Complex syntactic constructions are combinations of parts with different types of syntactic connections. Such constructions are very widespread in speech, and are used equally often in works of different functional styles.
These are combined types of sentences; they are diverse in possible combinations of parts in them, but with all their diversity they lend themselves to a fairly clear and definite classification.
Depending on various combinations of connection types between parts, the following types of complex syntactic constructions are possible:
1) with composition and submission: Lopatin began to feel sleepy, and he was delighted when the driver appeared at the door and reported that the car was ready (Sim.);
2) with an essay and a non-union connection: I’m assigned to another unit, but I’m behind the train: let me, I think, look at my platoon and my lieutenant (Cossack.);
3) with subordination and non-union connection: In the forest on a walk, sometimes, thinking about my work, I am overcome by philosophical delight: it seems as if you are deciding the conceivable fate of all humanity (Prishv.);
4) with composition, subordination and non-union connection: But the river majestically carries its water, and what does it care about these bindweeds: spinning, they float along with the water, just as the ice floes floated recently (Prishv.).
Sentences with different types of syntactic connections usually consist of two (at least) logically and structurally distinguishable components or several, among which there may, in turn, be complex sentences. However, as a rule, the main components have the same type of connection - coordinating or non-conjunctive. For example, in the sentence Mechik did not look back and did not hear the chase, but he knew that they were chasing him, and when three shots were fired one after another and a volley rang out, it seemed to him that they were shooting at him, and he ran even faster (Fad .) four components: 1) The sword did not look back and did not hear the chase; 2) but he knew that they were chasing him; 3) and when three shots were fired one after another and a volley rang out, it seemed to him that they were shooting at him; 4) and he ran even faster. All these parts are connected by coordinating relationships, but within the parts there is subordination (see the second and third parts).
More often, in such combined sentences there is a division into two components, and one of them or both can be complex sentences. The connection between components can be of only two types - coordinative or non-union. A subordinate relationship is always internal.
1) The greatest pictorial power lies in sunlight, and all the grayness of Russian nature is good only because it is the same sunlight, but muffled, passing through layers of moist air and a thin veil of clouds (Paust.);
2) There was one strange circumstance in the Stavraki case: no one could understand why he lived under his real name until his arrest, why he did not change it immediately after the revolution (Paust.);
3) One circumstance always surprises me: we walk through life and do not know at all and cannot even imagine how many greatest tragedies, beautiful human deeds, how much grief, heroism, meanness and despair have happened and are happening on any piece of earth where we live (Paust.).
Such syntactic constructions are subject to two levels of division: the first division is logical-syntactic, the second is structural-syntactic. At the first level of division, larger logical parts of the structure, or components, are distinguished, at the second - parts equal to individual predicative units, i.e. the simplest “building elements” of a complex sentence. If we convey these two levels of division of complex syntactic structures graphically, then the diagrams of the given sentences can be presented as follows:
Thus, at a higher level of division - logical-syntactic - complex syntactic constructions can only have coordinating and non-union connections, as the most free connections, as for the subordinating connection (closer connection), it is possible only as an internal connection between parts of the components , i.e. is found only at the second level of division of a complex syntactic structure.
This is especially clearly revealed when combining two complex sentences into a complex syntactic structure. For example: Tatyana Afanasyevna gave her brother a sign that the patient wanted to sleep, and everyone quietly left the room, except for the maid, who sat down again at the spinning wheel (P.); That was the time when the poems of Polonsky, Maykov and Apukhtin were better known than simple Pushkin melodies, and Levitan did not even know that the words of this romance belonged to Pushkin (Paust.).
Complex syntactic constructions can have extremely common components: Cincinnatus did not ask anything, but when Rodion left and time stretched beyond its usual jog, he realized that he had been deceived again, that he had strained his soul so much in vain and that everything remained the same vague, viscous and senseless as it was (Nab.).
; rarely - one word form), which is a syntactic unit - phrase, sentence, as well as any relatively complete statement in general.
Syntax is the broadest concept of syntax, covering syntactic structures that are heterogeneous in their characteristics. Among the complexes, there are designs that are minimal in structure, that is, containing the minimum components necessary to construct a given unit (for example, “coniferous forest,” “The children are sleeping,” “He is an engineer,” “There is no strength,” “It is drizzling”); constructions that are more or less common, that is, resulting from the expansion of minimal structures in accordance with their inherent capabilities - complex phrases (for example, “coniferous forests of Russia”), common sentences (simple sentences that include minor members of the proposal, explaining, clarifying the subject and/or predicate or the sentence as a whole; for example, “My brother has been working as an engineer for three years,” “I have no strength,” “It’s drizzling all day”); combined constructions - the result of combining several simpler constructions, for example, combined phrases (“quickly complete the task received”), sentences with isolated phrases [“...Rises slowly uphill / Horse, carrying brushwood to z" (N. A. Nekrasov)], complex sentences[“I’m sad because I love you” (M. Yu. Lermontov)], direct speech constructions [“Where is my friend? - said Oleg, - Tell me, where is my zealous horse y?" (A.S. Pushkin)]. SK is characterized by paradigmatic modifications (see Paradigmatics) - systems of forms determined by modifications of the dominant component (for example, “coniferous forest” - “coniferous forest” - “in a coniferous forest”; “He is an engineer” - “He will be an engineer” - “If only he were an engineer!”).
