Direct and reverse order words in a sentence (inversion).
Grammatical syntactic norms regulate correct construction phrases, sentences, text.
In the texts formal business style Often there are constructions that cause difficulties when preparing documents (sentences with prepositions, sentences with options for connecting the subject and predicate, sentences containing participial and participial phrases, etc.).
RULE 1:
The correctness of speech is largely determined word order in a sentence.
Word order, i.e. The syntactic sequence of sentence components is relatively free in Russian. There are direct (objective) and reverse word order or inversion (inverse word order).
Inversion in logic - reversing the meaning, replacing “white” with “black”.
Inversion in literature (from Latin inversio - turning over, rearranging)- violation of the usual word order in a sentence.
Inversion (dramaturgy) is a dramatic technique that demonstrates the outcome of the conflict at the beginning of the play.
At in direct order words the given precedes the new: Petrov's testimony was verified.
With inversion, a different arrangement of parts is possible:
Testing stains with hydrogen peroxide gave positive results
Positive results gave a stain test with hydrogen peroxide
Inversion word order is used for the purpose of emotional, semantic highlighting any part of the sentence.
RULE 2 Direct word order
But it is necessary to remember that the shock (carrying a semantic load) is in the sentence the last word Therefore, in order to avoid ambiguity and ambiguity in the text, normative inversion is used only in artistic and journalistic speech.
The norm of modern Russian literary language formal business style is direct word order, which obeys several general rules:
1. The subject usually comes first (in preposition): The court hearings were resumed.
If adverbial words are at the beginning of a sentence, the predicate may be in preposition:Tread marks from a Volga car were found on a country road.
2. For minor members The following placement within the phrase is recommended for sentences: agreed words precede the core word, and controlled words follow it: He gave his ( agreed word) car (stem word) to neighbor (control word).
3. Agreed definitions are usually placed before the word being defined: material values; civil marriage;
4. Separate definitions are placed after the word being defined: a quarrel that arose earlier; evidence available in the case;
5. Supplementation usually follows management: sign the application; execute the decision.
Thus, direct word order in the Russian language involves the predicate following the subject, the definition before the word being defined, the main members of the sentence before the secondary ones.
IN from direct word order, for example: A lonely sail whitens in the blue fog of the sea...
but here is a familiar inversion: A lonely sail turns white in the blue fog of the sea...
Inversion- unusual word order. This is one of visual arts language.
Inversion helps highlight the most important word, as well as the stylistic and emotional coloring of speech.
Tasks:
Very often, poets and writers use inversions in their works.
Exercise 1.
Let us turn to an excerpt from L.N. Tolstoy’s story “Prisoner of the Caucasus.”
There was once a severe thunderstorm, and the rain poured down like buckets for an hour. And all the rivers became muddy; where there was a ford, the water went three arshins deep, turning over stones. Streams are flowing everywhere, there is a roar in the mountains.
This is how the thunderstorm passed, streams were running everywhere in the village. Zhilin asked the owner for a knife, cut out a roller, planks, feathered a wheel, and attached dolls to the wheel at both ends.
All sentences begin with different parts of the sentence (1 - verb-predicate, 2 - conjunction, 3 - adverb-adverbial, 4 - demonstrative pronoun-adverbial, 5 - noun-subject).
All sentences are constructed differently (1 - complex, 2 - complex with different types connections, 3 - complex non-union, 4 - complex, 5 - simple with homogeneous predicates).
The words are in an unusual order.
Please note that the predicate comes before the subject, the definition after the word being defined. This is not typical for the Russian language.
The order of the members of a sentence in a sentence - SUBJECT - PREDICATE - is usually called in grammar direct word order(the Direct Order of Words). Direct word order is the norm for an affirmative sentence in English language:
Walking can be recommended as a good exercise.
Reverse word order
Placing the predicate before the subject is usually called reverse word order or, using common term,inversion(the Indirect Order of Words, Inversion).
A distinction is made between complete and partial inversion.
At complete inversion the predicate, expressed in one word, is placed before the subject. Cases of complete inversion are few:
Is anybody at home? (How semantic verb). Has anybody twenty dollars to lend me? (as a semantic verb).
