Opposing blocs of the First World War table. Which union did they belong to?

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Goals:

Reveal the reasons, goals of the participants, the nature of the war; find out what role the military-technical potential of the warring countries played during the hostilities; name the main fronts and events.
Continue developing comparison skills various sources, analyze and draw independent conclusions, work with a historical map, correctly distribute time working on tasks; evaluate your own work and the work of your comrades.
Foster a sense of non-acceptance of violent measures to solve problems, as well as a sense of pride in one’s ancestors.

Lesson Type: Study Lesson new topic.

During the classes

1. Motivational conversation. Slide 2: Vereshchagin. The apotheosis of war.

Assignments: What did the artist want to say with this painting? What is its main idea?

The teacher's word: 100 years separate us from the gloomy day of August 1, 1914 - a period sufficient to appreciate the significance of what happened then. Humanity has entered into a very new difficult period its development during a period of global tragedies. The First World War was the prologue to the upheavals of the twentieth century. In the events of 1914-1918. – the origins of many processes that determine the appearance of the modern world.

2. Formulation of the integrating goal.

While working on the training elements, you will have to to know:
What were the reasons for the war, the goals and plans of the participants;
How the First World War was started (i.e. the reason);
What role did the military-technical potential of the warring countries play during the hostilities?
On what fronts did the main events of this war develop and how did it end?
You will also have to develop existing skills and learn:
Compare different sources, analyze the material and draw conclusions;
Find alternative solutions to problems posed;
To Work with historical map;
Properly distribute time working on tasks;
Evaluate your work and the work of your comrades.

3. Updating knowledge on the topic “Russia and the world at the beginning of the twentieth century.”

Incoming control. Let's try to name the main international contradictions that emerged at the beginning. XX century. What events indicated an intensification of the struggle for the redivision of the world?

1. Which region at the beginning of the 20th century. received the name “powder magazine of Europe”? (Balkans)

2. Which countries’ interests collided on the Balkan Peninsula? (Russia, Austria-Hungary)

3. What military-political blocs were created in Europe? Their composition?

(Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy - 1882)
Entente (Russia, France, England - 1907)

4. What events indicated an intensification of the struggle for the redivision of an already divided world? (imperialist wars: American-Spanish, Anglo-Boer, Russian-Japanese (1904-1905)

5. What was the German Schlieffen Plan? (blitzkrieg, defeat of France and then Russia)

So, the world stood on the brink of a world war, an imperialist war. All I needed was a reason and I found one.

4. Study a new topic (slide 3-4)

Plan:

Causes, occasion, nature of the First World War.
Participating countries and their goals.
Development military equipment during the war years.
Progress of military operations.
Results of the war.

Important dates:

June 28, 1914 – assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Franz Ferdinand, by G. Princip;

Summer 1916 – Brusilovsky breakthrough;

Lesson equipment:

Map “First World War. 1914-1918.”

Tables 1-3 “Number of armed forces”, “Direct military expenditures”, “Armament”;

Student technological map on the topic “The First World War.”

Textbooks:

1) Artemov V.V., Lyubchenkov Yu.N. History for professions and technical specialties, natural science, socio-economic profiles: a textbook for beginners. and Wednesday prof. education: in 2 Parts, M., 2011.- Part 2, paragraphs 69, 70.

2) Samygin P.S., Belikov K.S., Berezhnoy S.E. and others. History. Rostov n/d, 2008.

1. Prerequisites, causes, occasion, nature of the First World War.

Tasks: Having analyzed the diagram, ( slide 5) name the main international contradictions at the beginning of the century, the military blocs and the countries between which these contradictions arose. Formulate the main reasons for the war.

Write it down the causes of the First World War and the names of the blocs and countries between which the war began.

Teacher's word:

1.1. Highest value had an exacerbation great power confrontation, primarily England and Germany, on a global scale, a struggle began for the redistribution of the world, including the redistribution of colonies.

1.2. The development of contradictions in certain regions, perceived by world leading countries as “key points” in the struggle for spheres of influence.

Reached special acuteness confrontation in the Balkans of Russia and its allies Serbia and Austria-Hungary together with the allied Bulgaria. The explosive situation was aggravated by the fact that England, Germany, France and Italy also pursued their interests here. By 1914, having brought the Ottoman army under control, Germany had emerged as the dominant military power in the Balkan region. Russia's desire to master the Black Sea straits was now blocked not only by England, but also by the German-Turkish military alliance.

The situation was not simple Middle East. On Far East The USA and Japan sought to spread their influence.

1.3. played a huge role political and economic rivalry between Germany and France, fought to establish economic hegemony in Europe.

1.4. Internal political tasks of Russia objectively contradicted the trend toward the outbreak of hostilities.

Stolypin P.A. wrote: “We need peace, war in the coming years... will be disastrous for Russia and for the dynasty. On the contrary, every year of peace strengthens Russia not only from a military and naval point of view, but also from a financial and economic point of view.” But the king did not heed these words. Russia got involved in a world war.

2. Participating countries and their goals. The nature of the war.

Target: At this stage of work you need to determine the goals of the participating countries, the reason and nature of the war.

Exercise 1.

Using the text of the textbook, name the goals of the participants.
Based on information about the goals of the participants in the war, determine the nature of the war. (Slide 6)
What events led to the war? (Slide 7)

Task 2.

At the beginning of a war, chance sometimes plays an important role. Even the English Admiral Nelson said: “We must leave some things to chance.” Lloyd George and W. Churchill adhered to the same point of view.

Think about how the elements of the random and the natural are correlated at the beginning of the First World War? What would have happened if the Sarajevo murder had not happened?

Task 3.

Think about whether it was possible to prevent the war at the beginning of the century (namely, the world war)? How if the answer is yes? Why not if the answer is no?

Task 4.

Give examples of just and unjust wars known to you from your history course. Give a reasonable definition of the nature of the First World War (for each country). To which countries should this definition not be applied? Did the presence of such exceptions change the nature of the war?

