Noble title in England 3 letters crossword puzzle. About the titles of the English nobility

(There may be INACCURACIES, because I didn’t have enough time to check, but since I didn’t find anything more well-constructed, I’m using this article)
Taken from http://www.diary.ru/~MasterGans/p146357633.htm?oam

Noble titles. Middle Ages.

Emperor
Emperor, lat., in Republican Rome, an honorary title given to a victorious commander, first to Scipio Africanus; from Augustus and especially from the 2nd century - the ruler of the state. The title disappeared in the west with the fall of the west. Roman Empire 476, but survived in the east. the Roman Empire before its fall. It was restored in the west by Charlemagne 800, who was crowned in Rome. The German kings bore the title of I. of the Holy Roman Empire, at first only when they were crowned in Rome (starting with Otto I 962). In Russia, Peter V. adopted the title I. 1721, and since then it has been worn by Russian monarchs. 1804 Franz 1 of Austria took the title of “Apostolic I.”; it is also worn by his heirs. 1809-89 the empire was Brazil, 1804-14 and 1852-70 France; since 1871 the King of Prussia has held the title of I. of Germany, since 1876 the Queen of Great Britain has at the same time been the Empress of India; Since 1877, the Turkish Sultan has held the title of I. Ottomans. The title of I. is also given to the rulers of China, Japan, Siam, Abyssinia, and Morocco; it also existed for a short time on the island of Haiti and Mexico.
Latin - Imperator, Imperatrix
Greek - Autokrator
English - Emperor, Empress
German - Kaiser, Kaiserin
French - Empereur, Imperatrice
Spanish - Emperador, Emperatriz
English - Tsar, Tsarina

King, Queen

The word “king” itself is relatively new and appeared only after the reign of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor of the German nation. Actually, the word comes from his name: Karl (lat. Carolus). In addition, we can assume that the word goes back to the ancient German “Kuning”, which comes from the words “kuni, kunne” (elder of the clan), and even further to the Greek “genos”. In addition, the origin uses the Latin rex (f. - "regina" = "king and priest", derived from the word "reg" (something from priestly rites). Hence the French "roi".
Address: Your Majesty
Latin - Rex, Regina
Greek - Basileus
English - King, Queen
German - Koenig, Koenigin
French - Roi, Reine
Spanish - Rey, Reina
Portuguese - Rei, Reiha
Romanian - Regele, Raina
Bulgarian - Tsar
Norwegian - Konge, Dronning
Danish - Konge, Dronning
Swedish - Konung, Drotning
Dutch - Koning, Koningin
Irish - Ri, Rigan (High-King = Ard Ri)

Prince, princess

One of the highest titles of representatives of the aristocracy. Currently, the correspondence of the term “prince” in Western European languages is used both in a generalized abstract sense (“sovereign”, “monarch”, and in several specific meanings. The female version of the title is princess, but princesses are also called the wives of princes.
The etymology of the word is similar to the Latin title "princeps" (princeps - first, chief). Initially, in the European tradition, the heirs of kings/dukes were called this way, then “princes of the blood” appeared, and in France the title became a full-fledged noble title (princes of Condé and Conti). In a number of states, the heirs to the throne bear not just the title of prince, but the title of prince of a certain province (Prince of Wales in England, Prince of Asturias in Spain). It is curious that in France the heir to the throne bore the title of Dauphin, which was associated with the acquisition of the Dauphiné region by the future French king Charles V de Valois in 1349 (formed on the territory of the Kingdom of Burgundy. The center was the county of Viennois). Dauphine became the apanage of the heirs to the throne, who adopted the title and coat of arms of the Dauphins of Vienne. The title of Dauphine was assigned by the Counts of Vienne before the sale of the plot to the French, and the name of the land came from the title.
Address: Your Highness
Latin - Princeps
English - Prince, Princess
French - Prince, Princesse
German - Prinz, Prinzessin; Fuerst, Fuerstin
Italian - Principe, Principessa
Spanish - Principe, Princesa
Portuguese - Principe, Princeza

The head of a feudal monarchical state or a separate political entity (appanage prince) in the 9th-16th centuries among the Slavs and some other peoples; representative of the feudal aristocracy; later - the highest noble title, depending on the importance, equated to a prince or duke in Western and Southern Europe, in Central Europe (the former Holy Roman Empire), this title is called Fürst, and in Northern Europe - konung. The term "prince" is used to convey Western European titles going back to princeps and Fürst, also sometimes dux (usually duke).
Grand Duke (Princess) is a noble title in Russia for members of the royal family.
Princess is the wife of a prince, as well as the actual title of a female person of the noble class, knyazhich is the son of a prince (only among the Slavs), princess is the daughter of a prince.

Russian - Knyaz, Knyazhna

Grand Duke

English - Grand Duke, Grand Duchess
German - Grossherzog, Grossherzogin
French - Grand Duc, Grande Duchesse
Italian - Gran-duca, Gran-duca

(old German herizogo "der vor dem Heer zieht" - "walking before the army" the dukes were relatives of the royal family, only they could have this title. That is, all dukes are members of the royal family. Derived from the German herz (lord, master, perhaps . leader) - this is how German leaders called themselves.; The other series (duc, duke) comes from the Latin word dux, which meant exactly the same thing. In Western Europe during the early Middle Ages - a tribal prince, during the period of feudal fragmentation - a large territorial ruler ( in the system of the military fief hierarchy, Germany occupied second place after the king); with the elimination of feudal fragmentation - one of the highest noble titles. In addition, there is the title of Archduke (the title of members of the Austrian royal family), the origin of which is simple: the prefix erz (first, highest ) and the word Herzog
Address: Your Grace
Latin-Dux
English - Duke, Duchess
German - Herzog, Herzogin
French - Duc, Duchesse
Italian - Duca, Duchesa
Spanish - Duque, Duquesa
Portuguese - Duque, Duqueza

Marquis

novolat. marquensis, French marquis, italian marchese
1) in the Carolingian Empire the same as margrave.
2) In medieval France and Italy (from the 10th century) a major feudal lord, whose position on the hierarchical ladder was between the duke and the count.
3) Hereditary title of nobility in a number of Western European states (France, Italy, Spain).
Counts who had served the king in the service of the king usually became marquises.
Address: Your Lordship, my Lord.
English - Marquess, Marchioness
German - Markgraf, Markgrѕfin (in English, Margrave, Margravine)
French - Marquis, Marquise
Italian - Marchese, Marchesa
Spanish - Marques, Marquesa
Portuguese - Marquez, Marqueza

