMAGE "I"- cm. Person's perception by person.

CREATIVE THINKING- cm. Thinking (types).

FEEDBACK NERVOUS CONNECTION- cm. Feedback.

FEEDBACK- cm. Feedback nervous connection, Feedback between a consultant psychologist (psychologist, psychotherapist) and a client.

FEEDBACK FROM PSYCHOLOGIST-CONSULTANT(PSYCHOLOGIST, PSYCHOTHERAPIST) AND THE CLIENT- cm. Client, Psychologist-consultant.

INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING- cm. Learning, operant learning, conditioned reflex learning.

CONDITIONING CLASSICAL- cm. Conditioned reflex learning.

OPERANT CONDITIONING- cm. Operant learning.

EDUCATION- cm. learning, Educational activities, Teaching.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY- cm. General psychology.

COMMUNICATION(DEFINITION, DIFFERENCE FROM ACTIVITY)

COMMUNICATION(KINDS)

COMMUNICATION(CHANNELS, MEANS, RECEPTIONS)

COMMUNICATION(IMPORTANCE FOR HUMAN PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT)

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Social psychology.

PUBLIC OPINION- cm. Mass phenomena of the psyche.

PUBLIC CONSENT(AGREEMENT) – see. Social norm, public opinion.

GENERAL ABILITIES- cm. Abilities (types).

GENERAL LEVEL OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT- cm. IQ, Intelligence tests, Mental age, Level of psychological (mental) development.

GENERALITY- cm. Social group, Communication.

ORDINARY CONSCIOUSNESS- cm. Consciousness, Scientific Consciousness, Everyday Concept, Scientific Concept.

CUSTOM- cm. Tradition.

AN OBJECT- cm. Subject.

OBJECTIFICATION- cm. Installation.

OBJECTIVE METHODS(RESEARCH) - see Methods of psychological research (definition and types).

OBJECTIVE- cm. Object, Objective methods in psychology, Subjective.

OBJECTIVE METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Validity, Reliability, Objective, Experience.

SHORT-TERM MEMORY CAPACITY- cm. Memory is short-term.

MEMORY- cm. Memory.

SCOPE OF THE CONCEPT- cm. Concept, Content of the concept.

GIFTEDNESS- cm. Genius, Inclinations, Abilities, Talent, Talent.

EXPECTATIONS- cm. Social expectations.

SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS- cm. Expectations, Social attitude.

OCCULTISM- cm. Alternative psychology.

ONTOGENESIS- cm. Phylogenesis.

OPERANT CONDITIONING- cm. Operant conditioning.

OPERANT BEHAVIOR- cm. Responsive behavior.

RAM- cm. Memory (types).

J. PIAGET'S OPERATIONAL THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE- cm. Intelligence theory by J. Piaget.

OPERATION- cm. Activity theory, Intelligence theory by J. Piaget.

MEDIATION- cm. Mediated, Mediated attention, Mediated memory.

INDICATORY ATTENTION- cm. Attention (types).

INDICATED MEMORY- cm. Memory (types).

INTERMEDIATE- cm. Mediation.

OBJECTIFICATION- cm. Activity theory, Disobjectification.

SURVEY- cm. Interview, Questionnaire (questionnaire).

QUESTIONNAIRE(QUESTIONNAIRE) – see. Questionnaire (questionnaire) psychological, Survey.

EXPERIENCE- cm. Introspection, External experience, Internal experience, Introspective psychology.

EXTERNAL EXPERIENCE- cm. Experience, Internal experience.

INTERNAL EXPERIENCE- cm. Reflection, External experience.

OLFACTORY ORGAN(OLFACTURAL) - see. Olfactory analyzer, Olfactory receptors.

ORGAN OF TOUCH(TACTICAL) - see. Tactile analyzer, tactile receptors.

PROPRIOCEPTIVE ORGAN- cm. Muscle analyzer, Muscle receptors.

ORGAN OF EQUILIBRIUM- cm. Balance analyzer, vestibular receptors.

HEARING ORGAN- cm. Auditory analyzer, Auditory receptors.

MOVEMENT ORGANS

SENSE ORGANS- cm. Gustatory analyzer, Motor analyzer, Visual analyzer, Skin analyzer, Olfactory analyzer, Tactile analyzer, Balance analyzer, Auditory analyzer.

ORGANIC

OREOL EFFECT- cm. Implicit theory of personality, Novelty effect, Primacy effect.

ORIENTATION ACTIVITY- cm. Activity, Orienting research activity, Orienting reflex.

ORIENTATIVE BASIS OF ACTION- cm. The theory of stage-by-stage (planned) formation of mental actions.

ORIENTATION AND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES- cm. Orientation activities.

ORIENTATING REFLEX(REACTION) - see Neurons are novelty detectors.

BASIC PSYCHOPHYSICAL LAW- cm. Weber-Fechner law.

MEANINGFULNESS OF PERCEPTION- cm. Perception, Categoricality of perception, Constancy of perception, Objectivity of perception, Integrity of perception.

Notes

Articles are short answers to questions that may be asked in alphabetical order, like all terms, but in addition to definitions of terms they contain information that can be used when preparing for exams.

End of free trial.

© Nemov R. S, 2004

© LLC “Humanitarian Publishing Center VLADOS”, 2004

* * *

Preface

This publication is a textbook on psychology for higher pedagogical educational institutions. It consists of three books, including a complete basic course of psychological knowledge necessary for a teacher, educator and manager working in the education system. This course includes information from various areas of psychological science that are directly or indirectly related to the education and upbringing of children: general psychology, psychophysiology, social psychology, psychodiagnostics, management psychology and some other psychological disciplines.

This first book of the textbook contains general basics psychological knowledge necessary for a deeper understanding and better assimilation of special branches of psychology related to pedagogical activities.

The text of the textbook is equipped with the necessary methodological apparatus that may be needed by both the teacher and students. This apparatus includes fragments of the course program, presented in the form of a summary at the beginning of each chapter of the textbook. This part of the text is highlighted by the words “summary”, which follow immediately after the chapter title. The titles of individual paragraphs corresponding to the issues discussed in lectures and seminars are highlighted in the summary. At the end of each chapter there are topics and questions for discussion in seminar classes, questions for exams and tests, as well as topics recommended for writing essays and conducting independent research. research work students.

Each chapter ends with a list of references on the topic. It includes mainly works published within the last twenty years. The list of references is divided into three groups: I – literature intended for preparation for seminar classes.

It is assumed that the student working on an essay, report, or engaged in self-education is already familiar with the primary sources included in Group I, used in seminar classes. Accordingly, it is understood that a person who begins to conduct independent scientific research on given topic and turning to literature from group III, is already familiar with the primary sources classified as groups I and P. In other words, the list uses the cumulative principle of presenting recommended literature.

The layout of literary primary sources and related references is as follows. First, the list gives the title of the work with the corresponding bibliographic data. Then in brackets - the name of the problems and issues on which information can be found in this primary source, indicating the pages. Sometimes the wording of problems and questions corresponds to the names of sections, chapters and paragraphs of the cited books, sometimes they differ from them. A title that differs from that in the original source is given if the book title does not accurately reflect the thematic content of the text in terms of its correspondence to the topic being studied in the course program.

At the end of the textbook there is a dictionary of basic psychological concepts. Its task is to introduce complete and succinct definitions of the basic scientific concepts of the course.

Section I. Introduction to Psychology

Chapter 1. The subject of psychology, its tasks and methods

The importance of psychological knowledge for teaching and raising children. Psychological aspects of education. It is fundamentally impossible to solve the problems of teaching and raising children without the participation of psychologists. The need for the teacher to know general psychology: the origin, functioning and development of mental processes, states and properties of a person. The importance of developmental psychology for pedagogy. The role of differential psychology, psychophysiology, genetic psychology for the education and upbringing of children. Psychodiagnostic problems and psychological counseling in pedagogical practice. Using data from medical psychology, pathopsychology and social psychology. The problem of professional psychological preparedness of teachers and educators. The contribution of occupational psychology, psychotherapy and psychocorrection to solving educational problems.

Definition of psychology as a science. Examples of phenomena studied by modern psychology. Availability and difficulty scientific knowledge. Change and expansion of the subject of psychology from ancient times to the present day, its replenishment with theories and methods of other sciences. The system of phenomena that are studied in modern psychology life role relevant phenomena. Division of mental phenomena into processes, properties and states. Behavior and activity as a subject of psychology. Basic general and specific (abstract and concrete) concepts with the help of which phenomena studied in psychology are described.

Basic branches of psychology. Psychology how a complex system developing sciences closely related to the main types human activity. General and special branches of psychology. Fundamental and applied areas of psychology. General psychology, its structure. Branch psychological sciences. a brief description of various psychological sciences.

Research methods in psychology. The problem of the method of psychological research. Brief information from the history of research methods in psychology. Observation and introspection, their cognitive role. Survey, experiment and psychological tests. The connection between the methods of psychology and the methods of other sciences. Modeling in psychology. Advantages and disadvantages of each method, optimal conditions its application in practice. The importance of mathematics for obtaining reliable psychological knowledge. The introduction of computer and other technology into a psychological experiment.

The importance of psychological knowledge for teaching and raising children

Getting started pedagogical work with children, first of all, you need to understand what is given to the child by nature and what is acquired under the influence of the environment, what in human psychology and behavior is innate, organically conditioned and what is acquired, socially conditioned. Such knowledge presupposes psychodiagnostics, carrying out a psychological and pedagogical experiment on the formation of appropriate qualities and properties of a person. If during the experiment it is proven that the qualities of interest to the researcher in teaching and upbringing cannot be formed, and it is also established that they appear and develop as the organism biologically matures, then these qualities can be considered biologically determined - inclinations.

The development of human inclinations, their transformation into abilities is one of the tasks of training and education, which cannot be solved without knowledge of psychology. The structure of inclinations and abilities includes many processes, properties and states of a person. As they develop, the abilities themselves improve, acquiring the necessary qualities. Knowledge of psychological structure developed abilities, the laws of their formation are necessary for the right choice methods of training and education.

Quite early, even in preschool age, significant individual differences between children. The practice of pedagogical influence should be built taking them into account. Reliable information about these differences can be obtained differential psychodiagnostics. And here again the participation of a professional psychologist is required.

Training and education are valuable when they lead to an increase in the level of psychological development of children. One must be able to determine this level and compare it with a certain norm in order to judge whether it is right or wrong. development is underway. Such a scientifically based norm is established by psychologists; they also develop and test, offering to schools, methods of psychological testing level of development of children. The systematic use of tests allows us to judge how the child is developing and timely take the necessary pedagogical measures aimed at correcting existing deficiencies.

One of the particular tasks of pedagogical practice, which is posed and solved in the course of such work, is the identification of normally developing children (who are within the age norm), children with developmental delays (retarded) and rapidly developing (gifted). The last two categories of children require special attention to themselves: those who are lagging behind - because they do not learn well school material, and the gifted - due to incomplete use of their development opportunities.

A psychological and pedagogical problem of particular complexity, which cannot be properly solved without the participation of a psychologist, is determining the reasons why a child lags behind his peers in learning and development. Another problem, perhaps no less important and no less responsible, especially today, is the creation of favorable conditions for the development of gifted children. And here the teacher needs qualified psychological help.

Pedagogy has long talked a lot about the need to individualize education, that is, build it taking into account the level of psychological development achieved by the child and his individual capabilities. It is also almost impossible to accurately determine the level of development and capabilities of a child without the participation of a psychologist. Only with the help of scientifically proven methods of psychodiagnostics can the child’s individuality be established in those manifestations that are hidden from external surveillance, from teachers, parents and the child himself. Such individual differences can relate to any mental processes, properties and states.

The practice of teaching and upbringing most often deals not with individual children, but with groups children. Members of such groups usually have quite complex human relationships, and pedagogical influences, ultimately addressed to individual children, are refracted (mediated) by these relationships. Consequently, in order to intelligently organize the educational process, the teacher must know what relationships have developed between the children in the group. Needed here socio-psychological theoretical and methodological knowledge.

Currently, a psychological service in the education system has been created and is developing in our country. The specialists working in it are called upon to deal with these problems professionally, in close cooperation with teachers. But in order for such cooperation to be productive, the teacher himself must possess the basic fundamentals of psychological knowledge. Their presentation and assimilation is the task of this course.

Psychology as a science

Psychology as a science has special qualities that distinguish it from other disciplines. Few people know psychology as a system of proven knowledge, mainly only those who specifically deal with it, solving scientific and practical problems. At the same time, as a system of life phenomena, psychology is familiar to every person. It is presented to him in the form of his own sensations, images, ideas, phenomena of memory, thinking, speech, will, imagination, interests, motives, needs, emotions, feelings and much more. We can directly detect basic mental phenomena in ourselves and indirectly observe them in other people.

The term “psychology” first appeared in scientific use in the 16th century. Initially, it belonged to a special science that dealt with the study of the so-called mental, or mental, phenomena, i.e. those that every person easily detects in his own consciousness as a result self-observation. Later, in XVII–XIX centuries, the scope of psychologists' research expanded significantly to include unconscious mental processes (the unconscious) and activity person

In the 20th century, psychological research went beyond the phenomena around which it had been concentrated for centuries. In this regard, the name “psychology” has partly lost its original, quite narrow meaning, when it applied only to subjective, phenomena directly perceived and experienced by humans consciousness. However, according to the centuries-old tradition, this science still retains its former name.

Since the 19th century psychology becomes an independent and experimental field of scientific knowledge.