Write in your notebook: The names of the military blocs, the goals of the participating countries (in the form of a diagram) and the nature of the First World War. ( Slide 6)

Teacher's word:

Occasion. On June 15 (28 according to the new style) June 1914, provocative military maneuvers of Austria-Hungary directed against Serbia were to begin. On this day in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, the Serb Gavrilo principle was Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated, heir to the Austrian Emperor. Austria, accusing the Serbian nationalist organization of the murder, demanded the deployment of troops into Serbia and the admission of investigators to its territory. On the advice of Russia, Serbia accepted the ultimatum, rejecting only the Austrian occupation, which was unacceptable for Serbian sovereignty. Despite Russia’s appeal to Austria-Hungary and Germany, on July 15 (28), Austrian artillery began shelling the capital of Serbia, Belgrade.

Declaration of war. On July 17 (30), Russia announced a general mobilization, notifying Berlin that these actions were not anti-German in nature, but taking a tough position against Austria-Hungary. Germany in an ultimatum form she demanded a cessation of mobilization and, having received no response, on July 19 ( August 1) 1914 declared war on Russia.

On August 2, France began mobilizing and announced support for Russia. On August 3, Germany declared war on France and launched an offensive through Belgium and Luxembourg, bypassing the Maginot Line. On August 4, England entered the war, and on August 6, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia. The war engulfed all of Europe. On August 23, Japan joined the Entente, in 1915 - Italy, in 1916 - Romania, in 1917 - the USA. Türkiye (1914) and Bulgaria (1915) were allies of Germany and Austria-Hungary. In total, 38 countries of the world took part in the war.

3. Military-technical potential of the countries participating in the war.

Goal: At this stage of the work you have to find out whether Russia was ready for war (compared to other countries). You must learn to draw conclusions by comparing material from oral communications, textbooks and comparative tables.

Exercise 1.

Analyze the data in tables 1-3. Draw conclusions about Russia's readiness for a long war.

Task 2.

S.Yu. Witte wrote, recalling the events of 1904-1905: “And it was not Russia that was defeated by the Japanese, not the Russian army, but our order, or, more correctly, our boyish management of 140 million people in recent years.”

When assessing the situation in Russia in 1914, try to determine whether the experience of the Russo-Japanese War was taken into account? Why do you think?

Teacher's word: Preparing Russia for war.

Reorganization of the army. In 1908-1913. A number of military reforms were carried out in Russia. The size of the army has grown, the service life has increased, and the combat training system has improved. The officer corps changed: over 2 thousand senior officers were fired, class restrictions on admission to officer schools were abolished. As a result, the Russian army became equal in size to the armies of Germany and Austria-Hungary. But its qualitative transformation by 1914 had not yet been completed.
Arms growth. Military spending increased 3.7 times during this period, amounting to 40% of the country's budget.
Fleet. After the destruction of the Russian navy in the Russo-Japanese War, it began to revive again. Back in 1907, the “Small Shipbuilding Program” was adopted, and in 1912, the “Shipbuilding Program of the Baltic Fleet”. The construction of submarines began.
Weapons were also modernized ground forces, but only in 1913 was the “Great Program to Strengthen the Army” adopted, during the implementation of which in 1914-1917. it was planned to increase and modernize artillery, strengthen engineering troops, create military aviation and road transport. The program had just begun to be implemented at the beginning of the war. As a result, Russia lagged behind Germany in terms of military budget, weapons and artillery, which had completed its military program in 1914
Of particular danger was Russia's 2.5 times lag behind Germany and Austria-Hungary in terms of bandwidth railways, leading to areas of future military operations.
Diplomatic training. In 1914, a naval convention between Russia and England was prepared, signed after the outbreak of the war. This completed the formation of the Entente as a military alliance of Russia, England and France.

Development of military equipment during the war. ( slide 8)

The appearance of tanks and new types of artillery.
On September 15, 1916, the British used tanks in battle for the first time. With the support of 18 tanks, the infantry was able to advance 2 km. Massive use of tanks - the Battle of Cambrai on November 20-21, 1917, 378 tanks were used.
Aviation development. (Slide 9)
The most famous aircraft were the German Fokker, the English Sopwith and the French Farman. A heavy four-engine aircraft was built in Russia “ Ilya Muromets”, which lifted up to 800 kg of bombs and was armed with 3-7 machine guns.
Chemical weapon.
In April 1915, near Ypres in Belgium, the Germans released 180 tons of chlorine from cylinders. As a result of the attack, about 15 thousand people were injured, of which 5 thousand died. On April 12, 1917, the Germans used mustard gas (mustard gas) in the Ypres region. In total, about 1 million people were affected by toxic substances during the war.

Military plans.

The German leadership considered the summer of 1914 the most favorable moment to start the war, since the Entente countries, especially Russia, were not ready for war. The German General Staff planned with the help lightning war(blitzkrieg) to defeat France and, together with Austria-Hungary, throw all their strength into the fight against Russia.

Russia expected, after the completion of mobilization, an offensive in the northwest towards Berlin and in the southwest towards Vienna. The Tsar's uncle, Nikolai Nikolaevich, was appointed commander-in-chief.

Both sides expected to win the war within 3-4 months.

4. Progress of military operations.

Target: compare the main events on the Eastern and Western Front

1. Working with the textbook text, write out in the table based on the battles of the war on the Eastern and Western Front.

1st row – military campaigns of 1914. 2nd row – 1915-1916. 3rd row – 1917-1918

Main events, battles

Date, year	Eastern front	Western Front
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918

Working with a wall map"World War I"

2. On what front did the main events of the war take place?

Student’s message “Brusilovsky breakthrough” (slide 12,13)

3. What other fronts were created? Name them.

Checking the completed work “Main events, battles” (slide 10, 11, 15)

Additional material for the teacher.