Graf; lat. comes (lit.: "companion", French comte, English earl or count) English earl (from Scandinavian jarl (jarl)) originally denoted a senior official, but since the time of the Norman kings it has become an honorary title.
(German Graf, English Earl, French comte, Latin comes), originally the name of an official in the Frankish state and in England. G. were appointed by the king, but by the decree of Charles the Bald (Kersian Capitulary 877), G.'s position and possessions became hereditary; G. turned into a feudal owner. (Margrave, Landgrave and Palatine). With the fall of feudalism, the title of G. became an honorary family title. The English earl originally denoted a senior official, but since the time of the Norman kings it has become an honorary title. In Russia, the title of count was introduced by Peter V.; the first G. was B. N. Sheremetyev. Count families use the title of lordship and are included in. Part V of the noble genealogy book.
Title: my lord
Latin - Comes, Comitissa
English - Earl, Countess
German - Graf, Graefin; Landgraf, Landgraefin (In English, Landgrave, Landgravine); Pfalzgraf, Pfalzgraefin (In English, Count-Palatine, Countess-Palatine)
French - Comte, Comtesse
Italian - Conte, Contessa
Spanish - Conde, Condesa
Portuguese - Conde, Condeza
Swedish - Greve, Grevinde
Danish - Greve Grevinde
Dutch - Graaf, Graafin
Irish - Ard Tiarna, Bantiarna
Hungarian - Groef, Groefin

Actually the Count's viceroy. It first came into use in France, from where the Normans brought it to England. A member of the European nobility, intermediate between a baron and an earl. A British viscount, a rank above a baron but below a British duke. A French viscount ranks higher than a baron (baron) but lower than a French count (comte). The same is true in all countries of the European continent where there is the title of Viscount. Viscount was first recorded as a rank of the British peerage in 1440, when John Beaumont, 1st Viscount Beaumont, was created as such by King Henry VI.
Title: for example Viscount Little
English - Viscount, Viscountess
French - Vicomte, Vicomtesse
Italian - Visconte, Viscontessa
Spanish - Vizconde, Vizcondesa
Portuguese - Vizconde, Vizcondeza

(from Late Lat. baro - a word of Germanic origin with the original meaning - person, man), in Western Europe a direct vassal of the king, later a noble title (woman - baroness). The title of B. in England (where it remains to this day) is lower than the title of Viscount, occupying the last place in the hierarchy of titles of the highest nobility (in a broader sense, all the English high nobility, hereditary members of the House of Lords, belong to B.); in France and Germany this title was lower than the count's. In the Russian Empire, the title B. was introduced by Peter I for the German nobility of the Baltic states. the title of baron in England (where it remains to this day) is a title of a junior peer and is located in the hierarchical system below the title of viscount, occupying the last place in the hierarchy of titles of the highest nobility (peers).
Title: Baron.
English - Baron, Baroness
German - Baron, Baronin; Freiherr, Freifrau
French - Baron, Baronne
Italian - Barone, Baronessa
Spanish - Baron, Baronesa
Portugese - Baron, Baroneza
Irish - Tiarna, Bantiarna

Hereditary title of nobility in England. Introduced in 1611. B. occupy a middle position between the highest nobility and the lower nobility. The title of baronet, as already mentioned, arose initially as one of the degrees of knighthood. The title was created by James I in 1611 to raise money for the defense of Ulster through the sale of patents. Subsequently (under George IV) the title ceased to be knightly. However, its owner has the right to be addressed as Sir, and to distinguish baronets from knights, the letters Bt are placed after their name: Sir Percival Glyde, Bt. Neither a baronet nor a peer, however, this title is inherited.

Esquire (Chevalier)

The youngest son in a noble family who owned land. Formally, they were not considered nobility and were not included in high society. However, at the same time, they were persons of blue blood and were still nobles.
(English esquire, from Latin scutarius - shield-bearer), in early Middle Ages England, a knight's squire, then the holder of a knightly fief, who did not have knightly dignity. In the late Middle Ages and modern times, E. was an honorary title of nobility. In everyday use the term "E." often used interchangeably with the term "gentleman".
Title: Lord, Chevalier

We will talk about the French titular system, that is, the one that was widespread in the territory of the “Kingdom of France” from the Middle Ages until 1871.
It should be noted that feudal lords can be divided into three categories. Firstly, overlords, i.e. the supreme lords of a territory (state), who had full power on it, sometimes equal to royal power. These are dukes and major counts. Secondly, domain owners, i.e. land holdings that are the full personal property of the feudal lord. Thirdly, the owners of benefices, i.e. lifelong estates granted for service and owners of fiefs - hereditary estates granted for service.
Moreover, all the feudal lords listed above could be counts, dukes, barons, etc. That is, the count could be an overlord (County of Flanders), and the owner of his domain (de la Fere), and a feudal lord who received a beneficiary or fief from the king (de Broglie).

The highest title in France was roi. In Russian the word "roi" is translated as "king" (on behalf of Charlemagne).

The highest “non-crowned” title in the kingdom was duce (duke), translated into Russian as “duke”. Interestingly, in Italian this word is read as “Duce”. Obviously, both words go back to the Latin "ducěre" - "to lead", and the original meaning of the French "duce" is identical to the modern meaning of the same word in Italian. Apparently the title itself arose back in Carolingian times, when the future French, Germans and Italians were subjects of one king (later the emperor), and meant nothing more than the leader of the tribe.

The next title in the French hierarchy was the title marquis (marquis). The word "mark" had the meaning of "borderland, border land", and later came to mean a border administrative unit in the empire of Charlemagne - a mark. Accordingly, this is the imperial/royal viceroy in the mark. The German title "markgraf" (margrave) has a similar etymology.

Next in the feudal hierarchy was the comte (count). The word itself comes from the name of the territorial unit. This was the name of an imperial or royal employee, endowed with full administrative and judicial power in a certain territory (i.e. in his county). The term denoting an official of the spiritual-knightly order - komtur - has a similar etymology.

In addition to ordinary graphs, there were also their deputies vicomte (vi-comte). Literally this is “vice count”. In the later period, such a title, taking into account the rules of primogeniture, was borne by the younger sons of marquises and counts and their descendants.

The next title was the title baron (baron). This title was borne by feudal lords who owned their own domain and had vassals subordinate to them, themselves being vassals directly to the king. Perhaps this is the least common title in France (it was more common in Germany - “Freiherr” and early England - “Baron”).

However, there were nobles without domains. It was they who, while performing military service, made up a large layer of knighthood. For their service, they received from their suzerain a lifelong beneficiary or hereditary fief. The etymology of the French chevalier (chevalier, cavalier) is interesting: the title of knight goes back to his occupation - service in the feudal army as a heavily armed horseman. Accordingly, elevation to knighthood was initially tantamount to acceptance into such service. Knights, as is known, served for benefices - most often for the right to conditionally hold land as a feud - and therefore did not have titles until they received the land in full possession. In addition, the layer of knighthood was heterogeneous, and the actual status of a knight depended on the status of his overlord.