What is the subject of studying psychology? First of all psyche humans and animals, which includes many subjective phenomena. With the help of some, such as sensations and perception, attention and memory, imagination, thinking and speech, a person understands the world. Therefore, they are often called cognitive processes. Other phenomena regulate it communication with people, directly control actions and actions. They are called mental properties and states of personality, including needs, motives, goals, interests, will, feelings and emotions, inclinations and abilities, knowledge and consciousness. In addition, psychology studies human communication and behavior, their dependence on mental phenomena and, in turn, the dependence of the formation and development of mental phenomena on them.

Man does not simply penetrate the world through his cognitive processes. He lives and acts in this world, creating it for himself in order to satisfy his material, spiritual and other needs, and performs certain actions. In order to understand and explain human actions, we turn to such a concept as personality.

In turn, mental processes, states and properties of a person, especially in their higher manifestations, are unlikely to be fully comprehended if they are not considered depending on a person’s living conditions, on how his interaction with nature and society (activity and communication) is organized. Communication and activity are also therefore the subject of modern psychological research.

Mental processes, properties and states of a person, his communication and activity are separated and studied separately, although in reality they are closely related to each other and form a single whole, called vital activity person.

Studying the psychology and behavior of people, scientists are looking for their explanation, on the one hand, in biological nature person, on the other hand, in his individual experience, and thirdly, in the laws on the basis of which society is built and according to which it functions. In the latter case, the dependence of a person’s psyche and behavior on the place he occupies in society, on the existing social system, building, methods of training and education, specific relationships, folding at this person with the people around, from that social role, which he plays in society, from the types of activities in which he directly participates.

In addition to individual behavioral psychology, the range of phenomena studied by psychology also includes relationships between people in various human associations - large and small groups, teams.

To summarize what has been said, let us present in the form of a diagram the main types of phenomena that modern psychology studies (Fig. 1, Table 1).

In Fig. 1 identifies the basic concepts through which phenomena studied in psychology are defined. With the help of these concepts, the names of twelve classes of phenomena studied in psychology are formulated. They are listed on the left side of the table. 1. On the right side there are examples of specific concepts that characterize the corresponding phenomena.

Rice. 1. General concepts with the help of which phenomena studied in psychology are described

Note that many of the phenomena studied in psychology cannot be unconditionally attributed to only one group. They can be both individual and group, appearing in the form of processes and states. For this reason, on the right side of the table, some of the listed phenomena are repeated.

Table 1. Examples of general concepts and specific phenomena studied in modern psychology

Most of those listed in table. 1 concepts and phenomena are revealed in the textbook. However, for a very general preliminary acquaintance with them, you can refer to the dictionary-index of psychological terms available at the end of the book.

Main branches of psychology

Currently, psychology is a very extensive system of sciences. It identifies many industries that represent relatively independently developing areas of scientific research. Bearing in mind this fact, as well as the fact that at present the system of psychological sciences continues to actively develop (every 4-5 years a new direction appears), it would be more correct to talk not about one science of psychology, but about a complex of developing psychological Sci.

They, in turn, can be divided into fundamental and applied, general and special. Fundamental, or basic, branches of psychological science are of general importance for understanding and explaining the psychology and behavior of people, regardless of who they are and what kind of behavior they have. specific activities are engaged. These areas are designed to provide knowledge that is equally necessary for everyone who is interested in psychology and human behavior. Due to such universality, this knowledge is sometimes combined with the term “general psychology.”

Applied branches of science are those whose achievements are used in practice. Common industries pose and solve problems that are equally important for the development of everyone without exception. scientific directions, and special ones – highlight questions that represent special interest for the knowledge of any one or several groups of phenomena.

Let's consider some fundamental and applied, general and special branches of psychology related to education.

General psychology(Fig. 2) explores individual highlighting cognitive processes and personality in it. Cognitive processes include sensation, perception, attention, memory, imagination, thinking and speech. With the help of these processes, a person receives and processes information about the world, and they also participate in the formation and transformation of knowledge. Personality contains properties that determine a person’s deeds and actions. These are emotions, abilities, dispositions, attitudes, motivation, temperament, character and will.

Special branches of psychology(Fig. 3), closely related to the theory and practice of teaching and raising children, include genetic psychology, psychophysiology, differential psychology, developmental psychology, social psychology, educational psychology, medical psychology, pathopsychology, legal psychology, psychodiagnostics and psychotherapy.

Genetic psychology studies the hereditary mechanisms of the psyche and behavior, their dependence on the genotype. Differential psychology identifies and describes the individual differences of people, their prerequisites and the process of formation. In developmental psychology these differences are presented by age. This branch of psychology also studies the changes that occur during the transition from one age to another. Genetic, differential and developmental psychology taken together are the scientific basis for understanding the laws of child mental development.

Rice. 2. Structure of general psychology

Rice. 3. Branches of psychological science related to training and education

Social Psychology studies human relationships, phenomena that arise in the process of communication and interaction of people with each other in various kinds groups, in particular in the family, school, student and teaching teams. Such knowledge is necessary for psychological proper organization education.

Pedagogical psychology combines all information related to training and education. Particular attention is paid here to the justification and development of methods of training and education of people of different ages.

The following three branches of psychology are: medical and pathopsychology, and psychotherapy – deal with deviations from the norm in the human psyche and behavior. The task of these branches of psychological science is to explain the causes of possible mental disorders and justify methods of their prevention and treatment. Such knowledge is necessary where the teacher deals with so-called difficult, including pedagogically neglected, children or people in need of psychological help. Legal psychology considers a person’s assimilation of legal norms and rules of behavior and is also needed for education. Psychodiagnostics poses and solves the problems of psychological assessment of the level of development of children and their differentiation.

The study of psychological sciences begins with general psychology, since without a sufficiently deep knowledge of the basic concepts introduced in the course of general psychology, it will be impossible to understand the material contained in the special sections of the course. However, what is proposed in the first book of the textbook is not general psychology in pure form. Rather, it is a thematic selection of materials from various areas of psychological science that are important for the education and upbringing of children, although they are, of course, based on general psychological knowledge.

In the dictionary of the second book, the most difficult psychological concepts are repeated for their better assimilation, as well as to eliminate the need for the reader to repeatedly turn to the first book in order to remember the content of a particular concept.

The concepts shown on the right side of the table are borrowed from two psychological dictionaries published in recent years in Russian: Psychological Dictionary / Ed. V.V. Davydova and others - M., 1983; Psychological Dictionary. 2nd ed., add. and corr. / Under general ed. A.V. Petrovsky and M.G. Yaroshevsky. – M., 1990.

Robert Semenovich Nemov

Psychology. Dictionary reference: in 2 hours. Part 1

Preface

Currently, psychology is studied in many secondary specialized and higher educational institutions. Many good textbooks and teaching aids have been published in various areas of psychology. They present scientific and practical knowledge in sufficient detail, and yet students experience great difficulty in studying, preparing and passing exams in psychological disciplines. These difficulties are caused, in particular, by the fact that textbooks and teaching aids are voluminous, often containing redundant information and many new, not clearly defined terms. The information presented in textbooks and teaching aids is so extensive that it is not possible to remember and retain all of it in memory, especially if exams in the relevant discipline are held much later than the time when this discipline is studied (for example, state exams include questions on various branches of psychology that have been studied for a number of years). As for the terms, there are so many of them in different areas of psychology that remembering their definitions is problematic even for a person with a good memory. This also applies to personalities, that is, the names of specific scientists who have made a significant contribution to the development of psychological science and practice.

In this regard, it is useful to have a manual that would, in a short, compact form, but at the same time fairly fully present the basic knowledge of the branches of psychology being studied. These are general psychology, developmental psychology, educational psychology, social psychology, psychophysiology, practical psychology and history of psychology.

Particular difficulties in studying psychology arise in connection with the assimilation of its terminology. Published psychological dictionaries, on the one hand, contain many terms that are not studied in educational institutions, on the other hand, they offer too complex definitions of these terms, which do not always correspond to those available in the educational literature, and on the third, sometimes there are no definitions of those terms , which, on the contrary, are found in educational and additional literature on psychology. The author also tried to overcome this difficulty: the manual contains exactly the terminology that is most often found in psychology textbooks and corresponds to training courses taught in secondary specialized and higher educational institutions.

This book, unlike a number of manuals with titles like “100 Answers to Exam Questions,” is not intended for careless students. At the same time, in the book the reader will find almost ready-made, complete answers to 105 exam questions, find the necessary information for another 450 private questions, learn the definitions of almost 1,500 terms used in psychological literature, and receive brief information about 120 famous psychologists. This is quite enough to successfully pass exams in the above psychological disciplines, as well as prepare an essay, write a term paper or dissertation. The manual is an additional information source to existing psychology textbooks.

How does a reference dictionary work?

The book consists of three parts: a dictionary, a reference dictionary and a dictionary of personalities. The dictionary represents all the terms and articles available in the dictionary-reference book. Using it, you can quickly determine whether there is a definition of a particular term in the reference dictionary.

If we are talking only about the definition of a term, then the term is given in the dictionary without repetitions and clarifications, presented after the term in brackets. If a detailed answer to a particular question is required, then in the dictionary, in addition to the keyword associated with this question, it is indicated in parentheses which aspect of the phenomenon corresponding to this word is considered in the article. In addition, if we are talking about articles that contain complete answers to possible exam questions, then the names of terms in the glossary and in the dictionary are repeated several times. So, for example, on the topic “Character” you will find the following articles in the dictionary and reference dictionary: CHARACTER (DEFINITION AND MANIFESTATIONS), CHARACTER (STRUCTURE), CHARACTER (TYPOLOGY), CHARACTER (FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT). This means that these four articles on several pages of the reference dictionary discuss in sufficient detail the questions indicated in brackets regarding the character of a person, and from these articles one can obtain complete information to answer the corresponding exam question.

The material included in the contents of the reference dictionary is considered basic, which the student should know. In addition, from the reference dictionary you can also glean some additional information that is not required for passing the exams. They are given in footnotes to the relevant articles.

The “Personalities” section of the dictionary-reference book contains brief information about psychologists who made the greatest contribution to the development of psychology, whose names appear in the dictionary. In parentheses after brief information about the scientist, one of his main works in the field of psychology is indicated.

How to use the reference dictionary

If you want to get a complete answer to your question, we advise you to do the following:

1. Highlight the keyword in the question you are interested in.

2. Find all entries related to this keyword in the dictionary.

4. In the relevant key articles of the reference dictionary, find the basic information you need.

5. For additional information on the question you are interested in, refer to the footnotes or to those additional terms and articles that are referenced in the article you read.

Let's say that you are interested in the answer to the question “Psychological aspects of human relationships.” You highlight the keyword “people’s relationships” and find the following articles on this topic in the reference dictionary: PEOPLE’S RELATIONSHIPS (DEFINITION), RELATIONS OF PEOPLE (KINDS), RELATIONS OF PEOPLE (FACTORS AFFECTING RELATIONSHIPS), RELATIONS OF PEOPLE (PROBLEMS). Thus, if you wish, you can get complete answers to the following questions:

1. What are human relationships?

2. What are the types of human relationships?

3. What factors influence human relationships?

4. What problems exist in human relationships?

If you are interested in additional information on the problems of the psychology of human relations, then you can get it by reading the materials contained in the following definitions of terms and articles: AGGRESSIVENESS, AUTHORITY, AFFILIATION, HELPLESSNESS, PERCEPTION OF A PERSON BY A HUMAN, SOCIAL GROUP, PROTECTIVE MECHANISMS, INTERACTION, CLIMATE PSYCHOLOGICAL, COLLECTIVE, COMMUNICATION, CONFLICT, LEADERSHIP, MASS PSYCHIC PHENOMENA, FEEDBACK, COMMUNICATION, HALO EFFECT, ALIENATION, IMITATION, GENDER ROLE BEHAVIOR, BRAINWASHING, PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTANCE, PSYCHOLOGICAL COMPATIBILITY, PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIER, PSYCHOLOGICAL CRISIS, REFERENCE GROUP, SANCTIONS , SOCIAL DISTANCE, SOCIAL INTERFERENCE, SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY, SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY, COHESION, DESIRE FOR EXCELLENCE, EMPATHY and in a number of other articles and definitions of terms. The vast majority of articles and definitions of terms contained in the dictionary-reference book have links of this kind, using which you can obtain fairly complete information on many issues of scientific and practical psychology.

ABSOLUTE UPPER THRESHOLD SENSATION- cm. Absolute threshold of sensation, Absolute lower threshold of sensation.

ABSOLUTE LOWER THRESHOLD OF SENSATION- cm. Absolute threshold of sensation, Absolute upper threshold of sensation.

ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD OF SENSATION- cm. Absolute lower threshold of sensation, Absolute upper threshold of sensation.

MOTOR SKILL AUTOMATION(PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECT ACCORDING TO N. A. BERNSTEIN)- cm. Motor skill.

AUTOMATED SKILLS- cm. Automation of a motor skill (physiological aspect according to N. A. Bernstein), Automatisms, Skill, Ability.

AGGLUTINATION- cm. Internal speech.

AGGRESSIVE MOTIVATION- cm. Aggression theory, Motivation, Frustration.

AGGRESSIVENESS THEORY – cm. Aggression motivation, Aggression, Frustration.

AGGRESSIVENESS- cm. Aggression.

AGGRESSION- cm. Aggressiveness.

TRANSACTIVE AGGRESSION- cm. Aggressiveness.

ADAPTATION- cm. Sensory adaptation, Social adaptation.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION

PSYCHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION(IN FAMILY LIFE)

SENSORY ADAPTATION

ACCOMMODATION- cm. Visual perception.

ACME- cm. Acmeology.

ACMEOLOGY- cm. Acme.

ACTIVATION THEORY OF EMOTIONS- cm. James-Lange theory of emotions, Cannon-Bard theory of emotions.

ACTIVITY- cm. Action, Activity, Behavior, Reaction.