1914 – a year of missed opportunities. On August 4, 1914, German troops, violating the neutrality of Belgium, launched an attack on France through its territory, bypassing the main group French troops, located on the French-German border. Instead of the planned 2-3 days, the German army advanced to the French-Belgian border for 15 days. During this time, England landed its troops on the continent.

In early September, German troops crossed the Marne River on the outskirts of Paris. On September 6, the counter-offensive of the Anglo-French troops began, and only on September 12 did the Germans manage to stop the enemy. The lightning attack on Paris was thwarted. Started trench warfare – the parties did not have the strength to attack, but firmly held their positions.

After the defeat of the Anglo-French troops on the French border and the rapid advance German troops to Paris, even before the completion of mobilization, Russia began, at the request of France, an offensive in East Prussia and Galicia.

In East Prussia, the Russian armies attacking from the east - the 1st (under the command of P.K. Rennenkampf) and from the south - the 2nd (under the command of A.V. Samsonov) inflicted a number of defeats on the small German group at the end of August. After transferring two corps from France and attracting reserve units, Germany, taking advantage of the inconsistency in the actions of Russian troops, surrounded and destroyed two corps of Samsonov’s 2nd Army, who committed suicide. The 1st Army retreated.

The offensive in Galicia in August-September 1914 was more successful. The 8th Army (A.A. Brusilov) took Lvov and Galich, Russian troops besieged Przemysl, pushing the Austrians 300 km from the border across the river. San. It seemed that Austria-Hungary was defeated.

To invade Germany, the Russian command, having failed to consolidate success in the southwest, began transferring troops from Galicia to Poland, but in October the Austro-German armies launched a preemptive attack on Lodz and Warsaw. In the bloody battles in October-November, both sides suffered heavy losses (Russia - 2 million killed, wounded and prisoners, its enemy - 950 thousand), but did not complete their tasks.

The war with Turkey began on October 29 with an attack by German troops marching under Turkish flag to Sevastopol, Odessa and the offensive Turkish troops in the Caucasus. The Caucasian army pushed the enemy back to Erzurum, which facilitated the actions of Russia’s allies in Mesopotamian front.

The results of the military operations of 1914 consisted in the disruption of Schlieffen’s “blitzkrieg” plan. Germany was forced to wage war on two fronts. For Russia, the first year of the war was a year of missed opportunities.

During the battles, the superiority of the German army over the Russian army in artillery and ammunition supply was revealed, and the weakness of the Austrian and Turkish armies was revealed.

Defeats of 1915 Germany decided to devote the 1915 campaign to the defeat of Russian troops. About 30 infantry and 9 cavalry divisions.

Local battles were fought on the Western Front. Italy went over to the side of the Entente. In the fall, the offensive of Austro-German and Bulgarian troops against Serbia began. The Serbian army retreated to Albania after 2 months of fighting.
Southwestern Front (Russia). After some Russian successes in January-March (the capture of Przemysl, access to the Carpathian ridge, repelling German offensives in East Prussia), in April-May, Austro-German troops, using massive artillery shelling, forced the Russian troops to retreat. But the front was not broken through.
Western Front (Russia). Russia's weapons modernization programs were supposed to be completed only by 1917; the accumulated ammunition was used up. In the summer, German armies occupied Poland and Warsaw, part of Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia and reached Riga. By October the front had stopped, and a long trench war began.
Results of military operations in 1915. The entire composition of the trained pre-war personnel army was out of action. Russia lost western territories, but retained its main industrial and agricultural base. In August, Nicholas II took over the command in chief, appointing the experienced general Alekseev M.V. Chief of the General Staff.

1916 – a lost victory.

February 21, 1916 German command the beginning of the Verdun operation on the Western Front. During the fierce fighting, both sides suffered heavy losses, but the Germans were unable to break through the front.

At the insistent request of the allies in order to divert enemy forces from France, the Russian command developed an offensive plan, the main burden of which fell on the Russian Southwestern Front, which was commanded by General Brusilov Alexey Alekseevich.

Romania entered the war on the side of the Entente, but its actions were unsuccessful and Russia was forced to form its own Romanian front.

Russian troops Caucasian Front successfully carried out a number of operations, taking the cities of Erzurum and Trebizond.

As a result of the military actions of 1916, the Anglo-French and Italian armies were saved from defeat. England and France promised Russia to transfer the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits and Constantinople under its control.

Military operations in 1917-1918. The campaign of 1917 proceeded in conditions of growth in all countries of the revolutionary movement.

In February, a revolution broke out in Russia. The offensive of the Russian southwestern front ended in failure. After the October Revolution in Russia, the new government on December 2 concluded with German coalition truce. Events in Russia thwarted the Entente's plans to defeat Austria-Hungary. The United States entered the war on the side of the Entente.

In March, the German offensive began in France. At the end of May, the Germans struck north of the Rhine and reached the Marne River, finding themselves 70 km from Paris, but were stopped. The Second Battle of the Marne ended in failure for the Germans.

In August 1918, the Anglo-French armies went on the offensive and defeated the enemy. In September, a general Allied offensive began along the entire front. On November 9, the monarchy was overthrown in Berlin. November 11, 1918 The Entente concluded with Germany Truce of Compiègne. Germany admitted defeat in the war.

Student message: (Slide 12-13)

A.A. Brusilov (1853-1926) was born into the family of a general. Graduated from the Corps of Pages. Participant in the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878. He served in the officer cavalry school for more than 15 years, starting as a riding instructor and ending as its chief. In 1906-12 he commanded various military formations. In 1912 he received the rank of general from the cavalry. Since the beginning of the World War, he was appointed commander of the 8th Army, and from March 1916, commander-in-chief of the Southwestern Front. He gained fame for developing and carrying out the offensive of the Russian army in the summer of 1916 - the “Brusilovsky breakthrough”. After the February Revolution, he was a supporter of continuing the war to a victorious end. In May 1917 he was appointed Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army. After being removed from this post in July 1917, he remained at the disposal of the Provisional Government. In 1920 he joined the Red Army.