Monsieur De...

Basically, the prefix “de” (from) designated any nobleman of the kingdom. But there were nobles who did not even have the title of chevalier. It would be unfair not to mention them: equier (ecuye) - squires. The word originally meant “dressing.” This was the name given to the personally independent children of the nobility who did not have the opportunity to outfit and equip themselves. The squire had the opportunity by courage in battle to win the right to own a benefice or fief. Were there any squires who, for one reason or another, did not receive land or title? They remained simply “Monsieur de...”. Over time, they merged with the Chevalier. In the English title system they retained the name “esquire”.

German titles of nobility

Let us now consider all the titles of nobility in Germany at the beginning of the 1st World War.
The highest title of the empire was, of course, the title Kaiser. This word comes from the Latin word “caesar” (Caesar, Caesar), which does not need unnecessary comments. So the title “Kaiser” is quite legitimately translated into Russian as “emperor”.
Following the imperial title came the title König. In Old German, the word sounded like the well-known “Kuning” (kuning, king), and meant “high-born”. In Russian the word "König" is translated as "king".
The highest "non-crowned" title in the empire was Herzog (duke). The word comes from the Old German "Herizogo", meaning "leader". This is what the ancient Germans called their military leaders. During the empire, the dukes were the military governors of the emperors in large areas (including several counties), and often this was the area of settlement of one tribe.

The German word Fürst is translated as “prince,” which is not entirely correct. The word "Fürst" comes from the ancient German "virst", meaning "first" (Anglo-Saxon "first". The title itself arose in imperial times and designated the highest nobility of the empire. Subsequently, it was assigned to those of its representatives who were not kings or dukes Thus, the translation “boyar” suggests itself.

There is a derivative of this title - Kurfürst (Kufurst), given in our literature without translation. We already know what “Fürst” means, and “kur-” means “choice”. The fact is that after the fall of the Swabian Staufen dynasty at the end of the 13th century, emperors of the Holy Roman Empire began to be elected. But only a narrow circle of the highest nobles of the empire (i.e., the Fuersts), endowed with the corresponding right, took part in the elections. In Latin texts (chronicles, etc.) these nobles were called “elector” - “voter”. In German their title was "Kurfürst".

Next in the German feudal hierarchy was the Graf (count). The word itself comes from the Greek “γραθιος” (graphios) - “scribe”. This was the name given to an imperial or royal employee, endowed with full administrative and judicial power in a certain territory (i.e., in his county). In addition to ordinary graphs, there were also mark- and palatine-counts.

The word "Mark" meant "borderland, border land", and later came to designate a border administrative unit. And Markgraf (margrave), accordingly, is the imperial/royal governor of the mark. The French title marquis (marquis) has a similar etymology.

As for the word Pfalz (palatinate), it comes from the Latin “palatium” - “palace”, and meant a temporary royal or imperial residence. It must be said that the kings of the early Middle Ages, as a rule, did not have permanent residences (states did not have capitals, as such). Instead, the kings preferred to alternately use several temporary residences in different parts of the country - this was justified primarily by considerations of military organization. Accordingly, in the absence of the king (emperor), all affairs in such a residence were managed by his representative, who bore the title Pfalzgraf (palatine count).

As such, the title Baron did not exist in Germany. The Russian fashion of calling all Germans barons came from Peter the Great, who began calling almost all Baltic Germans barons. In Western Europe in the Middle Ages, this was a direct vassal of the king, and the term was rather a collective one. This title was borne by feudal lords who owned their own fief and had vassals under their command. Met in Austria among the Hungarian nobility.

The lowest title in the German feudal hierarchy was Freiherr. This is what all German nobles, known among us as “barons,” wear. Literally "Freiherr" is translated as "free master". The owners of their own patrimony (domain), in contrast to the holders of estates (fiefs), could have a similar status.

With the formation of the feudal system, the concept of “title” necessarily included a relation to a specific inherited land holding. Therefore, any title in the Empire included the preposition "von" (from) and the name of the possession. In France, the preposition "de" served the same purpose.

However, there were nobles without possessions. It was they who, while performing military service, made up a large layer of knighthood. Interestingly, the Russian word "knight" directly comes from the German title Ritter (ritter). That's what they were called in the Empire. The name itself has common roots with the word "Reiter" - rider. Interestingly, the French “chevalier” (chevalier, gentleman) has the same etymology. That is, the title of knights goes back to their occupation - service in the feudal army as heavily armed horsemen. Accordingly, elevation to knighthood was initially tantamount to acceptance into such service. Knights, as is known, served for benefices - most often for the right to conditionally hold land as a feud - and therefore did not have titles until they received the land in full possession. In addition, the layer of knighthood was heterogeneous, and the actual status of a knight depended on the status of his overlord. The greatest honor was enjoyed by the “imperial knights” - vassals directly of the Kaiser. Others were less respected. But in any case, there were practically no “nobody’s” knights, and the title of knight contained a mention of his overlord: Ritter des Herzog von Bayern - knight of the Duke of Bavaria, for example. Members of knightly orders had a special position. On the territory of the Empire, the most significant was the Deutsche Orden (Deutsche Order), known to us as the “Teutonic” or “German”.

Noble titles of Byzantium

Basileus - Emperor
Augusta - the official title of the Byzantine empress
Caesar - in Byzantium until the end of the 11th century. the highest secular title after the imperial. Frequently complained to the presumed heirs to the throne
Vasileopator (lit. “father of the emperor”) is the highest title created by the emperor. Constantine VII
Kuropalat - one of the most important titles in the Byzantine hierarchy, usually complained to the emperor's closest relatives and high-ranking foreigners
Sinkel - a title most often complained to the highest spiritual nobility of the capital and provinces; its holders were part of the synclite
Parakimomen - chief sleeper, a title usually granted to eunuchs
Stratilates is a very ambiguous title, denoting a military leader of very high rank.
Master is one of the highest titles in the table of ranks, usually not associated with the performance of certain functions
Patricius - a high title in the Byzantine hierarchy
Zosta patricia - title of the court lady under the empress, head of the empress's bedroom
Anfipat - a high title in the Byzantine table of ranks
Rector is an honorary title not usually associated with the performance of any specific functions.
Protospatharius - a title of medium dignity, usually complained to the military
Spafarocandidate - visa. title of relatively low rank