ACTIVITY OF MENTAL PROCESSES(PSYCHOLOGICAL) REFLECTIONS

CHARACTER ACCENTUATIONS- cm. Age crisis, Neurosis, Psychosis, Character.

ACCENTUATION cm. Trait.

ACCENTUATED PERSONALITY- cm. Character accents.

ACCENTUATED(ACcentuated) CHARACTER TRAITS- cm. Character accents.

ACTION ACCEPTOR- cm. Functional system.

ALTERNATIVE PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Astrology, Gestalt therapy, Mysticism, Neurolinguistic programming, Occultism, Parapsychology, Psychosynthesis, Sufism, Telekinesis, Telepathy, Body therapy, Theosophy, Extrasensory perception, Clairvoyance.

ALTRUISM- cm. Social needs, Social behavior.

AMNESIA- cm. Memory.

AMNESIA ANTEROGRADE- cm. Amnesia.

AMNESIA RETROGRADE- cm. Amnesia.

ANALYZER- cm. Afferent nerve pathways, Receptor, Effector, Efferent nerve pathways.

VESTIBULAR ANALYZER

TASTE ANALYZER- cm. Sensations (types).

VISUAL ANALYZER- cm. Visual perception, Image, Receptor.

SKIN ANALYZER- cm. Sensations (types).

MUSCLE ANALYZER- cm. Sensations (types).

OLfactory ANALYZER- cm. Sensations (types).

TOUCH ANALYZER- cm. Sensations (types).

EQUILIBRIUM ANALYZER- cm. Sensations (types).

HEARING ANALYZER- cm. Sensations (types).

ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY(PERSONALITY) K. YUNGA- cm. Archetype, Collective unconscious, Personal unconscious.

ANALOGUE- cm. Analogy.ANALOGY- cm. Analog.

ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF HUMAN MEMORY- cm. Memory.

ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF MOTIVATION- cm. Motivation.

ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF EMOTIONS- cm. Emotions.

ANIMA- cm. Animism, Soul, Psyche.

ANIMISM- cm. Anima.

ANTI-LOCALIZATIONISM- cm. Localizationism.

ANTI-SEMITISM- cm. Nationalism, Fascism.

ANTICIPATION- cm. Action acceptor.

ANTHROPOMORPHISM- cm. Analogy, Animal psychology, Comparative psychology, Analogy.

APPERCEPTION- cm. Will, Monadology, Motivation, Consciousness.

ARCHETYPE- cm. Analytical psychology (personality) by K. Jung, Collective unconscious, Complex.

ASSIMILATION- cm. Intelligence theory by J. Piaget.

ASSOCIATIVE PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Associative psychology.

ASSOCIATION

ASSOCIATIONISM(ASSOCIANISM) - see. Association, Associative psychology.

ASTHENIC(ASTHENIC BODY TYPE)- cm. Athletic (athletic body type), Introversion, Picnic (picnic body type).

ASTHENIC EMOTIONS

ASTROLOGY- cm. Alternative psychology.

ATAVISM

ATHLETIC(ATHLETIC BODY TYPE) – cm. Asthenic (asthenic body type), Picnic (picnic body type).

ATOMISM- cm. Associationism, Association, Soul.

CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION- cm. Causal attribution.

AUTISM- cm. Autistic thinking.

AUTISTIC THINKING- cm. Autism.

AUTOGENOUS TRAINING(AUTO TRAINING)

APHASIA cm. Ataxic aphasia, auditory aphasia, motor aphasia, optical aphasia, syntactic aphasia

APHASAIA ATAXIC

APHASIA CLASSROOM

MOTOR APHASAIA

APHASAIA OPTICAL

SYNTACTIC APHASIA

AFFECT- cm. Emotions (types).

AFFECT OF INDEQUACY- cm. Inferiority complex, Frustration.

AFFERENT NERVE PATHWAYS- cm. Efferent nerve pathways.

AFFERENT- cm. Efferent.

AFFILIATION- cm. Social needs, the need for power, the need to achieve success.

BASIC(BASAL) – see Basic personality traits.

BARRIER PSYCHOLOGICAL- cm. Affect of inadequacy, inferiority complex.

HELPLESS(HELPLESS BEHAVIOR) - see Motive (need) to achieve success, Motive (need) to avoid failure), Self-esteem, Social behavior, Anxiety, Level of aspirations.

UNCONSCIOUS- cm. Consciousness.

BIOGENETIC LAW- cm. Ontogeny, Phylogeny.

BIOLOGICAL CONDITIONALITY OF HUMAN PSYCHE AND BEHAVIOR- cm. Genotype, Genotypic conditioning of the human psyche and behavior, Social conditioning of the human psyche and behavior, Environmental conditioning of the human psyche and behavior.

BIOLOGICAL- cm. Genotypic, Social.

BIOSOCIAL

BEHAVIORISM(CLASSICAL, ORTHODOX) - see. Neo-behaviorism, Neo-neo-behaviorism, Psychoanalysis, crisis in psychological science, Structuralism.

TWIN METHOD(GEMINI METHOD) - see. Homozygous twins, Heterozygous twins, Genotype, Environment.

GEMINI DIZYGOTIC(DZ-TWINS, HETEROSYGOTIC TWINS)- cm. Genotype, Twin method, Monozygotic twins.

HETEROSYGOTIC TWINS- cm. Twin method, Homozygous twins, Dizygotic twins.

TWINS HOMOZYGOTUS- cm.

MONOSYGOTIC TWINS- cm. Twin method, Dizygotic twins.

BRAIN BLOCKS- cm. Brain (human).

LARGE SOCIAL GROUP- cm. Large group, small group, social group.

RAVE(DELUSIONAL STATE) - see. Hallucinations.

BRAINSTORING- cm. Small group, Efficiency (activities) of a small group.

BOOMERANG EFFECT

VALIDITY(METHODOLOGIES)- cm. External validity, Internal validity, Criterion validity, Practical validity, Theoretical validity.

VALIDITY EXTERNAL VALIDITY INTERNAL

CRITERIAL VALIDITY(CRITERIA-ORIENTED, CRITERIA-RELATED)

VALIDITY PRACTICAL VALIDITY THEORETICAL

LEADING ACTIVITY- cm. Activity, Subject activity,

LEADING LEVEL OF MOVEMENT BUILDING- cm. Motor skill (construction according to N.A. Bernstein), Background levels of movement control.

VERBAL COMMUNICATION- cm. Non-verbal means of communication, Communication.

VERBAL

VERBAL LEARNING- cm. Learning.

BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS- cm.

PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS- cm. Relationships between people (types).

RELATIONS OF PEOPLE(DEFINITION)- cm. The setting is social.

RELATIONS OF PEOPLE(KINDS)

RELATIONS OF PEOPLE(FACTORS AFFECTING RELATIONSHIPS)

RELATIONS OF PEOPLE(IMPACT ON HUMAN LIFE)

RELATIONS OF PEOPLE(PROBLEMS)- cm. Psychological barrier, interpersonal conflict.

INFORMAL RELATIONS(INFORMAL) - see Relationships between people (types).

RELATIONS OFFICIAL(FORMAL) - see Relationships between people (types).

VICARRY TEACHING- cm. Learning.

TASTE SENSATIONS- cm. Taste analyzer, Sensations, Receptors.

TASTE SYSTEM- cm. Taste analyzer.

ATTENTION(DEFINITION)

ATTENTION(KINDS)

ATTENTION(PROPERTIES)

ATTENTION(FUNCTIONS)

ATTENTION(ANATOMIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL BASICS)- cm. Dominant, Novelty detector neurons, Reticular formation.

ATTENTION(DEVELOPMENT)- cm. Internal speech.

ATTENTION DIRECT- cm. Attention (types).

ATTENTION INVOLVED- cm. Attention (types).

ATTENTION INDICATORY- cm. Attention (types).

ATTENTION POST-VOLUNTARY- cm. Attention (types).

ATTENTION NATURAL- cm. Attention (types).

ATTENTION ARBITRARY- cm. Attention (types).

ATTENTION IS SOCIALLY CONDITIONED- cm. Attention (types).

SUGGESTIBILITY- cm. Emotionality, Impressionability.

SUGGESTION- cm. Suggestibility.

MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Military psychology.

EXCITABILITY- cm. Excitation.

EXCITATION

PRESCHOOL AGE- cm. Developmental psychology.

AGE INFANT- cm. Developmental psychology.

AGE JUNIOR SCHOOL- cm. Developmental psychology.

AGE TEENAGE- cm. Developmental psychology.

AGE EARLY- cm. Developmental psychology.

AGE HIGH SCHOOL- cm. Developmental psychology.

PSYCHOLOGICAL AGE- cm. Psychological test, Psychological processes, Psychological properties, Binet-Simon test.

MENTAL AGE– Mental age.

PHYSICAL AGE

AGE-RELATED PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Developmental psychology.

AGE DEVELOPMENT PERIODIZATION- cm. Periodization of age development.

WILL(DEFINITION)

WILL(HISTORY OF RESEARCH AND CURRENT STATE OF THE PROBLEM)

WILL(DEVELOPMENT)

IMAGINATION(DEFINITION)

IMAGINATION(KINDS)

IMAGINATION(ROLE, FUNCTIONS)

IMAGINATION(DEVELOPMENT)

QUESTIONNAIRE(QUESTIONNAIRE) PSYCHOLOGICAL

PERCEPTION(DEFINITION, PROPERTIES)

PERCEPTION(KINDS)- cm. Perception of time, Perception of movement, Perception of space.

PERCEPTION(PROPERTIES)- cm. Perception (definition, properties).

PERCEPTION OF TIME

PERCEPTION OF MOTION

PERCEPTION OF SPACE

(DEFINITION, STRUCTURE, FACTORS AFFECTING IT)

PERCEPTION OF PERSON BY PERSON(MECHANISMS)

PERCEPTION OF PERSON BY PERSON(IMPACT ON PEOPLE'S RELATIONSHIPS)

PLAYBACK(REMEMBER) - see Memory.

IMPRESSIONABILITY

REACTION TIME

SECOND SIGNAL SYSTEM- cm. First signaling system.

SECONDARY QUALITIES- cm. Primary and secondary qualities.

SAMPLE- cm. Representative sample, General population.

REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE- cm. Sample, General population.

EXPRESSIVE(EXPRESSIVE) MOVEMENTS- cm. Gestures, Facial expressions, Non-verbal means of communication, Pantomime.

HIGH NERVOUS ACTIVITY(GNI) - see. Psychophysiology, Physiology of higher nervous activity.

HIGHER PSYCHIC(PSYCHOLOGICAL) FUNCTIONS(PROCESSES) – see Cultural-historical theory of the origin and development of higher mental functions of man, Elementary Psyche.

CROWDING OUT- cm. Analytical psychology (personality) by K. Jung, Unconscious, Defense mechanisms, Subconscious, Psychoanalysis, Regression.

WURZBURG SCHOOL OF THINKING- cm. Introspection, Thinking, Attitude, Ugly Thinking, Attitude.

HALLUCINATIONS- cm. Rave.

HEDONISM

POPULATION- cm. Sample.

GENERAL

GENETICS- cm. Genetic psychology, Genotype.

GENETIC PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Genotype.

GENETIC METHOD

GENIUS(HUMAN) - see. Giftedness, Abilities, Talent.

GENOTYPE- cm. Wednesday.

GENOTYPICAL CONDITIONALITY OF HUMAN PSYCHE AND BEHAVIOR- cm. Biological conditioning of the human psyche and behavior, Social conditioning of the human psyche and behavior.

GENOTYPICAL- cm. Biological, Social.

GERONTOPSYCHOLOGY

HETEROSYGOTIC TWINS- cm. The twins are heterozygous.

GESTALT- cm. Gestalt psychology, Gestalt therapy.

GESTALT GROUPS- cm. Gestalt therapy.

GESTALT PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION OF PERCEPTION- cm. Gestalt, Gestalt psychology, Figure-ground.

GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Atomism, Gestalt, Psychological science crisis, Associative psychology, Reductionism, Structure, Phenomenology, Phi-phenomenon.

GESTALT THERAPY- cm. Gestalt groups, Psychotherapy.

BAR CHART

DEPTH PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Depth psychology.

HUMAN BRAIN- cm. Brain blocks, cerebral cortex, reticular formation, thalamus.

HOMEOSTASIS(HOMEOSTASIS)

HOMOZYGOTIC TWINS- cm. The twins are monozygotic.

GRAPHOLOGY

DREAMS- cm. Imagination.

GEORGIAN SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

LARGE GROUP- cm. Small group, social group.

INDIFFERENT GROUP- cm. Reference group.

INTERACTIVE GROUP- cm. The group is coactive.

COACTIVE GROUP- cm. The group is interactive.

CONTROL GROUP- cm. Experimental group.

SMALL GROUP(DEFINITION)

SMALL GROUP(KINDS)

SMALL GROUP(STRUCTURE)

SMALL GROUP(IMPACT ON PEOPLE'S PSYCHOLOGY)

PSYCHOCORRECTIONAL GROUP- cm. Small group, Psychocorrection, Psychotherapeutic group.

PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC GROUP- cm. Small group, psychocorrectional group, Psychotherapy.

REFERENCE GROUP- cm. The group is indifferent.

GROUP SOCIAL- cm. Large group, small group.

EXPERIMENTAL GROUP- cm. Experiment, Control group.

GROUP DYNAMICS– Small group, Social group, Social psychology.

GROUP NORM- cm. Social group, Social norm.

GROUP POLARIZATION(GROUP POLARIZATION EFFECT) – see. Small group, group cohesion.

GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY- cm. Gestalt groups, Meeting groups, Psychodrama groups, Body therapy groups, Art therapy groups, Psychotherapy.