Brusilovsky breakthrough. In May 1916, Russian troops Southwestern Front under the command of General Brusilov, they broke through the Austrian positions, throwing the enemy back 120 km, the front was broken through for 340 km. Russian troops occupied Lutsk and Chernivtsi. The Brusilov breakthrough brought Austria-Hungary to the brink of disaster. Germany transferred 11 divisions from the west, stopping the offensive at Verdun.

5. Results of the war.

Target: name the results of the war. Tasks:

1.Who won the war? At which conference were the results of the First World War summed up? (Slide 17)

2. Write it down Name peace treaties Entente countries with the countries of the Quadruple Alliance.

3. At which conference did the post-war peace settlement end? Write it down the name of the system of relations that developed in the world after the end of the war.

June 28, 1919 after lengthy discussions at Paris Peace Conference was Treaty of Versailles signed Entente countries with Germany. (slide 17)

The post-war peace settlement was completed Washington Conference(1921-1922). The USA succeeded in achieving the principle of “freedom of navigation”, weakening Great Britain as a sea power number one, to oust Japan and achieve the approval of the “principle of equal opportunity” for all countries that signed the treaty.

The Versailles-Washington system, which reflected the interests of the victorious countries, lasted until the Second World War.

Slide 18 “General results of the First World War” - view.

Teacher's word: Let's look at another painting by Vereshchagin, “Dirge Service” (slide 19). Which lessons should humanity survive wars like the First World War? (all problems must be resolved at the negotiating table, otherwise humanity will destroy itself).

Reflection:

Target: summing up, grades for the lesson.

Perform test work:

1) Match the fronts and battles of the First World War:

A) Eastern Front

B) Western Front

1.Verdun meat grinder

2. Brusilovsky breakthrough

3.Battle of Galicia

4. gas attack near Ypres

2) Military-political bloc Entente created:

a) in 1882; b) in 1889; c) in 1907; d) in 1914

3) Match the date and name of the battle:

1) Brusilovsky breakthrough

2) Defeat of the 2nd Russian Army in East Prussia

3) Battle of Galicia

4) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

5) Failure of the offensive of the Southwestern Front

4) The Quadruple Alliance included:

a) Russia b) Bulgaria c) Germany d) France

5) The Entente included:

a) Russia b) Austria-Hungary c) Germany d) England

6) Which region at the beginning of the 20th century. received the name “powder magazine of Europe”:

a) Balkans; b) Middle East; c) Germany

7) Causes of the First World War:

a) Germany’s plans to seize England;

b) fight largest countries for colonies and markets;

c) the desire of Russia and Austria-Hungary to establish themselves in the Balkans.

References:

Artemov V.V. History for professions and specialties of technical, natural science, socio-economic profiles: a textbook for elementary and middle ages. prof. education: at 2 hours. Part 2 / V.V. Artemov, Yu.N. Lyubchenkov. - M., 2011. – p.304.
Bazanov S. Brusilovsky breakthrough // History. Scientific and methodological journal for teachers of history and social studies, 2012, No. 9, pp. 42-47.
History of Russia XX - XXI centuries. 11th grade: Lesson planning/Auth.-comp. T.A. Korneva. – Volgograd, 2005. – 268 p.
Samygin P.S., Belikov K.S., Berezhnoy S.E. and others. History. – Rostov n/d, 2008.
Tikhonova N. Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878. // Story. Scientific and methodological journal for teachers of history and social studies. 2012. No. 9, p.32-37
Yastremsky A.N. Album of schemes for the course “ National history”, Tutorial, Electronic edition, M., 2008.

Application

Table 1.Number of armed forces
(leading countries and their possessions)

Powers	In service (million people)	Share in global population	In service for 1 thousand inhabitants (persons)
Austria-Hungary	0,4	6,6	7,6
Great Britain	0,2	3,3	4,4
German Empire	0,8	13,3	10,1
Italy	0,4	6,6	11,4
Russian empire	1,4	23,3	7,5
USA	0,2	3,3	2,0
France	0,7	11,6	17,5
The world at large	6,0	100	3,2

Table 2.Direct military expenditures

States	Total (million rubles)	Per 1 resident (rub.)	For 1 soldier (rub.)
Austria-Hungary	265	5,0	662
Great Britain	729	1,7	1822
German Empire	925	11,5	1156
Italy	283	6,7	566
Russian empire	826	4,5	590
USA	570	5,2	2850
France	568	7,1	710
The world at large	5000	2,7	833

Table 3.Armament

States	Artillery guns (thousand)	Machine guns (thousand pieces)	Shells (billion pieces)	Airplanes (PC.)	Cars (thousand pieces)	Navy (million tons displacement)	Rifles (million pieces)	Ammo (billion pieces)
Austria-Hungary	4,0	2,0	3,0	65	1,8	0,3	1,5	0,3
Great Britain	2,0	2,0	7,0	272	1,2	1,9	0,8	0,8
German Empire	7,5	12,0	10,0	300	5,0	1,5	5,0	1,0
Italy	2,0	1,0	3,3	143	2,0	0,4	2,5	0,5
Russian empire	7,9	4,1	6,0	150	-	0,4	5,0	2,8
USA	1,0	1,5	1,0	-	-	0,9	0,5	0,5
France	4,8	5,0	6,0	560	8,0	0,5	3,4	1,3
The world at large	35,0	35,0	40,0	1500	18,1	7,5	25,0	10,1

Quadruple union

Briefly speaking, this bloc, which became one of the warring sides of the First World War, was finally formed at the height of the armed confrontation.
However, its predecessor was an alliance formed back in late XIX century (1882) and called Triple. Its formation was initiated by German government.

The military-political bloc began in 1879, when a bilateral Austro-German treaty was concluded aimed at counteracting France and Russia. It should be noted that previously Austro-Hungarian Empire supported quite a lot with the Russian side friendly relations. And here good relations rivalry interfered with Prussia, which later became the German Empire. However, after several successful Prussian wars, German state acquired significant political weight. And the Austrian government considered it best to enlist the support of such a strong ally.