England - title precedence system
Since each title is described above, I will only show the hierarchy.
Dukes (of England, then Scotland, Great Britain, Ireland, the United Kingdom and Ireland)
Eldest sons of dukes of royal blood
Marquises (same seniority)
Eldest sons of dukes
Graphs
Younger sons of dukes of royal blood
Eldest sons of the marquises
Younger sons of dukes
Viscounts
Earls' eldest sons
Younger sons of the marquises
Bishops
Barons
Eldest sons of viscounts
Younger sons of counts
Eldest sons of the barons
Younger sons of the barons
Sons of life barons
Baronets
Knights of the Orders (except for the Order of the Garter - it is higher)
Knights who are not members of the Orders
Exquires
Squires

"Ladder" of titles

At the very top is the royal family (with its own hierarchy).
Next, in order of importance of titles, are:

Princes - Your Highness, Your Serene Highness
Dukes - Your Grace, Duke/Duchess
Marquises - My Lord/Milady, Marquis/Marquise (mention in conversation - Lord/Lady)
Eldest sons of dukes
Dukes' Daughters
Counts - My Lord/Milady, Your Highness (mention in conversation - Lord/Lady)
Eldest sons of the marquises
Daughters of the Marquises
Younger sons of dukes
Viscounts - My Lord/Milady, Your Grace (mention in conversation - Lord/Lady)
Earls' eldest sons
Younger sons of the marquises
Barons - My Lord/Milady, Your Grace (mention in conversation - Lord/Lady)
Eldest sons of viscounts
Younger sons of counts
Eldest sons of the barons
Younger sons of viscounts
Younger sons of the barons
Baronets - Sir
Eldest sons of younger sons of peers
Eldest sons of baronets
Younger sons of baronets

The eldest son of the title holder is his direct heir.

The eldest son of a duke, marquis or earl receives a "courtesy title" - the eldest from the list of titles belonging to the father (usually the road to the title passed through several lower titles, which then "remained in the family". Usually this is the next most senior title (for example , the heir of a duke is a marquess), but not necessarily. In the general hierarchy, the place of the sons of the title holder was determined by the title of their father, and not by their "courtesy title".
The eldest son of a duke, marquess, earl or viscount comes immediately after the holder of the title next in seniority to his father's title. (see "Ladder of titles"

Thus, the heir of a duke always stands immediately behind the marquis, even if his “courtesy title” is only that of count.

The younger sons of dukes and marquises are lords.

In the vast majority of cases, the title holder was a man. In exceptional cases, a title could belong to a woman if the title allowed transmission through the female line. This was an exception to the rule. Mostly women's titles - all these countesses, marquises, etc. - are “courtesy titles” and do not entitle the holder to the privileges accorded to the holder of the title. A woman became a countess by marrying a count; marquise, marrying a marquis; etc.

In the general hierarchy, the wife occupies a place determined by the title of her husband. You can say that she is standing on the same step of the stairs as her husband, right behind him.

Note: You should pay attention to the following nuance: For example, there are marquises, wives of marquises and marquises, wives of the eldest sons of dukes (who have the “courtesy title” of marquis, see section Sons). So, the former always occupy a higher position than the latter (again, the position of the wife is determined by the position of the husband, and the marquis, the son of a duke, always ranks below the marquis as such).

Women are title holders “by right.”

In some cases, the title could be inherited through the female line. There could be two options here.
1. The woman became, as it were, the custodian of the title, then passing it on to her eldest son. If there was no son, the title, under the same conditions, passed to the next female heir to then be transferred to her son... At the birth of a male heir, the title passed to him.
2. A woman received the title “in her own right.” In this case, she became the owner of the title. However, unlike male title holders, the woman did not receive the right to sit in the House of Lords along with this title, and hold positions associated with this title.

If a woman got married, then her husband did not receive the title (both in the first and second cases).

Note: Who occupies a higher position, the Baroness "in her own right" or the Baron's wife? After all, the title of the first belongs directly to her, and the second enjoys the “title of courtesy.”
According to Debrett, a woman's position is entirely determined by that of her father or husband, unless the woman has the title "in her own right." In this case, her position is determined by the title itself. Thus, of the two baronesses, the one whose barony is older is higher in position. (two title holders are compared).

In the literature, in relation to the widows of titled aristocrats, you can often find a kind of prefix to the title - Dowager, i.e. Dowager. Can every widow be called a "Widower"? No.

Example. The widow of the fifth Earl of Chatham may be called the Dowager Countess of Chatham if the following conditions are simultaneously met:
1. The next Earl of Chatham became the direct heir of her late husband (i.e. his son, grandson, etc.)
2. If there is no other Dowager Countess of Chatham alive (for example, the widow of the fourth Earl, the father of her late husband).
In all other cases, she is Mary, Countess of Chatham, i.e. name + title of her late husband. For example, if she is the widow of a count, but the widow of her husband's father is still alive. Or if after the death of her husband his nephew became the count.

If the current holder of the title is not yet married, then the widow of the previous holder of the title continues to be called Countess of Chatham (for example), and becomes "Dowager" (if eligible) after the current holder of the title marries and a new Countess of Chatham is created.

How is the position of a widow in society determined? - By the title of her late husband. Thus, the widow of the 4th Earl of Chatham is higher in position than the wife of the 5th Earl of Chatham. Moreover, the age of women does not play any role here.

If a widow remarries, her position is determined by that of her new husband.

Daughters of dukes, marquises and counts occupy the next step in the hierarchy after the eldest son in the family (if there is one) and his wife (if there is one). They stand above all other sons in the family.
The daughter of a Duke, Marquis or Earl receives the courtesy title "Lady". She retains this title even if she marries an untitled person. But when she marries a titled man, she receives the title of her husband.

December 13, 2017, 00:16

A little boring to start with.

True, it will be a little boring, I’ll tell you about the history of the peerage, the types of titles, their receipt, features and privileges. Well, at the end there is a little humor, in my opinion.

Peerage is a system of noble titles in England. Peers are all English people who hold a title. All other people who do not have any titles are considered commoners. The main difference between peers and other people is that the title of nobility in England gives certain privileges, and these privileges differ for peers of different ranks.

There are also differences in privileges between different parts of the peerage system:
- The Peerage of England is all titled Englishmen whose title was created by the Queens and Kings of England before 1707 (the signing of the Act of Union).
- Peerage of Scotland – titles of nobility created by the monarchs of Scotland before 1707.
- Peerage of Ireland - titles of the Kingdom of Ireland created before 1800 (signing of the Act of Union) and some of them created later.
- Peerage of Great Britain - all titles created in the Kingdom of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800.
- Peerage of the United Kingdom - almost all titles created after 1800.
Older ranks are considered higher in the hierarchy. In addition, the determining factor in the hierarchy is the ownership of the title:
- English,
- Scottish,
- Irish.

For example, an Irish earl with a title created before 1707 is lower in the hierarchy than an English earl with a title received at the same time. But the same Irish Earl will be higher in the hierarchy than the Earl of Great Britain with a title assigned after 1707.