MEETING GROUPS(SENSITIVITY TRAINING GROUPS) - see. Psychological barrier, Small group, Group psychotherapy, Psychocorrection, Psychotherapy,

PSYCHODRAMA GROUPS- cm. Small group, Psychocorrectional group, Psychotherapeutic group, Group psychotherapy, Psychodrama.

SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAINING GROUPS(TGROUPS) - see. Group psychotherapy, Psychocorrectional groups, Psychotherapeutic groups, Psychocorrection, Psychotherapy, Social and psychological training.

BODY THERAPY GROUPS- cm. Group psychotherapy, Psychocorrection, Psychotherapy, Body psychotherapy.

ART THERAPY GROUPS- cm. Group psychotherapy.

SENSITIVITY TRAINING GROUPS- cm. Meeting groups.

HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Humanistic psychology.

MOTOR SKILLS- cm. Automation of a motor skill (physiological aspect according to N. A. Bernstein), Motor skill (construction according to N. A. Bernstein), Skill, Ability.

MOTOR SKILL(CONSTRUCTION ACCORDING TO N. A. BERNSTEIN)- cm. Skill, Motor skills.

DEHUMANIZATION- cm. Deindividuation, Depersonalization.

DEDUCTION- cm. Induction.

DISADAPTATION- cm. Social maladjustment.

DEINDIVIDUALIZATION- cm. Dehumanization, Depersonalization, Depersonalization.

ACTION- cm. Activity, Operation, Behavior, Reaction.

ACTION PERCEPTUAL- cm. Perceptual action.

ACTION THEORY- cm. Action.

DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP STYLE- cm. The leadership style is democratic.

DEPERSONALIZATION- cm. Dehumanization, Deindividuation, Depersonalization.

DEPRESSION DEPRIVATION

SENSORY DEPRIVATION- cm. Deprivation.

LIE DETECTOR- cm. Reaction time, Psychological test.

DETERMINISM- cm. Indeterminism.

DETERMINATING TREND- cm. Wurzburg school of thought.

DETERMINISTIC APPROACH- cm. Determinism, Indeterminism, Phenomenology.

CHILD PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Child psychology.

CHILDHOOD

DEFECTOLOGY- cm. Special psychology.

ACT- cm. Activity, Personality.

ACTIVITY THEORY- cm. Activity, Isomorphism, Interiorization, Theory of systematic (stage-by-stage) formation of mental actions.

ACTIVITY(DEFINITION, STRUCTURE)

ACTIVITY(DYNAMICS)

ACTIVITY(COGNITIVE PROCESSES AND ACTIVITY, ACTIVITY APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING COGNITIVE PROCESSES)

EXTERNAL ACTIVITIES- cm. Activity.

INTERNAL ACTIVITIES- cm. Activity.

SUBJECT ACTIVITY- cm. Activity.

JAMES–LANGE THEORY OF EMOTIONS- cm. Cannon-Bard theory of emotions, Emotions.

PSYCHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS- cm. Validity, Reliability, Psychological test.

DYAD- cm. Small group, Triad.

DIVERGENCE- cm. Conference.

GROUP DYNAMICS- cm. Group dynamics.

DYNAMIC STEREOTYPE- cm. Motor skill (construction according to N.A. Bernstein), Motor skills.

DYNAMICITY

DISCOMFORT

DISCRETE

DISCUSSIVE THINKING– Discourse, Discussion, Thinking.

DISCOURSE- cm. Discursive thinking, Discussion, Psycholinguistics.

DISCUSSION- cm. Discursive thinking.

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE- cm. Quantitative methods, Mathematical statistics.

DISPERSION- cm. Average.

DISPOSITION- cm. The setting is social.

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTANCE- cm. Social group, Interpersonal alienation.

DISTRESS- cm. Stress.

DIFFERENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Psychology is differential.

DIFFERENTIAL- cm. Integral.

DIFFERENTIAL THRESHOLD OF SENSATION- cm. Absolute upper threshold of sensation, Absolute lower threshold of sensation, Absolute threshold of sensation, Relative threshold of sensation.

DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY- cm. Large group, mass, crowd.

LONG TERM MEMORY- cm. Memory (types).

DOMINANT

PRE-OPERATIVE STAGE OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT(BY J. PIAGET)- cm. Specific operations are the stage of development of intelligence (according to J. Piaget).

PRESCHOOL AGE- cm. Preschool age, Periodization of age development.

DUALISM- cm. Worldview, Monism.

SPIRIT OF TIME

SOUL- cm. Everyday concept, Scientific concept, Materialism, Idealism, Psyche.

EUGENICS

BARELY NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE METHOD- cm. Differential threshold of sensations, Psychophysics.

NATURAL SCIENCE(PHYSIOLOGICAL) PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Natural science psychology.

NATURAL EXPERIMENT- cm. The experiment is natural.

GESTURES- cm. Communication is non-verbal.

PERSONAL LIFE STYLE(according to A. ADLER)- cm. Individual psychology of A. Adler.

EVERYDAY PSYCHOLOGY

DEPENDENT VARIABLE- cm. Independent variable, Experiment.

EARNINGS- cm. Capabilities.

WEBER-FECHNER LAW(BASIC PSYCHOPHYSICAL LAW) - see. Sensations, Fechner's law.

YERKES-DODSON ACT- cm. Emotions.

SUBSTITUTION(SUBLIMATION) - see. Defense mechanisms, Psychoanalysis.

MEMORY- cm. Memory.

INFECTION

PROTECTION MECHANISMS- cm. Unconscious, Id, Psychoanalysis, Consciousness, Anxiety, Super-Ego, Ego.

COMMON SENSE

MIRRORING- cm. Confession, Client, Psychological counseling, Psychocorrection, Psychotherapy.

SIGN- cm. Symbol.

MEANING- cm. Sign, Meaning.

MEANING OF THE WORD- cm. The meaning of the word.

ZONE OF POTENTIAL(CLOSEST) PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

ZOOPSYCHOLOGY- cm. Comparative psychology.

VISUAL SYSTEM- cm. Visual analyzer.

VISUAL PERCEPTION- cm. Perception.

VISUAL ANALYZER- cm. Visual analyzer.

A GAME- cm. Subject game, object-manipulative game, plot game, symbolic game, game with rules, role-playing game, plot-role-playing game.

GAME "DEFENDANT'S DILEMMA"

SUBJECT GAME

OBJECT-MANIPULATIVE GAME

ROLE GAME- cm. The role is social.

SYMBOLIC GAME- cm. Symbol.

GAME WITH RULES

GAME WITH STORY

ROLE-PLAYING GAME

GAME METHODS- cm. Psychological diagnostics, Psychotherapy.

ID(IT, UNCONSCIOUS) - see. Psychoanalysis, Super-Ego, Ego.

IDEAL

MORAL IDEAL

IDEALIZATION- cm. Ideal, moral ideal.

GENDER ROLE IDENTIFICATION- cm. Gender-role identification.

IDEOMOTORICS

ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS- cm. Hypnosis, Delirium, Hallucinations, Illusions, Mental processes, Consciousness.

ISOMORPHISM

ICONIC(INSTANT) MEMORY- cm. Memory (types).

ILLUSIONS

IMPLICIT THEORY OF PERSONALITY- cm. Perception of a person by a person, Personality, Communication.

IMPRINTING- cm. Learning, conditioned reflex learning, operant learning, trigger stimulus.

IMPULSIVITY INDETERMINISM- cm. Determinism.

INDIVIDUAL- cm. Individualization, Individuality, Personality, Man.

INDIVIDUALIZATION- cm. Deindividuation.

INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY OF A. ADLER- cm. Compensation, Personality, Psychotherapy, Unconscious, Consciousness, Striving for superiority, Fictitious finalism, Feelings of inferiority and compensation (according to A. Adler).

INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOTHERAPY – cm. Group psychotherapy.

INDIVIDUALITY- cm. Individual, Personality, Man.

INDIVIDUAL STYLE OF ACTIVITY- cm. Temperament.

INDIVIDUAL LIFESTYLE INDUCTION- cm. Deduction.

ENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Engineering psychology.

INSIGHT- cm. Gestalt psychology, Intuition.

INSTINCT- cm. Instinct of life, Instinct of death.

INSTINCT OF LIFE(BY Z. FREUD)– see Death Instinct (according to Z. Freud), Libido.

DEATH INSTINCT(according to S. FREUD)- cm. Masochism, Sadism, Life Instinct (according to S. Freud).

INTEGRAL- cm. Differential.

INTELLIGENCE- cm. Thinking, Intelligence tests.

INTELLIGENCE THEORY OF J. PIAGET- cm. Pre-operational stage of development of intelligence (according to J. Piaget), Concrete operations stage of development of intelligence (according to J. Piaget), Sensorimotor intelligence stage of development of intelligence (according to J. Piaget), Scheme, Formal operations stage of development of intelligence (according to J. Piaget).

INTELLIGENCE TESTS- cm. Intelligence tests.

AN INTERACTIVE APPROACH TO LEADERSHIP- cm. Social group, Leader, Leadership.

INTERACTIONISM- cm. Interaction, Biological, Social.

INTERACTIONIST THEORIES OF PERSONALITY- cm. Interaction.

INTERACTION

INTERVIEW- cm. Survey.

INTEREST- cm. Motive.

INTERIORIZATION- cm. Psychological processes, Cultural-historical theory of the formation and development of higher mental functions, Exteriorization.

INTERNALIZATION- cm. Internal, Externalization.

INTERNAL- cm. External.

INTERORECEPTOR- cm. Receptor.

INTROVERSION- cm. Introvert, Extroversion.

INTROVERT- cm. Introversion, Extrovert.

INTROSPECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Psychology is introspective.

INTROSPECTION INTUITION- cm. Insight.

INFORMATION THEORY OF EMOTIONS

HISTORICAL METHOD- cm. Genetic method (in psychology).

COMMUNICATION CHANNELS- cm. Small group, Communications, Communication.

CATHARSIS- cm. Psychoanalysis.

CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION- cm. Perception is social.

CAUSAL- cm. Causal attribution.

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS- cm. Quantitative analysis.

CANNON-BARD THEORY OF EMOTIONS- cm. Activation theory of emotions, James–Lange theory of emotions, Thalamus.

CYBERNETIC(INFORMATION-CYBERNETICS) MEMORY THEORY- cm. Cognitive psychology.

KINESTHETIC SENSATIONS(KINESTHESIA) - see. Skin analyzer, Sensations, Receptors.

CLIENT-CENTERED PSYCHOTHERAPY- cm. Client, Humanistic Psychology, Behavioral Psychotherapy.

PSYCHOLOGICAL CLIMATE(SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL) – see. Psychological climate (atmosphere).

CLINICAL METHOD- cm. Clinical psychology, Medical psychology.

COGNITIVE HELPLESS- cm. Helpless behavior.

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Cognitive psychology.

COGNITIVE THEORY OF EMOTIONAL RESPONSE(EMOTIONS) – see. Activation theory of emotions, James–Lange theory of emotions, Information theory of emotions, Cannon–Bard theory of emotions.

COGNITIVE DISSONANCE THEORY- cm. Cognitive psychology, Cognitive dissonance, Cognitive consonance.

COGNITIVE PROCESSES- cm. Psychological (mental) processes.

COGNITIVE

THE COGNITIVE DISSONANCE- cm. Cognitive dissonance theory, Cognitive consonance.

COGNITIVE CONSONANCE- cm. Cognitive dissonance theory, Cognitive dissonance.

SKIN SENSITIVITY- cm. Sensations (types).

GALVANIAN SKIN RESPONSE(GSR)

SKIN ANALYZER- cm. Skin analyzer.

QUANTITATIVE METHODS- cm. Dispersion analysis, Correlation analysis, Mathematical statistics, Factor analysis.

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS- cm. Qualitative analysis.

COLLECTIVE- cm. Social group, Superadditive effect, Excessive activity, Stratometric concept of the team, Level of socio-psychological development of the group, Efficiency of the small group.

COLLECTIVISM- cm. Team.

COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS- cm. Depth psychology, Analytical psychology (personality) by K. Jung, Archetype, Personal unconscious.

COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE- cm. Communication.

COMMUNICATIONS- cm. Communication channels, Mass communications, Non-verbal communications.

MASS COMMUNICATIONS- cm. Large social group.

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION- cm. Non-verbal means of communication, Paralinguistic means of communication.

TWO-WAY COMMUNICATION- cm. Communication is one-way.

ONE WAY COMMUNICATION- cm. Communication is two-way.

COMPENSATION- cm. Defense mechanisms, Individual psychology by A. Adler.

COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE- cm. Communicative competence.

COMPLEX- cm. Analytical psychology (personality) by K. Jung, Archetype, Compensation, Guilt complex, Defense complex, Inferiority complex, Neurotic personality, Character trait.

GUILT COMPLEX- cm. Complex.

PROTECTION COMPLEX- cm. Complex.

INFERIORITY COMPLEX- cm. Complex, neurotic personality.

REVIVAL COMPLEX- cm. Infant age.

COMPLEX OF EXCELLENCE- cm. Complex.

CONVERGENCE- cm. Visual perception, Divergence.

SPECIFIC OPERATIONS STAGE OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT(BY J. PIAGET)- cm. Intelligence theory by J. Piaget, Operation.

CONSTANT- cm. Constancy of perception.

CONSTANTITY OF PERCEPTION- cm. Gestalt, Gestalt psychology.

CONSTANTITY OF IMAGE- cm. Constancy of perception.

CONSULTANT PSYCHOLOGIST- cm. Psychological counseling.

PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSULTING

CONTEXT SOCIAL

CONTENT ANALYSIS

CONTROL GROUP- cm. Experiment, Experimental group.

SOCIAL CONTROL- cm. Social norms.

COUNTERSUGGESTION- cm. Suggestibility, suggestion.

