The New World is one of the most beautiful corners of Crimea. Its history goes back deep into ancient times. The surrounding area has been inhabited since ancient times, as evidenced by numerous archaeological sites: V different places objects of Taurus culture were found; In one of the cliffs, tools of people who lived in the Stone Age and the remains of a lime kiln were discovered. In the mountains, you can see everywhere old paths and roads, the remains of buildings, abandoned quarries, and millstones that were produced unchanged throughout the Middle Ages. Since the arrival of the Genoese, and much earlier, the New World was integral part center of the great silk road.
In ancient times ancient times the village that was located here was called “Paradisio”, which translated from ancient Greek means “garden”, “park”, and in poetic literature- "paradise". One of the documents of the Genoese administration of 1449 mentions the village of Paradise (Paradix de lo Cheder).
Big Paradise Bay geographical maps At the end of the 18th – beginning of the 19th centuries it was designated as “Limani Bay”, which served as ship anchorages associated with the port of Sugdei (present-day Sudak). At the exit from the bay between both capes at depths of 25-30 meters, the remains of the structure of the port settlement, berths and ship cargo - amphorae, jugs and other ceramics of the 8th-15th centuries were discovered. The concentration of ceramics and the remains of ships indicate shipwrecks that happened here.
After the annexation of Crimea to Russia, Paradise was owned by B. Gallera, who received these lands as a gift from Catherine II. However, Gallera did not keep his promise to Catherine II in Paradise “to plant a garden on the midday shore.”
The local land for growing vineyards needed abundant watering and required large financial expenditures for tillage. In addition, the Crimean possession of Galera was like an island of seaside land, without roads, fenced off inaccessible mountains from the nearest settlements. It was possible to get to Paradise only along an inconvenient pedestrian path through the mountains or by sea.
In the 1820s, he sold the estate to Princess A. Golitsyna. Let us immediately note that in family ties with L.S. She was not a member of Golitsyn. A.S. Golitsyna owned Paradise for a very short time and, according to the available fragmentary data, since 1825. she had already begun to settle down in the new, more comfortable Black Sea possession of Koreiz (Khureiz). She sold the Paradise estate to the new owner, Prince Zakhary Semenovich Kherkhulidzev (Kherkhulidze), who renamed the village. This occurred, apparently, from the opposition in those years to the Old World (Europe) New World(America).
First mention modern name settlement dates back to 1864, where in the “List of Populated Places” Russian Empire“in Feodosia district, “on the seashore the village of Novy Svet” is indicated with one courtyard located there and one resident with it.
Z.S. Kherkhulidzev was, perhaps, the first of the owners of this corner of Eastern Crimea who appreciated the beauty and economic prospects of Paradise. In the very first years, he laid out a small garden here, which, however, was no different from the gardens of many other landowners. In addition, he planted 3.5 acres of native grape varieties in the New World.
The New World is one of the most beautiful corners of Crimea. Located 7 km from the city of Sudak, on the territory of the state landscape and botanical reserve. Rocky capes protruding into the sea form small picturesque bays: Golubaya, Sinyaya and Zelenaya, named after the color of the water.
Already from the 2nd century BC. e. in the region of the modern New World on Mount Karaul-Oba, Tauris lived in several compact groups. Many local historians believe that it was there that the legendary Taurus temple of the goddess Virgin was located, in which the famous Iphigenia was a priestess. In the Middle Ages, there was a settlement here that bore the poetic name Paradise - Paradise... One after another, buildings were built here Orthodox monasteries, and the area at the foot of Mount Sokol eventually became an archaeological reserve like the famous Athos. The name of one of the ancient monasteries is still preserved in the name of the mountain spring - Anastasievsky.
Many times these lands passed from hand to hand until they found a smart and zealous owner: in 1878, the Russian prince Lev Sergeevich Golitsyn settled here, who made a huge contribution to the development of viticulture and winemaking in Russia. Thanks to his courage, originality and ability to devote himself to his favorite business without looking back, not only Russian champagne appeared in the New World, but also the first plant in Russia for its production. Prince Golitsyn also laid out a whole web of paths and roads surrounding the village. The path near the sea, literally carved into the rocks, received the status of a historical monument local significance and became one of the most popular excursion routes. This is where we begin our story about the ecological routes of the reserve.