As a result, an agreement was signed according to which, in the event of an attack by third countries on one of its participants, the second had to, at a minimum, maintain neutrality. If Russia acted as an interventionist, then both countries that signed the document had to unite against the enemy.
Almost three years later, Italy joined the German-Austro-Hungarian bloc. The Triple Alliance was finally formed. The duration of the contract was 5 years. Subsequently, it was signed twice more, and each time additions and clarifications were made to the document. And then it was simply automatically renewed. Initially, this fact was kept strictly secret.
As time has shown, this alliance was not strong enough. Yes, in a row economic reasons Italy has concluded a bilateral agreement with the French side. Among other things, it stipulated the condition that in the event of a war breaking out between the French and gourmet states, the Italian one would have to remain neutral. That is why, in decisive moment, at the beginning of the First World War, the Italian government refused to begin active military operations in an alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary. And later she completely went over to the side of the Entente, which opposed the German-Austrian troops.

The Triple Alliance finally collapsed. But Italy was almost immediately replaced by the Ottoman Empire, which was eager for war with Russia. A little later, Bulgaria joined this bloc. As a result, it began to be called quarter. Its second name was the bloc of the Central Powers. This name comes from geographical location the founders of the alliance (Germany and Austria-Hungary were in the center of Europe).
The union ceased to exist as a result of defeat in the war: the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires ceased to exist, and the Bulgarian and German territories were significantly reduced. Strictly speaking, the German Empire also ceased to exist. Instead, the Weimar Republic was formed, which, however, continued to be called the empire.

The plans of the participants in the war did not sufficiently take into account the increased role of economic and moral factors and were designed to conduct combat operations only at the expense of mobilization reserves accumulated in Peaceful time. It was believed that the war would be short-lived. Translation war economy was not provided for wartime needs.

The general staffs of the imperialist states spent many years developing war plans.

What all plans had in common was that they expressed the aggressive aspirations of individual powers, as well as individual warring coalitions; at the same time, they expressed acute contradictions between individual imperialist predators within the coalitions, each of which sought to place more of the military burden on its allies and grab more wealth from the mutual division of the spoils.

Essence German plan (the Schlieffen plan) was the desire to hit the opponents sequentially: first it was supposed to strike France and defeat its army, and then transfer the main forces to the East and defeat Russia. In both cases, the bet was on a short-term war.

For the purpose of bypassing and surrounding French army it was planned to carry out a flank maneuver through Belgium, bypassing the main forces of the French army from the north. The auxiliary group was supposed to play the role of a barrier against a possible offensive by the French army. In the East, at the beginning of the war, it was planned to deploy one army with the task of covering East Prussia from a possible invasion by Russian troops. Austro-Hungarian troops were supposed to conduct active operations against Russia at this time. The main flaw of the German plan was to overestimate one's own strength and underestimate the enemy's.

On Austro-Hungarian war plan strong influence provided by the German General Staff, which sought to use Austro-Hungarian troops to pin down the Russian armies during the period of Germany's attack on France. In view of this, the Austro-Hungarian General Staff was forced to plan simultaneous active actions against Russia, Serbia and Montenegro. Main blow it was planned to strike from Galicia to the east and northeast. The Austro-Hungarian plan was constructed in isolation from a real consideration of its economic and moral capabilities. This clearly demonstrated the influence of the German military school- underestimating the enemy and overestimating one’s own strengths. The availability of forces and means did not correspond to the assigned tasks.

French war plan was offensive, but it was of a wait-and-see nature, since the initial actions of the French troops were made dependent on the actions of the German troops. Only the Lorraine group, consisting of two armies, received an active offensive mission. The central group of troops within one army was assigned the role of a connecting link between the Belgian and Lorraine groups. The Belgian group within one army had to act depending on the behavior of the enemy.

In the event that the Germans violated the neutrality of Belgium and advanced through its territory, this army must be ready to advance in a north-easterly direction, otherwise it would have to advance in an easterly direction.

The essence of the English plan boiled down to a promise to send an expeditionary army of seven divisions to France. The British ruling circles hoped to shift the main burden of the war on land to Russia and France. England considered its main task to ensure supremacy at sea.

Russian war plan developed in conditions of economic and political dependence Tsarist Russia from Anglo-French capital. England and France, presenting enslaving loans to the tsarist autocracy, imposed heavy military obligations on Russia, which had to be taken into account General base when developing a war plan. The interests of the autocracy required delivering the main blow to Austria-Hungary. However, due to its dependence on England and France, Russia had to lead offensive actions and against Germany in order to divert its forces from the west and weaken the blows German troops by the French army. The desire to satisfy interested parties led to the decision to attack simultaneously against both opponents. The Northwestern Front was supposed to encircle and destroy the German army on the 8th and capture East Prussia The Southwestern Front was given the task of encircling and defeating the Austro-Hungarian troops located in Galicia.

By the beginning of hostilities in the Western European Theater of Operations against France and Belgium, Germany had deployed 86 infantry and 10 cavalry divisions (1.6 million men and 5,000 guns). These forces were opposed by 85 infantry and 12 cavalry divisions of Franco-Anglo-Belgian troops (1.6 million people, 4,640 guns).

Questions and tasks for paragraph paragraph page 218

Question. Determine what goals were pursued by the states that entered the war in mid-1914. What was the nature of the war in connection with these goals for each state?

The First World War, which began on July 19, 1914, was generated by acute contradictions between the main European capitalist states during the struggle for sales markets, sources of raw materials and areas of investment of capital, as well as for the redivision of an already divided world.

The root cause of the preparation and outbreak of the World War of 1914–1918. there was a desire German Empire to establish its dominant position in Europe and the world by force of arms and, on the other hand, the determination of the parties Triple Entente(The Entente) prevent such an outcome.