CONFLICT- cm. Internal conflict, intrapersonal conflict, interpersonal conflict, “approach-distance” conflict.

INTERNAL CONFLICT- cm. The conflict is intrapersonal.

INTRAPERSONAL CONFLICT- cm. Conflict.

INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT- cm. Conflict, Interpersonal relationships.

CONFLICT “APPROACH - REMOVEMENT”"(CONFLICT OF THE "APPROACH - AVOIDANCE" TYPE") - see. Conflict, K. Lewin's field theory.

CONFORMISM- cm. Conformity.

CONFORMITY- cm. Suggestion, Conformism.

CONCEPTUAL REFLECTOR ARC- cm. Reflex arc.

MOVEMENT COORDINATION- cm. Action, Motor skill.

CORTEX- cm. Brain, Neuron.

PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRECTION- cm. Psychocorrection.

CORRELATION ANALYSIS- cm. Quantitative methods, Correlation, Correlation coefficient.

CORRELATION- cm. Correlation analysis.

INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT QUOTE- cm. Intelligence, IQ, Test norm, Intelligence tests.

TO COEFFICIENT OF CORRELATION- cm. Correlation analysis, Correlation.

IQ- cm. Intellectual Development Quotient, Mental Development Quotient.

SHORT-TERM MEMORY- cm. Memory (types).

A CRISIS- cm. Age crisis, teenage crisis, old age crisis, psychological crisis, midlife crisis, three-year-old crisis.

AGE CRISIS- cm. Internal conflict, age crisis, teenage crisis, psychological crisis.

ADOLESCENCE CRISIS- cm. Teenage crisis.

OLDER AGE CRISIS

PSYCHOLOGICAL CRISIS- cm. Frustration, Age crisis.

MIDDLE AGE CRISIS

CRISIS AT THREE YEARS OF AGE

CULTURAL-HISTORICAL PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Cultural-historical theory of the origin and development of higher mental functions of man, Customs, Psychology of peoples, Traditions.

CULTURAL-HISTORICAL THEORY OF THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER MENTAL FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN- cm. Higher mental functions, Cultural-historical psychology.

LABILITY- cm. Lability of the nervous system, emotional lability.

LABILITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM- cm. Properties of the nervous system.

EMOTIONAL LABILITY- cm. Lability of the nervous system, Temperament.

LABILE

LABORATORY STUDY- cm. Field research, Natural experiment, Laboratory experiment.

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT- cm. Laboratory experiment.

LATENT- cm. Latent period of the reaction.

LATENT PERIOD OF REACTION- cm. Sense organ, Central nervous system.

LENINGRAD(ST. PETERSBURG) SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY – cm. Georgian School of Psychology, Moscow Psychological School, L. S. Vygotsky Psychological School, S. L. Rubinstein Psychological School.

LIBIDO- cm. Unconscious, Life Instinct, Psychoanalysis.

LEADER- cm. People-oriented leader, Work-oriented leader.

TASK-ORIENTED LEADER- cm. Work-oriented leader.

PEOPLE-ORIENTED LEADER- cm. Leader, Task-oriented leader.

WORK ORIENTED LEADER- cm. Leader, People oriented leader.

LEADERSHIP ROLES R. BALES' THEORY- cm. Leadership style, Leadership.

LEADERSHIP STYLE- cm. Leader, Authoritarian leadership style, Democratic leadership style, Liberal leadership style.

LEADERSHIP STYLE ANARCHIC- cm. Leadership style is liberal.

LEADERSHIP STYLE AUTHENTIC- cm.

LEADERSHIP STYLE DEMOCRATIC- cm. Leadership style is authoritarian.

LEADERSHIP STYLE UNIQUE- cm. Leadership style is authoritarian.

LEADERSHIP STYLE COLLEGIAL- cm.

LEADERSHIP STYLE TEAM- cm. Leadership style is authoritarian.

LEADERSHIP STYLE LIBERAL

LEADERSHIP STYLE CONNECTIVE- cm. Leadership style is liberal.

LEADERSHIP STYLE COLLABORATIVE- cm. Leadership style is democratic.

LEADERSHIP THEORY- cm. Interactive approach to leadership, Leader, Leadership style, Leadership, Leadership theory based on value exchange, Leadership theory based on leader personality traits, Situational leadership theory, Charismatic leadership theory.

LEADERSHIP THEORY BASED ON VALUE EXCHANGE- cm. Leader, Leadership theory.

LEADERSHIP THEORY BASED ON LEADER PERSONALITY TRAITS- cm. Leader, Leadership theory.

LEADERSHIP THEORY SITUATIONAL- cm. Leader, Leadership theory.

LEADERSHIP THEORY CHARISMATIC- cm. Leader, Leadership theory.

LEADERSHIP- cm. Interactive approach to leadership, Leader, Leadership style.

PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS(According to K. JUNG)- cm. Unconscious, Collective unconscious.

PERSONAL MEANING- cm. Meaning of the word.

PERSONALITY(DEFINITION)

PERSONALITY(APPROACHES TO STUDY)

PERSONALITY(STRUCTURE IN DIFFERENT THEORIES)

PERSONALITY(FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT)

NEUROTIC PERSONALITY- cm. Personality, Neuroses.

LOGOTHERAPY- cm. Psychotherapy.

LOCALIZATION OF MENTAL FUNCTIONS- cm. Anti-localizationism, Localizationism, Mental (psychological) processes, Mental (psychological) properties, Mental (psychological) states, Mental (psychological) functions.

LOCALIZATIONISM- cm. Antilocalizationism, Localization, Mental (psychological) processes, Mental (psychological) states, Mental (psychological) functions.

LOCAL LOCUS OF CONTROL

LONGITUDINAL(LONGITUDINAL) – see. Longitudinal (longitudinal) study.

LONGITUDINAL(LONGITUDINAL) STUDY- cm. Slicing method.

MASOCHISM- cm. Sadism, Personality Trait.

SMALL SOCIAL GROUP- cm. The group is small.

MARGINAL PERSONALITY

MARGINAL- cm. Marginal personality.

WEIGHT(OF PEOPLE)- cm. Crowd.

MASS PSYCHIC PHENOMENA- cm. Mass, Fashion, Public Opinion, Crowd, Panic, Rumors, Imitation.

MASS COMMUNICATIONS- cm. Mass communications.

MATH STATISTICS- cm. Mathematical statistics.

MATH MODELING- cm. Mathematical modeling.

INSTANT MEMORY- cm. Memory (types).

MEDITATION

MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Medical psychology.

INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION THEORY OF S. ASCH

INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS- cm. Relationships between people.

MELANCHOLIC- cm. Temperament (types).

TWIN METHOD- cm. Twin method (twin method).

PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION METHOD- cm.

METHOD OF IMPLANTED ELECTRODES- cm. Implanted electrodes method.

CLINICAL METHOD(IN STUDYING BRAIN FUNCTIONS)- cm. Clinical method.

METHODOLOGY OF PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Psychological categories.

TRIAL AND ERROR METHOD- cm. Trial and error method.

SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL METHOD- cm. Semantic differential method.

EXPERT METHOD

BLANK METHODS

OBJECTIVE METHODS- cm. Methods of psychological research.

(RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY) (DEFINITION AND TYPES)

METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH(FEATURES OF DIFFERENT METHODS)- cm. Mathematical modeling, Mathematical statistics.

SCALING METHODS- cm. Scale.

PSYCHOLOGICAL PROTECTION MECHANISMS- cm. Protective psychological mechanisms.

MECHANISM- cm. Determinism, Reductionism.

FAMILY- cm. Expressive movements.

WORLDVIEW OF A MYSTIC- cm. Mysticism.

MYSTICISM- cm. Mystic.

INFANTRY AGE(INFANCY) - see. Periodization of age development.

JUNIOR SCHOOL AGE- cm. Periodization of age development.

MNEMOTECHNIQUES(MNEMONICS) - see. Memorization, Recall, Preservation, Recognition.

PUBLIC OPINION- cm. Public opinion.

MODALITY(FEELINGS)- cm. Feel.

MODELING- cm. Mathematical modeling, Model.

SIMULATION MATHEMATICAL MODEL

MODIFICATION- cm. Behaviorism, Behavior modification.

BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION- cm. Behaviorism.

MONADOLOGY

MONISM- cm. Dualism.

MORAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ATMOSPHERE OF A SMALL GROUP- cm. The climate is psychological (socio-psychological).

MOSCOW SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY MOTIV- cm. Motivation, Motivation, Needs.

POWER MOTIVE- cm. Inferiority complex, Compensation, Authoritarian personality, Motive.

MOTIVE(NEED) ACHIEVEMENT OF SUCCESS- cm. Motive, Motive (need) to avoid failures, Motivation, Motivation to achieve success.

MOTIVE(NEED) AVOIDING FAILURES- cm. Motive, Motive (need) for achieving success, Motivation for achieving success.

MOTIVATION(DEFINITION)

MOTIVATION(SET OF FACTORS AFFECTING BEHAVIOR)

MOTIVATION(MOTIVATION THEORIES)

MOTIVATION TO ACHIEVE SUCCESS- cm. Motive (need) to achieve success, Motivation to avoid failure.

MOTIVATION TO AVOID FAILURE- cm. Motive (need) to avoid failure.

MOTIVATION- cm. Motive, Motivation.

MOTOR SKILLS

MOTOR THEORY OF VOLITIONAL ATTENTION

MOTOR,

AN UGLY THOUGHT- cm. Ugly thinking.

THINKING(DEFINITION)- cm. Cognitive, Concept.

THINKING(KINDS)- cm. Experience, Hypothesis, Ideal, Intuition, Autism.

THINKING(LOGICAL OPERATIONS)

THINKING(FORMES, CONCLUSIONS)

THINKING(CREATIVE)- cm. Thinking (types).

THINKING(FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT)

AUTISTIC THINKING- cm. Autism.

UGLY THINKING- cm. Wurzburg school of thought.

EVERYTHING THINKING- cm. Scientific thinking.

THINKING IS VISUAL AND EFFECTIVE- cm. Thinking (types).

THINKING SCIENTIFIC- cm. Everyday thinking.

IMAGINATIVE THINKING(VISUAL-FIGURATORY) - see. Thinking (types).

PRACTICAL THINKING- cm. Thinking (types).

PRALOGICAL THINKING- cm. Scientific thinking.

PRODUCTIVE THINKING- cm. Thinking (types), Reproductive thinking.

REPRODUCTIVE THINKING- cm. Thinking (types), Productive thinking.

THINKING VERBAL-LOGICAL- cm. Thinking (types).

CREATIVE THINKING- cm. Thinking (types).

THEORETICAL THINKING- cm. Thinking (types).

OBSERVATION- cm. Involved observation, Direct observation, Indirect observation, Open observation, Free observation, Hidden observation, Standardized observation, Third-party observation.

SUPERVISION INCLUDED- cm. Third party observation.

DIRECT OBSERVATION

INTERMEDIATE OBSERVATION

OBSERVATION OPEN- cm. Covert surveillance.

FREE OBSERVATION

HIDDEN SURVEILLANCE- cm. Observation is open.

STANDARDIZED OBSERVATION- cm. Observation is free.

THIRD PARTY SURVEILLANCE- cm. Observation included.

SKILL- cm. Automation of a motor skill, Automated skills, Motor skills, Motor skills.

MOTOR SKILLS- cm. Skill, Motor abilities and skills, Motor skill (construction according to N. A. Bernstein).

RELIABILITY OF THE METHOD- cm. Validity (methodology).

ORIENTATION OF PERSONALITY- cm. Personality, Needs.

PSYCHOLOGICAL TENSION

HEREDITY(INHERITANCE) – see. Genotype, Genotypic conditioning of the human psyche and behavior, Genotypic, Hereditary.

HEREDITARY- cm.

MOOD- cm. Emotions (types).

NATURALISTIC APPROACH(TO THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY)- cm. Zeitgeist, Personalistic approach.

NATURAL- cm. Genotype, Genotypic, Heredity.

LEARNING- cm. Training, Teaching.

VICARRY TEACHING

LATENT LEARNING- cm. Learning.

LEARNING BY TRIAL AND ERROR- cm. Trial and error method.

OPERANT LEARNING- cm. Learning, Operant behavior.

CONDITIONAL REFLEX LEARNING- cm. Learning, Conditioned reflex.

NATIONALISM- cm. Anti-Semitism, Fascism.

NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR- cm. Gestures, Facial expressions, Non-verbal means of communication, Pantomime, Paralinguistics.

NON-VERBAL- cm. Nonverbal means of communication.

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION- cm. Gestures, Facial expressions, Non-verbal, Non-verbal behavior, Pantomime, Para-linguistic means of communication.

NEUROSES

NEUROTIC- cm. Neuroses, Neuroticism.

NEUROTICITY(NEUROTICISM) - see. Impulsivity, Anxiety.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE- cm. Dependent variable, Experiment (scientific).

NEUROLINGUISTIC PROGRAMMING

NEURON- cm. Detector neurons.

NEURON DETECTORS- cm. Motion detector neurons, Length detector neurons, Contrast detector neurons, Novelty detector neurons, Spatial orientation detector neurons.

MOTION DETECTOR NEURONS- cm. Detector neurons.

LENGTH DETECTOR NEURONS- cm. Detector neurons.

CONTRAST DETECTOR NEURONS- cm. Detector neurons.

NOVELTY DETECTOR NEURONS- cm. Detector neurons.

SPATIAL ORIENTATION DETECTOR NEURONS- cm. Detector neurons.

NON-BEHAVIORISM- cm. Behaviorism (classical, orthodox), Neo-neo-behaviorism.

NEONEOBEAVIORISM- cm. Behaviorism (classical, orthodox), Neobehaviorism.