Ecological trails of the reserve
No. 1. Golitsyn Trail
On the territory of the New World Botanical Reserve, whose area is 470 hectares, there is an officially registered ecological route No. 1 - the Golitsyn Trail.
The Golitsyn Trail was founded in 1900 by Prince L. S. Golitsyn. It originates west of the main bay of the New World - Green. The path is carved on the slopes of Mount Koba-Kaya at an altitude of 20 meters above sea level and leads to a large grotto, in the cells of the walls of which Golitsyn collection wines were stored. Here, on a stone terrace, Golitsyn treated guests to his wines during the grandiose winemaking festival on September 8-10, 1903. Since then, the grotto has preserved a stage for singers and musicians, niches for storing wine and a source fresh water in the form of a well.
Next, the trail runs along the shore of Blue (Robber) Bay to the picturesque Cape Kapchik, in the thickness of which there is a 77-meter-long Through Grotto. From Cape Kapchik a stunning panorama of the Blue Bay and Tsarsky Beach opens. The route continues in a relict juniper grove, and ends with an exit from the reserve and an inspection of the Golitsyn family tomb.
Climbing Mount Eagle, located in the southwest of the reserve, will add vivid impressions. From the top there are magnificent views of all the curves of the sea coastline. The sea stretches far beyond sight, Mount Ayu-Dag is visible in the south, Cape Meganom is in the east, and Karaul-Oba rises its pointed peaks in the west, reminiscent of a giant Gothic cathedral.
Local history tour. It reveals the history of the emergence of the sparkling wine factory as a city-forming enterprise and the life of Lev Sergeevich Golitsyn, inextricably linked with it, the great Russian winemaker, practical scientist, creator of classic Russian champagne.
Length- 3 km.
Total duration- 3.5 hours.
No. 2. Natural monumentGuard - Both
On the territory of the botanical reserve "New World", to the west of the New World, near the sea, there is a natural monument called Karaul-Oba - a plateau-like massif with rock walls, ridges and fragments.
Karaul-Oba is a beautiful jagged mountain, similar to a Gothic cathedral (translated from the Turkic “karaul” - “guard”; “oba” - “multi-peaked mountain”). The popular name is "Rayad". The mountain consists of two valleys separated by rocks. At the top is "Paradise" - a plateau-shaped valley with rock walls. Below lurks “Hell” - a valley close to the sea, surrounded by jagged cliffs.
The path to the mountain massif lies along the coast of the Blue Bay, above the Royal Beach, through “Purgatory”, the Valley of Paradise, the Taurus Staircase laid in the rock, through a system of gorges with the romantic names “Adam’s Bed”, “Evin’s Bed” and a rock labyrinth. Photostop in picturesque place overlooking all three bays of the New World water area.
View from Mount Karaul-Oba The culmination of the tour is the ascent to Cosmos Peak. Adherents of esoteric theories claim that one of the energy centers of Crimea is located on Karaul-Oba, directly connecting the planet with the Cosmos. This central conical peak serves as a kind of antenna, which accounts for the peak concentration cosmic force. That's where it went from here popular name tops.
After conquering Cosmos Peak, there are two possible options: return to the New World along the same route or continue the journey towards the neighboring village of Veseloye to the west. In the second case, the descent begins into a valley near the sea, which is known as “Hell”. Along the way, travelers will find an exotic staircase made of juniper roots spreading right on top of the rock. On the descent to the valley you can visit another famous attraction - Golitsyn's Chair carved into the rock, from where a beautiful view of the sea opens. At one time, Prince Golitsyn, one of the last owners of the Novy Svet estate, hired people and built a walking trail to the neighboring village of Kutlak (now the village of Veseloye). This is where the ecological trail ends.
