Add-ons; definitions; circumstances.
Applications are usually considered as a type of definition.
The secondary members are directly or indirectly related to the grammatical basis, that is, from the grammatical basis you can ask a question to a secondary member, from this minor member to another, etc.
The frightened face of a young girl looked out from behind the trees (Turgenev).
Grammar basis – face looked out . From the subject you can ask questions to two words: face (what?) scared ; face (whose?) girls. From the definition of a girl you can ask a question to one word girls (which one?) young . The predicate looked connected to a noun with a preposition: looked out (from where?) from behind the trees .
Thus, one sentence includes all words that are somehow related to the grammatical basis. This is especially important when placing punctuation marks in a complex sentence. Commas (less often other symbols) separate parts of a complex sentence from each other. Therefore, to check punctuation marks, you need to clearly understand where these boundaries are.
In the evening, while we were silently waiting for Asya, I was finally convinced of the need for separation (Turgenev).
To correctly place punctuation marks in this sentence, you need to:
a) highlight grammatical basics;
b) establish which words are associated with these stems.
There are two grammatical bases in this sentence:
1 – I'm convinced ; 2 – we expected .
This means the proposal is complex.
The words associated with the first grammatical stem are: convinced (how?) finally; convinced (of what?) in need; convinced (when?) In the evening; in need (of what?) separation. Therefore, the first sentence will look like: In the evening I was finally convinced of the need for separation.
The words associated with the second grammatical basis are: expected (who?) Asya; expected (how?) silently. Bye is a temporary conjunction in a subordinate clause. Therefore, the second sentence will look like: Bye we silently waited for Asya , and it is located inside the main clause.
So, punctuation marks in a complex sentence should be arranged as follows:
In the evening, while we silently waited for Asya, I was finally convinced of the need for separation.
But for the correct placement of punctuation marks, it is necessary not only to identify all the minor members of the sentence, but also to determine their specific type (definition, addition, circumstance), since each of the minor members has its own rules of isolation. Consequently, incorrect parsing of minor terms can lead to errors in punctuation.
Each of the minor members has its own system of questions.
Definition answers the questions Which? whose?
Red dress; happy boy.
Addition answers questions about indirect cases .
I saw a friend.
Circumstances answer questions with adverbs: Where? When? How? Why? and etc.
They waited in silence.
Note!
Several different questions can sometimes be asked of the same minor member. This happens especially often if the secondary member is expressed by a noun or a noun pronoun. You can always ask them a morphological question of the indirect case. But not always a noun or pronoun will be an addition. The syntax issue may be different.
For example, in combining the face of a girl with a noun in the genitive case, you can ask a morphological question: the face of (who?) a girl. But the girl’s noun in the sentence will be a definition, not an addition, because the syntactic question will be different: the face (whose?) of the girl.
Supplement and its varieties
1. Addition- this is a minor member of the sentence that denotes the subject:
· an object , which is covered action ;
Writing letter ; I'm listening music .
· destination object actions;
Writing friend .
· object – instrument or means of action ;
Writing with a pen .
· an object, which is subject to state ;
To me sad.
· comparison object and etc.
Faster me .
2. Addition answers questions about indirect cases:
Genitive - whom? what? Choice professions.
dative - to whom? what? Writing friend.
accusative - whom? What? Writing letter.
instrumental case – by whom? how? Writing with a pen.
prepositional - about whom? about what? Think about a friend.
3. Addition may refer to:
· predicate verb: Writing letter.
· main or minor member expressed by a noun: A loss horse; hope for luck.
· to the main or minor member, expressed by an adjective or participle: Strict to the children; thinking about children.
· main or secondary member, expressed by an adverb: Unnoticed For others.
Ways to express complement
Notes
1) Combinations are a single member of a sentence - an object in the same cases in which combinations - subjects - are a single member.
2) Infinitive when the verb is conjugated, it is an addition, and not the main part of the predicate, if its action refers to a secondary member ( I asked him leave ), and not to the subject ( I decided to leave ).
3) Since questions and forms of the nominative and accusative cases, accusative and genitive cases can coincide, to distinguish between the subject and the object, replace the form being checked with the word book (nominative case - book; genitive case - books; accusative case - book. For example: Nice snowball harvest will collect(cf.: Good book book will collect). Therefore, snowball is the nominative case; harvest - accusative case).
4. According to the form of expression, they distinguish two types of add-ons:
direct object– accusative case form without preposition;
I'm writing (what?) letter; washing (what?) linen; I'm listening (what?) music.
indirect object– all other forms, including the accusative case with a preposition.
Fight (for what?) for freedom; gave (to whom?) to me.