Much more numerous cases partial inversion, i.e. placing in front of the subject a part of the predicate-auxiliary or modal verb, as well as linking verbs:
Has you received any new emails? Can walking be recommended as a good exercise? Is it cold today?
When forming a question using an auxiliary verb do like: At what time does the sun rise now? – essentially there is no reverse word order. The question indicator is auxiliarydo; the remaining members of the sentence are placed in the usual order: subject - predicate: Does the sun rise?
An indirect question in English is constructed like an affirmative sentence: Ask if he can come to see me tomorrow afternoon. I wonder what time it is. In Russian, there is a reverse word order, as well as the presence of the particle whether in the sentence: Ask if he can come to me tomorrow. Find out if the director has arrived.
Other cases of inversion
The predicate also comes before the subject in the following cases:
In design there is (are) and with all verbs preceded by a formal there: There is a meeting today. There must be a meeting today.
In exclamatory sentences expressing a wish: Long Live the King!
IN conditional sentences, starting with verb forms: were, had, should: Were I in your place, I would act differently. Should the weather keep fine in September, come down to see us in the country.
When repeating an auxiliary or modal verb in sentences like: You are here, so am I.
Note: The subject takes its usual place if it refers to the same subject of speech in both sentences: “You seem to be very pleased with your work,” said my friend to me. “So I am,” I answered.
QUESTION 1. Direct and reverse order of words in a sentence (inversion).
Grammatical syntactic norms regulate the correct construction of phrases, sentences, and text.
In official business style texts, there are often constructions that cause difficulties when preparing documents (sentences with prepositions, sentences with options for connecting the subject and predicate, sentences containing participial and adverbial phrases, etc.).
RULE 1:
The correctness of speech is largely determined by the order of words in a sentence.
Word order, i.e. The syntactic sequence of sentence components is relatively free in Russian. There are direct (objective) and reverse word order or inversion (inverse word order).
Inversion in logic - reversing the meaning, replacing “white” with “black”.
Inversion in literature (from Latin inversio - turning over, rearranging)- violation of the usual word order in a sentence.
Inversion (dramaturgy) is a dramatic technique that demonstrates the outcome of the conflict at the beginning of the play.
In direct word order, the given precedes the new: Petrov's testimony was verified.
With inversion, a different arrangement of parts is possible:
Testing stains with hydrogen peroxide gave positive results
Testing stains with hydrogen peroxide gave positive results.
Inversion word order is used for the purpose of emotional, semantic highlighting of any part of the sentence.
RULE 2 Direct word order
But it is necessary to remember that the last word in the sentence is stressed (carrying a semantic load), therefore, in order to avoid ambiguity and ambiguity in the text, normative inversion is used only in artistic and journalistic speech.
The norm of the modern Russian literary language of official business style is direct word order, which obeys several general rules:
1. The subject usually comes first (in preposition): The court hearings were resumed.
If adverbial words are at the beginning of a sentence, the predicate may be in preposition:Tread marks from a Volga car were found on a country road.
2. For minor members of a sentence, the following placement within the phrase is recommended: agreed words precede the core word, and controlled words follow it: He gave his (concordant word) car (stem word) to his neighbor (controlled word).
3. Agreed definitions are usually placed before the word being defined: material values; civil marriage;
4. Separate definitions are placed after the word being defined: a quarrel that arose earlier; evidence available in the case;
5. Supplementation usually follows management: sign the application; execute the decision.
Thus, direct word order in the Russian language involves the predicate following the subject, the definition before the word being defined, the main members of the sentence before the secondary ones.
IN from direct word order, for example: A lonely sail whitens in the blue fog of the sea...
but here is a familiar inversion: A lonely sail turns white in the blue fog of the sea...
Inversion- unusual word order. This is one of the figurative means of language.
Inversion helps to highlight the most important word, as well as the stylistic and emotional coloring of speech.
Tasks:
Very often, poets and writers use inversions in their works.
Exercise 1.
Let us turn to an excerpt from L.N. Tolstoy’s story “Prisoner of the Caucasus.”
There was once a severe thunderstorm, and the rain poured down like buckets for an hour. And all the rivers became muddy; where there was a ford, the water went three arshins deep, turning over stones. Streams are flowing everywhere, there is a roar in the mountains.