The emergence of a peerage - let's plunge into a boring story.
The history of the creation of the English peerage system began with the conquest of England by the illegitimate son of the ruler of Normandy, William the Conqueror. He created a single English Kingdom and divided the entire territory into manors. Those Englishmen who owned manors were called barons; Depending on the amount of land, “greater barons” and “lesser barons” were distinguished.
The king assembled the greater barons for royal councils, and the lesser ones were assembled by the sheriffs. Then they stopped convening lesser barons. It was the meetings of the great barons that were then transformed into the House of Lords, which still exists today. Most titles of nobility are hereditary.
Times changed and various ranks began to form among the nobles, the privileges of which differed significantly.

Hierarchy of titles
At the top of the hierarchy is, naturally, the royal family, which has its own hierarchy. The British royal family includes the monarch himself and a group of his close relatives. Members of the royal family are: the monarch, the monarch's consort or the widowed spouse of the monarch, the children of the monarch, his grandchildren in the male line, the spouses or widowed spouses of the heirs of the monarch in the male line.

The next most important among the English are:
- Duke and Duchess (began to assign this title in 1337). Duke is the highest-ranking English title of nobility after the King and Queen. Dukes usually rule the Duchy. Dukes constitute the second rank of princes after the princes of the royal family.
- Marquis and Marquise (first awarded in 1385). Marquess is an English title of nobility, located between a duke and an earl. It comes from marking the boundaries of certain territories. In addition to the marquises themselves, this title is awarded to the eldest son of the duke and the daughter of the duke.
- Earl (earl) and countess (used from 800-1000). Earls are members of the English nobility who previously owned and administered their own lands - counties, tried cases in provincial courts on behalf of the King, and collected fines and taxes from the local population. Also awarded earldoms were the eldest son of the marquis, the daughters of the marquis and the youngest son of the duke.
- Viscount and Viscountess (the first such title was awarded in 1440). During the father's lifetime, the eldest son of an earl or the younger sons of a marquess became viscounts as a courtesy title.
- Baron and Baroness (first appeared in 1066). Baron is the lowest rank of nobility in England. If the title is historically related to feudal baronies, then the baron holds that barony. In addition to the barons themselves, the following persons were endowed with this title in the form of a courtesy title: the eldest son of a viscount, the youngest son of an earl, the eldest son of a baron, then the younger sons of viscounts and the younger sons of barons followed in the hierarchy.
- Another title, although inheritable, but not one of English titled aristocratic persons, is baronet (there is no female equivalent). Baronets do not sit in the House of Lords and do not enjoy the privileges of the nobility. The eldest children of the younger sons of peers of various ranks, the eldest and youngest sons of baronets, became baronets.
All other Englishmen are untitled persons.

Appeal to titled persons
The treatment of titled Englishmen is a rather complex issue. Everyone knows that addressing the King and Queen involves the combination “Your Majesty.”

For dukes, the address "Your Grace" is used, as for duchesses, or the address duke-duchess along with the use of the title. Dukes rarely use surnames, but duchesses never use them.
Marquises, viscounts, earls, barons and their wives are addressed as My Lord (My Lord) or Milady (My Lady), or simply Lord and Lady. You can also use the address directly in the form of rank and title.
Former wives of peers of any rank are addressed as follows: the woman's name, then rank and title.

Baronets and untitled persons are addressed using the words "sir" and "lady".

Receiving the title
The real title of Lord in England can be awarded by the Queen for special services to the country. But you can also get it in roundabout ways, for example, purchasing a medieval estate for a huge price along with a title, for example, baron. At the same time, they receive a certificate of belonging to a certain noble rank.
Most often, the holder of any title is a man. Sometimes the title could belong to a woman if it was intended to be inherited. In other cases, the woman was awarded the title of courtesy as the wife of her husband. At the same time, the woman did not have the privileges that the husband had.

A woman's title was inherited in two cases:
- if the woman was only the custodian of the title in order to transfer it to a male heir in the future;
- when a woman rightfully received a title, but could not sit in the House of Lords and hold certain positions.
Moreover, if a titled woman got married, her husband did not receive her title.
If a woman who received a title thanks to her husband turned out to be a widow, she kept it, and the word “dowager” could be added before addressing her. If a woman remarried, she acquired a new title corresponding to the title of her new husband, or even turned out to be an untitled person if the new husband did not belong to the nobility of England.

Another feature is that illegitimate sons did not receive titles under any circumstances.

Therefore, titled persons often sought to marry pregnant women in order to ensure their son the right to inherit his title. Otherwise, only the youngest son had the right to receive nobility if he was already born in marriage, and in the absence of other sons, a distant relative.

Privileges of titled persons
Previously, the privileges of peers were very broad, but now titled Englishmen have very few rights left:
- the right to sit in parliament,
- access to the Queen and King, although this right has not been used for a long time,
- right not to be subject to civil arrest(it has only been used twice since 1945). (I searched and searched for who it was and what kind of cases it was, but I didn’t find it, if you know, point me out, I’m interested. In my opinion, in our case it’s a personal acquaintance with someone or relatives in good positions, although you can also sit in the State Duma :))))

In addition, all peers have special crowns used at coronations, and distinctive robes for sitting in the House of Lords (if they are members of it) and coronations.

There are a couple of reliable and proven ways to get a title.

1. By inheritance. If you have suspicions that your ancestors were real aristocrats, start searching for your roots. In Russia, this issue is dealt with by the Russian Genealogical Federation, in Italy by the International Commission for the Study of Orders of Knighthood, in France by the International Genealogical Academy. First, find old photographs of your grandparents and great-grandparents. Maybe one of them will be in the photograph wearing the uniform of a general-in-chief? Or perhaps your great-grandmother graduated from the Smolny Institute? Who knows, what if your ancestors were the Yusupov princes or the Duke of Marlborough? Or is your grandmother Nikolai’s own seamstress?

2. According to merit. In ancient times, monarchs awarded the title of nobility for military merit. In our time, members of the Beatles group received the Order of the British Empire in 1965 for their valuable contribution to culture.

The British aristocrats were greatly outraged by this fact, who did not want to put up with this circumstance and returned their orders to the Crown. However, the scandal soon faded away, and the title of nobility was also awarded to Elton John, Andrew Lloyd Webber and Elizabeth Taylor.

British aristocrats accepted this news without complaints.

In March 1997, the Queen awarded McCartney the title of "knight". After she touched the musician kneeling before her with a sparkling sword, the vocalist and bass guitarist, nicknamed Macca, turned into Sir Paul. From now on, this is how they address him. The newly minted sir then admitted that he constantly thought about the first ceremony at Buckingham Palace and his Beatle friends:
“It seemed to me that they were standing behind me.” And they rejoice. After all, the queen honored me primarily for my participation in our group.
Sir Paul dedicated this title to the Beatles.