Here, for complete clarity of the picture of the ancient world, the most resilient can study another archaeological site: the ancient ruins of the ancient fortress of Asandra, named after the emperor who built it during his reign Bosporan Kingdom(1st century BC) many defensive fortifications to protect against neighboring tribes. The fortress was called Atheneon by ancient chroniclers on ancient sailing routes, Kutlak - it is called today by its location. This defensive fortification rises seventy meters above the coast of the bay and is visible from the sea.
The excursion ends with a return to the New World by boat to summer period, by transport through the city of Sudak in the off-season.
The excursion is natural, educational and historical, dedicated to the theme of ancient ancient kingdom Tavrida.
Length- 7 km.
Total duration- 4.5 hours.
No. 3. Mount Falcon
From the north, the botanical reserve "New World" is covered by the highest of the local peaks - Mount Sokol. This is an ancient coral reef, the largest in Europe - 474 m above sea level.
Crimean Falcon is a famous natural climbing wall with routes of all difficulty categories laid along it. The best option for both beginner athletes and experienced professionals.
The gentlest climb for amateurs is on the north side of the mountain. But you should be careful here too, since going up the mountain is much easier than going down it. If you don’t know the route, then it is better to book an excursion, thanks to which you will not only not get lost, but will also see and learn a lot of interesting things.
An amazing reward awaits those who have spent time and energy on the climb - such a 360-degree panorama opens from the top of Sokol that it is simply breathtaking. In the east, the Sudak Valley is green, framed by rocky mountains, and behind it the volcanic peaks of Karadag soar up. The entire southeastern coast appears as a giant relief map. It is impossible to tear yourself away from the mesmerizing picture. The view of the New World and the semicircle of Green Bay - one of the most beautiful in Crimea - outshines, of course, everything.
View from the top of Sokol The excursion to Sokol is thematic and geological: it is dedicated to the theme of the geological past of Crimea, the origin of the Crimean mountains, seas and the Crimean peninsula as part of the earth's land.
Length- 7 km.
Total duration- 4 hours.
No. 4. Source of St. Anastasia
On the northwestern slope of Mount Sokol, the Anastasievsky Spring, as it is popularly called, modestly nestles. The source is one of the most mysterious ancient monuments in the New World. There is a legend according to which the spring was named after a medieval Greek monastery located in the tract, the ruins of which have not survived to this day. It is possible to reconstruct the events of those centuries by following the path laid by the ancient Greeks from the place of their settlement (VIII-X centuries AD) under the western slope of Mount Sokol, through the Almond Chair - an old mountain garden, a stone bridge through the ravine, right up to the source. After visiting the mountain spring there are three possible options:
The first is a return to the New World along the continuation of the same road, which smoothly serpentines down steep slopes to the highway. Powerful retaining walls - crepides - have firmly held the surface of this mountain road for more than a thousand years. What makes the road even more impressive is that the retaining walls were made entirely of natural local stone without the use of any type of bonding mortar. This means that the road stood for so long solely thanks to the skill of its builders.
Length- 5 km.
Total duration- 3.5 hours.
The second option is to return to the New World along a narrow path that goes around the slope from the north. mountain range New World. The path connects the source of St. Anastasia with another unexplored medieval antiquity - an ancient quarry where millstones were produced. There, on the sides of an abandoned mountain road, you can see huge stone millstones that were never transported to their destinations back in the Middle Ages. At the top of Mount Sandykh-Kaya, where the trail leads, a small seasonal production of millstones made of dense sandstone was most likely established, which received wide use and served good source income for local stonemasons. From the quarry wide road On the southern slope of the mountain, millstones were delivered to the sea. Following the path of the ancient road and admiring the unique landscapes, you will reach the western outskirts of the village.
Panoramic view from ancient quarries.
Length- 11 km.
Total duration- 4 hours.
The third option is to return to the New World along the path along the old ceramic water pipeline laid by L. S. Golitsyn back in the 19th century. The prince managed the impossible: implementing the idea of bringing water from a mountain spring, he built an intake device for water from the spring. Water flowed through pipes directly into the estate. The ceramic water conduit from the spring to the New World is a monument to the history of technology in Crimea. Along the way there is an aqueduct through a Roman-style ravine. The 3,600-meter-long trail begins at the source and ends at the exit from the reserve near the Golitsyn House-Museum. Along the way there are spectacular views of the village.