Notes
1) In negative sentences, the accusative case form of the direct object can change to the genitive case form (cf. .: I wrote (what?) letter. - I Not wrote (what?) letters ). If the genitive case form of a complement is preserved both in affirmation and in negation, then such a complement is indirect (cf.: To me Not enough (what?) money. – I have enough (what?) money ).
2) The addition expressed by the infinitive has no case form (I asked him to leave). Therefore, such additions are not characterized as either direct or indirect.
Addition analysis plan
Indicate the type of addition (direct - indirect).
Indicate what morphological form the addition is expressed in.
Sample parsing
I'm asking you to talk essentially affairs(M. Gorky).
You– direct object expressed by a pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition. Speak– an addition expressed by an infinitive. Affairs– an indirect object expressed by a noun in the genitive case.
The night did not bring any coolness(A.N. Tolstoy).
Coolness– direct object expressed by a noun in the genitive case without a preposition (in case of negation – did not bring). Wed: The night brought (what?) coolness (V. p.).
In the Russian language, all words that are part of sentences are either main members or secondary ones. The main ones constitute and indicate the subject being discussed in the statement and its action, and all other words in the construction are distributive. Among them, linguists distinguish definitions, circumstances and additions. Without minor members of the sentence, it would be impossible to talk about any event in detail without missing a single detail, and therefore the importance of these members of the sentence cannot be overestimated. This article will discuss the role of the complement in the Russian language.
Thanks to this member of the sentence, it is easy to construct a complete statement in which not only the action of the main character of the story will be indicated, but also the object with which this very action is connected will be highlighted. So, in order not to get confused, you should start analyzing this topic from the very beginning. After all, only by following consistency can you learn the great and powerful Russian language.
Definition
A complement is a minor member of a sentence that indicates an object that is the result of the action of the main person in the sentence or to which this action is directed. Can be expressed as follows:
- A personal pronoun or noun used in indirect case forms. Can be used in a sentence with or without a preposition (I listen to music and think about him).
- Any part of speech that performs the function of a noun (She glanced at the people who entered).
- Often additions in Russian are expressed by the infinitive (Parents asked her to sing).
- A free phraseological combination of a noun and a numeral, used in the genitive case (He opened six tabs.).
- A connected and stable phraseological combination (He said not to hang your nose).
Function and addition issues
In Russian, the complement responds to cases, namely: “Whom?”, “To whom?”, “Whom?”, “About whom?”, “What?” “What?”, “What?”, “About what?” In a sentence, this minor member has an explanatory function and can refer to the following parts of speech:
- To a verb used as a predicate (I am writing a letter).
- To a noun as any member of a sentence (Hope for the father).
- To a participle or adjective used as any member of a sentence (Weighing grain; strict to daughter).
- To an adverb as any member of a sentence (Unbeknownst to you).
Types of add-ons
If a given member of a sentence depends on a verb, then it can be of two types:
- Direct objects in Russian are used without prepositions and are expressed by transitive verbs in Such words denote an object to which, one way or another, the action of the main person relates. For example: I remember very well the day we met. If the predicate in a sentence is a transitive verb and is in the form of negation, then a direct object in the genitive case can be used with it without a preposition (But we can’t bring back the days of yore). In the case of impersonal predicative words in a sentence, the addition is also used in the form of the genitive case and without a preposition with the words “sorry” and “sorry” (And we feel sorry for something bright).
- Indirect objects in Russian are expressed by words in the form of the accusative case, used together with prepositions, and in others without prepositions (She jumped up and began to peer out of the window with a restless look; his attempts to improve relations with his classmates were crowned with success).
Meanings of direct objects
Direct objects in Russian, used with verbs, can denote the following objects:
- An item obtained as a result of the action (I will build a house in the village).
- An object or person that is exposed to action (Father caught a fish and brought it home).
- An object to which the feeling is directed (I love winter evenings and walks along a snowy street).
- Object of development and knowledge (She knew foreign languages and could communicate freely; she was interested in philosophy and foreign literature).
- The space that is overcome by the main person (I will go around the entire globe, cross the cosmic distances).
- Object of desire or thought (Now I remember it).
Meanings of indirect objects without prepositions
An indirect object in Russian, used without prepositions, can have the following meanings:
- The relationship of the objects referred to in a phrase or sentence, namely the object to which the action is directed (Harvested).
- Object of achievement or touch (Received his diploma today; he will be happy when he touches just her hand).
- An object with which an action is performed (You can’t cut out what’s written on your heart with an ax).
- A subject or state that complements the action (The bear he killed was very large; he should be sorry).
The meaning of indirect objects with prepositions
Indirect additions, which cannot be used in a context without prepositions, in a sentence can acquire the following shades of meaning:
- The material from which this or that object is made (The house is built of stone).