Table: “Goals of the participants in the war”

paragraph 1 questions and tasks to paragraph paragraph page 220

Question. Why the war of 1914-1918 has acquired a pan-European and global character?

The Old World was divided into two warring camps - the Triple Alliance and the Entente. A clash between these groups was inevitable, which happened in the summer of 1914. But hardly anyone could then imagine that the clash of interests would result not in an ordinary conflict, but in a conflict on a global scale - the First World War of 1914-1918.

So, by 1914 the international situation had become extremely tense. This was facilitated by the intensification of the struggle between countries for markets and political influence in the world.

Also at the beginning of the 20th century. blocs of countries participating in the First World War took shape. On the one hand, it was Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, which formed the Triple Alliance (1882), and on the other, England, France and Russia, which created the Entente (1904–1907). The leading role in the Austro-German and Romano-British blocs was played by Germany and England, respectively. The conflict between these two states led to a confrontation of forces in Europe, which in the future resulted in the First world war. The peculiarity of this military conflict was that for the first time in history it involved all European powers.

paragraph 2 questions and tasks to paragraph paragraph page 221

Question 1. Compare the human and military-technical resources of the two military-political blocs at the beginning of the war. Whose side had the advantage?

The size of the army, the number of light guns and aircraft of the Entente exceeded the number of the Central Power. The advantage was on the side of the Entente.

Question 2. Which states bore the main burden in ensuring the combat power of the Entente and the alliance of the Central Powers?

The main burden was borne by the states:

Entente - Russia, Great Britain, France.

Central Powers – Germany.

Question 3. Why did politicians and society on both sides expect a quick victory?

By the beginning of hostilities, both blocs had deployed millions of armies and created a developed military industry. However, they underestimated the economic and military capabilities of their opponents. Both warring parties They were preparing for a short war lasting no more than 6-8 months, but in the end the war lasted more than four years and led to huge material and human losses.

paragraph 2 questions and tasks to paragraph paragraph page 223

Question 1. Trace the course of military operations in 1914 on the map (p. 234).

6/28/1914 Balkans Assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife by Serbian nationalists in Sarajevo (Bosnia)

2.8.1914 Western Front Invasion of German troops into Luxembourg

4.8.1914 Western Front Invasion of German troops into Belgium

12.8.1914 Balkans Austro-Hungarian troops invaded Serbia

16.8.1914 Western Front The Belgian army leaves Liege and retreats to Antwerp

16-24.8.1914 Balkans Austro-Hungarian troops were defeated by the Serbs in the area of the Cera ridge

17.8-15.9.1914 Eastern Front Invasion of Russian troops (1st and 2nd armies) Northwestern Front in East Prussia. The defeat of Russian troops in the East Prussian operation.

18.8-21.9.1914 Eastern Front Russian troops of the Southwestern Front were defeated Austro-Hungarian army in the Battle of Galicia. On September 21, the Przemysl fortress was besieged. Russian troops occupied Galicia.

21-25.8.1914 Western Front Border battle of French and British troops against the advancing German armies. Allied forces were defeated and were forced to retreat across the river. Marnoux

8.1914 Africa Anglo-French troops occupied the German colony of Togo

5-12.9.1914 Western Front German troops were defeated in the Battle of the Marne and were forced to retreat beyond the Aisne and Oise rivers

16.9 - 15.10.1914 Western Front “Run to the Sea”. Troops of both sides reached the coast west of Ostend

28.9-8.11.1914 Eastern Front Warsaw-Ivangorod (Demblin) defensive-offensive operation of Russian troops against the German-Austrian armies in Poland. The enemy is thrown back to the starting line

10.15 - 11.20.1914 Western Front Battle in Flanders on the Yser and Ypres rivers. The parties switched to positional defense

29.10.1914 Southern Front Turkish ships and the German cruisers “Goeben” and “Breslau” fired at Odessa, Sevastopol, Feodosia, Novorossiysk

11/1/1914 The German squadron of Admiral M. Spee (5 cruisers) defeated the English squadron of Admiral K. Cradock in the Battle of Coronel

11-12.1914 Southern Front Fights of Russian and Turkish troops in the Erzurum direction

11/7/1914 China Anglo-Japanese troops, after a siege (since September), captured the German naval base of Qingdao in the East. China

11/10/1914 Mesopotamia The British landed at the mouth of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers expeditionary force, forming the Mesopotamian Front

11/11/1914 Eastern Front An attempt by German troops to encircle the Russian armies in the Lodz region was repulsed

11.1914 Eastern Front In the Czestochowa-Krakow operation, Russian troops defeated the Austro-Hungarian troops and reached Krakow

11/22/1914 Mesopotamia The British occupied Basra, abandoned to the Turks

12/3/1914 Balkans Counter-offensive of Serbian troops. The parties took up defensive positions at the border lines

12/9/1914 Mesopotamia The British captured El-Qurna and fortified themselves in the southern part of Mesopotamia

12/22/1914 Southern Front Defeat of the advancing Russian troops Turkish army in the Sarykamysh operation

1914 Pacific Ocean In 1914, the Caroline, Mariana and Marshall Islands Pacific Ocean were captured by Japan, the German part of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands by the Australians, and the Samoan Islands by the New Zealanders.

Question 2. What role did the Eastern Front play in the first stage of the war?

On the Eastern Front, fighting took place between Russia (the Entente) and the Central Powers. The Eastern Front was much longer than the Western Front. For this reason, the war on the Eastern Front was less positional in nature compared to the Western Front. The largest battles of the First World War took place on the Eastern Front.

Questions and assignments for paragraph page 223

Question. Based on the material in the previous paragraphs, determine the main causes of the First World War by choosing the correct answers from those proposed:

a) uneven development of countries around the world in the 20th century;

b) the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo;

c) clash of interests of the world's leading powers;

d) claims the most developed countries for leadership in the world;

e) competitive fight powers for conquering new markets. Explain your choice.