Length- 7 km.
Total duration- 4 hours.
A walking tour along the picturesque paths of the New World with a visit to the monuments of the Crimean Middle Ages, a holy spring and a ceramic water conduit of the 19th century is a local history tour. By following each of the three possible routes, you will discover all the old secrets of the Novy Svet village.
No. 5. Juniper Grove + Cape Kapchik
A phenomenon of pristine nature. A relic of past flora geological epochs. A resilient ecosystem that originates from the pre-Glacial Tertiary period. The preservation of relict plants is ensured by the shape of the amphitheater of the mountains, as if hugging the Novosvetskoe tract. In natural ecological niche The New World preserved groves of tall juniper, prickly juniper, Stankevich pine and more than 30 rare endemic plants. Juniper woodlands of the New World are considered the largest in Europe and have great scientific, aesthetic and environmental significance.
Age limit: 18+
If you've read anything about wine, attended some tastings, or just talked to knowledgeable people, you have probably heard about the so-called Old World and New World wines, and also about the fact that they have absolutely different styles. Today we’ll talk about how they differ and whether they always differ.
What is the Old World?
The Old World usually includes European countries whose populations have been engaged in winemaking for many hundreds of years. First of all, these are France, Italy, Spain, Germany, Austria. None of these countries can boast tropical climate; Moreover, in Germany, Austria, as well as in a number of places in France and Italy, the climate is very cool. But it is the climate/microclimate that largely determines the style of wine.
What is the New World?
This concept includes countries such as Chile, New Zealand, Australia, Argentina, South Africa, USA (especially California). This also includes countries that are more “exotic” from the point of view of winemaking - for example, Brazil, whose wine, however, is not sold in Russia. The climate in these countries is warm, and often even downright hot, tropical. However, there are exception regions: as a rule, those located in mountainous areas.
So what is the difference between New and Old World wines?
IN general outline it can be described like this:
- Wines from New World countries are characterized by a lower level of acidity (all other things being equal).
- The New World is characterized by a bright “fruitiness”.
- The Old World is characterized by great minerality.
- The Old World is characterized by more “slender”, “graceful”, “subtle” and “elegant” wines. Sometimes epithets such as sonorous and shrill wine may be appropriate, while in the case of the New World adjectives such as lush, powerful, concentrated will be more often used. On the other hand, these epithets are also suitable for a number of great Old World wines.
Exceptions
There are exceptions to any rule, and in our case there can be a considerable number of exceptions. For example, some wines from South Africa and Argentina can be very similar in style to French ones - they can have quite high acidity, they can be quite restrained, subtle and elegant. Of course, these same epithets can also be applied to some wines from Chile, Australia, the USA and a number of other countries.
Pairs for studying contrasts:
- Chilean Pinot Noir - powerful and solid (for example, Montes Outer Limits) vs Burgundy, Austrian or Italian Pinot Noir.
- Sauvignon Blanc from the Loire Valley (such as the Sancerre or Pouilly-Fume appellations) vs New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc.
- Australian Shiraz (eg from Penfolds) vs French Syrah (for example, from the Rhone Valley - say, E.Guigal, if we are focusing on a fairly high price segment).
- Chilean Cabernet Sauvignon vs red Bordeaux (the differences are well understood in the case of wines from the middle segment - within 700 rubles).
- Chilean Chardonnay vs Chablis (France) or Austrian Morillon (Morillon is a synonym for Chardonnay).
Are there any other differences?
Yes. For example, in the Old World there are more wines that are very capable long time stored and developed in bottles. In the New World, there are perhaps fewer such wines, and they require less time to develop and “ripen”.
Another difference is the prices; New World wines are often cheaper than Old World wines of similar quality.