- The object that is affected (Waves splashing on the stone).
- The person or thing that is the cause of the condition (The father was worried about his son).
- An object to which thoughts and feelings are directed. (He talked about the benefits of his work.)
- An object from which one is removed (He left his father's house at an early age.).
- The person who participates in the main action (Upon arrival, the grandchildren surrounded the grandmother and kissed her for a long time.).
Addition as part of turnover
In the Russian language there are such concepts as active and passive phrases. In both cases, this is a special phrase, the construction of which includes the main and considered secondary members of the sentence.
A valid turnover is considered when the complement is the person to whom the action is directed, and the main member of the sentence is expressed by a transitive verb. For example: picked a bouquet, mowed the lawn.
Passive is a turn in which the basis is the subject undergoing action, and the complement indicates the main object of the statement. For example: the colonel was quickly picked up by the privates and sent to the infirmary.
How to find an addition in a sentence?
Questions of addition in Russian are very simple, and therefore, regardless of what part of speech a given member of a sentence is expressed, finding it in the context is not too difficult. To do this, you should follow the standard parsing scheme. First, highlight the grammatical basis, and then determine the connection of words in a sentence through the questions posed. First, from the subject and predicate to the secondary members, and then directly between the secondary members. In writing, each word, depending on which category it belongs to, is indicated by a special type of underlining. To complement this
Secondary members of a sentence are the basis of complete statements
Secondary members of a sentence are a fairly voluminous topic and contain many rules, but if you do not spend a sufficient amount of time studying it, you will not be able to master such a great science as the Russian language. Circumstance, addition and definition are those that will allow you to form a statement that reveals the entire meaning of the story. Without them, the language would lose all its charm. Therefore, it is very important to approach this topic with full responsibility in order to know how to correctly use this or that word in context.
A complement is a minor member of a sentence, usually expressing object relations. They answer questions that coincide with questions of indirect cases.
Meaning. The meaning of an object is the most striking sign of a complement. However, the addition can express other meanings (subject, instrument of action, state): The teacher has set a task(teacher– subject of action in the passive context); He's sad (he's- subject of the state).
Means of expression. Morphologized object - a noun in the form of an indirect case, a pronoun. A non-morphologized addition can be expressed by various parts of speech: You're talking idle talk(adjective); He didn't understand what he read ( participle); I learned to play the violin(infinitive); I managed to see something dark, small(indivisible phrase); The commander did not particularly respect the weaker sex ( FE).
Position in a sentence. The addition is usually located after the word being distributed. However, inversion of additions in colloquial or poetic speech is possible.
Syntactic connection. The main type of subordinating connection between an addition and the main word is control (less often, adjacency) or free attachment to the entire predicative center (determinant). Most complements refer to one word, i.e. are non-deterministic. Only some semantically obligatory additions act as determinants: It's both painful and funny to him.
In relation to the semantic content of the sentence. Complements can be semantically obligatory components of a sentence: He is in a cheerful mood.
Non-deterministic complements differ depending on which word in the sentence they refer to, i.e. what parts of speech control them.
1. The most common and widespread are verb complements, since many verbs name an action that presupposes a particular object: build a house, build for workers, tell a friend, tell about an incident, chop with an ax.
2.Adjective additions. They are rarely used, since only high-quality adjectives have the ability to control, and not all of them: We lived in an ore-rich region. The region is poor in forests.
3.Adjuncts can refer to nouns. These are substantive additions. There are also few of them, since an object can only be used with an abstract noun formed from a transitive verb or from a qualitative adjective. This means that in the phrase dress sleeve, house roof The relations are not objective, but attributive, since the distributed nouns are non-verbal. But in the phrase treatment of patients object relations. The common noun is formed from a strongly controlled direct transitive verb treat. If the noun refers to a strongly controlled but intransitive verb, then the complement acquires a defining connotation and syncretism appears: passion for music, thinking about my son.
4.Additions may refer to words in the status category: I felt sorry for Bela (Lermontov).
5.Additions can also apply to adverbs: far from home.
Types of add-ons. Traditionally, additions are divided into direct and indirect. The direct object expresses the meaning of the object to which the action directly passes. It can be expressed by a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition: I read a book and saw a horse. In addition, the direct object can be expressed by a noun or pronoun in the genitive case without a preposition with a negative predicate - a transitive verb: I haven't read this novel. And also a noun in the genitive case, expressing the meaning “part of the whole”: drink tea, bring firewood. The remaining additions are indirect.