INFORMAL RELATIONS- cm. Relationships between people (types).

NEO-FREUDISM- cm. Psychoanalysis, Freudianism.

DIRECT- cm. Mediated.

DIRECT ATTENTION- cm. Attention (types).

IMMEDIATE MEMORY- cm. Memory (types).

INVOLUTIONARY MEMORY- cm. Memory (types).

INVOLVED ATTENTION- cm. Attention (types).

INVOLUNTARY- cm. Will.

NERVOUS SYSTEM PROPERTIES- cm. Properties of the nervous system.

NON-SPECIFIC PATH OF CONDUCTING SENSORY INFORMATION- cm. Reticular formation.

INFORMAL- cm. Formal.

LOWER ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD OF SENSATION- cm. The absolute lowest threshold of sensation.

NOVELTY EFFECT- cm. Primary effect.

NEWBORN PERIOD

NONCONFORMISM(NONCONFORMITY) – see. Conformism, Conformity.

SOCIAL NORM- cm. Group norm.

TEST NORM- cm. The test norm is age based, the test is psychological.

TEST NORM AGE- cm. Test norm.

DEPERSONALIZATION- cm. Depersonalization.

GENERALIZATION- cm. Thinking (logical operations), Psychological counseling.

SMELL- cm. Olfactory analyzer, Sensations (types and physical causes generating them), Olfactory receptors.

OLfactory SYSTEM- cm. Olfactory analyzer.

IMAGE- cm. Perception.

LIFESTYLE “IMAGE OF THE WORLD”

IMAGE "I"- cm. Person's perception by person.

CREATIVE THINKING- cm. Thinking (types).

FEEDBACK NERVOUS CONNECTION- cm. Feedback.

FEEDBACK- cm. Feedback nervous connection, Feedback between a consultant psychologist (psychologist, psychotherapist) and a client.

FEEDBACK FROM PSYCHOLOGIST-CONSULTANT(PSYCHOLOGIST, PSYCHOTHERAPIST) AND THE CLIENT- cm. Client, Psychologist-consultant.

INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING- cm. Learning, operant learning, conditioned reflex learning.

CONDITIONING CLASSICAL- cm. Conditioned reflex learning.

OPERANT CONDITIONING- cm. Operant learning.

EDUCATION- cm. Teaching, Educational activity, Teaching.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY- cm. General psychology.

COMMUNICATION(DEFINITION, DIFFERENCE FROM ACTIVITY)

COMMUNICATION(KINDS)

COMMUNICATION(CHANNELS, MEANS, RECEPTIONS)

COMMUNICATION(IMPORTANCE FOR HUMAN PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT)

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Social psychology.

PUBLIC OPINION- cm. Mass phenomena of the psyche.

PUBLIC CONSENT(AGREEMENT) – see. Social norm, public opinion.

GENERAL ABILITIES- cm. Abilities (types).

GENERAL LEVEL OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT- cm. IQ, Intelligence tests, Mental age, Level of psychological (mental) development.

GENERALITY- cm. Social group, Communication.

ORDINARY CONSCIOUSNESS- cm. Consciousness, Scientific Consciousness, Everyday Concept, Scientific Concept.

CUSTOM- cm. Tradition.

AN OBJECT- cm. Subject.

OBJECTIFICATION- cm. Installation.

OBJECTIVE METHODS(RESEARCH) - see Methods of psychological research (definition and types).

OBJECTIVE- cm. Object, Objective methods in psychology, Subjective.

OBJECTIVE METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY- cm. Validity, Reliability, Objective, Experience.

SHORT-TERM MEMORY CAPACITY- cm. Memory is short-term.

MEMORY- cm. Memory.

SCOPE OF THE CONCEPT- cm. Concept, Content of the concept.

GIFTEDNESS- cm. Genius, Inclinations, Abilities, Talent, Talent.

EXPECTATIONS- cm. Social expectations.

SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS- cm. Expectations, Social attitude.

OCCULTISM- cm. Alternative psychology.

ONTOGENESIS- cm. Phylogenesis.

OPERANT CONDITIONING- cm. Operant conditioning.

OPERANT BEHAVIOR- cm. Responsive behavior.

RAM- cm. Memory (types).

J. PIAGET'S OPERATIONAL THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE- cm. Intelligence theory by J. Piaget.

OPERATION- cm. Activity theory, Intelligence theory by J. Piaget.

MEDIATION- cm. Mediated, Mediated attention, Mediated memory.

INDICATORY ATTENTION- cm. Attention (types).

INDICATED MEMORY- cm. Memory (types).

INTERMEDIATE- cm. Mediation.

OBJECTIFICATION- cm. Activity theory, Disobjectification.

SURVEY- cm. Interview, Questionnaire (questionnaire).

QUESTIONNAIRE(QUESTIONNAIRE) – see. Questionnaire (questionnaire) psychological, Survey.

EXPERIENCE- cm. Introspection, External experience, Internal experience, Introspective psychology.

EXTERNAL EXPERIENCE- cm. Experience, Internal experience.

INTERNAL EXPERIENCE- cm. Reflection, External experience.

OLFACTORY ORGAN(OLFACTURAL) - see. Olfactory analyzer, Olfactory receptors.

ORGAN OF TOUCH(TACTICAL) - see. Tactile analyzer, tactile receptors.

PROPRIOCEPTIVE ORGAN- cm. Muscle analyzer, Muscle receptors.

ORGAN OF EQUILIBRIUM- cm. Balance analyzer, vestibular receptors.

HEARING ORGAN- cm. Auditory analyzer, Auditory receptors.

MOVEMENT ORGANS

SENSE ORGANS- cm. Gustatory analyzer, Motor analyzer, Visual analyzer, Skin analyzer, Olfactory analyzer, Tactile analyzer, Balance analyzer, Auditory analyzer.

ORGANIC

OREOL EFFECT- cm. Implicit theory of personality, Novelty effect, Primacy effect.

ORIENTATION ACTIVITY- cm. Activity, Orienting research activity, Orienting reflex.

ORIENTATIVE BASIS OF ACTION- cm. The theory of stage-by-stage (planned) formation of mental actions.

ORIENTATION AND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES- cm. Orientation activities.

ORIENTATING REFLEX(REACTION) - see Neurons are novelty detectors.

BASIC PSYCHOPHYSICAL LAW- cm. Weber-Fechner law.

MEANINGFULNESS OF PERCEPTION- cm. Perception, Categoricality of perception, Constancy of perception, Objectivity of perception, Integrity of perception.

Notes

Articles are short answers to questions that can be asked in alphabetical order, like all terms, but in addition to definitions of terms, they contain information that can be used when preparing for exams.

End of free trial.

DICTIONARY OF BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL CONCEPTS

ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD OF SENSATIONS - minimum value irritant any modality (light, sound, etc.) capable of causing a barely noticeable sensation.

ABSTRACTION - mental isolation of any sign or property of an object, phenomenon for the purpose of studying it in more detail.

AUTOKINETIC EFFECT - illusory, apparent movement of an actually stationary object, for example, a luminous point in the dark when the gaze is fixed on it for a long time in the absence of any other visible objects in the field of view.

AUTHORITARIAN (powerful, directive) - a characteristic of a person as an individual or his behavior in relation to other people, emphasizing the tendency to use predominantly non-democratic methods of influencing them: pressure, orders, instructions, etc.

AGGLUTINATION - fusion different words into one with a reduction in their morphological structure, but preserving the original meaning. In psychology, one of the essential characteristics of words used in inner speech.

AGGRESSIVENESS (hostility) - a person’s behavior towards other people, which is characterized by the desire to cause them trouble and harm.

ADAPTATION - adaptation sense organs to the characteristics of the stimuli acting on them in order to best perceive and protect them receptors from excessive overload.

ACCOMMODATION is a change in the curvature of the lens of the eye in order to accurately focus the image on the retina.

ACTIVITY - a concept indicating the ability of living beings to produce spontaneous movements and change under the influence of external or internal stimulus stimuli.

ACCENTUATION- highlighting a property or characteristic against the background of others, its special development.

ACTION ACCEPTOR- a concept introduced by P. K Anokhin. Denotes a hypothetical psychophysiological apparatus existing in central nervous system and representing a model of the future result of the action, with which the parameters of the actually performed action are then compared.

ALTRUISM- trait character, encouraging a person to selflessly come to the aid of people and animals.

AMBIVALENCE- duality, inconsistency. In psychology feelings denotes the simultaneous presence in the soul of a person of opposing, incompatible aspirations relating to the same object.

AMNESIA- violations memory.

ANALYZER- concept proposed by I.P. Pavlov. Denotes a collection afferent And efferent neural structures involved in perception, processing and response to irritants(cm.).

ANIMISM- the ancient doctrine of objective existence, the transmigration of souls and spirits, as well as fantastic, supernatural ghosts.

ANTICIPATION- anticipation, anticipation of something happening.

APATHY- a state of emotional indifference, indifference and inactivity:

APPERCEPTION- a concept introduced by the German scientist G. Leibniz. Defines a state of particular clarity consciousness, his concentration on something. In the understanding of another German scientist, W. Wundt, it meant some inner strength, directing the flow of thought and progress mental processes.

APRAXIA- movement disorder in humans.

ASSOCIATION- connection, connection of mental phenomena with each other.

ASSOCIATIONISM- psychological teaching, which used association as the main explanatory principle of all mental phenomena. A. dominated psychology in the 18th-19th centuries.

ATTRIBUTION- attribution of any directly non-perceptible property to an object, person or phenomenon.

CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION- attribution to some explanatory reason observable action or behavior of a person.

ATTRACTION- attractiveness, attraction one person to another, accompanied by positive emotions.

AUTOGENOUS TRAINING- complex special exercises, based on self-hypnosis and used by a person to manage his own mental states and behavior.

AUTISM- disruption of the normal course of thinking under the influence of illness, psychotropic or other drugs. A person’s escape from reality into the world fantasies And dreams Found in its most pronounced form in children preschool age and in patients with schizophrenia. The term was introduced by psychiatrist E. Bleuler.

APHASIA- violations speech.

AFFECT- a short-term, rapidly flowing state of strong emotional arousal resulting from frustration or any other substance that has a strong effect on psyche reasons, usually associated with dissatisfaction of very important for a person needs.

AFFERENT- a concept that characterizes the process nervous excitement along the nervous system in the direction from the periphery of the body to the brain.

AFFILIATION- a person’s need to establish, maintain and strengthen emotionally positive: friendly, comradely, friendly relationships with people around him.

BARRIER PSYCHOLOGICAL- internal obstruction psychological nature (reluctance, fear, uncertainty, etc.), preventing a person from successfully performing some action. It often occurs in business and personal relationships between people and prevents the establishment of open and trusting relationships between them.

UNCONSCIOUS- characteristics of psychological properties, processes and states of a person that are outside the sphere of his consciousness, but have the same impact on his behavior as consciousness.

BEHAVIORISM- a doctrine in which only human behavior is considered as the subject of psychological research and its dependence on external and internal material stimuli is studied. B. denies necessity and possibility scientific research actual mental phenomena. The founder of B. is considered to be the American scientist D. Watson.

LARGE GROUP - significant in quantitative composition social association people, formed on the basis of some abstract (see. abstraction) socio-demographic characteristics: gender, age, nationality, professional affiliation, social or economic situation and so on.

Delirium is an abnormal, painful state of the human psyche, accompanied by fantastic images, visions, hallucinations (see also autism).

BRAINSTORING - special method organizing a joint group creative work people, designed to increase their mental activity and solve complex intellectual problems.

VALIDITY is the quality of a psychological research method, expressed in its compliance with what it was originally intended to study and evaluate.

FAITH is a person’s belief in something that is not supported by convincing logical arguments or facts.

VERBAL LEARNING - human acquisition life experience, knowledge, skills And skills through verbal instructions and explanations.

VERBAL - relating to the sound of human speech.

VICARRY LEARNING - a person’s acquisition of knowledge, skills And skills through direct observation and imitation of the observed object.

ATTRACTION is a desire or need to do something, prompting a person to take appropriate action.

ATTENTION - condition psychological concentration, concentration on any object.

INTERNAL SPEECH is a special type of human speech activity, directly related to unconscious, automatically occurring processes of translating thoughts into words and back.

Suggestibility - a person’s pliability to action suggestions.

Suggestion is the unconscious influence of one person on another, causing certain changes in his psychology and behavior.

EXCITABILITY - the property of living matter to come into a state of excitement under the influence irritants and keep traces of it for some time.

AGE PSYCHOLOGY is a field of psychology that studies psychological characteristics people of different ages, their development and transitions from one age to another.

WILL - a property (process, state) of a person, manifested in his ability to consciously manage his psyche And actions. It manifests itself in overcoming obstacles that arise on the way to achieving a consciously set goal.

IMAGINATION - the ability to imagine an absent or really non-existent object, hold it in consciousness and mentally manipulate it.

MEMORIES (remembering) - reproduction by memory any previously perceived information. One of the main memory processes.

PERCEPTION is the process of a person receiving and processing various information entering the brain through the organs feelings. Ends with the formation image.

REACTION TIME is the time interval between the onset of action of a stimulus and the appearance in the body of a certain reaction to it.

SECOND SIGNAL SYSTEM - a system of speech signs, symbols that evoke in a person the same reactions as real objects, which are indicated by these symbols.

EXPRESSIVE MOVEMENTS (expression) - a system of data from nature or learned movements (gestures, facial expressions, pantomime), with the help of which a person non-verbally (see. verbal) transmits information about its internal states or outside world to other people.

HIGHER MENTAL FUNCTIONS - transformed under the influence of life in society, training and education mental processes person. The concept was introduced by L.S. Vygotsky within the framework of the cultural-historical theory of development of V.p.f. (cm.).