Now this Order is being handed out almost left and right, but there are also worthy pies in my opinion:

By the way, in 2003 David Bowie refused become a knight.

3. Buy. For a few hundred dollars you can purchase parchment on which your surname will be written, going back almost to the Rurikovichs. If you want a more powerful letter, for 5-10 thousand dollars you can buy a document almost identical to the documents of Art. 19. It, of course, will not be original, but you can hang it in the living room and show it to naive guests. In Scotland, the Glencarn estate is for sale, which is divided into small plots of 30 pounds each. Anyone can buy not only this plot, but also receive a noble title as a bonus. Many aristocrats claim that such sales of titles have no legal effect, but the estate is sold very quickly.

In my opinion, this is a chance for Meghan Markle's relatives to clear their reputation.

THE MOST RELIABLE WAY!

"Ladder" of titles

At the very top is the royal family (with its own hierarchy).

Princes - Your Highness, Your Serene Highness

Dukes - Your Grace, Duke/Duchess

Marquises - My Lord/Milady, Marquis/Marquise (mention in conversation - Lord/Lady)

Eldest sons of dukes

Dukes' Daughters

Earls - My Lord/Milady, Your Lordship (mention in conversation - Lord/Lady)

Eldest sons of the marquises

Daughters of the Marquises

Younger sons of dukes

Viscounts - My Lord/Milady, Your Grace (mention in conversation - Lord/Lady)

Earls' eldest sons

Younger sons of the marquises

Barons - My Lord/Milady, Your Grace (mention in conversation - Lord/Lady)

Eldest sons of viscounts

Younger sons of counts

Eldest sons of the barons

Younger sons of viscounts

Younger sons of the barons

Baronets - Sir

Eldest sons of younger sons of peers

Eldest sons of baronets

Younger sons of baronets

sons

The eldest son of the title holder is his direct heir.

The eldest son of a duke, marquis or earl receives a "courtesy title" - the eldest of the list of titles belonging to the father (usually the road to the title passed through several lower titles, which then "remained in the family"). This is usually the next most senior title (for example, a duke's heir is a marquess), but not necessarily. In the general hierarchy, the place of the sons of the title holder was determined by the title of their father, and not by their "courtesy title."

The eldest son of a Duke, Marquess, Earl or Viscount comes immediately after the holder of the title next in seniority to that of his father. (see "Ladder of titles")

Thus, the heir of a duke always stands immediately behind the marquis, even if his “courtesy title” is only that of count.

The younger sons of dukes and marquises are lords.

Women

In the general hierarchy, the wife occupies a place determined by the title of her husband. You can say that she is standing on the same step of the stairs as her husband, right behind him.

Women are title holders “by right.”

In some cases, the title could be inherited through the female line. There could be two options here.

1. The woman became, as it were, the custodian of the title, then passing it on to her eldest son. If there was no son, the title, under the same conditions, passed to the next female heir to then be transferred to her son... At the birth of a male heir, the title passed to him.

2. A woman received the title “in her own right”. In this case, she became the owner of the title. However, unlike male title holders, a woman did not receive, along with this title, the right to sit in the House of Lords or hold positions associated with this title.

If a woman got married, then her husband did not receive the title (both in the first and second cases).

According to Debrett, a woman's position is entirely determined by that of her father or husband, unless the woman has the title "in her own right." In this case, her position is determined by the title itself. Thus, of the two baronesses, the one whose barony is older is higher in position. (two title holders are compared).

Widows

In the literature, in relation to the widows of titled aristocrats, you can often find a kind of prefix to the title - Dowager, i.e. Dowager. Can every widow be called a "Widower"? No.

Example. The widow of the fifth Earl of Chatham may be called the Dowager Countess of Chatham if the following conditions are simultaneously met:

1. The next Earl of Chatham became the direct heir of her late husband (i.e. his son, grandson, etc.)

2. If there is no other Dowager Countess of Chatham alive (for example, the widow of the fourth Earl, the father of her late husband).

In all other cases, she is Mary, Countess of Chatham, i.e. name + title of her late husband. For example, if she is the widow of a count, but the widow of her husband's father is still alive. Or if after the death of her husband his nephew became the count.

If a widow remarries, her position is determined by that of her new husband.

Daughters

The daughter of a Duke, Marquis or Earl receives the courtesy title "Lady". She retains this title even if she marries an untitled person. But when she marries a titled man, she receives the title of her husband.

Ruler titles
Inherited:

Prince

Tsar heir Tsarevich (not always)

King heir Dauphin, Prince or Infant

Emperor

Maharajah

Elected:

Caliph of the Kharijites

Noble titles:

Boyarin

Chevalier

Kazoku - Japanese title system

Monarchs

Emperor(Latin imperator - ruler) - the title of the monarch, head of state (empire). Since the time of the Roman emperor Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD) and his successors, the title of emperor acquired a monarchical character. Since the time of Emperor Diocletian (284-305), the Roman Empire has almost always been led by two emperors with the titles of Augusti (their co-rulers bore the title of Caesars).

It is also used to designate the rulers of a number of eastern monarchies (China, Korea, Mongolia, Ethiopia, Japan, pre-Columbian states of America), despite the fact that the name of the title in the official languages of these countries does not come from the Latin imperator.
Today, only the Emperor of Japan has this title in the world.

King(Latin rex, French roi, English king, German Konig) - the title of a monarch, usually hereditary, but sometimes elective, head of the kingdom.

A queen is the female ruler of a kingdom or the consort of a king.

Tsar(from tssar, ts?sar, lat. caesar, Greek k????? - one of the Slavic titles of the monarch, usually associated with the highest dignity of the emperor. In an allegorical speech to denote primacy, dominance: “lion is the king of beasts.”

The queen is the reigning person or the wife of the king.

Tsarevich - the son of a king or queen (in pre-Petrine times). In addition, the title of prince was given to some descendants of independent Tatar khans, for example, the descendants of Kuchum Khan of Siberia had the title of prince of Siberia.

Tsesarevich is a male heir, the full title Heir Tsesarevich, informally shortened in Russia to Heir (with a capital letter) and rarely to Tsesarevich.

Tsesarevna is the wife of the Tsarevich.

A princess is the daughter of a king or queen.

Titled nobility:

Prince(German Prinz, English and French prince, Spanish principe, from Latin princeps - first) - one of the highest titles of representatives of the aristocracy. The Russian word “prince” means direct descendants of monarchs, as well as, by special decree, other members royal family

Duke (Duc) - Duchess (Duchess)

The Duke (German Herzog, French duc, English duke, Italian duca) among the ancient Germans was a military leader elected by the tribal nobility; in Western Europe, during the early Middle Ages, he was a tribal prince, and during the period of feudal fragmentation, he was a major territorial ruler, occupying first place after the king in the military-feudal hierarchy.