In conclusion, I would like to note that one cannot say: “the New World style is worse” or “the New World style is rougher.” To different people I like different wines, and it’s good that there are now huge selection wines - for every taste. And we must not forget that the New World also has magnificent and elegant wines that are superior to many of their Old World competitors.
Although this sounds somewhat paradoxical, the discovery of the New World marked the emergence of the Old. Five centuries have passed since then, but the Old World is a concept that is still used to this day. What meaning was put into it before? What does it mean today?
Definition of the term
The Old World is that part of the land that was known to Europeans before the discovery of the American continent. The division was conditional and was based on the position of the lands relative to the sea. Merchants and travelers believed that there were three parts of the world: Europe, Asia, Africa. Europe lies in the north, Africa in the south, and Asia in the east. Subsequently, when data on the geographical division of the continents became more accurate and complete, it was found that only Africa is a separate continent. However, entrenched views turned out to be not so easy to defeat, and all 3 continued to be traditionally mentioned separately.
Sometimes the name Afro-Eurasia is used to define the territorial area of the Old World. In fact, this is the largest continental massif - a supercontinent. It is home to approximately 85 percent of the planet's total population.
A period of time
When talking about the Old World, they often mean more than just a specific geographical location. These words carry information about a specific historical period, culture and discoveries made then. It's about about the Renaissance, when medieval asceticism and theocentrism were replaced by the ideas of natural philosophy and experimental science.
A person's attitude towards the world around him changes. Gradually, from the toys of a whole host of gods who have the power to dispose human life according to his whims and caprices, a person begins to feel like the master of his earthly home. He strives for new knowledge, which leads to a number of discoveries. Attempts are being made to explain the structure of the surrounding world using mechanics. Are improving measuring instruments, including navigation. It is already possible to trace the origins of such natural sciences, like physics, chemistry, biology and astronomy, which replace alchemy and astrology.
The changes that took place then gradually prepared the ground for expanding the boundaries known world. They served as a prerequisite for the discovery of new lands. Brave travelers set off to unknown lands, and their stories inspired even more daring and risky ventures.
The Historical Voyage of Christopher Columbus
In August 1492, three well-equipped ships under the command of Christopher Columbus sailed from Palos harbor to India. It was a year but famous discoverer I never knew that I had discovered a continent previously unknown to Europeans. He was sincerely confident that he had completed all four expeditions to India.
The journey from the Old World to new lands took three months. Unfortunately, it was neither cloudless, nor romantic, nor selfless. The admiral had difficulty keeping his subordinate sailors from mutiny on the first voyage, and the main driving force to open new territories there was greed, thirst for power and vanity. These ancient vices, brought from the Old World, subsequently brought much suffering and grief to the inhabitants of the American continent and nearby islands.
I didn’t get what I wanted either. Going on his first voyage, he prudently tried to protect himself and ensure his future. He insisted on concluding a formal agreement, according to which he received noble title, the rank of admiral and viceroy of the newly discovered lands, as well as a percentage of the income received from the above lands. And although the year of the discovery of America was supposed to be a ticket to a prosperous future for the discoverer, after some time Columbus fell out of favor and died in poverty, not receiving what was promised.
A New World Appears
Meanwhile, ties between Europe and the New World grew stronger. Trade was established, the development of lands lying inland began, claims were formed various countries The era of colonization began on these lands. And with the advent of the concept “New World”, the stable expression “Old World” began to be used in terminology. After all, before the discovery of America, the need for this simply did not arise.
Interestingly, the traditional division into the Old and New Worlds has remained unchanged. At the same time, Oceania and Antarctica, unknown during the Middle Ages, are not taken into account today.
For decades, the New World has been associated with a new and better life. The American continent was where thousands of settlers sought to reach. But they retained their native places in their memory. The Old World is traditions, origins and roots. Prestigious education, exciting cultural travels, historical monuments- this is still associated today with European countries, with the countries of the Old World.
Wine lists replace geographical ones
If in the field of geography terminology, including the division of continents into the New and Old Worlds, is already a relatively rare phenomenon, then among winemakers such definitions are still held in high esteem. Exist set expressions: “Old World wines” and “New World wines”. The difference between these drinks is not only in the place where the grapes are grown and the location of the winery. They are rooted in the same differences that are characteristic of the continents.