This is how the thunderstorm passed, streams were running everywhere in the village. Zhilin asked the owner for a knife, cut out a roller, planks, feathered a wheel, and attached dolls to the wheel at both ends.
All sentences begin with different parts of the sentence (1 - verb-predicate, 2 - conjunction, 3 - adverb-adverbial, 4 - demonstrative pronoun-adverbial, 5 - noun-subject).
All sentences are constructed differently (1 - complex, 2 - complex with different types of connection, 3 - complex non-union, 4 - complex, 5 - simple with homogeneous predicates).
The words are in an unusual order.
Please note that the predicate comes before the subject, the definition after the word being defined. This is not typical for the Russian language.
Exercise: Find such examples are in the text.
(answer: There was a thunderstorm, the rivers became muddy, a thunderstorm passed, a severe thunderstorm).
Task 2.
Swap the subject and predicate to create the original text.
The forest drops your scarlet attire,
Frost will silver withered field
The day will pass, as if unwillingly,
And over the edge will hide surrounding mountains
The forest drops its crimson robe,
Frost will silver the withered field,
The day will pass, as if against its will,
And it will disappear beyond the edge of the surrounding mountains.
Reverse word order in the interrogation protocol.
Sometimes observed inversion(reverse word order) control and controlled words, mainly predicate verbs and objects, for example:
The accused Spiridonov, who was interviewed in the case, pleaded not guilty.
The combination “guilty oneself” often has complements (for example, guilty of murder), but even then, it is usually placed before the predicate. This is explained by the fact that the predicate verb (not) admitted is often used with a homogeneous verb, indicating an additional action of the one giving evidence.
For example, Savina pleaded guilty to the theft of household appliances and reported during interrogation that...
Reverse word order should be avoided in cases where the phrase “blame yourself” has many dependent words. In such sentences, the predicate is so far removed from the subject that the reader is forced to return to the beginning of the phrase to understand its meaning.
For example: Badma-Khalgaev admitted himself guilty of giving a bribe in the amount of 120,000 rubles to Ivanov for illegal enrollment as a student at the university and fully confirmed the circumstances stated above. This sentence can be rewritten by replacing the chain of dependent words with a subordinate clause. The order of words in the sentence will change. Badma-Khagaev pleaded guilty to the fact that he gave a bribe in the amount of 120,000 rubles to Ivanov for illegal enrollment at the university, and fully confirmed the circumstances stated above. The reverse word order is justified in cases where the meaning expressed by the addition is more important than the meaning of the predicate: when it is necessary to emphasize not so much that the accused pleaded guilty, but rather what specific acts he confessed to.
RULE 3: Relationship between subject and predicate
When preparing official business texts, difficulties often arise in using sentences containing variants of the connection between the subject and the predicate. Must be remembered following rules:
1. With a noun male, naming a profession, position, title, but denoting a woman, predicate in official business speech is put in the masculine form: A competent lawyer should help you decide this issue;
2. With a subject expressed by the combination common noun + given name noun, predicate agrees with the last: Petrova's lawyer should help resolve this issue;
3. If the subject is expressed by a quantitative-nominal combination ("many", "a lot", "several", etc.), the predicate can be used in the singular and in plural: Seven people are registered at their place of residence.
4. If time, space, measure, weight are indicated, or the qualifying words “only”, “total”, “only” are used in a sentence, the predicate is used in singular: two days have passed; there were only ten people in the house.
QUESTION 2. The main difficulties of using participial and participial phrases in the Russian language.
Required condition the use of participial phrases is that two actions, one of which is expressed by a predicate verb, and the other by a gerund, must be carried out by the same person (or relate to the same person).
An error in the use of an adverbial phrase was made in the following sentence: After working for only two months, he had complications with the shop manager. It would be correct to say: After working for only two months, he ruined his relationship with the shop manager.
1. The construction of participial phrases is also possible in impersonal offer, if the predicate contains indefinite form verb, with which the gerund corresponds.
Having considered the circumstances of the case, a fair decision must be made.
Acknowledging non-compliance labor responsibilities"repeatedly", several factors should be taken into account that enable the employer to comprehensively analyze the violations committed by the employee and make the right, informed decision.
2. The participial phrase should not be used if the action, expressed by the predicate, and action, expressed by a gerund, refer to to different persons or if in an impersonal sentence there is a logical subject expressed indirect case:
Coming out of the entrance, a strong wind hit his face.