Marquis (Marquess) - Marchioness

Marquis - (French marquis, Novolat. marchisus or marchio, from German Markgraf, in Italy marchese) - a Western European noble title, standing in the middle between count and duke; in England, besides M. in the proper sense, this title (Marquess) is given to the eldest sons of dukes.

Earl - Countess

Count (from German Graf; Latin comes (lit.: “companion”), French comte, English earl or count) - a royal official in the Early Middle Ages in Western Europe. The title originated in the 4th century in the Roman Empire and was originally assigned to high dignitaries (for example, comes sacrarum largitionum - chief treasurer). In the Frankish state, from the second half of the 6th century, the count in his district-county had judicial, administrative and military power. According to the decree of Charles II the Bald (Cersian Capitulary, 877), the count's position and possessions became hereditary.

The English earl (OE eorl) originally denoted a senior official, but since the time of the Norman kings it has become an honorary title.

During the period of feudal fragmentation - the feudal ruler of the county, then (with the elimination of feudal fragmentation) the title of the highest nobility (woman - countess). It continues to be formally retained as a title in most European countries with a monarchical form of government.

Viscount - Viscountess

Viscount - (French Vicornte, English Viscount, Italian Visconte, Spanish Vicecomte) - this was the name in the Middle Ages for the governor of some possession of a count (from vice comes). Subsequently, individual V. became so strong that they became independent and owned well-known destinies (Beaumont, Poitiers, etc.) and began to be associated with the title of V. Currently, this title in France and England occupies a middle place between count and baron. The eldest son of a count usually bears the title V.

Baron - Baroness

Baron (from Late Lat. baro - a word of Germanic origin with the original meaning - person, man), in Western Europe a direct vassal of the king, later a noble title (woman - baroness). The title of B. in England (where it remains to this day) is lower than the title of Viscount, occupying the last place in the hierarchy of titles of the highest nobility (in a broader sense, all the English high nobility, hereditary members of the House of Lords, belong to B.); in France and Germany this title was lower than the count's. In the Russian Empire, the title B. was introduced by Peter I for the German nobility of the Baltic states.

Baronet - (no female version of the title) - although this is a hereditary title, baronets do not actually belong to the peerage (titled aristocracy) and do not have seats in the House of Lords.

Note: All others fall under the definition of "commoner", i.e. untitled (including Knight, Esquire, Gentleman)

Comment: In the vast majority of cases, the title belongs to the man. In rare cases, a woman may hold the title herself. Thus, Duchess, Marchioness, Countess, Viscountess, Baroness - in the vast majority of cases these are "courtesy titles"

Within a title there is a hierarchy based on when the title was created and whether the title is English, Scottish or Irish.

English titles are higher than Scottish ones, and Scottish ones, in turn, are higher than Irish ones. With all this, the “older” titles are at a higher level.

Comment: about English, Scottish and Irish titles.

At different times in England the following titles were created:

before 1707 - peers of England, Scotland and Ireland

1701-1801 - Peers of Great Britain and Ireland

after 1801 - peers of the United Kingdom (and Ireland).

Thus, an Irish earl with a title created before 1707 is lower in the hierarchy than an English earl with a title of the same time; but higher than Earl of Great Britain with a title created after 1707

Lord(English Lord - lord, master, ruler) - a title of nobility in Great Britain.

Initially, this title was used to designate everyone belonging to the class of feudal landowners. In this sense, the lord (French seigneur (“senior”)) opposed the peasants who lived on his lands and owed him allegiance and feudal obligations. Later, a narrower meaning appeared - the holder of lands directly from the king, in contrast to knights (gentry in England, lairds in Scotland), who held lands belonging to other nobles. Thus, the title of lord became a collective title for the five ranks of the peerage (duke, marquis, earl, viscount and baron).

With the emergence of parliaments in England and Scotland in the 13th century, lords received the right to directly participate in parliament, and in England a separate, upper house of lords of parliament was formed. Nobles holding the title of lord sat in the House of Lords by birthright, while other feudal lords had to elect their representatives to the House of Commons by county.

In a narrower sense, the title of lord was usually used as equivalent to the title of baron, the lowest in the peerage system. This is especially true in Scotland, where the title of baron is not widespread. The granting of the title of lord by the Scottish kings to the nobles gave them the opportunity to directly participate in the country's parliament, and was often not associated with the appearance of land holdings in such persons by right of holding from the king. Thus the title of Lords of Parliament arose in Scotland.

Only the king had the right to assign the title of lord to a nobleman. This title was inherited through the male line and in accordance with the principle of primogeniture. However, the title of lord also began to be used by the children of nobles of the highest ranks (dukes, marquises, viscounts). In this sense, the wearing of this title did not require special sanction from the monarch.

Lord, this is not a title - it is an address to the nobility, e.g. Lord Stone.

Lord (lord, in the original meaning - owner, head of the house, family, from the Anglo-Saxon hlaford, literally - keeper, protector of bread), 1) initially in medieval England in the general meaning - feudal landowner (lord of the manor, landlord) and lord his vassals, in a more special meaning - a large feudal lord, the direct holder of the king - a baron. Gradually, the title of L. became the collective title of the English high nobility (dukes, marquises, earls, viscounts, barons), which was received (since the 14th century) by the peers of the kingdom, constituting the upper house of the British parliament - the House of Lords. The title of L. is passed on through male lineage and seniority, but can also be granted by the crown (on the recommendation of the Prime Minister). Since the 19th century complains (“for special merits”) not only to large landowners, as was previously customary, but also to representatives of big capital, as well as some scientists, cultural figures, etc. Until 1958, seats in the House of Lithuania were filled only by inheritance of this title. Since 1958, the appointment by the monarch of some of the members of the chamber of parliament has been introduced, and those appointed by parliament sit in the chamber for life; their title is not inherited. In 1963, hereditary L. received the right to resign their title. 2) An integral part of the official title of some senior and local officials of Great Britain, for example, Lord Chancellor, Lord Mayor and others. Lord Chancellor, Supreme Law of Great Britain, is one of the oldest government positions (established in the 11th century); in modern Great Britain, the Chancellor is a member of the government and a representative of the House of Lords. Mainly performs the functions of the Minister of Justice: he appoints judges in the counties, heads the Supreme Court, and is the custodian of the great state seal. Lord Mayor is a title preserved from the Middle Ages for the head of local government in London (in the City area) and a number of other large cities (Bristol, Liverpool, Manchester and others). 3) In the 15th-17th centuries, an integral part of the title of L.-protector, which was assigned to some high-ranking statesmen of England, for example, regents under a minor king. In 1653–58, the title of L. Protector was also borne by O. Cromwell.