Causes of the war: the desire of all countries to seize new territories, divide colonies and eliminate competitors; the desire of countries to divert people's attention from internal problems; each country pursued its own goal:

Germany sought to expand its possessions and establish dominance in world politics;

France wanted to return Alsace and Lorraine, as well as seize the Saar coal basin;

Austria-Hungary had territorial claims to Serbia, Montenegro, Romania and Russia, and also sought to suppress the national liberation movement;

England sought to destroy Germany as its main rival in trade, and also to take oil-rich lands from Turkey;

Italy sought to expand its dominance in the Balkan Peninsula;

Russia wanted to capture Constantinople, the Bosphorus and Dardanelles, and also stop the brewing revolution in Russia.

At the end of July 1914, a war began in Europe, which became one of the most large-scale armed conflicts in the entire history of mankind. More than nine million soldiers died. About five million civilians, who found themselves under occupation, were destroyed by disease, famine, and air raids. What goals did its participants pursue in the First World War? What preceded the armed conflict?

It is not easy to answer the question about the goals of the participants in the First World War. For some, it began as an act of retribution and punishment. For others, it became an armed conflict designed to end wars forever. It is not for nothing that it is called “Great”. Until 1914, humanity did not know larger-scale military operations. But the First War was followed by the Second, even more destructive, and after it many small armed conflicts around the world. Those who considered the goal of the First World War to be the establishment of peace in Europe were mistaken.

Prelude

Already at the beginning of the century, the upcoming war was often discussed in Europe. Neither politicians nor writers had any idea how large-scale it would be. Even the military did not know about this. From time to time, small military campaigns took place in Europe, but they all ended quite quickly, because they were, as a rule, waged against a weak enemy. Spears could not withstand machine guns, and ancient cannons could not withstand powerful ship guns.

Hatred towards the Germans, which arose back in the 70s, grew among the French years XIX century - after Bismarck signed a treaty according to which Alsace and almost all of Lorraine passed to Germany. Meanwhile, German ambitions grew in direct proportion to industrial development. They had no colonies, no maritime power, and no influence over Asian Muslims. To gain a dominant position in Europe was Germany's goal in the First World War.

Causes

What were the goals and plans of the participants in the First World War? This question is answered in different ways. Thomas Woodrow Wilson once said that it is futile to look for the reason why the European powers went to war in 1914.

An armed conflict always gives rise to rivalry, and the logic of anti-war sentiment cannot smooth it out. At the beginning of the 20th century it manifested itself in different ways. In France, irritation grew against Germany, which annexed its lands in 1871. The Germans looked away with increasing confidence eastern border, nurturing territorial ambitions. Nicholas II made plans for the Balkans. Austria-Hungary tried to maintain its fragile imperial structure.

What was the prevailing mood in Great Britain before the outbreak of the First World War? Political scientists were aware of Germany's goals in the upcoming armed conflict. British journalists and writers sounded the alarm: Germany's naval power was growing rapidly.

The Kaiser dreamed in naval power to catch up with Great Britain, which became one of his goals in the First World War. Personnel The German Navy was increased by 15 thousand officers and soldiers. Churchill proposed to do small break by extension military force, but the Germans did not support the idea. This happened in 1912. At the same time, Serbia won the war with Turkey, dealing a strong blow to the prestige of the Germans.

In 1913, Churchill again put forward a proposal to postpone the arms race. But this time the Kaiser did not heed the advice of the British Prime Minister. German army by that time it consisted of more than 600 thousand people. What goals did the participants in the First World War pursue? First of all, the satisfaction of insatiable territorial greed.

Assassination of the Habsburg heir

On 28 June 1914, Franz Ferdinand paid an official visit to Sarajevo. Among the onlookers who gathered to gaze at the Archduke, nineteen-year-old He was present and committed an act that served as the formal reason for the hostilities that soon engulfed a large part of Europe.

There was not one principle, but with accomplices. One of them threw a bomb at the Archduke's car. The first attempt was unsuccessful: the officers in the next car were injured. The wounded were taken to the hospital, and meanwhile the Archduke continued his trip. Gavrilo Principa He was annoyed that his accomplices were unable to complete the task. However, he ended up on the sidewalk, just ten meters from the Archduke’s car, completely by accident. Realizing that the target was moving straight towards him, he stepped forward and fired. The Archduke died from loss of blood. His wife, who accompanied him on his last trip, died with him.

Princip and his accomplices belonged to the terrorist organization Black Hand. They received weapons in Belgrade, then crossed the Austrian border into Bosnia. The victim of the conspirators was more than supportive of the interests of the national minorities inhabiting Austria-Hungary. Franz Ferdinand had a reputation politician, seeking to change the dual nature of the empire to a triple one by including the South Slavs in the union. However, the terrorists did not know about this.

July crisis

This term in history is usually understood as the largest diplomatic clash of European states that occurred in the summer of 1914. In order to answer the question about the goals of the First World War, it is necessary to understand what the so-called July crisis was.

So, on June 28, a high-profile murder was committed in Sarajevo. The Austrian-Hungarian government reacted with lightning speed. Namely, it presented an ultimatum to Serbia, which contained a demand to find and punish those responsible for the murder of the Archduke. The investigation was able to establish quite quickly that the attackers were subjects of the Hamburg Empire. Politicians believed that Austrian sentiments could only be destroyed by force. In their opinion, the Serbian authorities did everything to undermine the monarchical influence on the Balkan Peninsula.

Serbia had a huge influence on the Slavs who lived in Austria-Hungary. Therefore, the authorities believed that any separatist sentiments pose a threat to the existence of the imperial state. The Austro-Hungarian government used the assassination of the Archduke as a justification for military action against Serbia.

At the beginning of July, the German government began to seriously fear that demands on Serbia would lead to entry into armed conflict Russian Empire. And this, in turn, would serve as the beginning of large-scale military operations. The fears were justified. On July 28, Austria declared war on Serbia. This date is officially considered the beginning of the First World War. It is impossible to briefly outline the goals of the powers that took part in it. A lot has been devoted to this topic. historical works, documentaries.