There is a possibility of dual use of the term “S. k.": in relation to the abstract language model and in relation to the concrete language unit, built according to this model (see. Grammar units).
The signs by which S. to. are opposed to each other are different. For example, based on characteristics of a more general nature, predicative and non-predicative are contrasted (see. Predicativity) S. k., minimal constructions and constructions of a complex type, free and non-free (lexically limited, phraseological) S. k. S. k. differ in more specific characteristics, for example, active and passive constructions (“An authoritative scientist has published a spelling dictionary ” and “The spelling dictionary was published by an authoritative scientist”), infinitive S. k. (“Swimming is prohibited”), S. k. with an address (“-Son, where are you?”), negative S. k. (“I’m nothing to you should not"); the sentence contains a participial construction (“Sailboat, moored in our port y, brought tourists ashore"), participial phrase (" After redoing everything ah, we finally sat down to drink tea"), etc.
The term "S. k.”, as a rule, does not apply to constructions and their parts, which are units smaller than a phrase and a sentence, for example, to some intonationally isolated parts of a sentence (syntagms) that are not phrases, to individual word forms that do not form a sentence. But it is possible to apply this term to prepositional-case combinations (“by the shore”, “behind the forest”), to compounds of homogeneous members of a sentence (“in dictionaries and encyclopedias”).
The set of S. to. is historically variable. For example, during the historical development of the Russian language, Old Russian words disappeared (see. Old Russian language) constructions with the so-called dative independent (“As he entered the gates of the city, and the metropolitan shattered him” ‘When he entered the gates of the city, the metropolitan met him’), with the so-called. second indirect cases [with the second accusative (“I will make a prince for them”, “I will make the young man a prince among them”), the second dative (“he will be a Christian”, “he will be a Christian”)].
Syntax – a branch of linguistics that studies the structure of sentences and phrases.
Syntagmatic relationships between words (or groups of words);
Structure, generation and perception of sentences;
Syntactic units;
Consideration of types of syntactic connections.
Syntactic construction – is any combination of words or groups of words that have a direct connection.
Connection - realized valence. Valence is the ability of a linguistic unit to be combined with units of the same level. Valency is most often not fully realized.
Syntactic units
Taxonomic– individual word forms as part of a sentence ( He left for the city - 4 taxonomic units).
Functional– taxonomic units or groups of taxonomic units that perform a specific function in a sentence.
Syntactic connections
Non-directional connection - equal connection (or mutual subordination);
Directed communication - subordination (one unit is the main one, the second is dependent).
The concept of syntactic function is difficult to define. We can say that a syntactic function is the relationship of a unit to the sentence in which it is included. For example, in the sentence Birds are flying word birds refers to the sentence as the subject (within certain concepts and terms), and the word flying- as a predicate. To clarify some syntactic functions, a framework of construction of a smaller size than a sentence is sufficient, cf. big bird, where the syntactic function of the word big- definition of a name bird- is clear within the framework of this construction, i.e. outside the sentence.
Existing theories of the syntactic structure of sentences differ mainly in what syntactic units they operate and what connections are established between these units.
OFFER- the basic unit of syntax designed to perform a communicative function - the function of a message. The main features of P. that distinguish it from other syntactic. units - words (word forms) and phrases, are predicativity, intonational design and grammatical organization.
Predicativeness called a grammatical complex. meanings that correlate P. with the act of speech, its participants, and the designated reality by placing it in a certain temporal and modal plane. Thus, the content of the speech, on the one hand, is correlated with the moment of speech and is interpreted as related to the present, past or future (or as not having a specific temporal localization), and on the other hand, either as real - corresponding to reality, or as unreal - desired, possible, expected. The expression of predicativeness relies primarily on the personal forms of the verb, which themselves have predicative morphological. categories of tense and mood, but it can be determined by the very meaning of the syntactic. P.'s model in combination with intonation suitable for the given situation.
In syntactic In P.'s structure, two main aspects can be distinguished: constructive and communicative. The constructive aspect is associated with the study of words and phrases from the viewpoint. syntactic connections and relationships between them, its division into members of the sentence and the selection of chapters among them. members that form the basis of the structure of P. - its predicative core, as well as other aspects of grammatical. organization. As for the communicative aspect of speech, it includes those content and structural properties of speech, thanks to which it acquires the ability to express a certain purposeful “speech action” - a message, a question, an impulse, etc. In this case, the first The plan includes such parameters of the poem as the presence of a certain actual division, word order and intonation (and, accordingly, the choice of the most appropriate linear intonation structure of the poem when constructing it). Sometimes, to distinguish between these two aspects of P., oppositions of P. and statements are used.