REPLACEMENT is one of defense mechanisms(see) in the psychoanalytic theory of personality (see. psychoanalysis). Under the influence of V., human memory is removed from consciousness into the sphere unconscious information that causes him strong unpleasant emotional experiences.

HALLUCINATIONS - unreal, fantastic images that arise in a person during illnesses that affect his mental state (see also autism, delirium).

GENERALIZATION OF STIMULUS - acquisition by many stimuli (see. stimulus), initially not related to us-

clever reaction (see conditioned reflex), ability to evoke it.

GENETIC PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of psychological science that studies the origin of mental phenomena and their connection with genotype person.

GENETIC METHOD - a method for studying mental phenomena in development, establishing their origin and the laws of transformation as they develop (see also historical method).

GENIUS - highest level development in humans of any abilities, abilities making him an outstanding personality in the relevant field or field of activity.

GENOTYPE - a set of genes or any qualities received by a person as an inheritance from his parents.

GESTALT - structure, whole, system.

GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY is a direction of psychological research that arose in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. during a period of open crisis psychological science. In contrast associationism Gestalt psychology asserted the priority of structure, or integrity (see. gestalt), in the organization of mental processes, laws and dynamics of their flow.

HYLOZOISM - philosophical doctrine about the universal spirituality of matter, asserting that sensitivity as an elementary form psyche inherent in all things existing in nature without exception.

HYPNOSIS is a temporary shutdown of a person’s consciousness caused by suggestive influence or the removal of conscious control over one’s own behavior.

HOMEOSTASIS - normal condition equilibrium of organic and other processes in a living system.

DREAMS - fantasies, dreams of a person, drawing pleasant, desirable pictures of a future life in his imagination.

GROUP - a collection of people, identified on the basis of any one or more characteristics common to them (see also small group).

GROUP DYNAMICS - direction of research in social psychology(q.v.), which studies the process of emergence, functioning and development of different groups (q.v.).

HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of psychology in which a person is viewed as a higher spiritual being who sets the goal of self-improvement and strives to achieve it. G.p. arose in the first half

wine of the 20th century The founders are considered to be American scientists G. Allport, A. Maslow and K. Rogers.

DEVIANT BEHAVIOR- (cm. deviant behavior).

DEPERSONALIZATION(depersonalization) - a temporary loss by a person of psychological and behavioral characteristics that characterize him as personality.

DEPRESSION- a state of mental distress, depression, characterized by loss of strength and decreased activity.

DETERMINATION- causal conditioning (see determinism).

DETERMINISM- a philosophical and epistemological doctrine that affirms the existence and possibility of establishing objective causes of all phenomena existing in the world.

CHILD PSYCHOLOGY- industry developmental psychology, which studies the psychology of children of different ages, from birth to graduation.

ACTIVITY- a specific type of human activity aimed at creative transformation, improvement of reality and oneself.

SUBJECT ACTIVITY- an activity that is subordinated in its course to the characteristics of objects of material and spiritual culture created by people. Designed to help people learn how to properly use these items and develop them abilities.

DISPOSITION- predisposition, readiness of a person for certain external or internal actions.

DISTRESS- bad influence stressful (see stress) situations on human activity, up to its complete destruction.

DIFFERENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY- a branch of psychological science that studies and explains the psychological and behavioral differences of people.

DOMINANT- the predominant focus of excitation in the human brain, associated with increased attention or urgent need. It can be amplified due to the attraction of excitations from neighboring areas of the brain. The concept of D. was introduced by A. Ukhtomsky.

DRIVE- a concept denoting an unconscious internal attraction of a general nature, generated by some organic need. Used in psychology motivation and in theory learning.

DUALISM is the doctrine of independence, independent existence body and soul. It originates in the works of ancient philosophers, but receives full development in the Middle Ages. It is presented in detail in the works of the French philosopher R. Descartes.

SOUL is an old name used in science before the advent of the word “psychology” for a set of phenomena studied in modern psychology.

WISH- state updated, i.e. a need that has begun to act, accompanied by a desire and readiness to do something specific to satisfy it.

GESTURE- the movement of a person’s hands, expressing his internal state or pointing to some object in the external world.

LIFE ACTIVITIES- a set of types of activity united by the concept of “life” and characteristic of living matter.

FORGETING- process memory, associated with the loss of traces of previous influences and the possibility of their reproduction (see. memory).

ADVANTAGES - prerequisites for the development of abilities. They can be congenital or acquired during life.

BOOGER-WEBER LAW- psychophysical (see psychophysics) law expressing the constancy of the ratio of the increment of value irritant, which gave rise to a barely noticeable change in strength Feel to its original value:

-------=K,

Where I - initial stimulus value, M- its increment, TO - constant.

This law was independently established by the French scientist P. Bouguer and the German scientist E. Weber.

WEBER-FECHNER LAW- a law stating that the strength of sensation is proportional to the logarithm of the magnitude of the acting stimulus:

S= K ■ lg I+ C,

Where S - strength of feeling, I - magnitude of the stimulus, Ki S - constants.

Derived by the German scientist G. Fechner on the basis of the Bouguer-Weber law (see).

YERKES-DODSON LAW - a curvilinear, bell-shaped relationship that exists between the strength of emotional arousal and the success of human activity. Shows that the most productive activity occurs at a moderate, optimal level of arousal. Opened at the beginning of the 20th century. American psychologists R. Yerkes and J. Dodson.

STEVENS'S LAW- one of the variants of the basic psychophysical law (see. Weber-Fechner law), assuming the presence of a power law rather than a logarithmic one functional dependence between the magnitude of the stimulus and the strength of sensation:

S = TO- D

where 5 is the strength of sensation, I - the magnitude of the current stimulus, TO and and are constants.

SUBSTITUTION(sublimation) - one of the protective mechanisms, representing a subconscious replacement of one, forbidden or practically unattainable, goal with another, permitted and more accessible, capable of at least partially satisfying the current need.

INFECTION- psychological term, denoting the unconscious transfer from person to person of any emotions, states, or motives.

PROTECTION MECHANISMS- psychoanalytic concept (see psychoanalysis), denoting a set of unconscious techniques with the help of which a person, as an individual, protects himself from psychological trauma.

MEMORY- one of the processes memory, denoting the introduction into memory of newly received information.

SIGN- a symbol or object that serves as a substitute for another object.

MEANING (words, concepts) - the content that is put into given word or the concept of all the people who use it.

ZONE OF POTENTIAL (NEAR-TERM) DEVELOPMENT- opportunities in mental development, which open in a person when he receives minimal outside help. The concept of Z.p.r. introduced by L.S. Vygotsky.

ZOOPSYCHOLOGY- branch of psychological science that studies the behavior and psychology of animals.

IDENTIFICATION- identification. In psychology - establishing the similarity of one person to another, aimed at remembering and own development person identified with him.

IDEOMOTORICS - the influence of thoughts on movements, manifested in the fact that every thought about movement is accompanied by a barely noticeable real movement of the most mobile parts of the body: arms, eyes, head or torso. These movements are often involuntary and hidden from the consciousness of the person performing them.

ICONIC MEMORY - (see. instant memory).

ILLUSIONS are phenomena of perception, imagination and memory that exist only in the human head and do not correspond to any real phenomenon or object.

IMPLICIT THEORY OF PERSONALITY - a stable, lifetime formed idea in a person about the relationship between appearance, behavior and traits personalities people, on the basis of which he judges people in conditions of insufficient information about them.

IMPRINTING is a type of experience acquisition that occupies an intermediate position between learning and innate reactions. With I., forms of behavior ready from birth are put into action under the influence of some external stimulus, which, as it were, launches them into action.

IMPULSIVITY is a characterological trait of a person, manifested in his tendency to fleeting, ill-considered actions and deeds.

INDIVIDUAL is a single person in the totality of all his inherent qualities: biological, physical, social, psychological, etc.

Psychology in three books 4th edition book 1

Book

Establishments Moscow 2003 UDC159 .9(075 .8) BBK88x73Nemov R.S. N50 Psychology... 1972. (Imaginative thinking. Imagination: 4- 50 .) Cognitive processes and abilities in learning. ... Creative thinking. Imagination: 4- 50 . About intuition: 50 -64.) Piaget J. Selected...

DICTIONARY OF BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL CONCEPTS

ABSTRACTION - mental isolation of any sign or property of an object, phenomenon for the purpose of studying it in more detail.

AGGRESSIVENESS (hostility) - human behavior towards other people, which is characterized by the desire to cause them trouble, harm.

ADAPTATION - adaptation of the senses to the characteristics of the stimuli acting on them in order to best perceive them and protect the receptors from excessive overload.

ACCENTUATION - highlighting a property or feature against the background of others, its special development.

AMNESIA - memory impairment.

ANALYZER is a concept proposed by I.P. Pavlov. Designates a set of afferent and efferent nerve structures involved in the perception, processing and response to stimuli.

APATHY is a state of emotional indifference, indifference and inactivity.

ASSOCIATION - connection, connection of mental phenomena with each other.

AFFECT is a short-term, rapidly flowing state of strong emotional arousal, resulting from frustration or some other reason that has a strong effect on the psyche, usually associated with the dissatisfaction of very important needs for a person.

UNCONSCIOUS - a characteristic of psychological properties, processes and states of a person that are outside the sphere of his consciousness, but have the same influence on his behavior as consciousness.

BEHAVIORISM is a doctrine in which only human behavior is considered as the subject of psychological research and its dependence on external and internal material stimuli is studied. B. denies the need and possibility of scientific research into psychic phenomena themselves. The founder of B. is considered to be the American scientist D. Watson.

VERBAL LEARNING - a person’s acquisition of life experience, knowledge, skills and abilities through verbal instructions and explanations.

VERBAL - relating to sound human speech.

ATTRACTION is a desire or need to do something, prompting a person to take appropriate action.

ATTENTION is a state of psychological concentration, concentration on some object.

INTERNAL SPEECH is a special type of human speech activity, directly related to the unconscious, automatically occurring processes of translating thoughts into words and back.

AGE PSYCHOLOGY is a field of psychology that studies the psychological characteristics of people of different ages, their development and transitions from one age to another.

WILL is a property (process, state) of a person, manifested in his ability to consciously control his psyche and actions, Manifested in overcoming obstacles that arise on the way to achieving a consciously set goal.

IMAGINATION - the ability to imagine an absent or really non-existent object, hold it in consciousness and mentally manipulate it.

MEMORY (remembering) - reproduction from memory of any previously perceived information. One of the main memory processes.

PERCEPTION is the process of a person receiving and processing various information entering the brain through the senses. It ends with the formation of an image.

SECOND SIGNAL SYSTEM - a system of speech signs, symbols that evoke in a person the same reactions as real objects that are designated by these symbols.

EXPRESSIVE MOVEMENTS (expression) - a system of data from nature or learned movements (ocestas, facial expressions, pantomimes), with the help of which a person non-verbally (see verbal) conveys information about his internal states or the external world to other people.

REPLACEMENT is one of the defense mechanisms (see) in the psychoanalytic theory of personality (see psychoanalysis). Under the influence of V., information is removed from a person’s memory from consciousness into the sphere of the unconscious, causing strong unpleasant emotional experiences in him.

GESTALT - structure, whole, system.

GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY is a direction of psychological research that arose in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. during a period of open crisis in psychological science. In contrast to associationism, Gestalt psychology asserted the priority of structure, or integrity (see Gestalt), in the organization of mental processes, the laws and dynamics of their flow.

HOMEOSTASIS is a normal state of equilibrium of organic and other processes in a living system.

DREAMS - fantasies, dreams of a person, drawing pleasant, desirable pictures of a future life in his imagination.

HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of psychology in which a person is viewed as a higher spiritual being who sets the goal of self-improvement and strives to achieve it. G. p. arose in the first half of the 20th century. The founders are considered to be American scientists G. Allport, A. Maslow and K. Rogers.

DEPRESSION is a state of mental distress, depression, characterized by loss of strength and decreased activity.

DETERMINATION - causal conditioning.

DETERMINISM is a philosophical and epistemological doctrine that affirms the existence and possibility of establishing objective causes of all phenomena existing in the world.

CHILD PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of developmental psychology that studies the psychology of children of different ages, from birth to graduation.

ACTIVITY is a specific type of human activity aimed at creative transformation, improvement of reality and oneself.

DIFFERENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of psychological science that studies and explains the psychological and behavioral differences of people.

GESTURE is a movement of a person’s hands that expresses his internal state or points to some object in the external world.

FORGETING is a memory process associated with the loss of traces of previous influences and the ability to reproduce them (see memory).

ADVANTAGES - prerequisites for the development of abilities. They can be congenital or acquired during life.

SUBSTITUTION (sublimation) is one of the defense mechanisms that represents the subconscious replacement of one, forbidden or practically unattainable, goal with another, permitted and more accessible, capable of at least partially satisfying the current need.

DEFENSE MECHANISMS is a psychoanalytic concept (see psychoanalysis), denoting a set of unconscious techniques with the help of which a person, as an individual, protects himself from psychological trauma.

MEMORIZING is one of the memory processes that denotes the introduction of newly arriving information into memory.

SIGN - a symbol or object that serves as a substitute for another object.

MEANING (of a word, concept) is the content that all people who use it put into a given word or concept.

ZONE OF POTENTIAL (PRIMEST) DEVELOPMENT - opportunities in mental development that open up for a person when he is provided with minimal outside help. Concept 3. p.r. introduced by L. S. Vygotsky.

ZOO PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of psychological science that studies the behavior and psychology of animals.

IDENTIFICATION - identification. In psychology, it is the establishment of the similarity of one person to another, aimed at remembering him and the own development of the person identified with him.

IMPULSIVITY is a characterological trait of a person, manifested in his tendency to fleeting, ill-considered actions and deeds.