It is known that on July 29, the British Prime Minister proposed convening the heads of European states, in order to maintain peace. However, the rulers did not have the strength or desire to stop the impending catastrophe. On July 29, the threat of artillery fire loomed over Serbia. The Russian Empire announced the mobilization of a huge population. About six million people were drafted into the army. Although there was no declaration of war on Austria that day.

Negotiations between Germany and Russia

In order to avoid the First World War, whose goals for Russia were rather gloomy, Nicholas II sent a telegram to the Kaiser. With the German ruler Russian Tsar was in friendly correspondence. The telegram, in which he asked to do everything possible to stop Austria-Hungary before it went too far, was signed by Nicholas II "Niki". The Kaiser responded to the Russian Tsar in the same spirit, promising to influence the Austrians and encourage them to reach an agreement with the Russian Empire. The answer to Nicholas II was “Willie”.

After the Tsar received a telegram from the Kaiser, he replaced the general mobilization with a partial one. Later, the Kaiser advised Nicholas II not to enter into a military conflict, so as not to involve Europe in bloody war. By the way, it was not possible to cancel the mobilization. It has already spread throughout the country. full swing. And soon news arrived in St. Petersburg that Germany was preparing for war. On July 30, Nicholas II signed an order on general mobilization. The Russian public hoped that this would stop the war.

Germany sent an ultimatum to Russia demanding that it stop mobilization, but it was refused. Then she turned to France with a request to maintain neutrality. But this time too, a refusal was received. Germany was confident that the Russian army, which the Germans considered ponderous and clumsy, could be defeated quite quickly. But the opposing forces were too great.

In France in those days, about three million soldiers were already crowded into the barracks. This meant that while the German army would advance to Russia, in the west she will be dealt a crushing blow. Perhaps even defeat. And therefore one of the prominent German military leaders developed a plan according to which it was first necessary to defeat France and then attack the Russian Empire.

Participants

Before talking about further events, it is worth once again, and in a more condensed form, to outline the goals of the powers in the First World War. Two opposing camps into which the participants were divided: the Quadruple Alliance and the Entente. The first is Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. The Entente is an alliance that includes Russia, France, and Britain.

Objectives of entry into the First World War

Germany sought to establish dominance first in Europe and then throughout the world. This was well known in Russia, Great Britain, and France. Over the course of several decades, the Germans increased military power. For Austria, the goals and plans in the First World War were not so ambitious - to establish control over the Balkans.

Great Britain was haunted by certain lands of the Ottoman Empire, which by the beginning of the 20th century had weakened significantly. In addition, England sought to seize oil possessions located in Mesopotamia and Palestine. The goals were as follows: to weaken Germany, establish dominance in Europe and, of course, recapture Alsace and Lorraine.

The Turks, who became allies of Germany, sought to seize Crimea, Iran and maintain control in the Balkans. What were Russia's goals in World War I? Just like France, it sought to weaken the influence of Germany. In addition, the Russian Empire needed free passage through the Dardanelles and Bosporus into the Mediterranean Sea. And, of course, increasing influence in the Balkans. These were the goals of countries in the First World War - a war that until 1939 was considered the most terrible, bloody, and large-scale in history.

1914

Military operations took place mainly in the French and Russian theaters of military operations. Battles were also fought in the Balkans, the Middle East, the Caucasus, China, Africa and Oceania. Every from participants in the First World War, their goals planned to achieve in just a few months. No one then imagined that the conflict would drag on for four years.

So Germany, according to the plan mentioned above, planned to capture Paris within 39 days and then immediately head east. One of the famous sayings of the German ruler: “Lunch will be in Paris, and dinner in St. Petersburg.” France intended to begin military operations with the return of Alsace and Lorraine.

The path to Paris ran through Belgium. On August 4, she captured the small state without much difficulty. Is it true, Belgian army unexpectedly put up quite powerful resistance, considering its numbers. But this, of course, could not delay the enemy for long. For the French, the invasion of Belgium came as a surprise, but they still managed to transfer their units quite quickly.

For some time, the French had to not only abandon the plan to return the lands once annexed by Germany, but also retreat. The German army was rapidly moving forward. The British retreated to the coast, the French were already preparing a dacha in the capital at the beginning of September. However, it ended in victory over Germany. This event had a significant impact on further move war.

By the beginning of 1915, it became clear that Germany would not achieve its goals, and the armed conflict, contrary to the wishes of all its participants, would be protracted. The Germans captured Belgium and large areas of France. They failed to defeat the French within a month and go to Russia. The war promised to be long and exhausting.

Eastern front

In 1915, the retreat of the Russian army began. Galicia was lost. Until mid-spring, groups were concentrated here Austrian troops. At the beginning of May, the enemy attacked the Russian army a strong beat. The Eastern Front shifted towards the Russian Empire. The withdrawal of Russian troops was completed at the end of August. During the second year of the war, Germany achieved significant military victories and captured enemy territory. But the general goal was never achieved.

1916-1918

On May 31st the Jutlandic event occurred naval battle. There is still debate about who won it, Great Britain or Germany. However, the events that occurred in 1916 demonstrated the clear superiority of the Entente. In December, the German government proposed an alliance, but was refused. Over the next two years, Germany made several more attempts to capture France, but none of them were successful. The revolution that took place in Russia in 1917 had a significant impact on the course of further developments. The Germans concluded a truce with the new state.

Results

Not only the war itself turned out to be terrible, but also its consequences. New borders were established and long-term conflicts were provoked. The war changed the map of Europe. There was now no Russian, no German, no Ottoman Empire. Nor was Austria-Hungary. The German economy has weakened greatly. The national humiliation experienced by the Germans led to revanchist sentiments, which gave rise to fascism.

After the end of the war, the world community realized: from now on armed conflicts will be total. The war led to an arms race - to obtaining weapons capable of destroying the entire world.