Having considered the circumstances of the case, a fair decision was made.
REVIEW MATERIAL:
Formation of participial phrases and their isolation
Participle phrases (gerunds with dependent words) And single gerunds are always isolated, regardless of the location of the main word-verb:
After reviewing the presented document, he was forced to give truthful testimony.
At the bus station they boarded bus number 5 and, getting off at the "Institute" stop, walked along Kurortnaya Street to the beach.
Worried , he began his story.
REMEMBER : if the participial phrase refers to one of homogeneous predicates connected by the conjunction And, a comma before the conjunction
And it is not put:
He stopped and looking around, I remembered.
Not separated:
* Single words silently, sitting, lying down, standing, jokingly, without looking, because they are similar in meaning to adverbs:
He listened in silence.
* Participial phrases represented by phraseological units:
He ran across the road at breakneck speed.
Tasks
Exercise 1. In sentences taken from A.F. Koni’s work “Moral principles in criminal proceedings,” fill in the missing punctuation marks. Find participial phrases, comment on the rules for their isolation using the example of these sentences.
1. Judicial statutes, creating the prosecutor-prosecutor and indicating his task, also outlined moral requirements that facilitate and elevate his task, taking away from the execution its formal callousness and soulless diligence.
2. Although under the dominance of the search and investigative process judicial branch she collects evidence herself, but having collected it, she does not give the judge the right to freely compare and contrast them guided by inner conviction, but shows him a ready-made, immutable standard for this.
3. Sometimes, without thinking deeply about the meaning of the judicial activity of jurors, they want to see them as representatives public opinion on this case.
4. That is why the law, protecting the freedom of persuasion of jurors, establishes strict rules about the secrecy of their deliberations.
5. The legislator, guided by moral and social ideals, the needs of the state and the goals of society, from a number of similar everyday phenomena, derives one typical concept, which he calls a crime, imposing a punishment defined within its extreme limits.
Task 2.
Place punctuation marks. Comment on their performance.
The pilots of TU 134 informed the “ensemble” that there would not be enough fuel to reach London. Having started a short hysteria, the family nevertheless agreed to refuel in Finland. Having convinced themselves of the futility of repeated attempts to break into the cockpit, the Ovechkins demonstrated the seriousness of their intentions. Wanting to psychologically influence the crew members, they shot one of the flight attendants with a sawn-off shotgun. Following such a course that not only the uninitiated, but even an experienced pilot without a navigator did not immediately understand where he was (in the USSR or already in the country of Suomi), the plane began to descend over Gulf of Finland. The landing of TU 154 on a narrow fighter strip, not suitable for aircraft of this class, was successful.
Task 3.
Answer the question, are the sentences constructed correctly? participial phrases. Make any necessary corrections.
1. Arriving at the crime scene, it was very dark, only after three hours did it begin to get light. 2. Having received a new task, the employees of the department faced new difficulties. 3. Taking into account the comments, reducing the volume, making tables, the article was recommended for publication. 4. While in prison, his mother often visited him. 5. Having become acquainted with this case, new ones open up before me, to this day unknown facts. 5. Arriving home, consciousness left him. 6. Arriving in Paris, he was invited to the embassy. 7. The doctors told him: “If you don’t restore your health, you won’t be able to seriously engage in sports.”
Task 2.
Restore the original text by making synonymous replacement of subordinate clauses separate definitions. Explain punctuation marks.
Sample:Peter is sitting on a rearing horse, which has stopped at full gallop at the edge of a cliff. // Peter sits on a rearing horse, stopped at full gallop at the edge of a cliff.
The equestrian monument to Peter I in St. Petersburg was made by the French sculptor Etienne Maurice Falconet, who was invited to Russia by Catherine II. The name “Bronze Horseman” was assigned to the monument thanks to poem of the same name A.S. Pushkin.
August 7, 1782 on Senate Square to the sound of cannon fire from " Bronze Horseman"The canvas cover was pulled off.