There is some disagreement in the linguistic literature regarding the boundaries of the use of direct and indirect objects. Some believe that the division of objects into direct and indirect applies only to verbal objects (Skoblikova). Others believe that direct objects can also occur with words of the state category ( sorry for him) Still others believe that direct ones can include both adjectival and substantive complements.
The addition expressed by the infinitive must be distinguished from the GHS part, i.e. subjective infinitive from objective: I start to tell, I can tell, I was afraid to tell - I ordered to tell, asked to tell, helped to tell. The infinitive object has its own LP. In LZ there is neither modal nor phase meaning. Activities are indicated by different verbs. Such complements are objective infinitives. A subjective infinitive can also act as a complement when the subject of the action indicated by the complement coincides with the subject of the action of the verb being explained: agreed to correspond.
Addition (Object) – a minor member of a sentence, denoting a person or object on which some influence can be (or has been) carried out.
There are additions straight(Direct Object) indirect or in other words indirect (Indirect Object) and prepositional(Prepositional Object).
Direct object
In this case direct object denotes an object or person. Must be in front of him transitive verb, expressing the action on the direct object following it. The resulting design should look like this:
A transitive verb answers the question “what?” (what) or "whom?" (whom). The transitive verb is highlighted in green, the direct object is highlighted in blue:
I gave a book
(I gave the book)
She read a newspaper
(She is reading the newspaper)Jon hit Anya
(John hit Anya)
We like throwing snowballs
(We love throwing snowballs)
It's important to remember that direct object used without but that's the rule does not apply to(transitional) verbs, which are often part of stable combinations with prepositions (for example, listen to, pick up, look for). Thus, it may seem that the direct object is prepositional:
I will listen to offers
(I'll listen to suggestions)
He is looking for the socks
(He's looking for socks)
Examples of the direct object of the expressed were given above, but it can also be an infinitive and a gerund. But most often, the direct object is cut out by the noun.
Indirect or indirect object
Simply put, indirect object is placed before direct object for the purpose of designating and specifying the action for which it is performed. Design:
Indirect object can be expressed by any noun or pronoun in the objective case ( me- to me, him- to him, her- to her, it- to him to her, us- us, you- to you, them- them). Between indirect object and direct object no excuses there shouldn't be.
It is important to remember that the following transitive verbs can be used in this construction:
In this case, the transitive verb answers the question “to whom?” (to whom). The transitive verb is highlighted in green, the indirect object is in blue, and the direct object is in amber:
She gave me the book
(She gave me the book)
He gave them a good advice
(He gave them good advice)Anna sent us a letter
(Anna sent us a letter)
I showed her the letter
(I showed her the letter)She gave the student the book
(She gave the student a book)
He wrote the girl something special on her birthday
(He wrote something special to the girl for her birthday)
An indirect object can be expressed together with the preposition " to" (and "for") if it is used as a pronoun. In this case, direct and indirect objects are swapped - construction:
Pay attention to the examples just above to see the difference.
She gave the book to me
(She gave me the book)
He gave a good advice to them
(He gave them good advice)Anna sent a letter to us
(Anna sent us a letter)
I showed the letter to her
(I showed her the letter)
There is a small peculiarity. If the direct object is expressed by a pronoun, the indirect object with the preposition “to” is required:
Give it to me
(Give it to me)
I sent him to the doctor
(I sent him to the doctor)Pass it to them
(Give it to them)
I will show her to my parents
(I'll show it to my parents)
Prepositional complement
Prepositional (indirect) object or in other words addition with a pretext, comes after many and . The design looks something like this:
The prepositional object answers many questions "about whom?" (about whom), "about what?" (about what), "with whom?" (with whom), “for whom” (for whom) ... Don’t forget that prepositional object used along with a preposition and can be expressed by a noun (with a preposition), a pronoun (with a preposition) and a gerund (with a preposition).
- Prepositional object – noun
We talked about the film
(We were talking about the movie)
I stroll here with the teacher
(I'm walking here with the teacher)I have heard of this animal
(I've already heard about this animal)
- Prepositional object - preposition
I looked at her
(I looked at her)
I'll talk to him at school tomorrow
(I'll talk to him tomorrow at school)Uncle Ben would like shake hands with us
(Uncle Ben would like to shake our hands)
- Prepositional object – gerund
He earns his living by teaching
(He makes his living by teaching)
I am fond of surfing
(I'm into surfing)
Formal addition
After some transition verbs(to find - to find, to think - to think, to feel - to feel...) the pronoun " is often used It", which is not translated into Russian. As a rule, beginners, not knowing this feature, get confused. A couple of examples:
I find it strange that he has his own toothbrush
I find it strange that he has his own toothbrushI think it necessary to wait till your wedding
I think it's necessary to wait until your wedding