Tree - a graphic representation of the structure of a syntactic construction, the elements of which are points (nodes) connected by lines or arrows (branches) reflecting syntactic connections. Top of the tree - uh that is the node from which the arrows only leave, but into which they do not enter.
Traditional grammar
Functional units are members of a sentence. Undirected and directed connections.
The subject is what the sentence is talking about.
Agreement is a type of grammatical connection where the dependent word acquires the same grammatical meanings as the main word.
Control - the dependent word acquires certain grammatical meanings that the main word does not have, but which the main word requires.
Adjacency - connection is expressed by the order of words and intonations.
Dependency Grammar
A formal representation of the structure of a sentence in the form of a hierarchy of components between which a dependence relationship is established.
Taxonomic units; only subordinating connections; vertex – predicate verb or its nominative part; function words for nouns...
Tenier's grammar
L. Tenier “Fundamentals of structural syntax.” M., Progress, 1988.
Units are functional; only subordinating connections; the top is a verb, all other units are subordinate to it directly or indirectly. Directly subordinate units are divided into actants and circonstants.
Actants – functional units that replace the obligatory valences of the predicate verb in a non-elliptic sentence.
Sirconstants – functional units, the presence of which reflects the optional valences of the predicate verb (usually an adverbial circumstance).
The boundaries are unclear. The first actant is traditionally considered to be the subject, the subject of the action.
Grammar of the immediate components
L. Bloomfield, C. Hockett, Z. Harris.
NS grammar is a formal representation of the structure of a sentence in the form of a hierarchy of linearly disjoint elements nested within each other, maximally independent of each other.
NS is usually 2. Each is divided into another 2. This procedure must be repeated until the morpheme.
Every complex unit is made up of two simpler and non-overlapping units called ee directly components.
Units – NS; undirected connections; NS are characterized in terms of grammatical classes (noun, verb, auxiliary verb, prepositions, etc.).
Peculiarities:
- elements – sequences of word forms of varying complexity;
Preserves both syntactic and linear structure;
Complex syntactic constructions are combinations of parts with different types of syntactic connections. These are combined types of sentences; they are diverse in the possible combinations of parts in them, but with all their diversity they lend themselves to a fairly clear and definite classification.
Depending on various combinations of connection types between parts, the following types of complex syntactic constructions are possible:
- Composition and submission: Lopatin began to feel sleepy, he was delighted, “and the driver appeared at the door and reported, (ftd) the car is ready (K. Simonov).
For some reason we all remembered, YashD) our Belikov is not married, now it seemed strange to us, until now... we had completely lost sight of such an important detail in his life (A. Chekhov).
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Zuev was shining a flashlight, (POISON) the light kept dimming, @ Zuev turned it off, To save the last glimpse of fire for an emergency (K. Paustovsky).
And
But
(to...),
I began to dine in the people's kitchen, from my former luxury the only thing left was this servant, who still served my father and whom it would have been painful for me to fire (A. Chekhov).
(which...) and (which...)
- Essay and non-union connection: My assignment is to another unit, (§a) I fell behind the train: let me, I think, look at my platoon and at my lieutenant (E. Kazakevich).
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There was not a soul on the street or near the dachas: the old dacha residents were already going to bed, the young ones were walking in the grove (A. Chekhov). 
But reading, apparently, does not occupy her well: she drops the book and picks it up again, puts it on her knees and wants to cut the sheets with a head pin, but the sheets are torn and the book falls (N. Leskov).
And
But
Crakes are screaming in the bushes, quails are striking, the bittern is buzzing, the first stars are burning, and the dawn smolders for a long time over the distances and fogs (K. Paustovsky).
A
, [
- Subordination and non-union connection: In the forest on a walk, sometimes, thinking about my work, I am overcome by philosophical delight: it seems that you are deciding the conceivable fate of all mankind (M. Prishvin).
says let him
In science, you need to repeat lessons in order to remember them well; in morality, one must remember mistakes well, rather than repeat them (V. Klyuchevsky).
He who has done a good deed, let him be silent for whom it was done (Seneca).
There could be no doubt about that. There could be no doubt about that: orange-yellow glasses glowed peacefully on his head (M. Sholokhov).
- Essay, submission and non-union connection: She listened and looked into his face: her eyes were sad, intelligent,® it was clear that she wanted to tell him something (A. Chekhov).
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Litvinov experienced a sensation similar to that which takes possession of a person when he looks down from a high tower: his whole insides froze, his head was spinning quietly and cloyingly (I. Turgenev).
, And
(which...)
(When...)
And then the all-night vigil ended, everyone quietly dispersed, It became dark and empty again, and there came that same silence that only happens at stations standing alone in a field or forest (A. Chekhov).
And
And
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