Thus, Old World wines, mostly produced in France, Italy, Spain, Germany and Austria, are distinguished by their traditional taste and subtle elegant bouquet. And the New World wines, for which Chile, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand are famous, are brighter, with obvious fruity notes, but somewhat lacking in sophistication.
The Old World in the modern sense
Today, the term “Old World” is mainly applied to states located in Europe. In the overwhelming majority of cases, neither Asia nor, especially, Africa are taken into account. So, depending on the context, the expression “Old World” may include either three whole parts of the world, or only European states.
Europeans traditionally referred to the concept of the Old World as two continents - Eurasia and Africa, i.e. only those that were known before the discovery of the two Americas, and to the New World - North and South America. These designations quickly became fashionable and became widespread. The terms quickly became very comprehensive; they referred not only to the geographical known and unknown worlds. The Old World began to be called anything well-known, traditional or conservative, the New World - anything fundamentally new, little-studied, revolutionary.In biology, flora and fauna are also usually divided geographically into gifts of the Old and New Worlds. But unlike the traditional interpretation of the term, the New World biologically includes the plants and animals of Australia.
Later Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania and whole line islands in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. They did not enter the New World and were designated by the broad term Southern Lands. At the same time, the term Unknown South Land– theoretical continent on South Pole. The ice continent was discovered only in 1820 and also did not become part of the New World. Thus, the terms Old and New World refer not so much to geographical concepts, how much to the historical border “before and after” the discovery and development of the American continents.
Old World and New World: winemaking
Today, the terms Old and New Worlds in a geographical sense are used only by historians. These concepts have acquired a new meaning in winemaking to designate the founding countries of the wine industry and countries developing in this direction. The Old World traditionally includes all European states, Georgia, Armenia, Iraq, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine. To the New World - India, China, Japan, the countries of North, South America and Africa, as well as Australia and Oceania.For example, Georgia and Italy are associated with wine, France with Champagne and Cognac, Ireland with whiskey, Switzerland and Great Britain with Scotland with absinthe, and Mexico is considered the ancestor of tequila.
In 1878, on the territory of Crimea, Prince Lev Golitsyn founded the production of sparkling wines, which was called “New World”, and later a resort grew around it, which is also called “New World”. The picturesque bay annually receives crowds of tourists who want to relax on the shores of the Black Sea, taste the famous New World wines and champagne, take a walk through the grottoes, bays and protected juniper grove. In addition, the same name settlements there are in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.
Geography translated from ancient Greek - “records about the Earth”. This is a teaching about planet Earth, the people who inhabit it, and the relationship between people and their environment. Geography is divided into 2 fundamental parts: physical - the science of the earth's landscape, and economic geography - the science of people and how and where they live. In turn, both of these areas are divided into narrower sections human knowledge.
Already in distant antiquity, physiographic ideas arose. Philosophers have tried to explain certain natural phenomena that could be observed on the globe. With the development of the capabilities of science in general, it has now received new round development. Physical geography is the study of the geographical envelope of the Earth, as well as its parts. The main branches of physical geography include geosciences and landscape science. In the Geography section we study general patterns structures and formation geographic envelope Earth. And in the landscape science section, complex natural and natural-anthropogenic geosystems of various ranks are studied. Physical geography also includes studies such as paleogeography. Another interesting fact is that it includes sciences that study individual elements natural environment. These are sciences such as geomorphology - the science of all the irregularities of the land, the ocean floor, their age, origin and much more; , which studies changes globe; land hydrology, land waters: various rivers, etc.; oceanology - examines the interaction of the ocean and atmosphere; glaciology - the science of forms of ice formation and snow cover; geocryology, the study of frozen soils rocks, their composition and structure; geography soil science about the patterns of soil distribution on earth's crust; biogeography - studies the distribution of animal life on the earth's crust and the characteristics of fauna and flora. Each individual science from the above may relate to one of the natural sciences. Let us give: geomorphology refers to geology, biogeography to, etc. It is worth noting that Physiography is closely related to cartography - a science that studies the relationship between society, objects and natural phenomena, and economic geography.