Peter is sitting on a rearing horse, which has stopped at full gallop at the edge of a cliff. The horse is still in motion. The majestic landing of the rider, the gesture of his hand, which is extended towards the sea - all this speaks of a powerful will. The snake, which was trampled by the horse’s hooves, recalls the defeated enemies of Russia. It symbolizes envy and the intrigues of enemies. The pedestal of the monument was a granite rock, which was processed in the shape sea wave. This block of stone weighs about one hundred thousand pounds. Here, to St. Petersburg, to the building Winter Palace it was transported from afar, placed on wooden runners that were covered with iron. Delivery of such a block of stone was an unprecedented technical achievement in those days.
QUESTION 3. The use of homogeneous sentence members when preparing official business texts. Types of management.
Tasks
Exercise 1.
pay attention to speech stamps in professional legal vocabulary and monitor the nature of errors in their use.
1. “The same acts committed repeatedly (how?) or by a person (who?) who previously committed rape”; "the same acts committed in large size(how?) or by a person (by whom?) previously convicted” - heterogeneous incomparable concepts, different members offers.
2. "On the basis and in execution"; “on time and in order”; “in size, on time and in order”; “reasonably and in order”; “in order and for reasons”; “on conditions and within limits” - coordinating connection words that are not homogeneous members; grammatical form they have different ones: “based on” - in prepositional case; "in fulfillment" - in accusative case; “on time” - in the plural, in the accusative case; “okay” - singular, prepositional case etc.
Exercise 1.
In these combinations, synonymous words require the use of different cases. Transform the proposed options and make sentences with them.
Admire, adore (courage)
Despise, neglect (danger)
To get involved, to love, to be interested, to study (music)
To be indignant, angry, angry (disgrace)
To be timid, to be afraid (necessity)
To be dissatisfied, to be disappointed (review)
Reprimand, reproach (employee)
Understand, be aware of (necessity)
Among the errors and shortcomings associated with the use of complex sentences, direct and indirect speech, the most common are the following: incorrect construction the design of the proposal itself, the use of unnecessarily cumbersome structures.
1. One of the most common shortcomings is clutter complex sentence subordinate clauses.
Wed: A statement by representatives of foreign circles that ignores the fact that trade relations, which last years have steadily developed and are trending towards further growth, indicates that someone is still interested in preserving the atmosphere " cold war"and the elimination of the massive desire for friendship that has gripped the peoples of Europe and America, and this cannot but affect the actions of our state, which continues to count on the success of the negotiations, although it understands that achieving progress in such negotiations will not be easy, but we are accustomed to overcoming difficulties .
2 . In a complex sentence, the constructions become heavier due to the “stringing” of subordinate clauses: “The sail appeared in the sea as happy news that the fishermen were all right and that the girls would soon be able to hug their parents, who were delayed at sea because there was a strong storm ".
3. Using the same type of subordinate clauses with sequential subordination: “Walking along the shore, I saw two girls sitting on an overturned boat, which was lying upside down on the shore.”
4. In some cases, the same situation can be expressed using both compound and complex sentences.
Wed: He came in And we got up; When he entered, we stood up.
· At the same time, cases of “structure failure” are often observed in speech: a sentence that begins as a complex sentence ends as a complex sentence, and vice versa. It is unacceptable!
Wed: When Murka was tired of messing with kittens, And she went somewhere to sleep.
WORD ORDER linear sequence of words and phrases in an expression natural language, as well as patterns characterizing such a sequence in any specific language. Most often they talk about the order of words in a sentence, but the order of words within phrases and coordinating structures also has its own patterns. The arrangement of words related to each other grammatically or meaningfully in the form of a chain is a necessary consequence of the linear nature human speech. However, the grammatical structure is very complex and cannot be entirely expressed by the relation of linear succession. Therefore, word order expresses only part grammatical meanings; others express themselves using morphological categories, function words or intonation. Violation of the rules of word order leads either to a change in meaning or to grammatical incorrectness of a linguistic expression.
The same basic meaning can be expressed using different word orders, and a change in order can express actualization, i.e. indicate those components of meaning that are most closely related to the relationship between speaker and listener. In English, for example, the permutation personal form the predicate to the left of the subject conveys the meaning of the question: He is intelligent"He's smart" but Is he intelligent? "Is he smart?" In Russian, word order is one of the means of expressing the so-called actual division of a sentence, i.e. its division into theme (the starting point of the message) and rheme (the communicated), cf. [ Father has come] subject [at five o'clock] rhema and [ At five o'clock] subject [father came] rhema. In relation to a sentence, a distinction is often made between direct word order and reverse (or inverted) word order, which occurs when special conditions, usually when expressing actualization.