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Emperor

Kaiser | King | Konung | King | Basileus

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Titled nobility

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Infant | Prince | Jarl/Earl | Palatine Count

Viscount | Burggraf | Views

Baron | Baronet

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Untitled nobility.

Whenever we watch historical English films or read books about the life of the English, we constantly come across all sorts of sirs, lords, princes, dukes and other titles. It is quite difficult to understand the purpose of all these appeals to certain segments of the population from books or films. We will try to consider what titles there are in England, what their hierarchy is, how they are received and whether the title can be passed on by inheritance, etc.

Peerage in England

There are also differences in privileges between different parts of the peerage system:

The Peerage of England is all titled Englishmen whose title was created by the Queens and Kings of England before 1707 (the signing of the Act of Union).

The Peerage of Scotland is a title of nobility created by the monarchs of Scotland before 1707.

Peerage of Ireland - titles of the Kingdom of Ireland created before 1800 (the signing of the Act of Union) and some of them created later.

Peerage of Great Britain - all titles created in the Kingdom of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800.

Peerage of the United Kingdom - almost all titles created after 1800.

Older ranks are considered higher in the hierarchy. In addition, the determining factor in the hierarchy is the ownership of the title:

English,

Scottish,

Irish.

Emergence of the peerage

The history of the creation of the English peerage system began with the conquest of England by the illegitimate son of the ruler of Normandy, William the Conqueror. He created a single English Kingdom and divided the entire territory into manors. Those Englishmen who owned manors were called barons; Depending on the amount of land, “greater barons” and “lesser barons” were distinguished.

The king assembled the greater barons for royal councils, and the lesser ones were assembled by the sheriffs. Then they stopped convening lesser barons. It was the meetings of the great barons that were then transformed into the House of Lords, which still exists today. Most titles of nobility, like the Crown of England, are hereditary.

Times changed and various ranks began to form among the nobles, the privileges of which differed significantly.

Hierarchy of titles

At the top of the hierarchy is, naturally, the royal family, which has its own hierarchy. The British royal family includes the monarch himself and a group of his close relatives. Members of the royal family are: the monarch, the monarch's consort or the widowed spouse of the monarch, the children of the monarch, his grandchildren in the male line, the spouses or widowed spouses of the heirs of the monarch in the male line.

The next most important among the English are:

Duke and Duchess (began to assign this title in 1337). Duke (derived from the Latin for "chief") is the highest-ranking English title of nobility after the King and Queen. Dukes usually rule the Duchy. Dukes constitute the second rank of princes after the princes of the royal family.

Marquis and Marquise (first awarded in 1385). Marquess is an English title of nobility, located between a duke and an earl. It comes from the designation of the boundaries of certain territories (from the French "marque" or border territory). In addition to the marquises themselves, this title is awarded to the eldest son of the duke and the daughter of the duke.

Earl (earl) and countess (used from 800-1000). Earls are members of the English nobility who previously owned and administered their own lands - counties, tried cases in provincial courts on behalf of the King, and collected fines and taxes from the local population. Also awarded earldoms were the eldest son of the marquis, the daughters of the marquis and the youngest son of the duke.

Viscount and Viscountess (the first such title was awarded in 1440). The word comes from the Latin "vice-count", "deputy of the count". During the father's lifetime, the eldest son of an earl or the younger sons of a marquess became viscounts as a courtesy title.

Baron and Baroness (first appeared in 1066). The word comes from the Old German "free master". Baron is the lowest rank of nobility in England. If the title is historically related to feudal baronies, then the baron holds that barony. In addition to the barons themselves, the following persons were endowed with this title in the form of a courtesy title: the eldest son of a viscount, the youngest son of an earl, the eldest son of a baron, then the younger sons of viscounts and the younger sons of barons followed in the hierarchy.

Another title, although heritable, but not one of English titled aristocratic persons, is baronet (there is no female equivalent). Baronets do not sit in the House of Lords and do not enjoy the privileges of the nobility. The eldest children of the younger sons of peers of various ranks, the eldest and youngest sons of baronets, became baronets.

All other Englishmen are untitled persons.

Appeal to titled persons

The treatment of titled Englishmen is a rather complex issue. Everyone knows that addressing the King and Queen involves the combination “Your Majesty.”

For dukes, the address "Your Grace" is used, as for duchesses, or the address duke-duchess along with the use of a title (for example, Duke of Wellington). Dukes rarely use surnames, but duchesses never use them.

Marquises, viscounts, earls, barons and their wives are addressed as My Lord (My Lord) or Milady (My Lady), or simply Lord and Lady. You can also use the title directly in the form of rank and title (for example, Marquess of Queensbury).

Former wives of peers of any rank are addressed as follows: the woman's name, then rank and title, without using the definite article "the" before the rank (for example, Diana, Princess of Wales).

Baronets and untitled persons are addressed using the words "sir" and "lady".

Receiving the title

The real title of Lord in England can be awarded by the Queen for special services to the country. But you can also get it in roundabout ways, for example, purchasing a medieval estate for a huge price along with a title, for example, baron. At the same time, they receive a certificate of belonging to a certain noble rank.

Title Features

Most often, the holder of any title is a man. Sometimes the title could belong to a woman if it was intended to be inherited. In other cases, the woman was awarded the title of courtesy as the wife of her husband. At the same time, the woman did not have the privileges that the husband had.

A woman's title was inherited in two cases:

If the woman was only the custodian of the title, in order to pass it on to a male heir in the future;

When a woman rightfully received a title, but could not sit in the House of Lords and hold certain positions.

Moreover, if a titled woman got married, her husband did not receive her title.

If a woman who received a title thanks to her husband turned out to be a widow, she kept it, and the word “dowager” could be added before addressing her. If a woman remarried, she acquired a new title corresponding to the title of her new husband, or even turned out to be an untitled person if the new husband did not belong to the nobility of England.

Another feature is that illegitimate sons did not receive titles under any circumstances. Therefore, titled persons often sought to marry pregnant women in order to ensure their son the right to inherit his title. Otherwise, only the youngest son had the right to receive nobility if he was already born in marriage, and in the absence of other sons, a distant relative.

Privileges of titled persons

Previously, the privileges of peers were very broad, but now titled Englishmen have very few rights left:

The right to sit in parliament,

Access to the Queen and King, although this right has not been used for a long time,

Right not to be subject to civil arrest (used only twice since 1945).

In addition, all peers have special crowns used at coronations, and distinctive robes for sitting in the House of Lords (if they are members of it) and coronations.