AN INDIVIDUAL is a single person in the totality of all his inherent qualities: biological, physical, social, psychological, etc.

INDIVIDUALITY is a peculiar combination of individual (see individual) properties of a person that distinguishes him from other people.

INDIVIDUAL STYLE OF ACTIVITY - a stable combination of performance characteristics different types activities by the same person.

INSTINCT is an innate, slightly changeable form of behavior that ensures the body’s adaptation to the typical conditions of its life.

INTELLIGENCE - the totality of the mental abilities of humans and some higher animals, for example, apes.

INTEREST - emotionally charged, increased human attention to any object or phenomenon.

INTERIORIZATION - a transition from the environment external to the body to the internal. In relation to a person, I. means transformation external actions with material objects into internal, mental ones, operating with symbols. According to the cultural-historical theory of the formation of higher mental functions, intelligence is the main mechanism of their development.

INTROVERSION - the turning of a person’s consciousness towards himself; absorption in one’s own problems and experiences, accompanied by a weakening of attention to what is happening around. I. is one of the basic personality traits.

INTROSPECTION is a method of understanding mental phenomena through human introspection, i.e., careful study by the person himself of what is happening in his mind when solving various kinds of problems.

INTUITION - the ability to quickly find the right solution to a problem and navigate complex life situations, and also anticipate the course of events.

INFANTILISM is the manifestation of childish traits in the psychology and behavior of an adult.

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY is one of the modern areas of research in psychology, explaining human behavior on the basis of knowledge and studying the process and dynamics of its formation.

COMPENSATION - a person’s ability to get rid of worries about his own shortcomings (see inferiority complex) through intensive work on himself and the development of other positive qualities. The concept of K. was introduced by A. Adler.

INFERIORITY COMPLEX is a complex human condition associated with a lack of any qualities (abilities, knowledge, abilities and skills), accompanied by deep negative emotional feelings about this.

CONSTANTITY OF PERCEPTION - the ability to perceive objects and see them as relatively constant in size, shape and color in changing physical conditions of perception.

CONFORMITY is a person’s uncritical acceptance of someone else’s wrong opinion, accompanied by an insincere rejection of his own opinion, the correctness of which the person does not internally doubt. Such a refusal to conform to behavior is usually motivated by some opportunistic considerations.

CULTURAL-HISTORICAL THEORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER PSYCHICAL FUNCTIONS - a theory that explains the process of formation and development of higher mental functions of a person on the basis of cultural and socio-historical conditions of human existence. Developed in the 20-30s by L. S. Vygotsky.

LABILITY is a property of nervous processes (nervous system), manifested in the ability to conduct a certain amount nerve impulses per unit of time. L. also characterizes the rate of onset and cessation of the nervous process.

LIBIDO is one of the basic concepts of psychoanalysis. Denotes a certain type of energy, most often biochemical, which underlies human needs and actions. The concept of L. Introduced in scientific circulation 3. Freud.

PERSONALITY is a concept denoting the totality of stable psychological qualities of a person that make up his individuality.

LOCALIZATION OF MENTAL FUNCTIONS (properties and states of a person) - representation in the structures of the human brain of the location of the main mental functions, states and properties, their connection with specific anatomical and physiological sections and structures of the brain.

LOCUS OF CONTROL is a concept that characterizes the localization of the reasons on the basis of which a person explains his own behavior and the behavior of other people observed by him. Internal LC is a search for the causes of behavior in the person himself, and external LC is their localization outside a person, in his environment. The concept of physical therapy was introduced by the American psychologist Yu. Rotter.

LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH is a long-term scientific study of the processes of formation, development and change of any mental or behavioral phenomena.

INSTANT MEMORY (iconic) is a memory designed to retain traces of perceived material in a person’s head for a very short time. M. p. acts, as a rule, only during the process of perception itself.

MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of psychological science that studies mental phenomena and human behavior with the aim of preventing, diagnosing and treating various diseases.

MELANCHOLIC - a person whose behavior is characterized by slowness of reactions to current stimuli, as well as speech, thought and motor processes.

THE TWIN METHOD is a scientific research method based on comparing the psychology and behavior of two types of twins: monozygotic (with the same genotype) and dizygotic (with different genotype). M. b. is used to solve the problem of genotypic or environmental conditioning of certain psychological and behavioral characteristics of a person.

TRIAL AND ERROR METHOD is a method of acquiring knowledge, skills and abilities through repeated mechanical repetition of actions as a result of which they are formed. M. p. and o. introduced by the American researcher E. Thorndike to study the learning process in animals.

DREAMS are a person’s plans for the future, presented in his imagination and realizing the most important needs and interests for him.

Facial expressions are a set of movements of parts of a person’s face that express his state or attitude towards what he perceives (imagine, think about, remember, etc.).

MODALITY is a concept denoting the quality of sensations arising under the influence of certain stimuli.

MOTIVE is an internal stable psychological reason for a person’s behavior or action.

MOTIVE FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF SUCCESS - the need to achieve success in various types of activities, considered as a stable personality trait.

THE MOTIVE OF AVOIDING FAILURE is a more or less stable desire of a person to avoid failures in those life situations where the results of his activities are assessed by other people. M. and. n. - a personality trait opposite to the motive for achieving success.

MOTIVATION is a dynamic process of internal, psychological and physiological management of behavior, including its initiation, direction, organization, support.

THINKING is a psychological process of cognition associated with the discovery of subjectively new knowledge, with problem solving, with the creative transformation of reality.

OBSERVATION is a method of psychological research designed to directly obtain the necessary information through the senses.

SKILL - a formed, automatically carried out movement that does not require conscious control and special volitional efforts to perform it.

VISUAL-ACTIVE THINKING is a method of practical problem solving that involves a visual study of the situation and practical actions in it with material objects.

VISUAL-FIGURATORY THINKING is a method of solving problems, including observing a situation and operating with images of its constituent objects without practical actions with them.

DIRECTION OF A PERSONALITY is a concept denoting a set of needs and motives of an individual that determine the main direction of his behavior.

MOOD is an emotional state of a person associated with weakly expressed positive or negative emotions and existing for a long time.

LEARNING - the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities as a result of life experience.

NEUROTICISM is a human property characterized by increased excitability, impulsiveness and anxiety.

NEUROPSYCHOLOGY is a branch of psychological science that studies the connection of mental processes, properties and states with the functioning of the brain.

IMAGE is a generalized picture of the world (objects, phenomena), resulting from the processing of information about it received through the senses.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY is a field of psychological science that studies the general patterns of the human psyche and behavior, develops basic concepts and presents the main laws on the basis of which the human psyche is formed, develops and functions.

GIFTEDNESS is the presence of a person’s inclinations to develop abilities.

ONTOGENESIS is the process of individual development of an organism or personality.

OPERATION - a system of movements associated with the performance of a specific action aimed at achieving its goal.

REFLECTION is a philosophical and epistemological concept related to the theory of knowledge. In accordance with it, all mental processes and states of a person are considered as reflections in a person’s head of an objective reality independent of him.

SENSATION is an elementary mental process, which is a subjective reflection by a living being in the form of mental phenomena of the simplest properties of the surrounding world.

MEMORY - processes of remembering, preserving, reproducing and processing various information by a person.

GENETIC MEMORY - memory determined by the genotype, passed on from generation to generation.

LONG-TERM MEMORY - memory designed for long-term storage and repeated reproduction of information, provided it is preserved.

SHORT-TERM MEMORY - memory designed to store information for a short period of time, from several to tens of seconds, until the information contained in it is used or transferred to long-term memory.

RAM MEMORY - a type of memory designed to store information for a certain time necessary to perform some action or operation.

PARAPSYCHOLOGY is a field of psychology that studies unusual phenomena that cannot be scientifically explained and related to the psychology and behavior of people.

PATHOPSYCHOLOGY is a field of psychological research associated with the study of abnormalities in the psyche and behavior of a person in various diseases.

PEDAGOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY is a field of psychological science that studies the psychological foundations of teaching, upbringing and pedagogical activity.

EXPERIENCE is a sensation accompanied by emotions.

PERCEPTIVE - relating to perception.

REINFORCEMENT is a means that can satisfy a need and relieve the tension caused by it. P. is also a means of confirming the correctness or error of a completed act or action.

SENSATION THRESHOLD - the value of a stimulus acting on the sense organs that causes minimal sensation (lower absolute threshold sensations), the maximum possible sensation of the corresponding modality (the upper absolute threshold of sensation) or a change in the parameters of an existing sensation (see. relative threshold Feel).

NEED - a state of need of an organism, an individual, a personality for something necessary for their normal existence.

OBJECTIVENESS OF PERCEPTION - the property of perception to represent the world not in the form of individual sensations, but in the form of integral images related to perceived objects.

PRECONSCIOUSNESS is a human mental state that occupies an intermediate place between consciousness and the unconscious. It is characterized by the presence of a vague awareness of what is being experienced, but the absence of volitional control or the ability to manage it.

REPRESENTATION is the process and result of reproduction in the form of an image of any object, event, phenomenon.

PROJECTION is one of the defense mechanisms through which a person gets rid of worries about his own shortcomings by attributing them to other people.

PSYCHE - general concept, denoting the totality of all mental phenomena studied in psychology.

MENTAL PROCESSES - processes occurring in the human head and reflected in dynamically changing mental phenomena: sensations, perception, imagination, memory, thinking, speech, etc.

PSYCHOANALYSIS is a teaching created by Z. Freud. Contains a system of ideas and methods for interpreting dreams and other unconscious mental phenomena, as well as diagnosing and treating various mental illnesses.

PSYCHODYAGNOSTICS is a field of research related to quantitative assessment and accurate qualitative analysis of the psychological properties and conditions of a person using scientifically proven methods that provide reliable information about them.

PSYCHOLINGUISTICS is a field of science bordering between psychology and linguistics that deals with the study of human speech, its occurrence and functioning.

WORK PSYCHOLOGY is a field of science that studies the psychological aspects of people’s work, including their vocational guidance, vocational counseling, vocational training and work organization.

MANAGEMENT PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of psychological science that studies the psychological aspects of human management of various objects: government organizations, people, economic and technical systems, etc.

PSYCHOTHERAPY is an area bordering medicine and psychology, in which psychological diagnostic tools and methods of treating diseases are widely used.

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY is a field of research bordering between psychology and physiology. He studies the connections that exist between psychological phenomena and physiological processes in the body.

IRRITABILITY - the ability of living organisms to react biologically expediently (for the purpose of self-preservation and development) to environmental influences that are significant for their lives.

IRRITANT - any factor that affects the body and can cause any reaction in it.

REACTION - the body's response to some stimulus.

REFLEX - an automatic response of the body to the action of any internal or external stimulus.

UNCONDITIONED REFLEX is an innate automatic reaction of the body to a specific influence.

CONDITIONED REFLEX - an acquired reaction of the body to a certain stimulus, resulting from a combination of the influence of this stimulus with positive reinforcement from an actual need.

REFLECTION is the ability of a person’s consciousness to focus on himself.

SPEECH is a system of sound signals, written signs and symbols used by humans to represent, process, store and transmit information.

RIGIDITY is a retardation of thinking, manifested in the difficulty of a person’s refusal to once make a decision, way of thinking and acting.

SELF-ACTUALIZATION is the use and development by a person of his existing inclinations, their transformation into abilities. The desire for personal self-improvement. S. as a concept was introduced in humanistic psychology.

SELF-ASSESSMENT is a person’s assessment of his own qualities, strengths and weaknesses.

SELF-AWARENESS - a person’s awareness of himself, his own qualities.

SANGUINE - a type of temperament characterized by energy, increased efficiency and speed of reactions.

SENSITIVITY is a characteristic of the senses, expressed in their ability to subtly and accurately perceive, distinguish and selectively respond to weak stimuli that differ little from each other.

SENSITIVE PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT is a period in a person’s life that provides the most favorable conditions for the formation of certain psychological properties and types of behavior.

SENSORY - associated with the work of the senses.

VERBAL-LOGICAL THINKING is a type of human thinking where verbal abstraction and logical reasoning are used as a means of solving a problem.

CONSCIOUSNESS is the highest level of a person’s mental reflection of reality, its representation in the form of generalized images and concepts.

STORAGE is one of the memory processes aimed at retaining received information.

SOCIALIZATION is the process and result of a child’s assimilation of social experience.

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of psychological science that studies psychological phenomena that arise in the interaction and communication of people.

ABILITIES - individual characteristics of people on which their acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities, as well as the success of performing various types of activities depends.

PASSION is a person’s strongly expressed passion for someone or something, accompanied by deep emotional experiences associated with the corresponding object.

Aspiration is the desire and willingness to act in a certain way.

STRESS is a state of mental (emotional) and behavioral disorder associated with a person’s inability to act expediently and wisely in the current situation.

SUBJECTIVE - relating to a person - a subject.

TEMPERAMENT is a dynamic characteristic of mental processes and human behavior, manifested in their speed, variability, intensity and other characteristics.

LEARNING THEORY is a general concept denoting a set of psychological and physiological concepts that explain how life experiences are acquired by humans and animals.

ANXIETY is the ability of a person to enter a state of increased anxiety, to experience fear and anxiety in specific social situations.

SKILL - the ability to perform certain actions with good quality and successfully cope with activities that include these actions.

FATIGUE is a state of fatigue accompanied by decreased performance.

PHLEGMATIC - a type of human temperament characterized by reduced reactivity, poorly developed, slow expressive movements (see).

FREUDISM is a doctrine associated with the name of the Austrian psychiatrist and psychologist Z. Freud. In addition to psychoanalysis, it contains a theory of personality, a system of views on the relationship between man and society, a set of ideas about the stages and stages of human psychosexual development.