A language is said to have a rigid or fixed word order if the linear arrangement of words expresses syntactic relations between members of a sentence. For example, in simple affirmative sentence Romanesque and Germanic languages the subject necessarily precedes the predicate, and in literary Russian the definition expressed by a relative clause must directly follow the defined noun. If linear order is not used in such a function, then the language is said to have a free (or non-rigid) word order. In such languages, linear order usually expresses categories of actual division or similar communicative meanings (given and new, contrastiveness, etc., cf. And Ivanov is with the boss And And the boss Ivanov). The word order can be free for syntactic groups words, but rigid for words within groups (for example, the Russian language approaches this type); Examples of languages that have a rigid order for both words within groups and groups within sentences are English, French and Chinese. In languages with free word order, it is not uncommon for components of syntactic groups to be separated by other words (for example, drinks warm milk). In languages with a rigid order, this is only possible in special cases, for example, when expressing a question, cf. English Who is he speaking to? "Who is he talking to?" when the expansion group disconnects.
In reality, both absolutely rigid and absolutely free word order are rare (from good known languages as an example of the latter, word order in Latin). Even in languages with free word order, the existence of some neutral (objective) word order and deviations from it are usually postulated; on the other hand, and in, for example, a language with a rigid word order like English, there are quite a lot of cases of inversion caused by non-grammatical factors (for example, the optional placement of the subject after the predicate in narratives and reports or after sentence-opening adverbs of time: “ Let's go», suggested John“Let's go,” John suggested.” On a hill stood a great castle. “There was a majestic castle on the hill.”
Rigid word order directly reflects the syntactic structure of the sentence (subject - object - predicate; definition - defined; preposition - noun group controlled by it, etc.). Therefore, languages with a free order of both syntactic groups and words, for example some Australian ones, are considered not to have syntactic structure in the traditional sense of the word. Violations of strict word order are, as a rule, unacceptable to native speakers, since they form grammatically incorrect sequences; Violations of the rules of free word order tend to give the impression of “inappropriateness,” i.e. inconsistencies of this order words to the accepted order of presentation or speech situation.
As M. Dreyer and J. Hawkins showed, with regard to word order, the languages of the world are divided into two types, approximately equal in the number of languages they are represented by: left-branching and right-branching. In right-branching languages, the dependent group of words usually follows the main word (vertex): the complement - after the predicate verb ( writes a letter), group inconsistent definition– after the defined noun ( my father's house); the subordinating conjunction comes at the beginning subordinate clause (that he came); nominal part the predicate usually follows the copula ( was good son ); subordinate clause - after the main verb ( Want,for him to leave); syntactically complex circumstance - behind the predicate verb ( returned at seven o'clock); standard of comparison - behind the adjective in comparative degree (stronger,than he); the auxiliary verb precedes the full verb ( was destroyed); prepositional constructions are used ( in the picture). Right-branching languages include, for example, Slavic, Germanic, Romance, Semitic, Austronesian, etc. In left-branching languages, the dependent group precedes the main word: there are postpositional constructions (such as rare expressions in Russian for selfish reasons) and the order of words opposite to right-branching is usually observed in all of the listed types of groups, for example. writes a letter,my father's house,he came what,he was a good son etc. Left-branching languages include Altai, many Indo-Iranian, Caucasian, etc. In both types of languages, the order of the adjective, numeral or demonstrative pronoun relative to the defined noun does not matter. There are also some languages that cannot be defined in these terms, for example Chinese.
J. Greenberg's classification is also widely known, which includes the division of languages according to the following parameters: 1) position of the predicate verb - at the beginning, middle or end of the sentence; 2) the position of the adjective before or after the noun; and 3) the predominance of prepositions or postpositions in the language. These signs are not completely independent: for example, starting position the verb entails a predominance of prepositions in the language, and the final position of the verb - postpositions. Proposed by Greenberg brief formulas to describe the order of words in a sentence (such as SOV, SVO, etc.) are actively used in linguistic literature; in Russian, sometimes in translation, i.e. P (subject) – D (objective) – S (presumable), etc.