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Geography– a system of social and natural sciences that study natural and industrial territorial complexes and components. Such a unification of disciplines within one science is a close relationship between the community scientific problem and objects being studied.
Initially it was a kind of encyclopedic body of knowledge about, different areas, population. Subsequently, based on this knowledge, the system geographical sciences. The process of differentiation influenced the division of science, i.e. on the one hand, on the study of natural components (climate, soil,), economy (industry), population, and on the other hand, on the need synthetic study territorial combinations of these components. The system distinguishes: - physical-geographical, or which can include physical (landscape science, land tenure, paleogeography), geomorphology, climatology, land hydrology, oceanology, glaciology, geocryology, biogeography and soil geography; - public geographical, i.e. regional and general economical geography, geography of economic sectors ( Agriculture, industry, transport), population geography and political geography; - cartography, which is technical science, but at the same time included in this system due to the commonality of the main tasks and goals with other geographical sciences; - regional studies, which studies the integration of information about nature, economy and population in individual regions and; - in addition to geographical sciences in unified system Geography also includes other disciplines, mainly of an applied nature - military geography and medical geography. At the same time, many geographical disciplines belong, to one degree or another, to other systems of sciences (biological, economic, geological), due to the absence of sharp boundaries between the sciences. Along with common goals, each discipline included in geography studies its own object, which is known different methods necessary for a comprehensive and in-depth study. All sciences have their general theoretical and regional parts and application sections. The latter are sometimes united under the name “applied geography”, but do not form an independent science. Geographical disciplines in their conclusions rely on research materials carried out by stationary and expeditionary methods and accompanied by mapping.
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The Middle Ages gave the world many wonderful travelers who, through their work, increased people's knowledge about the world. Among the outstanding navigators who recorded their names in history is the great Italian Amerigo Vespucci.
It was Amerigo Vespucci who first explored and described the land that became known as South America. He provided evidence that South America is not Asia, to which Columbus sought to shorten his route, but a completely new and previously unknown continent in Europe.
The Florentine explorer and cosmographer was born on March 9, 1454 in the family of a public notary. From his uncle, a learned monk at St. Mark's, he managed to obtain excellent education. Vespucci for a long time studied physics, astronomy and geography.
The traveler's first voyage to South America occurred in 1499 with Alonso de Ojeda. The expedition followed a route derived from Columbus's map. As a result of the journey, two hundred Indians were taken into slavery.
Amerigo Vespucci's second voyage to South America took place at the invitation of King Manuel I, from the spring of 1501 to September 1502. Immediately after that, he sailed for another year to new lands under the command of Gonzalo Coelho.
It is worth noting that in his first voyages Vespucci held the position of non-manager
In 1492, this man discovered America, thanks to expeditions equipped by Catholic kings. Christopher made four expeditions, which required a lot of strength and perseverance. All expeditions were successful and new ways for countries to interact with each other.
Christopher Columbus became the first to cross Atlantic Ocean and swam in the waters Caribbean Sea. This navigator discovered the Greater and Lesser Antilles, as well as the island of Trinidad.
As part of his first expedition in 1492, Columbus discovered the islands of Cuba, Haiti, and the Bahemian Islands. However, the navigator considered them new lands East Asia. Later, the development of the lands first discovered by Columbus began.
During the second expedition (1493-1494), Columbus discovered several more islands. Specifically Puerto Rico. Cuba and Jamaica were explored.
In 1498, during the third expedition, Trinidad was discovered by ships led by Columbus.
During last expedition Columbus discovered the coast Central America. At that time, he already knew that the lands he had seen before were not Indian or Chinese.
Christopher Columbus ended his life in Spain in 1509. His remains were buried first in Seville and then transported to the West Indies. However, over time, the remains of the great traveler returned to Spain. Now in Seville cathedral there is the tomb of the great navigator.
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