There are also other patterns of word order that can be traced in all or most languages. IN coordinating constructions word order reflects the sequence of events ( chopped and fried it; fried and chopped) or any hierarchy of objects ( men and women,president and prime minister); The subject of the message is usually located at the beginning of the sentence (at the end it usually appears under special conditions, for example in Russian with special intonation in sentences with the so-called “expressive inversion”, cf. It was scary in the forest And It was scary in the forest); expressions of condition also gravitate towards the beginning of the sentence ( Come on time...). In many languages, the inseparability of the predicate verb and its object is observed (cf. in English He studies physics in Cambridge"He's studying physics at Cambridge" when grammatically incorrect * He studies in Cambridge physics); Most languages tend to have the subject precede the object; clitics (i.e. words without their own stress) are often located either after the first stressed word, or with a predicate verb.
STYLISTIC USE OF WORD ORDER
WITH complete sentences In Russian syntax, incomplete ones successfully compete, having a clear functional-style fixation and a bright expressive coloring. Their use is determined by extralinguistic factors and grammatical nature.
Thus, turning to incomplete sentences, which are replicas of dialogue, is typical for colloquial and artistic speech. In PS their use is limited, in others book styles- impossible. Incomplete sentences - parts of SSP and SPP are used in book styles, and above all - in NS. This is explained by the desire to avoid similar structures: Geometry studies complex (continuous) quantities, and arithmetic studies discrete numbers..
Elliptical sentences act as a powerful means of creating emotionality in speech. Their main area of application is Speaking and HS. Ellipsis gives dynamism to the description: To the barrier! Back home to Russia! Complete correlatives with such sentences are significantly inferior to them in expression.
Sentences with omitted words that do not carry an informative load are common in the language of newspapers: K To your table, Just for you. Shop on the sofa.. In such sentences, only the target words of the statement are indicated, everything else is filled in by context, speech situation. Various ellipses used in headings have become syntactic norm in their structure. They formulate an idea in an extremely concise form, have a functional, stylistic and expressive coloring, attracting the reader’s attention. But passion similar forms They are dangerous because they may create ambiguity and aesthetic inferiority.
In the ODS, with its increased requirements for clarity and unambiguity of formulations, the use of elliptical structures is impossible.
In recent decades, knowledge about the dependence of word order on semantic structure offers. A strong impetus for the study of this problem was the doctrine of the actual division of a statement, created in the late 40s by the Czech linguist V. Mathesius.
With actual division, the statement is usually divided into 2 parts: the first contains what is already known - t ema sentences, in the second - what is reported about it is new, - rhema . The combination of theme and rheme constitutes the subject of the message. In direct word order, the theme comes first, the rheme comes second. Thus, the concepts of “direct” and “reverse” word order mean the sequence of arrangement not of the members of sentences, but of topics and rhes. Reversing word order is often called inversion.
Inversion – stylistic device, consisting of a deliberate change in the order of words for the purpose of emotional, semantic highlighting of any part of the statement.
If direct word order usually does not have stylistic meaning, then inversion is always stylistically significant. Inversion is possible only in expressive speech. In NS and ODS, inversion is usually not used, because the order of words should emphasize the logical division of the text.
For syntactic structure RY is most characterized by subject preposition. Most often this is the topic: Nikolai/took 2 letters. This word order is considered direct. However, the prepositive subject can also be a rheme: Only chance saved him from falling. This word order is considered reversed. .
If the predicate comes first, it usually acts as a topic: There is/another remedy. This is typical for interrogative and exclamatory sentences: Will you shoot or not? How beautiful she is now!
Inversion of principal terms is not possible in the following cases:
1) When the subject and direct object expressed by nouns having same shape in Im. And Vin. cases: Mother loves daughter. The paddle hit the dress. Truck crashed bike. Inversion makes such sentences difficult to understand or makes them ambiguous.
2) When a sentence consists of a noun and an adjective agreed with it: Late autumn. When the order of words is changed, the predicate turns into a definition.
3) In the so-called sentences of identity, where both main members are expressed by Him. noun case: Father is a teacher. When inverted, the meaning changes.
4). In the case where one main member is expressed by the Nominal case, and the other by the infinitive: Studying well is our task. The meaning changes.